This article summarizes the results of 30 y of follow-up of cancer and noncancer 
effects in Ukrainian cleanup workers after the Chornobyl accident. The number of 
power plant employees and first responders with acute radiation syndrome under 
follow-up by the National Research Center for Radiation Medicine decreased from 
179 in 1986-1991 to 105 in 2011-2015. Cancers and leukemia (19) and 
cardiovascular diseases (21) were the main causes of deaths among acute 
radiation syndrome survivors (54) during the postaccident period. Increased 
radiation risks of leukemia in the Ukrainian cohort of 110,645 cleanup workers 
exposed to low doses are comparable to those among survivors of the atomic bomb 
explosions in Japan in 1945. Additionally, an excess of chronic lymphocytic 
leukemia was demonstrated in the cleanup workers cohort for 26 y after the 
exposure. A significant excess of multiple myeloma incidence [standardized 
incidence rate (SIR) 1.61 %, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-2.21], thyroid 
cancer (SIR 4.18, 95% CI 3.76-4.59), female breast cancer (SIR 1.57 CI 
1.40-1.73), and all cancers combined (SIR 1.07; 95% CI 1.05-1.09) was 
registered. High prevalence was demonstrated for cardio- and cerebrovascular 
diseases and mental health changes. However, the reasons for the increases 
require further investigation. To monitor other possible late effects of 
radiation exposure in Chornobyl cleanup workers, analytical cohort and 
case-control studies need to include cardiovascular pathology, specifically 
types of potentially radiogenic cancers using a molecular epidemiology approach. 
Possible effects for further study include increased rates of thyroid, breast, 
and lung cancers and multiple myeloma; reduction of radiation risks of leukemia 
to population levels; and increased morbidity and mortality of cleanup workers 
from cardio- and cerebrovascular pathology.