Recent reports of microRNA (miR) modulators of both neuronal and immune 
processes (here termed NeurimmiRs) predict therapeutic potential for 
manipulating NeurimmiR levels in diseases affecting both the immune system and 
higher brain functions, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease 
(PD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and anxiety-related disorders. In our opinion, 
NeurimmiRs that function within both the nervous and the immune systems, such as 
miR-132 and miR-124, may act as 'negotiators' between these two interacting 
compartments. We suggest that NeurimmiRs primarily target transcriptional or 
other regulatory genes, which enables modulation of both immune and cognitive 
processes through direct or indirect alterations of neuron-glia and/or 
brain-to-body signaling. Thus, manipulating NeurimmiR control over the immune 
contributions to cognitive pathways may offer new therapeutic targets.