During infection, bacterial pathogens interfere with many different 
post-translational modifications of the host cell to promote their own survival 
and replication. By stimulating or counteracting host post-translational 
modifications, these pathogens may control locally and specifically the fate and 
function of host factors critical for the infection process. Besides 
phosphorylation or ubiquitylation, for which many examples of modulation by 
pathogens exist, a post-translational modification called SUMOylation was 
recently shown to be targeted by pathogenic bacteria.