Anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) was described decades ago, but the mechanisms 
that underlie this protein synthesis-independent form of consolidated memory in 
Drosophila remain poorly understood. Whether the several signaling molecules, 
receptors, and synaptic proteins currently implicated in ARM operate in one or 
more pathways and how they function in the process remain unclear. We present 
evidence that Drk, the Drosophila ortholog of the adaptor protein Grb2, is 
essential for ARM within adult mushroom body neurons. Significantly, Drk signals 
engage the Rho kinase Drok, implicating dynamic cytoskeletal changes in ARM, and 
this is supported by reduced F-actin in the mutants and after pharmacological 
inhibition of Drok. Interestingly, Drk-Drok signaling appears independent of the 
function of Radish (Rsh), a protein long implicated in ARM, suggesting that the 
process involves at least two distinct molecular pathways. Based on these 
results, we propose that signaling pathways involved in structural plasticity 
likely underlie this form of translation-independent memory.