Salmonella typhimurium is a bacterial pathogen that poses a great threat to 
humans and animals. In order to discover hosts' responses to S. typhimurium 
infection, we collected and analyzed biofluids and organ tissues from mice which 
had ingested S. typhimurium. We employed (1)H NMR spectroscopy coupled with 
multivariate data analysis and immunological techniques. The results indicate 
that infection leads to a severe impact on mice spleen and ileum, which are 
characterized by splenomegaly and edematous villi, respectively. We found that 
increased levels of itaconic acid were correlated with the presence of 
splenomegaly during infection and may play an important role in 
Salmonella-containing vacuole acidification. In addition, metabonomic analyses 
of urine displayed the development of salmonellosis in mice, which is 
characterized by dynamic changes in energy metabolism. Furthermore, we found 
that the presence of S. typhimurium activated an anti-oxidative response in 
infected mice. We also observed changes in the gut microbial co-metabolites 
(hippurate, TMAO, TMA, methylamine). This investigation sheds much needed light 
on the host-pathogen interactions of S. typhimurium, providing further 
information to deepen our understanding of the long co-evolution process between 
hosts and infective bacteria.