Disturbed myocardial calcium (Ca(+)) handling is one of the pathophysiologic 
hallmarks of cardiovascular diseases such as congestive heart failure, cardiac 
hypertrophy, and certain types of tachyarrhythmias. Pharmacologic treatment of 
these diseases thus focuses on restoring myocardial Ca(2+) homeostasis by 
interacting with Ca(2+)-dependent signaling pathways. In this article, we review 
the currently used pharmacologic agents that are able to restore or maintain 
myocardial Ca(2+) homeostasis and their mechanism of action as well as emerging 
new substances.