OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of genetic and lifestyle factors on protein 
biomarkers and develop personally normalized plasma protein profiles (PNPPP) 
controlling for non-disease-related variance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Proximity extension assays were used to measure 145 
proteins in 632 controls and 344 cases with non-communicable diseases.
RESULTS: Genetic and lifestyle factors explained 20-88% of the variation in 
healthy controls. Adjusting for these factors reduced the number of candidate 
biomarkers by 63%.
CONCLUSION: PNPPP efficiently controls for non-disease-related variance, 
allowing both for efficient discovery of novel biomarkers and for 
covariate-independent linear cut-offs suitable for clinical use.