Surgical therapy for occult breast cancer has traditionally centered on 
mastectomy; however, breast conservation with whole breast radiotherapy followed 
by axillary lymph node dissection has shown equivalent results. Patients with 
breast cancer in pregnancy can be safely and effectively treated; given a 
patient's pregnancy trimester and stage of breast cancer, a clinician must be 
able to guide therapy accordingly. Male breast cancer risk factors show strong 
association with BRCA2 mutations, as well as Klinefelter syndrome. Several 
retrospective trials of surgical therapy in stage IV breast cancer have 
associated a survival advantage with primary site tumor extirpation.