Resistance training is commonly prescribed to enhance strength/power qualities 
and is achieved via improved neuromuscular recruitment, fiber type transition, 
and/ or skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The rate and amount of muscle hypertrophy 
associated with resistance training is influenced by a wide array of variables 
including the training program, plus training experience, gender, genetic 
predisposition, and nutritional status of the individual. Various dietary 
interventions have been proposed to influence muscle hypertrophy, including 
manipulation of protein intake, specific supplement prescription, and creation 
of an energy surplus. While recent research has provided significant insight 
into optimization of dietary protein intake and application of evidence based 
supplements, the specific energy surplus required to facilitate muscle 
hypertrophy is unknown. However, there is clear evidence of an anabolic stimulus 
possible from an energy surplus, even independent of resistance training. Common 
textbook recommendations are often based solely on the assumed energy stored 
within the tissue being assimilated. Unfortunately, such guidance likely fails 
to account for other energetically expensive processes associated with muscle 
hypertrophy, the acute metabolic adjustments that occur in response to an energy 
surplus, or individual nuances like training experience and energy status of the 
individual. Given the ambiguous nature of these calculations, it is not 
surprising to see broad ranging guidance on energy needs. These estimates have 
never been validated in a resistance training population to confirm the "sweet 
spot" for an energy surplus that facilitates optimal rates of muscle gain 
relative to fat mass. This review not only addresses the influence of an energy 
surplus on resistance training outcomes, but also explores other pertinent 
issues, including "how much should energy intake be increased," "where should 
this extra energy come from," and "when should this extra energy be consumed." 
Several gaps in the literature are identified, with the hope this will stimulate 
further research interest in this area. Having a broader appreciation of these 
issues will assist practitioners in the establishment of dietary strategies that 
facilitate resistance training adaptations while also addressing other important 
nutrition related issues such as optimization of fuelling and recovery goals. 
Practical issues like the management of satiety when attempting to increase 
energy intake are also addressed.