Many Brain Computer Interface (BCI) and neurofeedback studies have investigated 
the impact of sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) self-regulation training procedures on 
motor skills enhancement in healthy subjects and patients with motor 
disabilities. This critical review aims first to introduce the different 
definitions of SMR EEG target in BCI/Neurofeedback studies and to summarize the 
background from neurophysiological and neuroplasticity studies that led to SMR 
being considered as reliable and valid EEG targets to improve motor skills 
through BCI/neurofeedback procedures. The second objective of this review is to 
introduce the main findings regarding SMR BCI/neurofeedback in healthy subjects. 
Third, the main findings regarding BCI/neurofeedback efficiency in patients with 
hypokinetic activities (in particular, motor deficit following stroke) as well 
as in patients with hyperkinetic activities (in particular, Attention Deficit 
Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD) will be introduced. Due to a range of limitations, 
a clear association between SMR BCI/neurofeedback training and enhanced motor 
skills has yet to be established. However, SMR BCI/neurofeedback appears 
promising, and highlights many important challenges for clinical neurophysiology 
with regards to therapeutic approaches using BCI/neurofeedback.