Conflict of interest statement: W.X. and P.G. are employed by Merck Institute of 
Pharmacometrics, Lausanne, Switzerland (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, 
Germany). M.F.‐H., A.J., C.S., M.K., and S.E.B. are employed by Merck KGaA, 
Darmstadt, Germany. G.S.F. has received royalties from Wolters Kluwer; travel 
reimbursement from Bristol‐Myers Squibb, EMD Serono, Fujifilm, Millennium 
Pharmaceuticals, and Sarah Cannon Research Institute; honoraria from Total 
Health Conferencing and Rocky Mountain Oncology Society; and been an advisor for 
Fujifilm and EMD Serono. G.S.F. has been an investigator on clinical trials for 
which his institution has received funding from: 3‐V Biosciences, Abbisko, 
AbbVie, ADC Therapeutics, Aileron Therapeutics, American Society of Clinical 
Oncology, Amgen, ARMO BioSciences, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, BioAtla, Biothera 
Pharmaceuticals, Celldex Therapeutics, Celgene, Ciclomed, Curegenix, Curis, 
Cyteir, Daiichi, DelMar Pharmaceuticals, eFFECTOR Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, EMD 
Serono, Epizyme, Exelixis, Fujifilm, Genmab, GlaxoSmithKline, Hutchison 
MediPharma, Ignyta, Incyte, Jacobio Pharmaceuticals, Jounce Therapeutics, 
Kolltan Pharmaceuticals, Loxo Oncology, MedImmune, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, 
Merck KGaA, miRNA Therapeutics, National Institutes of Health, Novartis, OncoMed 
Pharmaceuticals, Oncorus, Oncothyreon, Poseida, Precision Oncology, Prelude, 
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Rgenix, Ribon, Strategia Therapeutics, Syndax 
Pharmaceuticals, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Takeda, Tarveda Therapeutics, Tesaro, 
Tocagen, Turning Point Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer 
Center, Vegenics, and Xencor. D.S.H. has received research funding from AbbVie, 
Adaptimmune, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, Daiichi‐Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Lilly, 
Fate Therapeutics, Genentech, Genmab, Ignyta, Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Kite 
Pharma, Kyowa Kirin, Loxo Oncology, Merck KGaA, MedImmune, Mirati Therapeutics, 
miRNA Therapeutics, Molecular Templates, Mologen, NCI‐CTEP, Novartis, Pfizer, 
Seattle Genetics, and Takeda; travel reimbursement from AACR, ASCO, Genmab, Loxo 
Oncology, miRNA Therapeutics, and SITC. D.S.H. has been an advisor or consultant 
to Alpha Insights, Amgen, Axiom Pharmaceuticals, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, 
Baxter International, Bayer Healthcare, Genentech, GLG Pharma, Group H, 
Guidepoint, Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Janssen, Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, 
Medscape, Numab, Pfizer, Prime Oncology, Seattle Genetics, Takeda, Trieza 
Therapeutics, WebMD; and has ownership interests in Molecular Match, 
OncoResponse, and Presagia Inc.