Exploding head syndrome is characterized by the perception of abrupt, loud 
noises when going to sleep or waking up. They are usually painless, but 
associated with fear and distress. In spite of the fact that its characteristic 
symptomatology was first described approximately 150 y ago, exploding head 
syndrome has received relatively little empirical and clinical attention. 
Therefore, a comprehensive review of the scientific literature using Medline, 
PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and PubMed was undertaken. After first discussing the 
history, prevalence, and associated features, the available polysomnography data 
and five main etiological theories for exploding head syndrome are summarized. 
None of these theories has yet reached dominance in the field. Next, the various 
methods used to assess and treat exploding head syndrome are discussed, as well 
as the limited outcome data. Finally, recommendations for future measure 
construction, treatment options, and differential diagnosis are provided.