BACKGROUND: Few studies have evaluated the relation between selenium 
supplementation after diagnosis and prostate cancer outcomes.
METHODS: We prospectively followed 4459 men initially diagnosed with 
nonmetastatic prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study from 
1988 through 2010 and examined whether selenium supplement use (from 
selenium-specific supplements and multivitamins) after diagnosis was associated 
with risk of biochemical recurrence, prostate cancer mortality, and, 
secondarily, cardiovascular disease mortality and overall mortality, using Cox 
proportional hazards models. All P values were from two-sided tests.
RESULTS: We documented 965 deaths, 226 (23.4%) because of prostate cancer and 
267 (27.7%) because of cardiovascular disease, during a median follow-up of 8.9 
years. In the biochemical recurrence analysis, we documented 762 recurrences 
during a median follow-up of 7.8 years. Crude rates per 1000 person-years for 
prostate cancer death were 5.6 among selenium nonusers and 10.5 among men who 
consumed 140 or more μg/day. Crude rates per 1000 person-years were 28.2 vs 23.5 
for all-cause mortality and 28.4 vs 29.3 for biochemical recurrence, for nonuse 
vs highest-dose categories, respectively. In multivariable analyses, men who 
consumed 1 to 24 μg/day, 25 to 139 μg/day, and 140 or more μg/day of 
supplemental selenium had a 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.73 to 1.91), 
1.33 (95% CI = 0.77 to 2.30), and 2.60-fold (95% CI = 1.44 to 4.70) greater risk 
of prostate cancer mortality compared with nonusers, respectively, P trend = 
.001. There was no statistically significant association between selenium 
supplement use and biochemical recurrence, cardiovascular disease mortality, or 
overall mortality.
CONCLUSION: Selenium supplementation of 140 or more μg/day after diagnosis of 
nonmetastatic prostate cancer may increase risk of prostate cancer mortality. 
Caution is warranted regarding usage of such supplements among men with prostate 
cancer.