Exosomes are nanovesicles originating from late endosomal compartments and 
secreted by most living cells in ex vivo cell culture conditions. The interest 
in exosomes was rekindled when B-cell and dendritic cell-derived exosomes were 
shown to mediate MHC-dependent immune responses. Despite limited understanding 
of exosome biogenesis and physiological relevance, accumulating evidence points 
to their bioactivity culminating in clinical applications in cancer. This review 
focuses on the preclinical studies exploiting the immunogenicity of dendritic 
cell-derived exosomes (Dex) and will elaborate on the past and future 
vaccination trials conducted using Dex strategy in melanoma and non-small cell 
lung cancer patients.