PURPOSE: To explain key concepts involved in the development and management of 
congestive heart failure (CHF). An overview of medications commonly used in the 
treatment of CHF is also presented.
DATA SOURCES: Selected clinical articles, major research studies, and clinical 
guidelines.
CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CHF continues to increase and in the United 
States alone accounts for more than two million outpatient clinic visits per 
year at a cost of more than $10 billion annually. With the growing number of 
people over age 65, coupled with the advances in medical technology, primary 
care providers are treating many more patients with CHF.
IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology, 
especially the compensatory neurohormonal systems and ventricular remodeling 
that are the hallmarks of CHF, is essential for consistent application of the 
principles of management of this complex condition. Multidisciplinary approaches 
led by advanced practice nurses have excellent outcomes and improve the quality 
of life of patients with CHF.