Cancer is a major cause of childhood death, with central nervous system (CNS) 
neoplasms being the second most common pediatric malignancy, following 
hematological cancer. Treatment of pediatric CNS malignancies requires 
multimodal treatment using a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and 
radiotherapy, and advances in these treatments have given favorable results and 
longer survival. However, treatment-related toxicities have also occurred, 
particularly for radiotherapy, after which secondary cancer, reduced function of 
irradiated organs, and retarded growth are significant problems. Proton beam 
therapy (PBT) is a particle radiotherapy with excellent dose localization that 
permits treatment of liver and lung cancer by administration of a high dose to 
the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding normal tissues. Thus, PBT has 
the potential advantages for pediatric cancer. In this context, we review the 
current knowledge on PBT for treatment of pediatric CNS malignancies.