Burning mouth syndrome is characterized by a burning sensation in one or several 
oral structures. Multiple causal factors have been proposed, and reports on 
their relative importance are conflicting. Lack of diagnostic criteria, 
differences in sampling procedures, incomplete workups, and lack of controlled 
studies make the reliable interpretation of the importance of proposed causal 
factors and the efficacy of specific treatment modalities difficult. This 
article summarizes the available data, critically analyzes their scientific 
merit, and proposes a protocol for clinical management.