This review presents an overview of the use of music therapy in neurological 
early rehabilitation of patients with coma and other disorders of consciousness 
(DOC) such as unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) or minimally conscious 
state (MCS). There is evidence that patients suffering from UWS show emotional 
processing of auditory information, such as listening to speech. Thus, it seems 
reasonable to believe that music listening-as part of an enriched environment 
setting-may be of therapeutic value in these patients. There is, however, a 
considerable lack of evidence. The authors strongly encourage further studies to 
evaluate the efficacy of music listening in patients with DOC in neurological 
early rehabilitation. These studies should consider a precise clinical 
definition and homogeneity of the patient cohort with respect to the quality 
(coma vs. UWS vs. MCS), duration (rather weeks to months than days) and cause 
(traumatic vs. non-traumatic) of DOC, a standardized intervention protocol, 
valid clinical outcome parameters over a longer observation period (weeks to 
months), monitoring of neurophysiological and vegetative parameters and, if 
available, neuroimaging to confirm diagnosis and to demonstrate responses and 
functional changes in the patients' brains.