The recent successes of immune check point targeting therapies in treating 
cancer patients has driven a resurgence of interest in targeting these pathways 
in chronically infected patients. While still in early stages, basic and 
clinical data suggest that blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1 can be beneficial in the 
treatment of chronic HIV, HBV, and HCV infection, as well as other chronic 
maladies. Furthermore, novel inhibitory receptors such as Tim-3, LAG-3, and 
TIGIT are the potential next wave of check points that can be manipulated for 
the treatment of chronic infection. Blockade of these pathways influences more 
than simply T cell responses, and may provide new therapeutic options for 
chronically infected patients.