Conflict of interest statement: Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Gruber is a 
member of the board for Tocagen Inc. Drs Rao, Hogan, Accomando, Ostertag, 
Montellano, Kheoh, and Kabbinavar were Tocagen employees. Dr Cloughesy reported 
personal fees from Roche, personal fees from Trizel, personal fees from 
Medscape, personal fees from Bayer, personal fees from Amgen, personal fees from 
Odonate Therapeutics, personal fees from Pascal Biosciences, personal fees from 
Del Mar Pharmaceuticals, personal fees from Tocagen, personal fees from 
Kayopharm, personal fees from GW Pharma, personal fees from Kiyatec, personal 
fees from AbbVie, personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from 
VBL, personal fees from VBI, personal fees from Deciphera, personal fees from 
Agios, personal fees from QED, personal fees from Merck, personal fees from 
Genocea, personal fees from Celgene, personal fees from Puma, personal fees from 
Lilly, and personal fees from BMS outside the submitted work; in addition, Dr 
Cloughesy had a patent to 62/819322 issued and licensed; and Member of the board 
for the 501c3 Global Coalition for Adaptive Research and CMO for the entity; 
Co-founder and board member of Katmai Pharmaceuticals. Dr Petrecca reported 
other from Tocagen during the conduct of the study. Dr Walbert reported personal 
fees from Tocagen outside the submitted work. Dr Damek reported grants from 
Tocagen during the conduct of the study; grants from NovoCure, grants from Kazia 
Therapeutics, grants from Genentech, grants from Orbus, grants from Roche, and 
grants from Forma outside the submitted work. Dr Bota reported personal fees 
from NovoCure and personal fees from Zai Lab outside the submitted work. Dr 
Bettegowda reported he is a consultant for Depuy-Synthes and Bionaut 
Pharmaceuticals. The activities associated with those entities are not related 
to the work presented in this manuscript. Dr Zhu reported grants from Tocagen, 
Inc and personal fees from Tocagen, Inc during the conduct of the study. Dr 
Iwamoto reported personal fees from Tocagen during the conduct of the study; 
personal fees from Merck, personal fees from Guidepoint, grants from BMS, 
personal fees from NovoCure, personal fees from Alexion, personal fees from 
AbbVie, and personal fees from Regeneron outside the submitted work. Dr 
Placantonakis reported personal fees from Tocagen during the conduct of the 
study; personal fees from Monteris, personal fees from Synaptive, and personal 
fees from Robeaute outside the submitted work; in addition, Dr Placantonakis had 
a patent to “Method to treat high grade glioma” pending. Dr Brem reported 
personal fees from Tocagen during the conduct of the study. Dr Piccioni reported 
personal fees from Tocagen during the conduct of the study. Dr Chen reported 
other from Tocagen during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Tocagen 
outside the submitted work. Dr Gruber reported grants from the US Food and Drug 
Administration orphan drug grant, other from Apollo Bio, other from Abentis, and 
other from Denovo Pharma during the conduct of the study; other from Apollo Bio, 
other from Abentis, and other from Denovo pharma outside the submitted work; in 
addition, Dr Gruber had a patent to many pending, issued, licensed, and with 
royalties paid, a patent to many pending, issued, and licensed, and a patent to 
many pending, issued, and licensed; and Stock and option ownership in Tocagen. 
Dr Hogan reported other from Tocagen Inc during the conduct of the study. Dr 
Accomando reported personal fees from Tocagen Inc. during the conduct of the 
study; personal fees from Tocagen Inc. outside the submitted work. Dr Ostertag 
reported a patent to US20130130986A1 issued, a patent to US20130323301A1, a 
patent to US20180021365A1, and a patent to US20140178340A1 . Dr Montellano 
reported grants from the US Food and Drug Administration Office of Orphan 
Products Development during the conduct of the study. Dr Kheoh reported other 
from Tocagen Inc during the conduct of the study. Dr Kabbinavar reported other 
from Tocagen Inc during the conduct of the study; other from Tocagen outside the 
submitted work; and Employee of Tocagen Inc. Dr Vogelbaum reported personal fees 
and other from Tocagen during the conduct of the study; other from Infuseon 
Theraepeutics and personal fees from Celgene outside the submitted work. No 
other disclosures were reported.