ABSTRACT Fusarium wilt of banana (also known as Panama disease) is caused by 
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. Where susceptible cultivars are grown, 
management is limited to the use of pathogen-free planting stock and clean 
soils. Resistant genotypes exist for some applications, but resistance is still 
needed in other situations. Progress has been made with this recalcitrant crop 
by traditional and nontraditional improvement programs. The disease was first 
reported in Australia in 1876, but did the greatest damage in export plantations 
in the western tropics before 1960. A new variant, tropical race 4, threatens 
the trades that are now based on Cavendish cultivars, and other locally 
important types such as the plantains. Phylogenetic studies indicate that F. 
oxysporum f. sp. cubense had several independent evolutionary origins. The 
significance of these results and the future impact of this disease are 
discussed.