Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is a T cell co-inhibitory receptor with two ligands, 
PD-L1 and PD-L2. In cancer, this pathway plays a major role in immune resistance 
in the tumor environment. Blockade of this pathway can enhance antitumor immune 
responses. This review discusses the preclinical rationale for PD-1 pathway 
inhibition in advanced renal cell carcinoma and prostate cancer, in addition to 
the clinical activity and toxicity of the anti-PD-L1 antibody BMS-936559, as 
well as anti-PD-1 antibodies MK-3475 and BMS-936558.