Inflammation is a fundamental physiological response orchestrated by innate 
immune cells to restore tissue homeostasis. Specialized pro-resolving mediators 
(SPMs) are involved in active resolution of inflammation but when inflammation 
is incomplete, chronic inflammation creates a favorable environment that fuels 
carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Conventional cancer therapy also 
strengthens cancer-related inflammation by inducing massive tumor cell death 
that activate surrounding immune-infiltrating cells such as tumor-associated 
macrophages (TAMs). Macrophages are key actors of both inflammation and its 
active resolution due to their plastic phenotype. In line with this high 
plasticity, macrophages can be hijacked by cancer cells to support tumor 
progression and immune escape, or therapy resistance. Impaired resolution of 
cancer-associated inflammation supported by TAMs may thus reinforces tumor 
progression. From this perspective, recent evidence suggests that stimulating 
macrophage's pro-resolving functions using SPMs can promote inflammation 
resolution in cancer and improve anticancer treatments. Thus, TAMs' re-education 
toward an antitumor phenotype by using SPMs opens a new line of attack in cancer 
treatment. Here, we review SPMs' anticancer capacities with special attention 
regarding their effects on TAMs. We further discuss how this new therapeutic 
approach could be envisioned in cancer therapy.