The 2016 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) 
highlighted hot spots in HIV infection. Men who have sex with men (MSM), 
transgender populations, people who inject drugs, fisherfolk, migrants, 
adolescents, and older adults are heavily impacted in a number of regions. 
Stigma contributes to risk behaviors and HIV acquisition across populations. HIV 
testing is a crucial first step in the HIV care continuum, and several large 
community-based surveys are underway in Africa to increase HIV testing, linkage 
to care, and uptake of antiretroviral treatment. Advances in preexposure 
prophylaxis (PrEP) featured prominently at CROI 2016. Two large efficacy trials 
of a vaginal ring containing the investigational drug dapivirine demonstrated 
efficacy and safety in preventing HIV infections in women in Africa. Data on the 
safety of long-acting injectable PrEP and several investigational PrEP drugs and 
formulations were also presented. Knowledge and use of PrEP among MSM in the 
United States appears to be increasing, and high uptake was seen among black MSM 
when provided as part of a culturally tailored support program. The use of 
broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention is a novel and promising 
approach to be evaluated in efficacy trials.