Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a unique central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory 
disease with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, which are time- and 
disease progression-related. It usually affects young adults, with a female 
predominance of 3:1. Men are more likely to develop symptoms at a slightly older 
age with a more progressive disease course. Diagnosis relies on a combination of 
clinical, radiological, and laboratory investigations, with a central role of 
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although the exact etiology is still obscure, 
the leading hypothesis behind MS relapses is acute inflammatory attacks on CNS 
myelin and axons. This complex process involves B and T cells together with 
macrophages and microglia. Genetic and environmental factors are thought to be 
major contributors to the disease's evolution. MS therapies consist of long-term 
(immunomodulatory) management, focusing on disease modification, and short-term 
symptomatic control. Symptomatic treatment includes pharmacological and 
non-pharmacological methods to protect function and restore quality of life 
(QoL). The introduction and development of disease-modifying medications provide 
opportunities to change the face of this disease, enhancing QoL over the 
long-term. Interferon (INF) and Glatiramer acetate (GLAT) represent first line 
medications with limited effect and relatively fair safety profile. Newer 
medications with improved efficacy along with a more hazardous side effect 
profile are now considered second line therapy.
CONCLUSIONS: The present review summarizes current knowledge of this frequent 
disease. Urologists must acquire a deeper understanding for better integration 
of practice recommendations.