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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Conservation movement</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For specific types of conservation, see <A href="/wiki/Conservation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Conservation (disambiguation)">Conservation (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Conservationism" redirects here. It is not to be confused with <A href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</A>.</DIV>
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Much attention has been given to preserving the natural characteristics of <A href="/wiki/Hopetoun_Falls" title="Hopetoun Falls">Hopetoun Falls</A>, <A href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</A>, while allowing ample access for visitors.</DIV>
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<TD style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;">Part of the <A href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</A></TD>
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<TH style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background:#efefef;padding-top:0.2em;font-size:175%;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Party politics</A></TH>
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<TH style="padding:0.1em;background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;;display:block;margin-top:0.6em;"><A href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</A></TH>
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<TH style="padding:0.1em"><A href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hard-Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard-Left">Hard-Left</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Extreme_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme left">Extreme left</A></LI>
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<TH style="padding:0.1em"><A href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical center</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</A>, <A href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</A></LI>
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<TH style="padding:0.1em"><A href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hard_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard right">Hard right</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New right</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</A></LI>
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<TH style="padding:0.1em;background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;"><A href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">Party platform</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremist</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" title="Political radicalism">Radical</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Moderate" title="Moderate">Moderate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformist</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservative</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</A></LI>
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<TH style="padding:0.1em;background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;"><A href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party system</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</A></LI>
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<TH style="padding:0.1em;background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;"><A href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalition</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">Hung parliament</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">Minority government</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Rainbow coalition</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Full coalition</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</A></LI>
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<TH style="padding:0.1em;background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;">Lists</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Ruling parties by country</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_region" title="List of political parties by region">Political parties by UN geoscheme</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</A></LI>
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<P>The <B>conservation movement</B>, also known as <B>nature conservation</B>, is a political, environmental and a social movement that seeks to protect <A href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</A> including animal and plant species as well as their habitat for the future.</P>
<P>The early conservation movement included <A href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</A> and <A href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">wildlife management</A>, water, <A href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</A> conservation and <A href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">sustainable forestry</A>. The contemporary conservation movement has broadened from the early movement's emphasis on use of sustainable yield of natural resources and preservation of <A href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</A> areas to include preservation of <A href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</A>. Some say the conservation movement is part of the broader and more far-reaching <A href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</A>, while others argue that they differ both in ideology and practice. Chiefly in the United States, conservation is seen as differing from <A href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</A> in that it aims to preserve natural resources expressly for their continued <A href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</A> use by humans.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> In other parts of the world conservation is used more broadly to include the setting aside of natural areas and the active protection of wildlife for their inherent value, as much as for any value they may have for humans.</P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><A href="#Early_history"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Early history</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Origins_of_the_modern_conservation_movement"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Origins of the modern conservation movement</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Conservation_in_the_United_States"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Conservation in the United States</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><A href="#Since_1970"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Since 1970</SPAN></A></LI>
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<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Areas_of_concern"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Areas of concern</SPAN></A>
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<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Boreal_forest_and_the_Arctic"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Boreal forest and the Arctic</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Latin_America_(Bolivia)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Latin America (Bolivia)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Africa_(Botswana)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Africa (Botswana)</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
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<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Regional_studies"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Regional studies</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><A href="#Africa"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Africa</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><A href="#Asia"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Asia</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><A href="#Latin_America"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Latin America</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><A href="#Europe_and_Russia"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Europe and Russia</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><A href="#United_States"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">United States</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><A href="#World"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">World</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><A href="#Historiography"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Historiography</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
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<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
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<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_environmental_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of environmental events">Timeline of environmental events</A></DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Early_history">Early history</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<I>Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesty's Dominions,</I> title page of the first edition (1664).</DIV>
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<P>The conservation movement can be traced back to <A href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</A>'s work <I><A href="/wiki/Sylva,_or_A_Discourse_of_Forest-Trees_and_the_Propagation_of_Timber" title="Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber">Sylva</A></I>, presented as a paper to the <A href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</A> in 1662. Published as a book two years later, it was one of the most highly influential texts on <A href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</A> ever published.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> Timber resources in England were becoming dangerously depleted at the time, and Evelyn advocated the importance of conserving the forests by managing the rate of depletion and ensuring that the cut down trees get replenished.</P>
<P>The field developed during the 18th century, especially in <A href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</A> and France where scientific forestry methods were developed. These methods were first applied rigorously in <A href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</A> from the early-19th century. The government was interested in the use of <A href="/wiki/Forest_produce" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest produce">forest produce</A> and began managing the forests with measures to reduce the risk of wildfire in order to protect the "household" of nature, as it was then termed. This early ecological idea was in order to preserve the growth of delicate <A href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</A> trees, which was an important resource for the <A href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</A>. Concerns over teak depletion were raised as early as 1799 and 1805 when the Navy was undergoing a massive expansion during the <A href="/wiki/Napoleonic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic War">Napoleonic Wars</A>; this pressure led to the first formal conservation Act, which prohibited the felling of small teak trees. The first forestry officer was appointed in 1806 to regulate and preserve the trees necessary for shipbuilding.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> This promising start received a setback in the 1820s and 30s, when <A href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</A> economics and complaints from private landowners brought these early conservation attempts to an end.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Origins_of_the_modern_conservation_movement">Origins of the modern conservation movement</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins of the modern conservation movement">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Conservation was revived in the mid-19th century, with the first practical application of scientific conservation principles to the forests of India. The conservation ethic that began to evolve included three core principles: that human activity damaged the <A href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</A>, that there was a <A href="/wiki/Civic_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic duty">civic duty</A> to maintain the environment for future generations, and that scientific, empirically based methods should be applied to ensure this duty was carried out. Sir <A href="/wiki/James_Ranald_Martin" title="James Ranald Martin">James Ranald Martin</A> was prominent in promoting this ideology, publishing many medico-topographical reports that demonstrated the scale of damage wrought through large-scale deforestation and desiccation, and lobbying extensively for the institutionalization of forest conservation activities in <A href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</A> through the establishment of <A href="/wiki/Indian_Forest_Service" title="Indian Forest Service">Forest Departments</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Edward_Percy_Stebbing" title="Edward Percy Stebbing">Edward Percy Stebbing</A> warned of desertification of India. The <A href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</A> Board of Revenue started local conservation efforts in 1842, headed by <A href="/wiki/Alexander_Gibson_(botanist)" title="Alexander Gibson (botanist)">Alexander Gibson</A>, a professional <A href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botanist</A> who systematically adopted a forest conservation program based on scientific principles. This was the first case of state management of forests in the world.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P>These local attempts gradually received more attention by the British government as the unregulated felling of trees continued unabated. In 1850, the <A href="/wiki/British_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association">British Association</A> in Edinburgh formed a committee to study forest destruction at the behest of <A href="/wiki/Hugh_Francis_Cleghorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Francis Cleghorn">Dr. Hugh Cleghorn</A> a pioneer in the nascent conservation movement.</P>
<P>He had become interested in <A href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" title="Sustainable forest management">forest conservation</A> in <A href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</A> in 1847 and gave several lectures at the Association on the failure of agriculture in India. These lectures influenced the government under <A href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General</A> <A href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Lord Dalhousie</A> to introduce the first permanent and large-scale forest conservation program in the world in 1855, a model that soon spread to <A href="/wiki/British_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British empire">other colonies</A>, as well the <A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A>. In the same year, Cleghorn organised the <A href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Forest_Department" title="Tamil Nadu Forest Department">Madras Forest Department</A> and in 1860 the Department banned the use <A href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP> Cleghorn's 1861 manual, <I>The forests and gardens of South India</I>, became the definitive work on the subject and was widely used by forest assistants in the subcontinent.<SUP id="cite_ref-Cleghorn_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Cleghorn-7">[7]</A></SUP> In 1861, the Forest Department extended its remit into the <A href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Sir_William_Schlich07.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sir_William_Schlich07.jpg/300px-Sir_William_Schlich07.jpg" width="300" height="206" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sir_William_Schlich07.jpg/450px-Sir_William_Schlich07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sir_William_Schlich07.jpg/600px-Sir_William_Schlich07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="790" /></A>
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Schlich, in the middle of the seated row, with students from the forestry school at Oxford, on a visit to the forests of Saxony in the year 1892.</DIV>
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<P>Sir <A href="/wiki/Dietrich_Brandis" title="Dietrich Brandis">Dietrich Brandis</A>, a <A href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</A> forester, joined the British service in 1856 as superintendent of the teak forests of Pegu division in eastern <A href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</A>. During that time Burma's <A href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</A> forests were controlled by militant <A href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</A> tribals. He introduced the "taungya" system,<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP> in which Karen villagers provided labour for clearing, planting and weeding teak plantations. After seven years in Burma, Brandis was appointed Inspector General of Forests in India, a position he served in for 20 years. He formulated new forest legislation and helped establish research and training institutions. The <A href="/wiki/Imperial_Forest_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Forest School">Imperial Forest School</A> at <A href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</A> was founded by him.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Germans were prominent in the forestry administration of British India. As well as Brandis, <A href="/wiki/Berthold_Ribbentrop" title="Berthold Ribbentrop">Berthold Ribbentrop</A> and <A href="/wiki/Sir_William_P.D._Schlich" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William P.D. Schlich">Sir William P.D. Schlich</A> brought new methods to Indian conservation, the latter becoming the Inspector-General in 1883 after Brandis stepped down. Schlich helped to establish the journal <I><A href="/wiki/Indian_Forester" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Forester">Indian Forester</A></I> in 1874, and became the founding director of the first <A href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</A> school in England at <A href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Engineering_College" title="Royal Indian Engineering College">Cooper's Hill</A> in 1885.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP> He authored the five-volume <I>Manual of Forestry</I> (1889–96) on <A href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">silviculture</A>, <A href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">forest management</A>, <A href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">forest protection</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Forest_utilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest utilisation">forest utilisation</A>, which became the standard and enduring textbook for forestry students.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Conservation_in_the_United_States">Conservation in the United States</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conservation in the United States">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Yellowstone_1871b.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yellowstone_1871b.jpg/250px-Yellowstone_1871b.jpg" width="250" height="265" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yellowstone_1871b.jpg/375px-Yellowstone_1871b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yellowstone_1871b.jpg/500px-Yellowstone_1871b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3486" data-file-height="3700" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Vandeveer_Hayden" title="Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden">F. V. Hayden</A>'s map of <A href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</A>, 1871.</DIV>
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Conservation_in_the_United_States" title="Conservation in the United States">Conservation in the United States</A></DIV>
<P>The American movement received its inspiration from 19th century works that exalted the inherent value of nature, quite apart from human usage. Author <A href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</A> (1817-1862) made key philosophical contributions that exalted nature. Thoreau was interested in peoples' relationship with nature and studied this by living close to nature in a simple life. He published his experiences in the book <I><A href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</A>,</I> which argued that people should become intimately close with nature. The ideas of <A href="/wiki/Dietrich_Brandis" title="Dietrich Brandis">Sir Brandis</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sir_William_P.D._Schlich" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William P.D. Schlich">Sir William P.D. Schlich</A> and <A href="/wiki/Carl_A._Schenck" title="Carl A. Schenck">Carl A. Schenck</A> were also very influential - <A href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</A>, the first chief of the <A href="/wiki/USDA_Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA Forest Service">USDA Forest Service</A>, relied heavily upon Brandis' advice for introducing professional forest management in the U.S. and on how to structure the Forest Service.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Both conservationists and preservationists appeared in political debates during the <A href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</A> (the 1890s—early 1920s). There were three main positions. The laissez-faire position held that owners of private property—including lumber and mining companies, should be allowed to do anything they wished for their property.<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The conservationists, led by future President <A href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</A> and his close ally <A href="/wiki/George_Bird_Grinnell" title="George Bird Grinnell">George Bird Grinnell</A>, were motivated by the wanton waste that was taking place at the hand of market forces, including logging and hunting.<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP> This practice resulted in placing a large number of North American game species on the edge of extinction. Roosevelt recognized that the laissez-faire approach of the U.S. Government was too wasteful and inefficient. In any case, they noted, most of the natural resources in the western states were already owned by the federal government. The best course of action, they argued, was a long-term plan devised by national experts to maximize the long-term economic benefits of natural resources. To accomplish the mission, Roosevelt and Grinnell formed the <A href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</A> in 1887. The Club was made up of the best minds and influential men of the day. The <A href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</A>'s contingency of conservationists, scientists, politicians, and intellectuals became Roosevelt's closest advisers during his march to preserve wildlife and habitat across North America.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP> Preservationists, led by <A href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</A> (1838–1914), argued that the conservation policies were not strong enough to protect the interest of the natural world because they continued to focus on the natural world as a source of economic production.</P>
<P>The debate between conservation and preservation reached its peak in the public debates over the construction of California's <A href="/wiki/O%27Shaughnessy_Dam_(California)" title="O'Shaughnessy Dam (California)">Hetch Hetchy dam</A> in <A href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</A> which supplies the water supply of San Francisco. Muir, leading the <A href="/wiki/Sierra_Club" title="Sierra Club">Sierra Club</A>, declared that the valley must be preserved for the sake of its beauty: "No holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man."</P>
<P>President <A href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</A> put conservationist issue high on the national agenda.<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP> He worked with all the major figures of the movement, especially his chief advisor on the matter, <A href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</A> and was deeply committed to conserving natural resources. He encouraged the <A href="/wiki/Newlands_Reclamation_Act" title="Newlands Reclamation Act">Newlands Reclamation Act</A> of 1902 to promote federal construction of dams to irrigate small farms and placed 230 million acres (360,000 mi<SUP>2</SUP> or 930,000 km<SUP>2</SUP>) under federal protection. Roosevelt set aside more federal land for <A href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</A> and <A href="/wiki/Nature_preserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature preserve">nature preserves</A> than all of his predecessors combined.<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<DIV class="floatright"><A href="/wiki/File:TR-Enviro.JPG" class="image" title="Roosevelt was a leader in conservation, fighting to end the waste of natural resources"><IMG alt="Roosevelt was a leader in conservation, fighting to end the waste of natural resources" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/TR-Enviro.JPG/250px-TR-Enviro.JPG" width="250" height="343" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/TR-Enviro.JPG/375px-TR-Enviro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/TR-Enviro.JPG/500px-TR-Enviro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1096" /></A></DIV>
<P>Roosevelt established the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</A>, signed into law the creation of five <A href="/wiki/National_parks_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks (United States)">national parks</A>, and signed the year 1906 <A href="/wiki/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</A>, under which he proclaimed 18 new <A href="/wiki/National_Monument_(United_States)" title="National Monument (United States)">national monuments</A>. He also established the first 51 <A href="/wiki/Bird_reserve" title="Bird reserve">bird reserves</A>, four <A href="/wiki/Game_preserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Game preserve">game preserves</A>, and 150 <A href="/wiki/United_States_National_Forest" title="United States National Forest">national forests</A>, including <A href="/wiki/Shoshone_National_Forest" title="Shoshone National Forest">Shoshone National Forest</A>, the nation's first. The area of the United States that he placed under public protection totals approximately 230,000,000 acres (930,000 km<SUP>2</SUP>).</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</A> had been appointed by McKinley as chief of Division of Forestry in the Department of Agriculture. In 1905, his department gained control of the national forest reserves. Pinchot promoted private use (for a fee) under federal supervision. In 1907, Roosevelt designated 16 million acres (65,000 km<SUP>2</SUP>) of new national forests just minutes before a deadline.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In May 1908, Roosevelt sponsored the <A href="/wiki/Conference_of_Governors" title="Conference of Governors">Conference of Governors</A> held in the White House, with a focus on natural resources and their most efficient use. Roosevelt delivered the opening address: "Conservation as a National Duty.".</P>
<P>In 1903 Roosevelt toured the Yosemite Valley with <A href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</A>, who had a very different view of conservation, and tried to minimize commercial use of water resources and forests. Working through the Sierra Club he founded, Muir succeeded in 1905 in having Congress transfer the <A href="/wiki/Mariposa_Grove" title="Mariposa Grove">Mariposa Grove</A> and Yosemite Valley to the federal government.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP> While Muir wanted nature preserved for its own sake, Roosevelt subscribed to Pinchot's formulation, "to make the forest produce the largest amount of whatever crop or service will be most useful, and keep on producing it for generation after generation of men and trees."<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Theodore Roosevelt's view on conservationism remained dominant for decades; - <A href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</A> authorised the building of many large-scale dams and water projects, as well as the expansion of the National Forest System to buy out sub-marginal farms. In 1937, the <A href="/wiki/Pittman%E2%80%93Robertson_Federal_Aid_in_Wildlife_Restoration_Act" title="Pittman–Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act">Pittman–Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act</A> was signed into law, providing funding for state agencies to carry out their conservation efforts.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Since_1970">Since 1970</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Since 1970">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Environmental reemerged on the national agenda in 1970, with Republican <A href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</A> playing a major role, especially with his creation of the <A href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</A>. The debates over the public lands and environmental politics played a supporting role in the decline of liberalism and the rise of modern environmentalism. Although Americans consistently rank environmental issues as "important", polling data indicates that in the voting booth voters rank the environmental issues low relative to other political concerns.</P>
<P>The growth of the Republican party's political power in the inland West (apart from the Pacific coast) was facilitated by the rise of popular opposition to public lands reform. Successful Democrats in the inland West and Alaska typically take more conservative positions on environmental issues than Democrats from the Coastal states. Conservatives drew on new organizational networks of think tanks, industry groups, and citizen-oriented organizations, and they began to deploy new strategies that affirmed the rights of individuals to their property, protection of extraction rights, to hunt and recreate, and to pursue happiness unencumbered by the federal government at the expense of resource conservation.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Areas_of_concern">Areas of concern</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Areas of concern">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P><A href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</A> and <A href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</A> are issues affecting all regions of the world. The consequent destruction of wildlife habitat has prompted the creation of conservation groups in other countries, some founded by local hunters who have witnessed declining wildlife populations first hand. Also, it was highly important for the conservation movement to solve problems of living conditions in the cities and the overpopulation of such places.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Boreal_forest_and_the_Arctic">Boreal forest and the Arctic</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Boreal forest and the Arctic">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The idea of incentive conservation is a modern one but its practice has clearly defended some of the sub Arctic wildernesses and the wildlife in those regions for thousands of years, especially by indigenous peoples such as the Evenk, Yakut, Sami, Inuit and Cree. The fur trade and hunting by these peoples have preserved these regions for thousands of years. Ironically, the pressure now upon them comes from non-renewable resources such as oil, sometimes to make synthetic clothing which is advocated as a humane substitute for fur. (See <A href="/wiki/Raccoon_dog" title="Raccoon dog">Raccoon dog</A> for case study of the conservation of an animal through fur trade.) Similarly, in the case of the beaver, hunting and fur trade were thought to bring about the animal's demise, when in fact they were an integral part of its conservation. For many years children's books stated and still do, that the decline in the beaver population was due to the fur trade. In reality however, the decline in beaver numbers was because of habitat destruction and deforestation, as well as its continued persecution as a pest (it causes flooding). In Cree lands however, where the population valued the animal for meat and fur, it continued to thrive. The Inuit defend their relationship with the seal in response to outside critics.<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN id="Latin_America_.28Bolivia.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Latin_America_(Bolivia)">Latin America (Bolivia)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Latin America (Bolivia)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Izoce%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Izoceño people">Izoceño</A>-<A href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Guaraní people">Guaraní</A> of <A href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz Department</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</A> is a tribe of hunters who were influential in establishing the Capitania del Alto y Bajo Isoso (CABI). CABI promotes economic growth and survival of the Izoceno people while discouraging the rapid destruction of habitat within Bolivia's <A href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco" title="Gran Chaco">Gran Chaco</A>. They are responsible for the creation of the 34,000 square kilometre Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Area (KINP). The KINP protects the most biodiverse portion of the Gran Chaco, an ecoregion shared with Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. In 1996, the <A href="/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Society" title="Wildlife Conservation Society">Wildlife Conservation Society</A> joined forces with CABI to institute wildlife and hunting monitoring programs in 23 Izoceño communities. The partnership combines traditional beliefs and local knowledge with the political and administrative tools needed to effectively manage habitats. The programs rely solely on voluntary participation by local hunters who perform self-monitoring techniques and keep records of their hunts. The information obtained by the hunters participating in the program has provided CABI with important data required to make educated decisions about the use of the land. Hunters have been willing participants in this program because of pride in their traditional activities, encouragement by their communities and expectations of benefits to the area.</P>
<H3><SPAN id="Africa_.28Botswana.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Africa_(Botswana)">Africa (Botswana)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Africa (Botswana)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>In order to discourage illegal South African hunting parties and ensure future local use and sustainability, indigenous hunters in <A href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</A> began lobbying for and implementing conservation practices in the 1960s. The Fauna Preservation Society of Ngamiland (FPS) was formed in 1962 by the husband and wife team: Robert Kay and June Kay, environmentalists working in conjunction with the Batawana tribes to preserve wildlife habitat.</P>
<P>The FPS promotes habitat conservation and provides local education for preservation of wildlife. Conservation initiatives were met with strong opposition from the Botswana government because of the monies tied to big-game hunting. In 1963, BaTawanga Chiefs and tribal hunter/adventurers in conjunction with the FPS founded <A href="/wiki/Moremi_Wildlife_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Moremi Wildlife Reserve">Moremi National Park and Wildlife Refuge</A>, the first area to be set aside by tribal people rather than governmental forces. Moremi National Park is home to a variety of wildlife, including lions, giraffes, elephants, buffalo, zebra, cheetahs and antelope, and covers an area of 3,000 square kilometers. Most of the groups involved with establishing this protected land were involved with hunting and were motivated by their personal observations of declining wildlife and habitat.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</A>, but <B>its sources remain unclear</B> because it has <B>insufficient <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</A></B>. <SPAN class="hide-when-compact">Please help to <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</A> this article by <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</A> more precise citations.</SPAN> <SMALL><I>(February 2014)</I></SMALL> <SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I>(<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV>
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<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
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<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Gifford, John C. (1945). <I>Living by the Land</I>. Coral Gables, Florida: Glade House. p. 8. <A href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.amazon.com/dp/B0006EUXGQ">B0006EUXGQ</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+by+the+Land&rft.place=Coral+Gables%2C+Florida&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Glade+House&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+movement" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</A>, <I>Sylva, Or A Discourse of Forest Trees ... with an Essay on the Life and Works of the Author by John Nisbet</I>, Fourth Edition (1706), reprinted London: Doubleday & Co., 1908, V1, p. lxv; online edn, March 2007 <A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20778/20778-h/20778-h.htm">[1]</A>, accessed 29 Dec 2012. This source (John Nisbet) states: "There can be no doubt that John Evelyn, both during his own lifetime and throughout the two centuries which have elapsed since his death in 1706, has exerted more individual influence, through his charming <I>Sylva</I>, ... than can be ascribed to any other individual." Nisbet adds that "Evelyn was by no means the first [author] who wrote on [forestry]. That honour belongs to Master <A href="/wiki/Anthony_Fitzherbert" title="Anthony Fitzherbert">Fitzherbert</A>, whose <I>Boke of Husbandrie</I> was published in 1534" (V1, p. lxvi).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/forestry/history.htm">"History of forests in India"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+forests+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedugreen.teri.res.in%2Fexplore%2Fforestry%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+movement" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Stebbing, E.P (1922)<I>The forests of India</I> vol. 1, pp. 72-81</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Barton, Greg (2002). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=WDYlNljAP5AC"><I>Empire Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism</I></A>. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139434607" title="Special:BookSources/9781139434607">9781139434607</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+Forestry+and+the+Origins+of+Environmentalism&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781139434607&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DWDYlNljAP5AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+movement" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">MUTHIAH, S. (Nov 5, 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/11/05/stories/2007110550080500.htm">"A life for forestry"</A>. <I>Metro Plus Chennai</I>. The Hindu<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2009-03-09</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro+Plus+Chennai&rft.atitle=A+life+for+forestry&rft.date=2007-11-05&rft.aulast=MUTHIAH&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fmp%2F2007%2F11%2F05%2Fstories%2F2007110550080500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+movement" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Cleghorn-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Cleghorn_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Cleghorn, Hugh Francis Clarke (1861). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/301345427?page=frame&url=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZbC9FY1JqIC%26checksum%3D374d90c92770a514a51708f07461f0b3&title=&linktype=digitalObject&detail="><I>The Forests and Gardens of South India</I></A> (Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized Feb 10, 2006 ed.). London: W. H. Allen. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/301345427">301345427</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forests+and+Gardens+of+South+India&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Original+from+the+University+of+Michigan%2C+Digitized+Feb+10%2C+2006&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen&rft.date=1861&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F301345427&rft.aulast=Cleghorn&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Francis+Clarke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fwcpa%2Foclc%2F301345427%3Fpage%3Dframe%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fbooks.google.com%252Fbooks%253Fid%253D_ZbC9FY1JqIC%2526checksum%253D374d90c92770a514a51708f07461f0b3%26title%3D%26linktype%3DdigitalObject%26detail%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+movement" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Oliver, J.W. (1901). "Forestry in India". <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=2U8YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA623&dq=%22Douglas+Hamilton%22+madras++-johnson+-elephant+-whale+-william+1862#PPA623,M1"><I>The Indian Forester</I></A>. <B>v.27</B> (Original from Harvard University, Digitized Apr 4, 2008 ed.). Allahabad: R. P. Sharma, Business Manager, Indian Forester. pp. 617–623.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forestry+in+India&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Forester&rft.place=Allahabad&rft.pages=617-623&rft.edition=Original+from+Harvard+University%2C+Digitized+Apr+4%2C+2008&rft.pub=R.+P.+Sharma%2C+Business+Manager%2C+Indian+Forester&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D2U8YAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA623%26dq%3D%2522Douglas%2BHamilton%2522%2Bmadras%2B%2B-johnson%2B-elephant%2B-whale%2B-william%2B1862%23PPA623%2CM1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+movement" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">King KFS (1968). "Agro-silviculture (the taungya system)". University of Ibadan / Dept. of Forestry, Bulletin no. 1, 109</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Benjamin Weil, "Conservation, Exploitation, and Cultural Change in the Indian Forest Service, 1875-1927" <I>Environmental History</I> (2006) 11#2 online</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Madhav Gadgil and Ramachandra Guha, <I>This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India</I> (1993)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Burley, Jeffery, et al. 2009. "A History of Forestry at Oxford", <I>British Scholar</I>, Vol. 1, No. 2., pp.236-261. Accessed: May 6, 2012.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/journals/Golden_jubilee_vol/articles/H_468%20(Brett%20M%20Benet).htm">America has been the context for both the origins of conservation history and its modern form, environmental history</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313144333/http://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/journals/Golden_jubilee_vol/articles/H_468%20%28Brett%20M%20Benet%29.htm">Archived</A> 2012-03-13 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. Asiaticsociety.org.bd. Retrieved on 2011-09-01.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Rawat, Ajay Singh (1993). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5IZYFP15OscC&pg=PA85"><I>Indian Forestry: A Perspective</I></A>. Indus Publishing. pp. 85–88. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185182780" title="Special:BookSources/9788185182780">9788185182780</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Forestry%3A+A+Perspective&rft.pages=85-88&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788185182780&rft.aulast=Rawat&rft.aufirst=Ajay+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5IZYFP15OscC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+movement" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Samuel P. Hays, <I>Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920</I> (1959)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Benjamin Redekop, "Embodying the Story: The Conservation Leadership of Theodore Roosevelt" in <I>Leadership</I> (2015). DOI: 10.1177/1742715014546875. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnu.edu/leadershipstudies/faculty/pdf/redekop-embodying_the_story_theodore_roosevelts_conservation_leadership.pdf">online</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114045519/http://cnu.edu/leadershipstudies/faculty/pdf/redekop-embodying_the_story_theodore_roosevelts_conservation_leadership.pdf">Archived</A> 2016-01-14 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm16013.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16013coll13/id/1220/rec/1">"Archives of the Boone and Crockett Club"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archives+of+the+Boone+and+Crockett+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdm16013.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp16013coll13%2Fid%2F1220%2Frec%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+movement" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Douglas G. Brinkley, <I>The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America</I> (2009)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">W. Todd Benson, <I>President Theodore Roosevelt's Conservations Legacy</I> (2003)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Char Miller, <I>Seeking the Greatest Good: The Conservation Legacy of Gifford Pinchot</I> (2013)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=amrvl&fileName=vl044//amrvlvl044.db&recNum=1&itemLink=r?ammem/consrvbib:@FIELD%28NUMBER%28vl044+v1512%29%29&linkText=0">"U.S. Statutes at Large, Vol. 26, Chap. 1263, pp. 650-52. "An act to set apart certain tracts of land in the State of California as forest reservations." [H.R. 12187]"</A>. <I>Evolution of the Conservation Movement, 1850-1920</I>. Library of Congress.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evolution+of+the+Conservation+Movement%2C+1850-1920&rft.atitle=U.S.+Statutes+at+Large%2C+Vol.+26%2C+Chap.+1263%2C+pp.+650-52.+%22An+act+to+set+apart+certain+tracts+of+land+in+the+State+of+California+as+forest+reservations.%22+%5BH.R.+12187%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Damrvl%26fileName%3Dvl044%2F%2Famrvlvl044.db%26recNum%3D1%26itemLink%3Dr%3Fammem%2Fconsrvbib%3A%40FIELD%2528NUMBER%2528vl044%2Bv1512%2529%2529%26linkText%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+movement" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Gifford Pinchot, <I>Breaking New Ground,</I> (1947) p. 32.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">* Turner, James Morton, "The Specter of Environmentalism": Wilderness, Environmental Politics, and the Evolution of the New Right. <I>The Journal of American History</I> 96.1 (2009): 123-47 <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/96.1/turner.html">online at History Cooperative</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070628204105/http://www.icc.gl/UserFiles/File/sealskin/2006-03-07_icc_saelskind_pressemeddelse_eng.pdf">"Inuit Ask Europeans to Support Its Seal Hunt and Way of Life"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. 6 March 2006. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc.gl/UserFiles/File/sealskin/2006-03-07_icc_saelskind_pressemeddelse_eng.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 28 June 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">12 July</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inuit+Ask+Europeans+to+Support+Its+Seal+Hunt+and+Way+of+Life&rft.date=2006-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc.gl%2FUserFiles%2FFile%2Fsealskin%2F2006-03-07_icc_saelskind_pressemeddelse_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+movement" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Regional_studies">Regional studies</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regional studies">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Africa">Africa</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<UL>
<LI>Adams, Jonathan S.; McShane, Thomas O. <I>Myth of Wild Africa: Conservation without Illusion</I> (1992) 266p; covers 1900 to 1980s</LI>
<LI>Anderson, David; Grove, Richard. <I>Conservation in Africa: People, Policies & Practice</I> (1988), 355pp</LI>
<LI>Bolaane, Maitseo. "Chiefs, Hunters & Adventurers: The Foundation of the Okavango/Moremi National Park, Botswana". <I>Journal of Historical Geography.</I> 31.2 (Apr. 2005): 241-259.</LI>
<LI>Carruthers, Jane. "Africa: Histories, Ecologies, and Societies," Environment and History, 10 (2004), pp. 379–406;</LI>
<LI>Showers, Kate B. <I>Imperial Gullies: Soil Erosion and Conservation in Lesotho</I> (2005) 346pp</LI>
</UL>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Asia">Asia</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<UL>
<LI>Economy, Elizabeth. <I>The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China's Future</I> (2010)</LI>
<LI>Elvin, Mark. <I>The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environmental History of China</I> (2006)</LI>
<LI>Grove, Richard H.; Damodaran, Vinita jain; Sangwan, Satpal. <I>Nature and the Orient: The Environmental History of South and Southeast Asia</I> (1998) 1036pp</LI>
<LI>Johnson, Erik W., Saito, Yoshitaka, and Nishikido, Makoto. "Organizational Demography of Japanese Environmentalism," <I>Sociological Inquiry,</I> Nov 2009, Vol. 79 Issue 4, pp 481–504</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Valmik_Thapar" title="Valmik Thapar">Thapar, Valmik</A>. <I>Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent</I> (1998) 288pp</LI>
</UL>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Latin_America">Latin America</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Latin America">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<UL>
<LI>Dean, Warren. With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest <I>(1997)</I></LI>
<LI>Funes Monzote, Reinaldo. <I>From Rainforest to Cane Field in Cuba: An Environmental History since 1492</I> (2008)</LI>
<LI>Melville, Elinor G. K. <I>A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico</I> (2008)</LI>
<LI>Miller, Shawn William. <I>An Environmental History of Latin America</I> (2007)</LI>
<LI>Noss, Andrew and Imke Oetting. "Hunter Self-Monitoring by the Izoceño -Guarani in the Bolivian Chaco". <I>Biodiversity & Conservation</I>. 14.11 (2005): 2679-2693.</LI>
<LI>Simonian, Lane. <I>Defending the Land of the Jaguar: A History of Conservation in Mexico</I> (1995) 326pp</LI>
</UL>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Europe_and_Russia">Europe and Russia</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Europe and Russia">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Arnone_Sipari" title="Lorenzo Arnone Sipari">Arnone Sipari, Lorenzo</A>, <I>Scritti scelti di Erminio Sipari sul Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo (1922-1933)</I> (2011), 360pp.</LI>
<LI>Bonhomme, Brian. <I>Forests, Peasants and Revolutionaries: Forest Conservation & Organization in Soviet Russia, 1917-1929</I> (2005) 252pp.</LI>
<LI>Cioc, Mark. <I>The Rhine: An Eco-Biography, 1815-2000</I> (2002).</LI>
<LI>Simmons, I.G. <I>An Environmental History of Great Britain: From 10,000 Years Ago to the Present</I> (2001).</LI>
<LI>Weiner, Douglas R. <I>Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia</I> (2000) 324pp; covers 1917 to 1939.</LI>
</UL>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<UL>
<LI>Bates, J. Leonard. "Fulfilling American Democracy: The Conservation Movement, 1907 to 1921", <I>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,</I> (1957), 44#1 pp. 29–57. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1898667">in JSTOR</A></LI>
<LI>Brinkley, Douglas G. <I>The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America,</I> (2009) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0060565314/">excerpt and text search</A></LI>
<LI>Cawley, R. McGreggor. <I>Federal Land, Western Anger: The Sagebrush Rebellion and Environmental Politics</I> (1993), on conservatives</LI>
<LI>Flippen, J. Brooks. <I>Nixon and the Environment</I> (2000).</LI>
<LI>Hays, Samuel P. <I>Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955–1985</I> (1987), the standard scholarly history
<UL>
<LI>Hays, Samuel P. <I>A History of Environmental Politics since 1945</I> (2000), shorter standard history</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Hays, Samuel P. <I>Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency</I> (1959), on Progressive Era.</LI>
<LI>King, Judson. <I>The Conservation Fight, From Theodore Roosevelt to the Tennessee Valley Authority</I> (2009)</LI>
<LI>Nash, Roderick. <I>Wilderness and the American Mind,</I> (3rd ed. 1982), the standard intellectual history</LI>
<LI><IMG alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <CITE class="citation encyclopaedia"><A href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Pinchot, Gifford</A> (1922). "<A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Conservation_Policy" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Conservation Policy">Conservation Policy</A>". <I><A href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</A></I> (12th ed.).</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conservation+Policy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Pinchot&rft.aufirst=Gifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConservation+movement" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI>Rothmun, Hal K. <I>The Greening of a Nation? Environmentalism in the United States since 1945</I> (1998)</LI>
<LI>Scheffer, Victor B. <I>The Shaping of Environmentalism in America</I> (1991).</LI>
<LI>Sellers, Christopher. <I>Crabgrass Crucible: Suburban Nature and the Rise of Environmentalism in Twentieth-Century America</I> (2012)</LI>
<LI>Strong, Douglas H. <I>Dreamers & Defenders: American Conservationists.</I> (1988) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8516594">online edition</A>, good biographical studies of the major leaders</LI>
<LI>Taylor, Dorceta E. <I>The Rise of the American Conservation Movement: Power, Privilege, and Environmental Protection</I> (Duke U.P. 2016) x, 486 pp.</LI>
<LI>Turner, James Morton, "The Specter of Environmentalism": Wilderness, Environmental Politics, and the Evolution of the New Right. <I>The Journal of American History</I> 96.1 (2009): 123-47 <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/96.1/turner.html">online at History Cooperative</A></LI>
</UL>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="World">World</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: World">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<UL>
<LI>Barton, Gregory A. <I>Empire, Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism,</I> (2002), covers British Empire</LI>
<LI>Bolton, Geoffrey. <I>Spoils and Spoilers: Australians Make Their Environment, 1788-1980</I> (1981) 197pp</LI>
<LI>Clover, Charles. <I>The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat</I>. (2004) Ebury Press, London. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number (identifier)">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-189780-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-189780-7">0-09-189780-7</A></LI>
</UL>
<P>Usa be lit sometimes</P>
<UL>
<LI>Jones, Eric L. "The History of Natural Resource Exploitation in the Western World," <I>Research in Economic History,</I> 1991 Supplement 6, pp 235–252</LI>
<LI>McNeill, John R. <I>Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century</I> (2000),</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Historiography">Historiography</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<UL>
<LI>Cioc, Mark, Björn-Ola Linnér, and Matt Osborn, "Environmental History Writing in Northern Europe," <I>Environmental History,</I> 5 (2000), pp. 396–406</LI>
<LI>Bess, Michael, Mark Cioc, and James Sievert, "Environmental History Writing in Southern Europe," <I>Environmental History,</I> 5 (2000), pp. 545–56;</LI>
<LI>Coates, Peter. "Emerging from the Wilderness (or, from Redwoods to Bananas): Recent Environmental History in the United States and the Rest of the Americas," Environment and History, 10 (2004), pp. 407–38</LI>
<LI>Hay, Peter. <I>Main Currents in Western Environmental Thought</I> (2002), standard scholarly history <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0253215110/">excerpt and text search</A></LI>
<LI>McNeill, John R. "Observations on the Nature and Culture of Environmental History," <I>History and Theory,</I> 42 (2003), pp. 5–43.</LI>
<LI>Robin, Libby, and Tom Griffiths, "Environmental History in Australasia," <I>Environment and History,</I> 10 (2004), pp. 439–74</LI>
<LI>Worster, Donald, ed. <I>The Ends of the Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History</I> (1988)</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Conservation_movement&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/TheBush/Conservation/ConservationAHistory/en">A history of conservation in New Zealand</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nfb.ca/film/For_Future_Generations/"><I>For Future Generations</I>, a Canadian documentary on conservation and national parks</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero growth</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Conservation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Energy_descent" title="Energy descent">Descent</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Sustainability accounting</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</A></LI>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment"><SPAN class="wrap">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future"><I>Our Common Future</I> (1987)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">ICPD Programme of Action (1994)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</A> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development</A> (Rio+20, 2012)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portal:Sustainable_development" title="Portal:Sustainable development">Portal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</A></LI>
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document_title: Conservation movement

token: Conservation

token: movement

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: For

token: specific

token: types

token: of

token: conservation

token: see

token: disambiguation

token: Conservationism

token: redirects

token: here

token: It

token: is

token: not

token: be

token: confused

token: with

token: Conservatism

token: Much

token: attention

token: has

token: been

token: given

token: preserving

token: the

token: natural

token: characteristics

token: Hopetoun

token: Falls

token: Australia

token: while

token: allowing

token: ample

token: access

token: for

token: visitors

token: <Table>

token: <Tr>

token: Part

token: Politics

token: series

token: <Th>

token: Party

token: politics

token: Political

token: spectrum

token: Left

token: wing

token: <Ul>

token: <Li>

token: Far

token: left

token: Hard

token: Extreme

token: Centre

token: Radical

token: center

question_text: who led the various reform movements of the 19th century