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<TITLE>Standard enthalpy of formation - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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			<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Standard enthalpy of formation</H1>
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><P>The <B>standard enthalpy of formation</B> or <B>standard heat of formation</B> of a compound is the change of <A href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpy</A> during the formation of 1 <A href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</A> of the substance from its constituent <A href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</A>, with all substances in their <A href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard states</A>, and at a pressure of 1 <A href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</A> (100 kPa). There is no standard temperature. Its symbol is Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>. The superscript <A href="/wiki/Standard_state#Typesetting" title="Standard state">Plimsoll</A> on this symbol indicates that the process has occurred under standard conditions at the specified temperature (usually 25 °C or 298.15 K). Standard states are as follows:</P>
<OL>
<LI>For a gas: the hypothetical state it would have assuming it obeyed the ideal gas equation at a pressure of 1 atm</LI>
<LI>For a <A href="/wiki/Solution" title="Solution">solute</A> present in an <A href="/wiki/Ideal_solution" title="Ideal solution">ideal solution</A>: a concentration of exactly one mole per liter (1 <A href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">M</A>) at a pressure of 1 atm</LI>
<LI>For a pure substance or a <A href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</A> in a condensed state (a liquid or a solid): the standard state is the pure liquid or solid under a pressure of 1 atm</LI>
<LI>For an element: the form in which the element is most stable under 1 atm of pressure. One exception is <A href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</A>, for which the most stable form at 1 atm is <A href="/wiki/Black_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Black phosphorus">black phosphorus</A>, but white phosphorus is chosen as the standard reference state for zero enthalpy of formation.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP></LI>
</OL>
<P>For example, the standard enthalpy of formation of <A href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</A> would be the enthalpy of the following reaction under the conditions above:</P>
<DL>
<DD>C(s, <A href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</A>) + O<SUB>2</SUB>(g) → CO<SUB>2</SUB>(g)</DD>
</DL>
<P>All elements are written in their standard states, and one mole of product is formed. This is true for all enthalpies of formation.</P>
<P>The standard enthalpy of formation is measured in units of energy per amount of substance, usually stated in kilojoule per <A href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</A> (kJ mol<SUP>−1</SUP>), but also in <A href="/wiki/Kilocalorie_per_mole" title="Kilocalorie per mole">kilocalorie per mole</A>, <A href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</A> per mole or kilocalorie per <A href="/wiki/Gram_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram (unit)">gram</A> (any combination of these units conforming to the energy per mass or amount guideline).</P>
<P>In <A href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</A> the energy per particle is often expressed in <A href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolts</A> (eV), where 1 eV corresponds to 96.485 kJ mol<SUP>−1</SUP>.</P>
<P>All elements in their standard states (<A href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</A> gas, solid <A href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</A> in the form of <A href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</A>, etc.) have a standard enthalpy of formation of zero, as there is no change involved in their formation.</P>
<P>The formation reaction is a constant pressure and constant temperature process. Since the pressure of the standard formation reaction is fixed at 1 atm, the standard formation enthalpy or reaction heat is a function of temperature. For tabulation purposes, standard formation enthalpies are all given at a single temperature: 298 K, represented by the symbol Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SPAN style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">⊖<BR />
298 K</SPAN>.</P>
<P></P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Hess.27s_law"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Hess's law</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Ionic_compounds:_Born-Haber_cycle"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Ionic compounds: Born-Haber cycle</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Organic_compounds"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Organic compounds</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#Use_in_calculation_for_other_reactions"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Use in calculation for other reactions</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Key_concepts_for_doing_enthalpy_calculations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Key concepts for doing enthalpy calculations</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Examples:_standard_enthalpies_of_formation_at_25.C2.A0.C2.B0C"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Examples: standard enthalpies of formation at 25 °C</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Inorganic_substances"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Inorganic substances</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Aliphatic_hydrocarbons"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Aliphatic hydrocarbons</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Other_organic_compounds"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Other organic compounds</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Hess.27s_law">Hess's law</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hess's law">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>For many substances, the formation reaction may be considered as the sum of a number of simpler reactions, either real or fictitious. The enthalpy of reaction can then be analyzed by applying <A href="/wiki/Hess%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Hess's Law">Hess's Law</A>, which states that the <I>sum</I> of the enthalpy changes for a number of individual reaction steps equals the enthalpy change of the overall reaction. This is true because enthalpy is a <A href="/wiki/State_function" title="State function">state function</A>, whose value for an overall process depends only on the initial and final states and not on any intermediate states. Examples are given in the following sections.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Ionic_compounds:_Born-Haber_cycle">Ionic compounds: Born-Haber cycle</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ionic compounds: Born-Haber cycle">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:452px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Born-haber_cycle_LiF.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Born-haber_cycle_LiF.svg/450px-Born-haber_cycle_LiF.svg.png" width="450" height="287" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Born-haber_cycle_LiF.svg/675px-Born-haber_cycle_LiF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Born-haber_cycle_LiF.svg/900px-Born-haber_cycle_LiF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="326" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Born-haber_cycle_LiF.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Standard enthalpy change of formation in <A href="/wiki/Born-Haber_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Born-Haber cycle">Born–Haber</A> diagram for <A href="/wiki/Lithium_fluoride" title="Lithium fluoride">lithium fluoride</A>.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>For ionic compounds, the standard enthalpy of formation is equivalent to the sum of several terms included in the <A href="/wiki/Born%E2%80%93Haber_cycle" title="Born–Haber cycle">Born–Haber cycle</A>. For example, the formation of <A href="/wiki/Lithium_fluoride" title="Lithium fluoride">lithium fluoride</A>,</P>
<DL>
<DD>Li(s) + <SPAN class="nowrap"> </SPAN><SPAN class="frac nowrap"><SUP>1</SUP>⁄<SUB>2</SUB></SPAN> F<SUB>2</SUB>(g) → LiF(s)</DD>
</DL>
<P>may be considered as the sum of several steps, each with its own enthalpy (or energy, approximately):</P>
<OL>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_atomization" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy of atomization">standard enthalpy of atomization</A> (or <A href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</A>) of solid lithium</LI>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/First_ionization_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="First ionization energy">first ionization energy</A> of gaseous lithium</LI>
<LI>The standard <A href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_atomization" title="Enthalpy of atomization">enthalpy of atomization</A> (or bond energy) of fluorine gas</LI>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">electron affinity</A> of a fluorine atom</LI>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/Lattice_energy" title="Lattice energy">lattice energy</A> of lithium fluoride</LI>
</OL>
<P>The sum of all these enthalpies will give the standard enthalpy of formation of lithium fluoride.</P>
<DL>
<DD><SPAN class="mwe-math-element"><SPAN class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
  <semantics>
    <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
      <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
        <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
        <msub>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>H</mtext>
          </mrow>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>f</mtext>
          </mrow>
        </msub>
        <mo>=</mo>
        <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
        <msub>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>H</mtext>
          </mrow>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>sub</mtext>
          </mrow>
        </msub>
        <mo>+</mo>
        <msub>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>IE</mtext>
          </mrow>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>Li</mtext>
          </mrow>
        </msub>
        <mo>+</mo>
        <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
          <mfrac>
            <mn>1</mn>
            <mn>2</mn>
          </mfrac>
        </mrow>
        <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
          <mtext>B(F–F)</mtext>
        </mrow>
        <mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
        <msub>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>EA</mtext>
          </mrow>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>F</mtext>
          </mrow>
        </msub>
        <mo>+</mo>
        <msub>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>U</mtext>
          </mrow>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>L</mtext>
          </mrow>
        </msub>
      </mstyle>
    </mrow>
    <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta {\text{H}}_{\text{f}}=\Delta {\text{H}}_{\text{sub}}+{\text{IE}}_{\text{Li}}+{\frac {1}{2}}{\text{B(F–F)}}-{\text{EA}}_{\text{F}}+{\text{U}}_{\text{L}}}</annotation>
  </semantics>
</math></SPAN><IMG src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c2f836b83601ed7787f7f4b1dd3afc688ae65d07" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:47.074ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta {\text{H}}_{\text{f}}=\Delta {\text{H}}_{\text{sub}}+{\text{IE}}_{\text{Li}}+{\frac {1}{2}}{\text{B(F–F)}}-{\text{EA}}_{\text{F}}+{\text{U}}_{\text{L}}}" /></SPAN></DD>
</DL>
<P>In practice, the enthalpy of formation of lithium fluoride can be determined experimentally, but the lattice energy cannot be measured directly. The equation is therefore rearranged in order to evaluate the lattice energy.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<DL>
<DD><SPAN class="mwe-math-element"><SPAN class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
  <semantics>
    <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>L</mtext>
          </mrow>
        </msub>
        <mo>=</mo>
        <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
        <msub>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>H</mtext>
          </mrow>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>sub</mtext>
          </mrow>
        </msub>
        <mo>+</mo>
        <msub>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>IE</mtext>
          </mrow>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>Li</mtext>
          </mrow>
        </msub>
        <mo>+</mo>
        <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
          <mfrac>
            <mn>1</mn>
            <mn>2</mn>
          </mfrac>
        </mrow>
        <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
          <mtext>B(F–F)</mtext>
        </mrow>
        <mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
        <msub>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>EA</mtext>
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            <mtext>F</mtext>
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        <mo>+</mo>
        <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
        <msub>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mtext>H</mtext>
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            <mtext>f</mtext>
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        </msub>
      </mstyle>
    </mrow>
    <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{U}}_{\text{L}}=\Delta {\text{H}}_{\text{sub}}+{\text{IE}}_{\text{Li}}+{\frac {1}{2}}{\text{B(F–F)}}-{\text{EA}}_{\text{F}}+\Delta {\text{H}}_{\text{f}}}</annotation>
  </semantics>
</math></SPAN><IMG src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/17e0737e57e2253ac4edb914df9b35972e759010" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:47.074ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{U}}_{\text{L}}=\Delta {\text{H}}_{\text{sub}}+{\text{IE}}_{\text{Li}}+{\frac {1}{2}}{\text{B(F–F)}}-{\text{EA}}_{\text{F}}+\Delta {\text{H}}_{\text{f}}}" /></SPAN></DD>
</DL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Organic_compounds">Organic compounds</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organic compounds">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The formation reactions for most organic compounds are hypothetical. For instance carbon and hydrogen will not directly react to form <A href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</A> (CH<SUB>4</SUB>), so that the standard enthalpy of formation cannot be measured directly. However the <A href="/wiki/Heat_of_combustion" title="Heat of combustion">standard enthalpy of combustion</A> is readily mesurable using <A href="/wiki/Calorimeter#Bomb_calorimeters" title="Calorimeter">bomb calorimetry</A>. The standard enthalpy of formation is then determined using <A href="/wiki/Hess%27s_law" title="Hess's law">Hess's law</A>. The combustion of methane (CH<SUB>4</SUB> + 2 O<SUB>2</SUB> → CO<SUB>2</SUB> + 2 H<SUB>2</SUB>O) is equivalent to the sum of the hypothetical decomposition into elements followed by the combustion of the elements to form carbon dioxide and water:</P>
<DL>
<DD>CH<SUB>4</SUB> → C + 2 H<SUB>2</SUB></DD>
<DD>C + O<SUB>2</SUB> → CO<SUB>2</SUB></DD>
<DD>2 H<SUB>2</SUB> + O<SUB>2</SUB> → 2 H<SUB>2</SUB>O</DD>
</DL>
<P>Applying Hess's law,</P>
<DL>
<DD>Δ<SUB>comb</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(CH<SUB>4</SUB>) = [Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(CO<SUB>2</SUB>) + 2 Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(H<SUB>2</SUB>O)] – Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(CH<SUB>4</SUB>)</DD>
</DL>
<P>Solving for the standard of enthalpy of formation,</P>
<DL>
<DD>Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(CH<SUB>4</SUB>) = [Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(CO<SUB>2</SUB>) + 2 Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(H<SUB>2</SUB>O)] – Δ<SUB>comb</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(CH<SUB>4</SUB>)</DD>
</DL>
<P>The value of Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(CH<SUB>4</SUB>) is determined to be –74.8 kJ mol<SUP>-1</SUP>. The negative sign shows that the reaction, if it were to proceed, would be <A href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</A>; that is, it is enthalpically more stable than hydrogen gas and carbon.</P>
<P>It is possible to predict heats of formation for simple <A href="/wiki/Strain_(chemistry)" title="Strain (chemistry)">unstrained</A> organic compounds with the <A href="/wiki/Heat_of_formation_group_additivity" title="Heat of formation group additivity">Heat of formation group additivity</A> method.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Use_in_calculation_for_other_reactions">Use in calculation for other reactions</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use in calculation for other reactions">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_reaction" title="Standard enthalpy of reaction">standard enthalpy change of any reaction</A> can be calculated from the standard enthalpies of formation of reactants and products using Hess's law. A given reaction is considered as the decomposition of all reactants into elements in their standard states, followed by the formation of all products. The heat of reaction is then <I>minus</I> the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants (each being multiplied by its respective stoichiometric coefficient, <I>ν</I>) <I>plus</I> the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the products (each also multiplied by its respective stoichiometric coefficient), as shown in the equation below:</P>
<DL>
<DD>Δ<SUB>r</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP> = Σ<I>ν</I> Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(products) − Σ<I>ν</I> Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(reactants)<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP></DD>
</DL>
<P>If the standard enthalpy of the products is less than the standard enthalpy of the reactants, the standard enthalpy of reaction will be negative. This implies that the reaction is exothermic. The converse is also true; the standard enthalpy of reaction will be positive for an endothermic reaction. This calculation has a tacit assumption of <A href="/wiki/Ideal_solution" title="Ideal solution">ideal solution</A> between reactants and products where the <A href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_mixing" title="Enthalpy of mixing">enthalpy of mixing</A> is zero.</P>
<P>For example, for the combustion of methane, CH<SUB>4</SUB> + 2 O<SUB>2</SUB> → CO<SUB>2</SUB> + 2 H<SUB>2</SUB>O:</P>
<DL>
<DD>Δ<SUB>r</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP> = [Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(CO<SUB>2</SUB>) + 2 Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(H<SUB>2</SUB>O)] – [Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(CH<SUB>4</SUB>) + 2 Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(O<SUB>2</SUB>)]</DD>
</DL>
<P>However O<SUB>2</SUB> is an element in its standard state, so that Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(O<SUB>2</SUB>) = 0 and the heat of reaction is simplified to</P>
<DL>
<DD>Δ<SUB>r</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP> = [Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(CO<SUB>2</SUB>) + 2 Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(H<SUB>2</SUB>O)] – Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>(CH<SUB>4</SUB>),</DD>
</DL>
<P>which is the equation in the previous section for the enthalpy of combustion Δ<SUB>comb</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Key_concepts_for_doing_enthalpy_calculations">Key concepts for doing enthalpy calculations</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Key concepts for doing enthalpy calculations">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<OL>
<LI>When a reaction is reversed, the magnitude of Δ<I>H</I> stays the same, but the sign changes.</LI>
<LI>When the balanced equation for a reaction is multiplied by an integer, the corresponding value of Δ<I>H</I> must be multiplied by that integer as well.</LI>
<LI>The change in enthalpy for a reaction can be calculated from the enthalpies of formation of the reactants and the products</LI>
<LI>Elements in their standard states make no contribution to the enthalpy calculations for the reaction since the enthalpy of an element in its standard state is zero. <A href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">Allotropes</A> of an element other than the standard state generally have non-zero standard enthalpies of formation.</LI>
</OL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Examples:_standard_enthalpies_of_formation_at_25.C2.A0.C2.B0C">Examples: standard enthalpies of formation at 25 °C</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples: standard enthalpies of formation at 25 °C">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Thermochemical properties of selected substances at 298 K and 1 atm</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Inorganic_substances">Inorganic substances</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inorganic substances">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<TABLE class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter">
<THEAD><TR>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Species</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Phase</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Chemical formula</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP> /(kJ/mol)</TH>
</TR></THEAD><TBODY>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Al</TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Aluminium_chloride" title="Aluminium chloride">Aluminium chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>AlCl<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−705.63</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Aluminium oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1669.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide">Aluminium hydroxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Al(OH)<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1277</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium sulphate">Aluminium sulphate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Al<SUB>2</SUB>(SO<SUB>4</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−3440</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</A> (ammonium hydroxide)</TD>
<TD>aq</TD>
<TD>NH<SUB>3</SUB> (NH<SUB>4</SUB>OH)</TD>
<TD>−80.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Ammonia</TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>NH<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−46.1</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">Ammonium nitrate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>NH<SUB>4</SUB>NO<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−365.6</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Barium_chloride" title="Barium chloride">Barium chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>BaCl<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−858.6</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Barium_carbonate" title="Barium carbonate">Barium carbonate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>BaCO<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1213</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Barium_hydroxide" title="Barium hydroxide">Barium hydroxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Ba(OH)<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−944.7</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Barium_oxide" title="Barium oxide">Barium oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>BaO</TD>
<TD>−548.1</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate" title="Barium sulfate">Barium sulfate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>BaSO<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1473.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Be</TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Beryllium_hydroxide" title="Beryllium hydroxide">Beryllium hydroxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Be(OH)<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−902.9999</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Beryllium_oxide" title="Beryllium oxide">Beryllium oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>BeO</TD>
<TD>−609.4(25)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Boron_trichloride" title="Boron trichloride">Boron trichloride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>BCl<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−402.96</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>Br<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Bromide_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromide ion">Bromide ion</A></TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>Br<SUP>−</SUP></TD>
<TD>−121</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>Br</TD>
<TD>111.884</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>Br<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>30.91</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Bromine_trifluoride" title="Bromine trifluoride">Bromine trifluoride</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>BrF<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−255.60</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">Hydrogen bromide</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>HBr</TD>
<TD>−36.29</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Cd</TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">Cadmium oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>CdO</TD>
<TD>−258</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Cadmium_hydroxide" title="Cadmium hydroxide">Cadmium hydroxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Cd(OH)<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−561</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide" title="Cadmium sulfide">Cadmium sulfide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>CdS</TD>
<TD>−162</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfate" title="Cadmium sulfate">Cadmium sulfate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>CdSO<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−935</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Ca</TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>Ca</TD>
<TD>178.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Calcium(II) ion</TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>Ca<SUP>2+</SUP></TD>
<TD>1925.90</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Calcium_carbide" title="Calcium carbide">Calcium carbide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>CaC<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−59.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">Calcium carbonate</A> (<A href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</A>)</TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>CaCO<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1206.9</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">Calcium chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>CaCl<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−795.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">Calcium chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>CaCl<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−877.3</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">Calcium phosphate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Ca<SUB>3</SUB>(PO<SUB>4</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−4132</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Calcium_fluoride" title="Calcium fluoride">Calcium fluoride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>CaF<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1219.6</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Calcium_hydride" title="Calcium hydride">Calcium hydride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>CaH<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−186.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">Calcium hydroxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Ca(OH)<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−986.09</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">Calcium hydroxide</A></TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>Ca(OH)<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1002.82</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">Calcium oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>CaO</TD>
<TD>−635.09</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">Calcium sulfate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>CaSO<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1434.52</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfide" title="Calcium sulfide">Calcium sulfide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>CaS</TD>
<TD>−482.4</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Wollastonite" title="Wollastonite">Wollastonite</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>CaSiO<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1630</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Cs</TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>Cs</TD>
<TD>76.50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>Cs</TD>
<TD>2.09</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Caesium(I) ion</TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>Cs<SUP>+</SUP></TD>
<TD>457.964</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Caesium_chloride" title="Caesium chloride">Caesium chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>CsCl</TD>
<TD>−443.04</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="3"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</A> (<A href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</A>)</TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>C</TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</A> (<A href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</A>)</TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>C</TD>
<TD>1.9</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>C</TD>
<TD>716.67</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>CO<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−393.509</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">Carbon disulfide</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>CS<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>89.41</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">Carbon disulfide</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>CS<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>116.7</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>CO</TD>
<TD>−110.525</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Carbonyl_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyl chloride">Carbonyl chloride</A> (<A href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">Phosgene</A>)</TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>COCl<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−218.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Carbon dioxide (un–ionized)</TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>CO<SUB>2</SUB>(aq)</TD>
<TD>−419.26</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">Bicarbonate</A> ion</TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>HCO<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>–</SUP></TD>
<TD>−689.93</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">Carbonate</A> ion</TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>CO<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>2–</SUP></TD>
<TD>−675.23</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Monatomic chlorine</TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>Cl</TD>
<TD>121.7</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Chloride</A> ion</TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>Cl<SUP>−</SUP></TD>
<TD>−167.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>Cl<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Cr</TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Cu</TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide" title="Copper(II) oxide">Copper(II) oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>CuO</TD>
<TD>−155.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">Copper(II) sulfate</A></TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>CuSO<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−769.98</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>F<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Monatomic hydrogen</TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>H</TD>
<TD>218</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>H<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>H<SUB>2</SUB>O</TD>
<TD>−241.818</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>H<SUB>2</SUB>O</TD>
<TD>−285.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ion" title="Hydrogen ion">Hydrogen ion</A></TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>H<SUP>+</SUP></TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hydroxide_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxide ion">Hydroxide ion</A></TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>OH<SUP>−</SUP></TD>
<TD>−230</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−187.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">Phosphoric acid</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>H<SUB>3</SUB>PO<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1288</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>HCN</TD>
<TD>130.5</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">Hydrogen bromide</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>HBr</TD>
<TD>−36.3</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>HCl</TD>
<TD>−92.30</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>HCl</TD>
<TD>−167.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>HF</TD>
<TD>−273.3</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen_iodide" title="Hydrogen iodide">Hydrogen iodide</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>HI</TD>
<TD>26.5</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>I<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>I<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>62.438</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</A></TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>I<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>23</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Iodide" title="Iodide">Iodide</A> ion</TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>I<SUP>−</SUP></TD>
<TD>−55</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Fe</TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Iron carbide (<A href="/wiki/Cementite" title="Cementite">Cementite</A>)</TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Fe<SUB>3</SUB>C</TD>
<TD>5.4</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Iron(II) carbonate (<A href="/wiki/Siderite" title="Siderite">Siderite</A>)</TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>FeCO<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−750.6</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Iron(III)_chloride" title="Iron(III) chloride">Iron(III) chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>FeCl<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−399.4</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</A> (<A href="/wiki/W%C3%BCstite" title="Wüstite">Wüstite</A>)</TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>FeO</TD>
<TD>−272</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">Iron(II,III) oxide</A> (<A href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">Magnetite</A>)</TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Fe<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1118</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Iron(III) oxide</A> (<A href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">Hematite</A>)</TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Fe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−824.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">Iron(II) sulfate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>FeSO<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−929</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Iron(III)_sulfate" title="Iron(III) sulfate">Iron(III) sulfate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Fe<SUB>2</SUB>(SO<SUB>4</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−2583</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfide" title="Iron(II) sulfide">Iron(II) sulfide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>FeS</TD>
<TD>−102</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">Pyrite</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>FeS<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−178</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Pb</TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Lead_dioxide" title="Lead dioxide">Lead dioxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>PbO<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−277</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Lead_sulfide" title="Lead sulfide">Lead sulfide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>PbS</TD>
<TD>−100</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Lead_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead sulfate">Lead sulfate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>PbSO<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−920</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Lead(II)_nitrate" title="Lead(II) nitrate">Lead(II) nitrate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Pb(NO<SUB>3</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−452</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Lead(II)_sulfate" title="Lead(II) sulfate">Lead(II) sulfate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>PbSO<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−920</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Mg</TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Magnesium ion</TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>Mg<SUP>2+</SUP></TD>
<TD>−466.85</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">Magnesium carbonate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>MgCO<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1095.797</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">Magnesium chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>MgCl<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−641.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydroxide" title="Magnesium hydroxide">Magnesium hydroxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Mg(OH)<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−924.54</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydroxide" title="Magnesium hydroxide">Magnesium hydroxide</A></TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>Mg(OH)<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−926.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">Magnesium oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>MgO</TD>
<TD>−601.6</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">Magnesium sulfate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>MgSO<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1278.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Mn</TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">Manganese(II) oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>MnO</TD>
<TD>−384.9</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Manganese(IV)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese(IV) oxide">Manganese(IV) oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>MnO<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−519.7</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide" title="Manganese(III) oxide">Manganese(III) oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Mn<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−971</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Manganese(II,III)_oxide" title="Manganese(II,III) oxide">Manganese(II,III) oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Mn<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1387</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Permanganate" title="Permanganate">Permanganate</A></TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD><SPAN class="chemf nowrap">MnO<SPAN style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">−<BR />
4</SPAN></SPAN></TD>
<TD>−543</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_oxide" title="Mercury(II) oxide">Mercury(II) oxide</A> (red)</TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>HgO</TD>
<TD>−90.83</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Mercury_sulfide" title="Mercury sulfide">Mercury sulfide</A> (red, <A href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</A>)</TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>HgS</TD>
<TD>−58.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</A></TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>NH<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−80.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>NH<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−45.90</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">Ammonium chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>NH<SUB>4</SUB>Cl</TD>
<TD>−314.55</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">Nitrogen dioxide</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>NO<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>33.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>N<SUB>2</SUB>O</TD>
<TD>82.05</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>NO</TD>
<TD>90.29</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">Dinitrogen tetroxide</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>N<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>9.16</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">Dinitrogen pentoxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>N<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>5</SUB></TD>
<TD>−43.1</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">Dinitrogen pentoxide</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>N<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>5</SUB></TD>
<TD>11.3</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Monatomic oxygen</TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>O</TD>
<TD>249</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>O<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>O<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>143</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus">White phosphorus</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>P<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Red_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Red phosphorus">Red phosphorus</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>P</TD>
<TD>–17.4<SUP id="cite_ref-HS_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-HS-4">[4]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Black_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Black phosphorus">Black phosphorus</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>P</TD>
<TD>–39.3<SUP id="cite_ref-HS_4-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-HS-4">[4]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trichloride" title="Phosphorus trichloride">Phosphorus trichloride</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>PCl<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−319.7</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trichloride" title="Phosphorus trichloride">Phosphorus trichloride</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>PCl<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−278</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentachloride" title="Phosphorus pentachloride">Phosphorus pentachloride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>PCl<SUB>5</SUB></TD>
<TD>−440</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">Potassium bromide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>KBr</TD>
<TD>−392.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">Potassium carbonate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>K<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1150</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">Potassium chlorate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>KClO<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−391.4</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>KCl</TD>
<TD>−436.68</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Potassium_fluoride" title="Potassium fluoride">Potassium fluoride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>KF</TD>
<TD>−562.6</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">Potassium oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>K<SUB>2</SUB>O</TD>
<TD>−363</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Potassium_perchlorate" title="Potassium perchlorate">Potassium perchlorate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>KClO<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−430.12</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>Si</TD>
<TD>368.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>SiC</TD>
<TD>−73.22</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Silicon_tetrachloride" title="Silicon tetrachloride">Silicon tetrachloride</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>SiCl<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−640.1</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">Silica</A> (<A href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</A>)</TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>SiO<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−910.86</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Silver_bromide" title="Silver bromide">Silver bromide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>AgBr</TD>
<TD>−99.5</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">Silver chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>AgCl</TD>
<TD>−127.01</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Silver_iodide" title="Silver iodide">Silver iodide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>AgI</TD>
<TD>−62.4</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Silver_oxide" title="Silver oxide">Silver oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Ag<SUB>2</SUB>O</TD>
<TD>−31.1</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Silver_sulfide" title="Silver sulfide">Silver sulfide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Ag<SUB>2</SUB>S</TD>
<TD>−31.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Na</TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Sodium</TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>Na</TD>
<TD>+107.5</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">Sodium bicarbonate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>NaHCO<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−950.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">Sodium carbonate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Na<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1130.77</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>NaCl</TD>
<TD>−407.27</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>NaCl</TD>
<TD>−411.12</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>NaCl</TD>
<TD>−385.92</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>NaCl</TD>
<TD>−181.42</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">Sodium fluoride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>NaF</TD>
<TD>−569.0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</A></TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>NaOH</TD>
<TD>−469.15</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>NaOH</TD>
<TD>−425.93</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">Sodium nitrate</A></TD>
<TD>Aqueous</TD>
<TD>NaNO<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−446.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">Sodium nitrate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>NaNO<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−424.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Sodium oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>Na<SUB>2</SUB>O</TD>
<TD>−414.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Sulfur (monoclinic)</TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>S<SUB>8</SUB></TD>
<TD>0.3</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Sulfur (rhombic)</TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>S<SUB>8</SUB></TD>
<TD>0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>H<SUB>2</SUB>S</TD>
<TD>−20.63</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>SO<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−296.84</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">Sulfur trioxide</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>SO<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−395.7</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">Sulfuric acid</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>H<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−814</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>Ti</TD>
<TD>468</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">Titanium tetrachloride</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>TiCl<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−763.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">Titanium tetrachloride</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>TiCl<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−804.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>TiO<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−944.7</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>Zn</TD>
<TD>130.7</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Zinc_chloride" title="Zinc chloride">Zinc chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>ZnCl<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−415.1</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">Zinc oxide</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>ZnO</TD>
<TD>−348.0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfate" title="Zinc sulfate">Zinc sulfate</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>ZnSO<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−980.14</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY><TFOOT></TFOOT></TABLE>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Aliphatic_hydrocarbons">Aliphatic hydrocarbons</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aliphatic hydrocarbons">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<TABLE class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter">
<THEAD><TR>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Formula</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Name</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP> /(kcal/mol)</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP> /(kJ/mol)</TH>
</TR></THEAD><TBODY>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B>Straight-chain</B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>CH<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</A></TD>
<TD>−17.9</TD>
<TD>−74.9</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>6</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">Ethane</A></TD>
<TD>−20.0</TD>
<TD>−83.7</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</A></TD>
<TD>12.5</TD>
<TD>52.5</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</A></TD>
<TD>54.2</TD>
<TD>226.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>3</SUB>H<SUB>8</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</A></TD>
<TD>−25.0</TD>
<TD>−104.6</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>4</SUB>H<SUB>10</SUB></TD>
<TD><I>n</I>-<A href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</A></TD>
<TD>−30.0</TD>
<TD>−125.5</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>5</SUB>H<SUB>12</SUB></TD>
<TD><I>n</I>-<A href="/wiki/Pentane" title="Pentane">Pentane</A></TD>
<TD>−35.1</TD>
<TD>−146.9</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>6</SUB>H<SUB>14</SUB></TD>
<TD><I>n</I>-<A href="/wiki/Hexane" title="Hexane">Hexane</A></TD>
<TD>−40.0</TD>
<TD>−167.4</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>7</SUB>H<SUB>16</SUB></TD>
<TD><I>n</I>-<A href="/wiki/Heptane" title="Heptane">Heptane</A></TD>
<TD>−44.9</TD>
<TD>−187.9</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><I>n</I>-<A href="/wiki/Octane" title="Octane">Octane</A></TD>
<TD>−49.8</TD>
<TD>−208.4</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>9</SUB>H<SUB>20</SUB></TD>
<TD><I>n</I>-<A href="/wiki/Nonane" title="Nonane">Nonane</A></TD>
<TD>−54.8</TD>
<TD>−229.3</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>10</SUB>H<SUB>22</SUB></TD>
<TD><I>n</I>-<A href="/wiki/Decane" title="Decane">Decane</A></TD>
<TD>−59.6</TD>
<TD>−249.4</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B>C<SUB>4</SUB> Alkane branched isomers</B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>4</SUB>H<SUB>10</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Isobutane" title="Isobutane">Isobutane</A> (methylpropane)</TD>
<TD>−32.1</TD>
<TD>−134.3</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B>C<SUB>5</SUB> Alkane branched isomers</B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>5</SUB>H<SUB>12</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Neopentane" title="Neopentane">Neopentane</A> (dimethylpropane)</TD>
<TD>−40.1</TD>
<TD>−167.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>5</SUB>H<SUB>12</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Isopentane" title="Isopentane">Isopentane</A> (methylbutane)</TD>
<TD>−36.9</TD>
<TD>−154.4</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B>C<SUB>6</SUB> Alkane branched isomers</B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>6</SUB>H<SUB>14</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/2,2-Dimethylbutane" title="2,2-Dimethylbutane">2,2-Dimethylbutane</A></TD>
<TD>−44.5</TD>
<TD>−186.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>6</SUB>H<SUB>14</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/2,3-Dimethylbutane" title="2,3-Dimethylbutane">2,3-Dimethylbutane</A></TD>
<TD>−42.5</TD>
<TD>−177.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>6</SUB>H<SUB>14</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/2-Methylpentane" title="2-Methylpentane">2-Methylpentane</A> (isohexane)</TD>
<TD>−41.8</TD>
<TD>−174.9</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>6</SUB>H<SUB>14</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/3-Methylpentane" title="3-Methylpentane">3-Methylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−41.1</TD>
<TD>−172.0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B>C<SUB>7</SUB> Alkane branched isomers</B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>7</SUB>H<SUB>16</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/2,2-Dimethylpentane" class="mw-redirect" title="2,2-Dimethylpentane">2,2-Dimethylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−49.2</TD>
<TD>−205.9</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>7</SUB>H<SUB>16</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/2,2,3-Trimethylbutane" class="mw-redirect" title="2,2,3-Trimethylbutane">2,2,3-Trimethylbutane</A></TD>
<TD>−49.0</TD>
<TD>−205.0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>7</SUB>H<SUB>16</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/3,3-Dimethylpentane" class="mw-redirect" title="3,3-Dimethylpentane">3,3-Dimethylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−48.1</TD>
<TD>−201.3</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>7</SUB>H<SUB>16</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/w/index.php?title=2,3-Dimethylpentane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,3-Dimethylpentane (page does not exist)">2,3-Dimethylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−47.3</TD>
<TD>−197.9</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>7</SUB>H<SUB>16</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/2,4-Dimethylpentane" class="mw-redirect" title="2,4-Dimethylpentane">2,4-Dimethylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−48.2</TD>
<TD>−201.7</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>7</SUB>H<SUB>16</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/2-Methylhexane" title="2-Methylhexane">2-Methylhexane</A></TD>
<TD>−46.5</TD>
<TD>−194.6</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>7</SUB>H<SUB>16</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/3-Methylhexane" title="3-Methylhexane">3-Methylhexane</A></TD>
<TD>−45.7</TD>
<TD>−191.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>7</SUB>H<SUB>16</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/3-Ethylpentane" title="3-Ethylpentane">3-Ethylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−45.3</TD>
<TD>−189.5</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B>C<SUB>8</SUB> Alkane branched isomers</B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/2,3-Dimethylhexane" title="2,3-Dimethylhexane">2,3-Dimethylhexane</A></TD>
<TD>−55.1</TD>
<TD>−230.5</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane" class="mw-redirect" title="2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane">2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutane</A></TD>
<TD>−53.9</TD>
<TD>−225.5</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/w/index.php?title=2,2-Dimethylhexane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2-Dimethylhexane (page does not exist)">2,2-Dimethylhexane</A></TD>
<TD>−53.7</TD>
<TD>−224.7</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/2,2,4-Trimethylpentane" title="2,2,4-Trimethylpentane">2,2,4-Trimethylpentane</A> (isooctane)</TD>
<TD>−53.5</TD>
<TD>−223.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethylhexane" title="2,5-Dimethylhexane">2,5-Dimethylhexane</A></TD>
<TD>−53.2</TD>
<TD>−222.6</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/w/index.php?title=2,2,3-Trimethylpentane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2,3-Trimethylpentane (page does not exist)">2,2,3-Trimethylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−52.6</TD>
<TD>−220.1</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/w/index.php?title=3,3-Dimethylhexane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3,3-Dimethylhexane (page does not exist)">3,3-Dimethylhexane</A></TD>
<TD>−52.6</TD>
<TD>−220.1</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/w/index.php?title=2,4-Dimethylhexane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,4-Dimethylhexane (page does not exist)">2,4-Dimethylhexane</A></TD>
<TD>−52.4</TD>
<TD>−219.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/2,3,4-Trimethylpentane" title="2,3,4-Trimethylpentane">2,3,4-Trimethylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−51.9</TD>
<TD>−217.1</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/2,3,3-Trimethylpentane" title="2,3,3-Trimethylpentane">2,3,3-Trimethylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−51.7</TD>
<TD>−216.3</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/2-Methylheptane" title="2-Methylheptane">2-Methylheptane</A></TD>
<TD>−51.5</TD>
<TD>−215.5</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/w/index.php?title=3-Ethyl-3-Methylpentane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Ethyl-3-Methylpentane (page does not exist)">3-Ethyl-3-Methylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−51.4</TD>
<TD>−215.1</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/w/index.php?title=3,4-Dimethylhexane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3,4-Dimethylhexane (page does not exist)">3,4-Dimethylhexane</A></TD>
<TD>−50.9</TD>
<TD>−213.0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/w/index.php?title=3-Ethyl-2-Methylpentane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Ethyl-2-Methylpentane (page does not exist)">3-Ethyl-2-Methylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−50.4</TD>
<TD>−210.9</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/3-Methylheptane" title="3-Methylheptane">3-Methylheptane</A></TD>
<TD>−60.3</TD>
<TD>−252.5</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/w/index.php?title=4-Methylheptane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Methylheptane (page does not exist)">4-Methylheptane</A></TD>
<TD> ?</TD>
<TD> ?</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>8</SUB>H<SUB>18</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/w/index.php?title=3-Ethylhexane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Ethylhexane (page does not exist)">3-Ethylhexane</A></TD>
<TD> ?</TD>
<TD> ?</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="4"><I><B>C<SUB>9</SUB> Alkane branched isomers (selected)</B></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>9</SUB>H<SUB>20</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/w/index.php?title=2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane (page does not exist)">2,2,4,4-Tetramethylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−57.8</TD>
<TD>−241.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>9</SUB>H<SUB>20</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/w/index.php?title=2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane (page does not exist)">2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−56.7</TD>
<TD>−237.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>9</SUB>H<SUB>20</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/w/index.php?title=2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane (page does not exist)">2,2,3,4-Tetramethylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−56.6</TD>
<TD>−236.8</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>9</SUB>H<SUB>20</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/w/index.php?title=2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane (page does not exist)">2,3,3,4-Tetramethylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−56.4</TD>
<TD>−236.0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>C<SUB>9</SUB>H<SUB>20</SUB></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/3,3-Diethylpentane" class="mw-redirect" title="3,3-Diethylpentane">3,3-Diethylpentane</A></TD>
<TD>−55.7</TD>
<TD>−233.0</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY><TFOOT></TFOOT></TABLE>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Other_organic_compounds">Other organic compounds</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other organic compounds">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<TABLE class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter">
<THEAD><TR>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Species</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Phase</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Chemical formula</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Δ<SUB>f</SUB><I>H</I><SUP>⊖</SUP> /(kJ/mol)</TH>
</TR></THEAD><TBODY>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>C<SUB>3</SUB>H<SUB>6</SUB>O</TD>
<TD>−248.4</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>C<SUB>6</SUB>H<SUB>6</SUB></TD>
<TD>48.95</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>C<SUB>7</SUB>H<SUB>6</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−385.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">Carbon tetrachloride</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>CCl<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−135.4</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">Carbon tetrachloride</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>CCl<SUB>4</SUB></TD>
<TD>−95.98</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</A></TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>C<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>5</SUB>OH</TD>
<TD>−277.0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>C<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>5</SUB>OH</TD>
<TD>−235.3</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>C<SUB>6</SUB>H<SUB>12</SUB>O<SUB>6</SUB></TD>
<TD>−1271</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">Isopropanol</A></TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>C<SUB>3</SUB>H<SUB>7</SUB>OH</TD>
<TD>−318.1</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</A> (methyl alcohol)</TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>CH<SUB>3</SUB>OH</TD>
<TD>−238.4</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</A> (methyl alcohol)</TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>CH<SUB>3</SUB>OH</TD>
<TD>−201.0</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/w/index.php?title=Methyl_linoleate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methyl linoleate (page does not exist)">Methyl linoleate</A> (<A href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</A>)</TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>C<SUB>19</SUB>H<SUB>34</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB></TD>
<TD>−356.3</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>C<SUB>12</SUB>H<SUB>22</SUB>O<SUB>11</SUB></TD>
<TD>−2226.1</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Trichloromethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichloromethane">Trichloromethane</A> (<A href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</A>)</TD>
<TD>Liquid</TD>
<TD>CHCl<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−134.47</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Trichloromethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichloromethane">Trichloromethane</A> (<A href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</A>)</TD>
<TD>Gas</TD>
<TD>CHCl<SUB>3</SUB></TD>
<TD>−103.18</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</A></TD>
<TD>Solid</TD>
<TD>C<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>3</SUB>Cl</TD>
<TD>−94.12</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY><TFOOT></TFOOT></TABLE>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Heat_of_combustion" title="Heat of combustion">Heat of combustion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Oxtoby, David W; Pat Gillis, H; Campion, Alan (2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=fJWpg4ZJ2esC&pg=PA547&lpg=PA547&dq=standard+exception+white+phosphorus+enthalpy#v=onepage&q=standard%20exception%20white%20phosphorus%20enthalpy&f=false"><I>Principles of Modern Chemistry</I></A>. p. 547. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8400-4931-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8400-4931-5">0-8400-4931-5</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+enthalpy+of+formation&rft.au=Campion%2C+Alan&rft.au=Pat+Gillis%2C+H&rft.aufirst=David+W&rft.aulast=Oxtoby&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Modern+Chemistry&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8400-4931-5&rft.pages=547&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DfJWpg4ZJ2esC%26pg%3DPA547%26lpg%3DPA547%26dq%3Dstandard%2Bexception%2Bwhite%2Bphosphorus%2Benthalpy%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dstandard%2520exception%2520white%2520phosphorus%2520enthalpy%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Moore, Stanitski, and Jurs. <I>Chemistry: The Molecular Science.</I> 3rd edition. 2008. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number (identifier)">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-495-10521-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-495-10521-X">0-495-10521-X</A>. pages 320-321.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/heatreac.html">http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/heatreac.html</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-HS-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-HS_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-HS_4-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004). <I>Inorganic Chemistry</I> (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 392. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0130399137" title="Special:BookSources/978-0130399137">978-0130399137</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+enthalpy+of+formation&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+A.+G.&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft.aulast=Housecroft&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0130399137&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<UL>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Zumdahl, Steven (2009). <I>Chemical Principles</I> (6th ed.). Boston. New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 384–387. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-19626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-19626-8">978-0-547-19626-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+enthalpy+of+formation&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.aulast=Zumdahl&rft.btitle=Chemical+Principles&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-547-19626-8&rft.pages=384-387&rft.place=Boston.+New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_enthalpy_of_formation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/">NIST Chemistry WebBook</A></LI>
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						<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><A href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vormingsentalpie" title="Vormingsentalpie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="انثالبي قياسي للتكوين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Топлинен ефект – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalpia_de_formaci%C3%B3" title="Entalpia de formació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardn%C3%AD_slu%C4%8Dovac%C3%AD_entalpie" title="Standardní slučovací entalpie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpie#Standardbildungsenthalpie" title="Enthalpie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B7_%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Πρότυπη ενθαλπία σχηματισμού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalp%C3%ADa_de_formaci%C3%B3n" title="Entalpía de formación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84" title="آنتالپی استاندارد تشکیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpie_standard_de_formation" title="Enthalpie standard de formation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalp%C3%ADa_est%C3%A1ndar_de_formaci%C3%B3n" title="Entalpía estándar de formación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A7%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF" title="Քիմիական ռեակցիայի ջերմային էֆեկտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="मानक संभवन पूर्णोष्मा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perubahan_entalpi_pembentukan_standar" title="Perubahan entalpi pembentukan standar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalpia_standard_di_formazione" title="Entalpia standard di formazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><A href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Реакцияның жылулық эффектісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_k%C3%A9pz%C5%91d%C3%A9si_entalpia" title="Standard képződési entalpia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vormingsenthalpie" title="Vormingsenthalpie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E7%86%B1" title="生成熱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dannelsesentalpi" title="Dannelsesentalpi – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardowa_entalpia_tworzenia_zwi%C4%85zku_chemicznego" title="Standardowa entalpia tworzenia związku chemicznego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalpia_padr%C3%A3o_de_forma%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Entalpia padrão de formação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalpie_de_formare_standard" title="Entalpie de formare standard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Тепловой эффект химической реакции – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tandardn%C3%A1_zlu%C4%8Dovacia_entalpia" title="Štandardná zlučovacia entalpia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardna_tvorbena_entalpija" title="Standardna tvorbena entalpija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><A href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86" title="مۆڵە ئێنتالپیی پێکھاتن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildningsentalpi" title="Bildningsentalpi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Стандартна ентальпія утворення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E7%84%93" title="标准摩尔生成焓 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>					</UL>
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document_title: Standard enthalpy of formation

token: Standard

token: enthalpy

token: of

token: formation

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: The

token: standard

token: or

token: heat

token: compound

token: is

token: the

token: change

token: during

token: mole

token: substance

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token: its

token: constituent

token: elements

token: with

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token: in

token: their

token: states

token: and

token: at

token: pressure

token: bar

token: kPa

token: There

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token: temperature

token: Its

token: symbol

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token: H.

token: superscript

token: Plimsoll

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token: this

token: indicates

token: that

token: process

token: has

token: occurred

token: under

token: conditions

token: specified

token: usually

token: C

token: K

token: are

token: as

token: follows

token: <Ol>

token: <Li>

token: For

question_text: what is the enthalpy of formation of cao(s)

question_tokens: what is the enthalpy of formation of cao ( s )