Conflict of interest statement: CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Robert A. Hauser is 
supported in part by a Center of Excellence grant from the National Parkinson 
Foundation. He received payment from Adamas Pharmaceuticals for participating as 
a Steering Committee member, and reports consulting fees from Teva 
Pharmaceuticals, UCB BioSciences, AbbVie, Novartis, Biotie Therapies, Lundbeck, 
Pfizer, Allergan Neuroscience, Neurocrine Biosciences, Chelsea Therapeutics, 
Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Acadia Pharmaceuticals, Michael J. Fox Foundation, GLG, 
AstraZeneca, Acorda Therapeutics, Impax Pharmaceuticals, Cynapsus Therapeutics, 
US WorldMeds, Neuropore, and Prexton Therapeutics. He is employed by the 
University of South Florida (Florida). Rajesh Pahwa is receiving, or has 
received, honoraria or payments for consulting from AbbVie, Acadia, Acorda, 
Adamas, Sunovion, Impax, Lundbeck, Neurocrine, Sage, St. Jude Medical, Teva 
Neuroscience, UCB, US WorldMeds, and Global Kinetics, and has also received 
research grants from Acadia, Acorda, Adamas, Avid, Biotie, Boston Scientific, 
Civitas, Cynapsus, Kyowa, NIH/NINDS, NPF, Pfizer, and PSG/University of 
Rochester. He has served on the Data Monitoring Committee for Ionis and has 
received personal compensation as the Co-Editor-in-Chief of the International 
Journal of Neuroscience. William Wargin is an employee of Nuventra Pharma 
Sciences. Cindy Souza-Prien, Rajiv Patni, Reed Johnson, Jack Nguyen, and Gregory 
T. Went are employees of, and own stock in, Adamas Pharmaceuticals. Natalie 
McClure was employed by Adamas Pharmaceuticals at the time this research was 
undertaken, and owns stock in Adamas. ETHICS APPROVAL: All procedures performed 
in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical 
standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 
1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical 
standards.