Given that cancer and related disorders affect a wide spectrum of the world's 
population, and in most cases are progressive in nature, it is essential that 
future care must overcome the present limitations of existing therapies in the 
absence of toxic side effects. Mammalian forkhead transcription factors of the O 
class (FoxOs) may fill this niche since these proteins are increasingly 
considered to represent unique cellular targets directed against human cancer in 
light of their pro-apoptotic effects and ability to lead to cell cycle arrest. 
Yet, FoxOs also can significantly affect normal cell survival and longevity, 
requiring new treatments for neoplastic growth to modulate novel pathways that 
integrate cell proliferation, metabolism, inflammation and survival. In this 
respect, members of the FoxO family are extremely compelling to consider since 
these transcription factors have emerged as versatile proteins that can control 
angiogenesis, stem cell proliferation, cell adhesion and autoimmune disease. 
Further elucidation of FoxO protein function during neoplastic growth should 
continue to lay the foundation for the successful translation of these 
transcription factors into novel and robust clinical therapies for cancer.