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			<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Stephen F. Austin</H1>
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Stephen Fuller Austin, the "Father of Texas". For the university, see <A href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_State_University" title="Stephen F. Austin State University">Stephen F. Austin State University</A>. For other uses, see <A href="/wiki/Stephen_Austin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Stephen Austin (disambiguation)">Stephen Austin (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
<TABLE class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><SPAN class="fn">Stephen F. Austin</SPAN></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><A href="/wiki/File:Stephen_f_austin.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Stephen f austin.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stephen_f_austin.jpg/220px-Stephen_f_austin.jpg" width="220" height="261" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stephen_f_austin.jpg/330px-Stephen_f_austin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stephen_f_austin.jpg/440px-Stephen_f_austin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1207" /></A>
<DIV>Stephen F. Austin in 1840 portrait by an unknown artist</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Born</TH>
<TD><SPAN class="nickname">Stephen Fuller Austin</SPAN><BR />
November 3, 1793<BR />
<SPAN class="birthplace"><A href="/wiki/Wythe_County,_Virginia" title="Wythe County, Virginia">Wythe County</A>, <A href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</A>, <A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A>, present-day <A href="/wiki/Austinville,_Virginia" title="Austinville, Virginia">Austinville, Virginia</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Died</TH>
<TD>December 27, 1836<SPAN style="display:none">(<SPAN class="dday deathdate">1836-12-27</SPAN>)</SPAN> (aged 43)<BR />
<SPAN class="deathplace"><A href="/wiki/West_Columbia,_Texas" title="West Columbia, Texas">West Columbia</A>, <A href="/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas" title="Brazoria County, Texas">Brazoria County</A>, <A href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Cause of death</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Nationality</TH>
<TD class="category"><A href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</A>, <A href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Spanish</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</A>, <A href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Texian</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Occupation</TH>
<TD class="role">politician, <A href="/wiki/Empresario" title="Empresario">empresario</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Known for</TH>
<TD>Being the "Father of Texas"</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Parent(s)</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Moses_Austin" title="Moses Austin">Moses Austin</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mary_Brown_Austin" title="Mary Brown Austin">Mary Brown Austin</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Relatives</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Richard_Austin_(colonist)" title="Richard Austin (colonist)">Richard Austin</A> (<A href="/wiki/Colonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonist">colonist</A>)</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P><B>Stephen Fuller Austin</B> (November 3, 1793 – December 27, 1836) was an American <A href="/wiki/Empresario" title="Empresario">empresario</A>. Known as the "<B>Father of Texas</B>", and the founder of <A href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-Cantrell2001_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Cantrell2001-1">[1]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Hatch1999_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Hatch1999-2">[2]</A></SUP> he led the second, and ultimately, the successful colonization of the region by bringing <A href="/wiki/Old_Three_Hundred" title="Old Three Hundred">300 families</A> from the United States to the region in 1825.</P>
<P>Born in <A href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</A> and raised in southeastern <A href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</A>, Austin served in the Missouri territorial legislature before moving to <A href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansas Territory</A> and later <A href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</A>. His father, <A href="/wiki/Moses_Austin" title="Moses Austin">Moses Austin</A>, received an empresario grant from <A href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</A> to settle Texas. After Moses Austin's death in 1821, Stephen Austin won recognition of the empresario grant from the newly-independent state of <A href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</A>. Austin convinced numerous American settlers to move to Texas, and by 1825 Austin had brought the first 300 American families into the territory. Throughout the 1820s, Austin sought to maintain good relations with the Mexican government, and he helped suppress the <A href="/wiki/Fredonian_Rebellion" title="Fredonian Rebellion">Fredonian Rebellion</A>. He also helped ensure the introduction of <A href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</A> into Texas despite the attempts of the Mexican government to ban the institution.</P>
<P>As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with the Mexican government, Austin advocated conciliation with the Mexican government, but the dissent against Mexico escalated into the <A href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</A>. Austin led Texas forces at the successful <A href="/wiki/Siege_of_B%C3%A9xar" title="Siege of Béxar">Siege of Béxar</A> before serving as a commissioner to the United States. Austin ran in the <A href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas_presidential_election,_1836" title="Republic of Texas presidential election, 1836">1836 Texas presidential election</A> but was defeated by <A href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</A>. Houston appointed Austin as secretary of state for the new republic, and Austin held that position until his death in December 1836.</P>
<P>Numerous places and institutions are named in his honor, including the capital of Texas, <A href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</A> in <A href="/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas" title="Travis County, Texas">Travis County</A>, <A href="/wiki/Austin_County,_Texas" title="Austin County, Texas">Austin County</A>, <A href="/wiki/Austin_Bayou" title="Austin Bayou">Austin Bayou</A>, <A href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_State_University" title="Stephen F. Austin State University">Stephen F. Austin State University</A> in <A href="/wiki/Nacogdoches,_Texas" title="Nacogdoches, Texas">Nacogdoches</A>, <A href="/wiki/Austin_College" title="Austin College">Austin College</A> in <A href="/wiki/Sherman,_Texas" title="Sherman, Texas">Sherman</A>, and a number of <A href="/wiki/K-12_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="K-12 schools">K-12 schools</A>.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Early_years"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Early years</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Moving_to_Texas"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Moving to Texas</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Empresario_Austin"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Empresario Austin</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#Slavery"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Slavery</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Relations_with_Mexico"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Relations with Mexico</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Texas_Revolution"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Texas Revolution</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Austin_in_the_Republic_of_Texas"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Austin in the Republic of Texas</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#Death_and_estate"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Death and estate</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#Monuments"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Monuments</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#Past_family"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Past family</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#Footnotes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Footnotes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">14</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">15</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Early_years">Early years</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:177px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Austin_Family_Arms.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Austin_Family_Arms.svg/175px-Austin_Family_Arms.svg.png" width="175" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Austin_Family_Arms.svg/263px-Austin_Family_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Austin_Family_Arms.svg/350px-Austin_Family_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="701" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Austin_Family_Arms.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Coat of arms of Stephen F. Austin</DIV>
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</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_Stephen_Austin_-_panoramio.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Monument_to_Stephen_Austin_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Monument_to_Stephen_Austin_-_panoramio.jpg" width="220" height="174" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Monument_to_Stephen_Austin_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Monument_to_Stephen_Austin_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Monument_to_Stephen_Austin_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Monument_to_Stephen_Austin_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3658" data-file-height="2887" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_Stephen_Austin_-_panoramio.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Memorial to Stephen F. Austin in his birthplace</DIV>
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<P>Stephen F. Austin was born in the <A href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</A> region of <A href="/wiki/Ordinal_directions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinal directions">southwestern</A> Virginia (<A href="/wiki/Wythe_County,_Virginia" title="Wythe County, Virginia">Wythe County</A>) in what is known as <A href="/wiki/Austinville,_Virginia" title="Austinville, Virginia">Austinville</A> today, some 256 miles (412 km) southwest of <A href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> He was the second child of <A href="/wiki/Mary_Brown_Austin" title="Mary Brown Austin">Mary Brown Austin</A> and <A href="/wiki/Moses_Austin" title="Moses Austin">Moses Austin</A>; the first, Eliza, lived only one month. On June 8, 1798, when Stephen was four years old, his family moved west to the lead-mining region of present-day <A href="/wiki/Potosi,_Missouri" title="Potosi, Missouri">Potosi, Missouri</A>, 40 miles west of the <A href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</A>. His father Moses Austin received a <I>sitio</I><SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP> from the Spanish government for the mining site of <I>Mine à Breton</I>, established by French colonists. His great-great-grandfather, Anthony Austin (b.1636), was the son of <A href="/wiki/Richard_Austin_(colonist)" title="Richard Austin (colonist)">Richard Austin</A> (b.1598 in <A href="/wiki/Bishopstoke" title="Bishopstoke">Bishopstoke</A>, <A href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</A>, England), he and his wife Esther were original settlers of <A href="/wiki/Suffield,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffield, Massachusetts">Suffield, Massachusetts</A>, which became Connecticut in 1749.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P>When Austin was eleven years old, his family sent him back east to be educated, first at the preparatory school of <A href="/wiki/Bacon_Academy" title="Bacon Academy">Bacon Academy</A> in <A href="/wiki/Colchester,_Connecticut" title="Colchester, Connecticut">Colchester, Connecticut</A>, and then at <A href="/wiki/Transylvania_University" title="Transylvania University">Transylvania University</A> in <A href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</A>, from which he graduated in 1810.<SUP id="cite_ref-edmondson59_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-edmondson59-6">[6]</A></SUP> After graduation, Austin began studying to be a lawyer. At age 21, he served in the <A href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri Territory</A>. As a member of the territorial legislature, he was "influential in obtaining a charter for the struggling Bank of St. Louis."<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Left penniless after the <A href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</A>, Austin decided to move south to the new <A href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansas Territory</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-edmondson59_6-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-edmondson59-6">[6]</A></SUP> He acquired property on the south bank of the Arkansas River, in the area that would later become <A href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</A>. After purchasing the property, he learned the area was being considered as the location for the new territorial capital, which could make his land worth a great deal more.<SUP id="cite_ref-edmondson60_8-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-edmondson60-8">[8]</A></SUP> He made his home in <A href="/wiki/Hempstead_County,_Arkansas" title="Hempstead County, Arkansas">Hempstead County, Arkansas</A>. Two weeks before the first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820, Austin declared his candidacy for Congress. His late entrance meant his name did not appear on the ballot in two of the five counties, but he still placed second in the field of six candidates. Later, he was appointed as a judge for the First Circuit Court.<SUP id="cite_ref-edmondson60_8-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-edmondson60-8">[8]</A></SUP> Over the next few months, Little Rock did become the territorial capital, but Austin's claim to land in the area was contested, and the courts ruled against him. The Territorial Assembly reorganized the government and abolished Austin's judgeship.<SUP id="cite_ref-edmondson60_8-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-edmondson60-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Austin left the territory, moving to <A href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</A>. He reached <A href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans</A> in November 1820, where he met and stayed with a New Orleans lawyer and former Kentucky congressman, <A href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Hawkins" title="Joseph H. Hawkins">Joseph H. Hawkins</A>, and made arrangements to study <A href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Moving_to_Texas">Moving to Texas</SPAN></H2>
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<A href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</A> and Stephen Austin depicted on the <A href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</A> Centennial Issue <A href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</A> of 1936</DIV>
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<P>During Austin's time in Arkansas, his father traveled to <A href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</A> and received an <A href="/wiki/Empresario" title="Empresario">empresarial</A> grant that would allow him to bring 300 American families to Texas,<SUP id="cite_ref-edmondson59_6-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-edmondson59-6">[6]</A></SUP> they would be called "<A href="/wiki/Old_Three_Hundred" title="Old Three Hundred">The Old 300</A>." Moses Austin caught pneumonia soon after returning to Missouri.<SUP id="cite_ref-edmondson59_6-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-edmondson59-6">[6]</A></SUP> He directed that his <I>empresario</I> grant would be taken over by his son Stephen.</P>
<P>Although Austin was reluctant to carry on his father's Texas venture, he was persuaded to pursue the colonization of Texas by a letter from his mother, <A href="/wiki/Mary_Brown_Austin" title="Mary Brown Austin">Mary Brown Austin</A>, written two days before Moses Austin would die.<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP> Austin boarded the steamer, <I>Beaver</I>, and departed to New Orleans to meet Spanish officials led by <A href="/wiki/Erasmo_Segu%C3%ADn" title="Erasmo Seguín">Erasmo Seguín</A>. He was at <A href="/wiki/Natchitoches,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches, Louisiana">Natchitoches, Louisiana</A>, on June 31, 1821, when he learned of his father's death. "This news has effected me very much, he was one of the most feeling and affectionate Fathers that ever lived. His faults I now say, and always have, were not of the heart."<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP></P>
<P>At the age of 24, Austin led his party to travel 300 miles (480 km) in four weeks to <A href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</A> with the intent of reauthorizing his father's grant, arriving on August 12. While in transit, they learned Mexico had declared its independence from Spain, and Texas had become a Mexican province, rather than a Spanish territory. <A href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Navarro" title="José Antonio Navarro">José Antonio Navarro</A>, a San Antonio native with ambitious visions of the future of Texas, befriended Stephen F. Austin, and the two developed a lasting association. Navarro, proficient in Spanish and Mexican law, assisted Austin in obtaining his empresario contracts.<SUP id="cite_ref-Todish107_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Todish107-11">[11]</A></SUP> In San Antonio, the grant was reauthorized by Governor <A href="/wiki/Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Antonio María Martínez">Antonio María Martínez</A>, who allowed Austin to explore the <A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf Coast</A> between <A href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Brazos_River" title="Brazos River">Brazos River</A> to find a suitable location for a colony.<SUP id="cite_ref-edmondson60_8-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-edmondson60-8">[8]</A></SUP> As guides for the party, <A href="/wiki/Manuel_Becerra" title="Manuel Becerra">Manuel Becerra</A> and three <A href="/wiki/Aranama" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranama">Aranama</A> Indians, went with the expedition.</P>
<P>Austin advertised the Texas opportunity in <A href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</A>, announcing that land was available along the <A href="/wiki/Brazos_River" title="Brazos River">Brazos</A> and <A href="/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)" title="Colorado River (Texas)">Colorado</A> rivers.<SUP id="cite_ref-edmondson61_12-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-edmondson61-12">[12]</A></SUP> A family of a husband, wife, and two children would receive 1,280 acres (520 ha) at twelve and a half cents per acre. Farmers could get 177 acres (72 ha), and ranchers 4,428 acres (1,792 ha). In December 1821, the first U.S. colonists crossed into the granted territory by land and sea, on the Brazos River in present-day <A href="/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas" title="Brazoria County, Texas">Brazoria County, Texas</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Empresario_Austin">Empresario Austin</SPAN></H2>
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Stephen F. Austin was an important figure in early Texas</DIV>
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<P>Austin's plan for an American colony was thrown into turmoil by Mexico's gaining <A href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">independence from Spain</A> in 1821. Governor Martínez informed Austin that the <I>junta instituyente</I>, the new <A href="/wiki/Rump_legislature" title="Rump legislature">rump congress</A> of the government of <A href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</A> of Mexico, refused to recognize the <A href="/wiki/Land_grant" title="Land grant">land grant</A> authorized by Spain. His government intended to use a general <A href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">immigration law</A> to regulate new settlement in Mexico. Austin traveled to <A href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</A>, where he persuaded the <I>junta instituyente</I> to approve the grant to his father, as well as the law signed by the Mexican Emperor on January 3, 1823.</P>
<P>The old imperial law offered heads of families a league and a labor of land, 4,605 acres (1,864 ha), and other inducements. It also provided for the employment of agents, called <I><A href="/wiki/Empresario" title="Empresario">empresarios</A></I>, to promote <A href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</A>. As an <I>empresario</I>, Austin was to receive 67,000 acres of land for each 200 families he brought to Texas. According to the law, immigrants were not required to pay fees to the government. Some of the immigrants denied Austin's right to charge them for services at the rate of 12.5 cents/acre (31 cents/ha).<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP></P>
<P>When the Emperor of Mexico,<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</A>, abdicated in March 1823, the law was annulled once again. In April 1823, Austin induced the congress to grant him a contract to bring 300 families into Texas. He wanted honest, hard-working people who would make the colony a success. In 1824, the congress passed a <A href="/wiki/General_Colonization_Law" title="General Colonization Law">new immigration law</A> that allowed the individual states of Mexico to administer public lands and open them to settlement under certain conditions. In March 1825, the legislature of the Mexican state of <A href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Coahuila y Tejas</A> passed a law similar to the one authorized by Iturbide. The law continued the system of <I>empresarios</I>, as well as granting each married man a league of land, 4,428 acres (1,792 ha), with the stipulation that he must pay the state $30 within six years.</P>
<P>By late 1825, Austin had brought the first 300 families to his settlement, the Austin Colony; these 300 are now known in <A href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas history</A> as the <A href="/wiki/Old_Three_Hundred" title="Old Three Hundred">Old Three Hundred</A>. Austin had obtained further contracts to settle an additional 900 families between 1825 and 1829. He had effective civil and military authority over the <A href="/wiki/Settlers" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlers">settlers</A>, but he was quick to introduce a semblance of American law - the Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on in November 1827. Also, Austin organized small, informal armed groups to protect the colonists, which evolved into the <A href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Rangers Division">Texas Rangers</A>. Despite his hopes, Austin was making little money from his endeavors; the colonists were unwilling to pay for his services as <I>empresario</I> and most of his revenues were spent on the processes of government and other public services.</P>
<P>During these years, Austin, a member of Louisiana Lodge No. 111 at <A href="/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri" title="Ste. Genevieve, Missouri">Ste. Genevieve, Missouri</A>, sought to establish <A href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</A> in Texas. Freemasonry was well established among the educated classes of Mexican society. It had been introduced among the aristocracy loyal to the <A href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</A>, and the conservatives had total control over the Order. By 1827, Americans living in <A href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</A> had introduced the United States <A href="/wiki/York_Rite" title="York Rite">York Rite</A> of Freemasonry as a liberal alternative to the established European-style <A href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Scottish Rite</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<P>On February 11, 1828, Austin called a meeting of Freemasons at <A href="/wiki/San_Felipe,_Texas" title="San Felipe, Texas">San Felipe</A> to elect officers and to petition the Masonic <A href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</A> in Mexico City for a charter to form a lodge. Austin was elected <A href="/wiki/Worshipful_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="Worshipful Master">Worshipful Master</A> of the new lodge. Although the petition reached <A href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Tamaulipas" title="Matamoros, Tamaulipas">Matamoros</A>, and was to be forwarded to Mexico City, nothing more was heard of it. By 1828, the ruling faction in Mexico was afraid the liberal elements in Texas might try to gain their independence. Fully aware of the political philosophies of American Freemasons, the <A href="/wiki/Mexican_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican government">Mexican government</A> outlawed Freemasonry on October 25, 1828. In 1829, Austin called another meeting, where it was decided that it was "impolitic and imprudent, at this time, to form Masonic lodges in Texas."<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<P>He was active in promoting trade and currying the good favor of the Mexican authorities, aiding them in the suppression of the <A href="/wiki/Republic_of_Fredonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Fredonia">Fredonian Rebellion</A> of <A href="/wiki/Haden_Edwards" title="Haden Edwards">Haden Edwards</A>. Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion to be the beginning of the <A href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</A>. Although "premature ...  the Fredonian Rebellion sparked the powder for later success."<SUP id="cite_ref-bates794_17-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bates794-17">[17]</A></SUP> For this event, Austin raised troops to fight with Mexican troops against the Texas rebels. With the colonists numbering more than 11,000 by 1832, they were becoming less amenable to Austin's cautious leadership, and also, the Mexican government was becoming less cooperative. It was concerned with the growth of the colony and the efforts of the U.S. government to buy the state from them. The Mexican government had attempted to stop further U.S. immigration as early as April 1830, but Austin's skills gained an exemption for his colonies. He granted land to immigrants based on 640 acres (2.6 km<SUP>2</SUP>) to the husband, 320 to the wife, 160 for every child, and 80 for every slave.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Slavery">Slavery</SPAN></H2>
<P>Slavery was a very important issue to Austin, one he called "of great interest" to him.<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP> Austin was a periodical slaveowner throughout his life; however, he had conflicting views about it.<SUP id="cite_ref-EightNine_19-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-EightNine-19">[19]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP> Theoretically, he believed slavery was wrong and went against the American ideal of liberty. In practice, however, he agreed with the social, economic, and political justifications of it, and worked hard to defend and expand it.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP> Despite his defense of it, he also harbored concerns that the long-term effects of slavery would destroy American society. He grew particularly concerned following <A href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</A>'s rebellion, stating:</P>
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<P><I>"I sometimes shudder at the consequences and think that a large part of America will be Santo Domingonized in 100, or 200 years. The idea of seeing such a country as this overrun by a slave population almost makes me weep. It is in vain to tell a North American that the white population will be destroyed some fifty or eighty years hence by the negroes, and that his daughters will be violated and Butchered by them.<SUP id="cite_ref-Life_24-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Life-24">[24]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Lack_26-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Lack-26">[26]</A></SUP>"</I></P>
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<P>While Austin thought it would be advantageous some day for Texas to phase out of slavery, up until the <A href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</A>, he worked to ensure that his colony's immigrants could bypass the Mexican government's resistance to it.<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP> Doing so ensured the population growth and economic development of his colony, which was primarily dependent on the <A href="/wiki/Monocropping" title="Monocropping">monocropping</A> of <A href="/wiki/Cotton#United_States" title="Cotton">cotton</A> and sugar.<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-TSHA_30-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TSHA-30">[30]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Arguing that the loss of slaves would be ruinous to the colony, he arranged for his settlers to receive eighty acres of land for each slave they brought with them to Texas. In August 1825, he recommended that the state government allow immigrants to bring their slaves with them through 1840, with the caveat that female grandchildren of the slaves would be freed by the age of 15, and males by age of 25.<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Influence_33-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Influence-33">[33]</A></SUP> His recommendation was rejected.</P>
<P>In 1826, when a state committee proposed abolishing slavery outright, 25 percent of the people in Austin's colony were slaves.<SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[34]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP> Austin's colonists, mostly pro-slavery immigrants from the south, threatened to leave Texas if the proposition passed, while prospective Southern immigrants hesitated to come to Texas until slavery was guaranteed there.<SUP id="cite_ref-Influence_33-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Influence-33">[33]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Austin conceded that the success of his colony was dependent on slavery.<SUP id="cite_ref-EightNine_19-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-EightNine-19">[19]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Influence_33-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Influence-33">[33]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[36]</A></SUP> Without slaves, the colonists would lack the mass labor to cultivate the land, which would stall the pace of immigration needed to develop and increase the value of the land, which would deflate the economy and motivate his colonists to leave.<SUP id="cite_ref-Influence_33-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Influence-33">[33]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[37]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Austin went before the legislature and pleaded that, at the least; his original 300 colonists should be allowed to keep their slaves.<SUP id="cite_ref-Influence_33-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Influence-33">[33]</A></SUP> He argued against the "bad faith" of freeing them, demanded <A href="/wiki/Reparations_(transitional_justice)" title="Reparations (transitional justice)">reparations</A> to slaveowners for every slave emancipated by the state, warned that the loss of slaves could leave some colonists destitute, and reasoned that freeing them would not only leave his settlers alone in the harsh Texas environment, but would also expose them to the discomfort and nuisance of living amongst freed slaves, who would become vagrants seeking retribution upon their former owners.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP> While he waited for the legislature's verdict of his request, Austin went into a deep depression over the issue and sent his brother, <A href="/wiki/James_E.B._Austin" title="James E.B. Austin">Brown Austin</A>, to further lobby the legislature on his behalf.<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[41]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In March of 1827, the legislature signed <A href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas#Immigration_and_slavery" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Article 13</A> into law. Despite the law complying with some of his requests, Austin called it "unconstitutional." He contested the law as it freed the children of slaves at birth, established a six-month grace period before fully emancipating all slaves in the state, and included provisions to improve the conditions of slaves and transitioning freedmen.<SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[42]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[43]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Bugbee_44-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bugbee-44">[44]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[45]</A></SUP> Austin –– who had been so effective in persuading the legislature, however, that the author of Article 13 (before its passage) requested to withdraw it –– helped his colonists evade the law by advising them to legally supplant the word "slave" with the words "workingmen," "family servants," and "laborers," and by working to pass a decree that banned <A href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</A> from Texas and forced emancipated slaves to work for their former slaveowners until the accrued "debt" (e.g. clothing, food), incurred for their own enslavement, was worked off.<SUP id="cite_ref-Lack_26-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Lack-26">[26]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Bugbee_44-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bugbee-44">[44]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[46]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 1828, Austin petitioned the legislature to guarantee that slaveowners, immigrating to Texas, could legally "free" their slaves before immigrating, and contract them into a lifetime term of indentured servitude, thereby avoiding recognizing them as slaves.<SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[47]</A></SUP> He lobbied to help his colony elude <A href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</A>'s 1829 attempt to legally emancipate slaves in the province, and to bypass the government's effort to prohibit slavery when it passed the <A href="/wiki/Law_of_April_6,_1830" title="Law of April 6, 1830">Law of April 6, 1830</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-TSHA_30-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TSHA-30">[30]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[48]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-BarkerTwo_49-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BarkerTwo-49">[49]</A></SUP> In 1830, Austin wrote that he would oppose Texas joining the United States without guarantees that he should "insist on the perpetual exclusion of slavery from this state [Texas]."<SUP id="cite_ref-BarkerTwo_49-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BarkerTwo-49">[49]</A></SUP> In 1833, he wrote:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P><I>"Texas must be a slave country. Circumstances and unavoidable necessity compel it. It is the wish of the people there, and it is my duty to do all I can, prudently, in favor of it. I will do so.<SUP id="cite_ref-Influence_33-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Influence-33">[33]</A></SUP>"</I></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>In May 1835, Austin's colonists learned that Mexico's tolerance for the evasions of slaveowners was drawing to a close, with its proposal of new abolition legislation.<SUP id="cite_ref-Lack_26-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Lack-26">[26]</A></SUP> Alarmed, and with Austin imprisoned in Mexico for pushing for independence, colonists turned against the Mexican government, calling it "oppressive" and a "plundering, robbing, autocratical government" without regard for the security of "life, liberty or property."<SUP id="cite_ref-Lack_26-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Lack-26">[26]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[50]</A></SUP> Resisting the impact a changed slavery policy would have on economic growth, and fearing rumors of Mexico's plan to free the slaves and turn them loose upon the colonists, shortly after Austin returned from Mexico, he and his colonists took up arms against the Mexican government. Austin later gained U.S. Government support for his revolution when he wrote to Senator <A href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Linn" title="Lewis F. Linn">Lewis F. Linn</A> and pleaded that <A href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Santa Anna</A> planned to "exterminate" all of the colonists and fill Texas "with Indians and negroes [freed slaves]."<SUP id="cite_ref-Lack_26-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Lack-26">[26]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[51]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-52">[52]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Relations_with_Mexico">Relations with Mexico</SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Stephen_F._Austin_at_the_Texas_State_Capitol.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Stephen_F._Austin_at_the_Texas_State_Capitol.jpg/220px-Stephen_F._Austin_at_the_Texas_State_Capitol.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Stephen_F._Austin_at_the_Texas_State_Capitol.jpg/330px-Stephen_F._Austin_at_the_Texas_State_Capitol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Stephen_F._Austin_at_the_Texas_State_Capitol.jpg/440px-Stephen_F._Austin_at_the_Texas_State_Capitol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Stephen_F._Austin_at_the_Texas_State_Capitol.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Marble sculpture of Stephen F. Austin (1903) by <A href="/wiki/Elisabet_Ney" title="Elisabet Ney">Elisabet Ney</A> at the Texas State Capitol</DIV>
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<P>The application off the immigration control of the introduction of <A href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</A> laws had done much to dissatisfy the colonists, peaking in the <A href="/wiki/Anahuac_Disturbances" title="Anahuac Disturbances">Anahuac Disturbances</A>. Austin became involved in Mexican politics, supporting the upstart <A href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</A>. Following the success of Santa Anna, the colonists sought a compensatory reward, proclaimed at the <A href="/wiki/Convention_of_1832" title="Convention of 1832">Convention of 1832</A>—resumption of immigration, tariff exemption, separation from Coahuila, and a new state government for Texas. Austin did not support these demands; he considered them ill-timed and tried his hardest to moderate them. When they were repeated and extended at the <A href="/wiki/Convention_of_1833" title="Convention of 1833">Convention of 1833</A>, Austin traveled to <A href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</A> on July 18, 1833, and met with Vice President <A href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Gomez_Far%C3%ADas" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentín Gomez Farías">Valentín Gomez Farías</A>. Austin did gain certain important reforms; the immigration ban was lifted, but a separate state government was not authorized. Statehood in Mexico required a population of 80,000, and Texas had only 30,000.</P>
<P>Believing that he was pushing for Texas independence and suspect that he was trying to incite insurrection, Austin was arrested by the Mexican government in January 1834 in <A href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</A>. He was taken to <A href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</A> and imprisoned. No charges were filed against him as no court would take jurisdiction. He was moved from prison to prison. He was released under bond in December 1834 and required to stay in the <A href="/wiki/Federal_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal District">Federal District</A>. He was fully freed under the general amnesty in July 1835 and in August 1835 left Mexico to return to Texas via <A href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Texas_Revolution">Texas Revolution</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</A></DIV>
<P>In his absence, a number of events propelled the colonists toward confrontation with Santa Anna's centralist government. Austin took temporary command of the Texan forces during the <A href="/wiki/Siege_of_B%C3%A9xar" title="Siege of Béxar">Siege of Béxar</A> from October 12 to December 11, 1835. After learning of the <A href="/wiki/Anahuac_Disturbances" title="Anahuac Disturbances">Disturbances at Anahuac</A> and Velasco in the summer of 1835, an enraged Santa Anna made rapid preparations for the Mexican army to sweep Anglo settlers from Texas. War began in October 1835 at <A href="/wiki/Gonzales,_Texas" title="Gonzales, Texas">Gonzales</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</A>, created by a new constitution on March 2, 1836, won independence following a string of defeats with the dramatic turnabout victory at the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</A> on April 21, 1836, and the capture of Santa Anna the following morning. He was then imprisoned.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Austin_in_the_Republic_of_Texas">Austin in the Republic of Texas</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</A></DIV>
<P>In December 1835, Austin, Branch Archer, and <A href="/wiki/William_H._Wharton" title="William H. Wharton">William H. Wharton</A> were appointed commissioners to the U.S. by the provisional government of the republic. On June 10, 1836, Austin was in New Orleans, where he received word of Santa Anna's defeat by <A href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</A> at the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</A>. Austin returned to Texas to rest at Peach Point in August. On August 4, he announced his candidacy for president of Texas. Austin felt confident he could win the election until two weeks before the election, when on August 20, Houston entered the race. Austin wrote, "Many of the old settlers who are too blind to see or understand their interest will vote for him." Houston carried East Texas, the Red River region, and most of the soldiers' votes. Austin received 587 votes to <A href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</A>'s 5,119 and <A href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_(Texas_Governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Smith (Texas Governor)">Henry Smith</A>'s 743 votes.</P>
<P>Houston would appoint Austin as the first secretary of state of the new republic; however, Austin only served approximately two months before his death.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Death_and_estate">Death and estate</SPAN></H2>
<P>In December 1836, Austin was in the new capital of Columbia (now known as <A href="/wiki/West_Columbia,_Texas" title="West Columbia, Texas">West Columbia</A>) where he caught a severe cold; his condition worsened. Doctors were called in, but could not help him. Austin died of <A href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</A> at noon on December 27, 1836. He was at the home of George B. McKinstry, near what is now West Columbia, Texas. He was 43. Austin's last words were "The independence of Texas is recognized! Don't you see it in the papers?..." Upon hearing of Austin's death, Houston ordered an official statement proclaiming: "The Father of Texas is no more; the first pioneer of the wilderness has departed." Originally, Austin was buried at <A href="/wiki/Gulf_Prairie_Cemetery" title="Gulf Prairie Cemetery">Gulf Prairie Cemetery</A> in <A href="/wiki/Brazoria_County,_Texas" title="Brazoria County, Texas">Brazoria County, Texas</A>. In 1910 Austin's body was reinterred at the <A href="/wiki/Texas_State_Cemetery" title="Texas State Cemetery">Texas State Cemetery</A> in <A href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</A>.</P>
<P>Austin never married, nor did he have any children. He bequeathed all his land, titles, and possessions, to his married sister, <A href="/wiki/Emily_Austin_Perry" title="Emily Austin Perry">Emily Austin Perry</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Monuments">Monuments</SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:AustinStateOfficeBuildingAustinTX.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AustinStateOfficeBuildingAustinTX.JPG/200px-AustinStateOfficeBuildingAustinTX.JPG" width="200" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AustinStateOfficeBuildingAustinTX.JPG/300px-AustinStateOfficeBuildingAustinTX.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AustinStateOfficeBuildingAustinTX.JPG/400px-AustinStateOfficeBuildingAustinTX.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></A>
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Stephen F. Austin State Office Building</DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Stephen_F._Austin,_Texas_State_Cemetery,_Austin,_TX_IMG_6292.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Stephen_F._Austin%2C_Texas_State_Cemetery%2C_Austin%2C_TX_IMG_6292.JPG/200px-Stephen_F._Austin%2C_Texas_State_Cemetery%2C_Austin%2C_TX_IMG_6292.JPG" width="200" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Stephen_F._Austin%2C_Texas_State_Cemetery%2C_Austin%2C_TX_IMG_6292.JPG/300px-Stephen_F._Austin%2C_Texas_State_Cemetery%2C_Austin%2C_TX_IMG_6292.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Stephen_F._Austin%2C_Texas_State_Cemetery%2C_Austin%2C_TX_IMG_6292.JPG/400px-Stephen_F._Austin%2C_Texas_State_Cemetery%2C_Austin%2C_TX_IMG_6292.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Stephen_F._Austin,_Texas_State_Cemetery,_Austin,_TX_IMG_6292.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Stephen F. Austin grave monument at <A href="/wiki/Texas_State_Cemetery" title="Texas State Cemetery">Texas State Cemetery</A> in <A href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</A>, <A href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Angleton_TX_Stephen_F_Austin_statue_DSC_6291_ad.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Angleton_TX_Stephen_F_Austin_statue_DSC_6291_ad.JPG/200px-Angleton_TX_Stephen_F_Austin_statue_DSC_6291_ad.JPG" width="200" height="134" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Angleton_TX_Stephen_F_Austin_statue_DSC_6291_ad.JPG/300px-Angleton_TX_Stephen_F_Austin_statue_DSC_6291_ad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Angleton_TX_Stephen_F_Austin_statue_DSC_6291_ad.JPG/400px-Angleton_TX_Stephen_F_Austin_statue_DSC_6291_ad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Angleton_TX_Stephen_F_Austin_statue_DSC_6291_ad.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Stephen F. Austin statue near <A href="/wiki/Angleton,_Texas" title="Angleton, Texas">Angleton</A>, <A href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</A></DIV>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sherman,_Texas" title="Sherman, Texas">Sherman</A>, Texas, is the home of <A href="/wiki/Austin_College" title="Austin College">Austin College</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[53]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nacogdoches,_Texas" title="Nacogdoches, Texas">Nacogdoches, Texas</A>, is the home of <A href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin_State_University" title="Stephen F. Austin State University">Stephen F. Austin State University</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[54]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>Both <A href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Austin_County,_Texas" title="Austin County, Texas">Austin County, Texas</A>, are named after Stephen F. Austin, however, Austin (the city) is not located in Austin (the county).<SUP id="cite_ref-co.travis.tx.us_55-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-co.travis.tx.us-55">[55]</A></SUP> (Austin, Texas is located in Travis County).<SUP id="cite_ref-co.travis.tx.us_55-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-co.travis.tx.us-55">[55]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Angleton,_Texas" title="Angleton, Texas">Angleton, Texas</A>, features a statue of Austin,<SUP id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-56">[56]</A></SUP> sponsored by The Stephen F. Austin 500, sculpted by David Adickes, with a base of 12-feet and a total statue height of 72-feet. The base is 2-feet taller than the base of the Sam Houston statue in Huntsville, Texas, but the statue is 7-feet shorter. The Sam Houston statue is 67-feet, on a base of 10-feet, or 77-feet if you include statue and base.</LI>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">National Statuary Hall Collection</A> permits each state to select just two statues for display at the Capital in Washington, D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin; these statues were sculpted by German immigrant <A href="/wiki/Elisabet_Ney" title="Elisabet Ney">Elisabet Ney</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-57">[57]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_Prairie_Cemetery" title="Gulf Prairie Cemetery">Gulf Prairie Cemetery</A>, his original place of burial.<SUP id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-58">[58]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>In 1959, Austin was <A href="/wiki/Posthumous_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthumous recognition">posthumously</A> inducted into the <A href="/wiki/Hall_of_Great_Westerners" title="Hall of Great Westerners">Hall of Great Westerners</A> at the <A href="/wiki/National_Cowboy_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cowboy Hall of Fame">National Cowboy Hall of Fame</A> in <A href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma City, Oklahoma">Oklahoma City</A>, <A href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</A>.</LI>
<LI>In Austinville, <A href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</A>, Austin's birthplace, a monument was erected along the New River near a junction with the <A href="/wiki/New_River_Trail_State_Park" title="New River Trail State Park">New River Trail State Park</A>.</LI>
<LI>In <A href="/wiki/Bellville,_Texas" title="Bellville, Texas">Bellville, Texas</A>, the county seat of Austin County, a large bust of Austin by sculptor David Adickes is located at the intersection of State Highways 36 and 159.</LI>
</UL>
<P>The late actor <A href="/wiki/John_Carter_(actor)" title="John Carter (actor)">John Carter</A> played Austin in the 1969 episode "Here Stands Bailey" of the <A href="/wiki/Television_syndication" class="mw-redirect" title="Television syndication">syndicated</A> <A href="/wiki/Television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Television series">television series</A> <I><A href="/wiki/Death_Valley_Days" title="Death Valley Days">Death Valley Days</A></I>, hosted by <A href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(actor)" title="Robert Taylor (actor)">Robert Taylor</A> not long before Taylor's own death. In the story line, the hardy, cantankerous pioneer <A href="/wiki/Bailey%27s_Prairie,_Texas" title="Bailey's Prairie, Texas">James Briton "Brit" Bailey</A> (<A href="/wiki/Paul_Fix" title="Paul Fix">Paul Fix</A>) and his wife, Hannah (<A href="/wiki/Rosemary_DeCamp" title="Rosemary DeCamp">Rosemary DeCamp</A>), make their final settlement in southeastern <A href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</A> after having overcome many obstacles over the years. Now they face Austin's order that they leave their land, however, Austin has a change of heart and asks them to stay. Bailey dies with his final wish of interment standing upright facing west, hence his grave marker, "Here Stands Bailey Facing West."<SUP id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-59">[59]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Past_family">Past family</SPAN></H2>
<P>While Stephen F. Austin and his sister Emily have each been subject of biography, they are descended from several generations of noteworthy people, including: <A href="/wiki/Moses_Austin" title="Moses Austin">Moses Austin</A> (father—biography published by Trinity University Press),<SUP id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-60">[60]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Abia_Brown" title="Abia Brown">Abia Brown</A> (grandfather), <A href="/wiki/Joseph_Sharp" title="Joseph Sharp">Joseph Sharp</A> (great grandfather), <A href="/wiki/Isaac_Sharp" title="Isaac Sharp">Isaac Sharp</A> (great, great grandfather), <A href="/wiki/Anthony_Sharp_(Quaker)" title="Anthony Sharp (Quaker)">Anthony Sharp</A> (great, great, great grandfather—biography published by Stanford University Press).<SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[61]</A></SUP> Accordingly, history records noteworthy social contribution in each generation of Stephen's family dating back to the early seventeenth century.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
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</DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Moses_Austin" title="Moses Austin">Moses Austin</A>, his father</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mary_Brown_Austin" title="Mary Brown Austin">Mary Brown Austin</A>, his mother</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_Elijah_Brown_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Elijah Brown Austin">James Elijah "Brown" Austin</A>, his brother</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Emily_Austin_Perry" title="Emily Austin Perry">Emily Austin Perry</A>, his sister</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Abia_Brown" title="Abia Brown">Abia Brown</A>, his maternal grandfather</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Carbajal" title="José María Jesús Carbajal">José María Jesús Carbajal</A> Mentored by Austin</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Joseph_Sharp" title="Joseph Sharp">Joseph Sharp</A>, great grandfather</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Isaac_Sharp" title="Isaac Sharp">Isaac Sharp</A>, his great, great grandfather</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anthony_Sharp_(Quaker)" title="Anthony Sharp (Quaker)">Anthony Sharp</A>, his great, great, great grandfather</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Peach_Point_Plantation" title="Peach Point Plantation">Peach Point Plantation</A>, his residence</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jones_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones Creek">Jones Creek</A>, site of his residence</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Pilgrim" title="Thomas J. Pilgrim">Thomas J. Pilgrim</A>, his friend and Spanish interpreter</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_Bryan_(mining_executive)" title="James Bryan (mining executive)">James Bryan</A>, his brother-in-law (first husband to Emily)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_Franklin_Perry" title="James Franklin Perry">James Franklin Perry</A>, his brother-in-law (second husband to Emily)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Freemasons" title="List of Freemasons">List of Notable Freemasons</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/O._P._Q._Letters" title="O. P. Q. Letters">O. P. Q. Letters</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-Cantrell2001-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Cantrell2001_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Gregg Cantrell (1 August 2001). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uhq9apSISOMC"><I>Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas</I></A>. Yale University Press. p. 2. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09093-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09093-5">0-300-09093-5</A>. <Q>...generations of Texans have come to revere Austin as the Father of Texas...</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.au=Gregg+Cantrell&rft.btitle=Stephen+F.+Austin%3A+Empresario+of+Texas&rft.date=2001-08-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-300-09093-5&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUhq9apSISOMC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Hatch1999-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Hatch1999_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Thom Hatch (1 August 1999). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rY0-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44"><I>Encyclopedia of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution</I></A>. McFarland. p. 44. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9162-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9162-9">978-0-7864-9162-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.au=Thom+Hatch&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Alamo+and+the+Texas+Revolution&rft.date=1999-08-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9162-9&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=McFarland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrY0-CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/adp/history/bios/austin/austin.html">"Stephen Fuller Austin --Biography"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.btitle=Stephen+Fuller+Austin+--Biography&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamu.edu%2Fccbn%2Fdewitt%2Fadp%2Fhistory%2Fbios%2Faustin%2Faustin.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lonestar Text book</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Austin-2090">Anthony Austin (1635)</A> Austin family ancestry</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-edmondson59-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-edmondson59_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-edmondson59_6-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-edmondson59_6-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-edmondson59_6-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Edmondson (2000), p. 59.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau14">"AUSTIN, STEPHEN F. | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)"</A>. Tshaonline.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 11,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.btitle=AUSTIN%2C+STEPHEN+F.+%26%23124%3B+The+Handbook+of+Texas+Online%26%23124%3B+Texas+State+Historical+Association+%28TSHA%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Tshaonline.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffau14&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-edmondson60-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-edmondson60_8-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-edmondson60_8-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-edmondson60_8-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-edmondson60_8-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Edmondson (2000), p. 60.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau11">Austin, Mary Brown</A>, Texas Handbook of History Online</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Letter from Stephen F. Austin to Maria Austin, July 13, 1821</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Todish107-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Todish107_11-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Todish (1998), p. 107.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-edmondson61-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-edmondson61_12-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Edmondson (2000), p. 61.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau14">https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau14</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fit01">"ITURBIDE, AGUSTIN DE | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)"</A>. Tshaonline.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 10,</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.btitle=ITURBIDE%2C+AGUSTIN+DE+%26%23124%3B+The+Handbook+of+Texas+Online%26%23124%3B+Texas+State+Historical+Association+%28TSHA%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Tshaonline.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffit01&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Normand, Pete (1986). <I>The Texas Masons: The Fraternity of Ancient Free & Accepted Masons in the History of Texas</I>. College Station, TX: Brazos Valley Masonic Library & Museum Assn.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Carter, Dr. James D. (1955). <I>Masonry in Texas: Background, History, and Influence to 1846.</I> Waco, Texas: Committee on Masonic Education and Service, Grand Lodge of Texas, A.F. & A.M.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-bates794-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-bates794_17-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bates (1956), p. 794.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="The_Influence_of_Slavery_in_the_Colonization_of_Texas.2C_The_Southwestern_Historical_Quarterly" class="citation news">Austin, Stephen F. (7 Aug 1826). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin" (Letter). Letter to <A href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_San_Antonio" title="List of mayors of San Antonio">José Antonio Saucedo</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.atitle=The+Papers+of+Stephen+F.+Austin&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.date=1826-08-07&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-EightNine-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-EightNine_19-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-EightNine_19-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Cantrell, Gregg (2001). <I>Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas</I>. <A href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</A>. pp. 8–9.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft.aulast=Cantrell&rft.btitle=Stephen+F.+Austin%3A+Empresario+of+Texas&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="An_Empire_for_Slavery:_The_Peculiar_Institution_in_Texas.2C_1821.E2.80.931865" class="citation news">Austin, Stephen F. (30 May 1833). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin" (Letter). Letter to Wiley Martin.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.atitle=The+Papers+of+Stephen+F.+Austin&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.date=1833-05-30&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/a/austin/"><I>Historic Missourians: Moses Austin (1761 - 1821)</I></A>. <A href="/wiki/State_Historical_Society_of_Missouri" title="State Historical Society of Missouri">State Historical Society of Missouri</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.btitle=Historic+Missourians%3A+Moses+Austin+%281761+-+1821%29&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=State+Historical+Society+of+Missouri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshsmo.org%2Fhistoricmissourians%2Fname%2Fa%2Faustin%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cantrell 2001, pp. 85, 204</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cantrell 2001, pp. 9, 204.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Life-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Life_24-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Eugene_C._Barker" title="Eugene C. Barker">Barker, Eugene C.</A> (1926). <I>The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793-1836: A Chapter in the Westward Movement of the Anglo-American People</I>. <A href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</A>. p. 201.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.aufirst=Eugene+C.&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Stephen+F.+Austin%2C+Founder+of+Texas%2C+1793-1836%3A+A+Chapter+in+the+Westward+Movement+of+the+Anglo-American+People&rft.date=1926&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cantrell 2001, pp. 189-190</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Lack-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Lack_26-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Lack_26-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Lack_26-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Lack_26-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Lack_26-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Lack, Paul D. (Oct 1985). "Slavery and the Texas Revolution". <I><A href="/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association#Publications" title="Texas State Historical Association">The Southwestern Historical Quarterly</A></I>. <B>89</B> (2): 181–202.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.atitle=Slavery+and+the+Texas+Revolution&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rft.aulast=Lack&rft.date=1985-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&rft.pages=181-202&rft.volume=89&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cantrell 2001, p. 190.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Barker 1926, p. 204.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cantrell 2001, p. 191.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-TSHA-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-TSHA_30-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-TSHA_30-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">"Stephen Fuller Austin". <A href="/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association" title="Texas State Historical Association">Texas State Historical Association</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.atitle=Stephen+Fuller+Austin&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Barker 1926, pp. 203-204.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cantrell 2001, p. 191.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Influence-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Influence_33-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Influence_33-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Influence_33-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Influence_33-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Influence_33-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Influence_33-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Barker, Eugene C. (July 1924). "The Influence of Slavery in the Colonization of Texas". <I>The Southwestern Historical Quarterly</I>. <B>28</B> (1): 1–33.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Slavery+in+the+Colonization+of+Texas&rft.aufirst=Eugene+C.&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.date=1924-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&rft.pages=1-33&rft.volume=28&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cantrell 2001, p. 191.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/save-texas-history/juneteenth-the-day-slavery-was-abolished-in-texas-7ec6d50868fc">"Juneteenth—the Day Slavery was Abolished in Texas"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Texas_General_Land_Office" title="Texas General Land Office">Texas General Land Office</A></I>. 16 June 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.atitle=Juneteenth%E2%80%94the+Day+Slavery+was+Abolished+in+Texas&rft.date=2016-06-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Texas+General+Land+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fsave-texas-history%2Fjuneteenth-the-day-slavery-was-abolished-in-texas-7ec6d50868fc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Barker 1926, p. 206.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Morritt, Robert D. (2011). "Lure of Texas". Cambridge Scholars Publishing.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.atitle=Lure+of+Texas&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.aulast=Morritt&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/List_of_works_on_Sam_Houston" title="List of works on Sam Houston">Campbell, Randolph B.</A> (1991). <I>An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821--1865</I>. <A href="/wiki/LSU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="LSU Press">LSU Press</A>. pp. 32–34.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Randolph+B.&rft.btitle=An+Empire+for+Slavery%3A+The+Peculiar+Institution+in+Texas%2C+1821--1865&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=32-34&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Barker 1926, pp. 204-206, 208.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cantrell 2001, p. 190.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Barker 1926, p. 206.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Barker 1926, p. 208.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cantrell 2001, pp. 192, 203.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Bugbee-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Bugbee_44-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Bugbee_44-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Bugbee, Lester G. (Sep 1898). "Slavery in Early Texas. I". <I><A href="/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly" title="Political Science Quarterly">Political Science Quarterly</A></I>. <B>13</B> (3): 389–412.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.atitle=Slavery+in+Early+Texas.+I&rft.aufirst=Lester+G.&rft.aulast=Bugbee&rft.date=1898-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.pages=389-412&rft.volume=13&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">"Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas (1827)". <A href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_School_of_Law" title="University of Texas School of Law">University of Texas at Austin, Tarlton Law Library</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+State+of+Coahuila+and+Texas+%281827%29&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="Political_Science_Quarterly" class="citation news"><A href="/wiki/James_E.B._Austin" title="James E.B. Austin">Austin, J.E.B.</A> (10 Oct 1826). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin" (Letter). Letter to Stephen F. Austin.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.atitle=The+Papers+of+Stephen+F.+Austin&rft.au=Austin%2C+J.E.B.&rft.date=1826-10-10&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cantrell 2001, p. 204.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cantrell 2001, pp. 85, 204.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BarkerTwo-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-BarkerTwo_49-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BarkerTwo_49-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Barker, Eugene C. (Jul 1918). "Stephen F. Austin". <I>The Southwestern Historical Quarterly</I>. <B>22</B> (1): 1–17.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.atitle=Stephen+F.+Austin&rft.aufirst=Eugene+C.&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.date=1918-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&rft.pages=1-17&rft.volume=22&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="Slavery_and_the_Texas_Revolution.2C_The_Southwestern_Historical_Quarterly" class="citation news"><A href="/wiki/William_B._Travis" title="William B. Travis">Travis, William B.</A> (21 May 1835). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin" (Letter). Letter to <A href="/wiki/David_G._Burnet" title="David G. Burnet">David G. Burnet</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.atitle=The+Papers+of+Stephen+F.+Austin&rft.au=Travis%2C+William+B.&rft.date=1835-05-21&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/List_of_works_on_Sam_Houston" title="List of works on Sam Houston">Campbell, Randolph B.</A> (1991). <I>An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821--1865</I>. <A href="/wiki/LSU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="LSU Press">LSU Press</A>. p. 42.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Randolph+B.&rft.btitle=An+Empire+for+Slavery%3A+The+Peculiar+Institution+in+Texas%2C+1821--1865&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-52"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Austin, Stephen F. (4 May 1836). "The Papers of Stephen F. Austin" (Letter). Letter to <A href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Linn" title="Lewis F. Linn">Senator L.F. Linn</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.atitle=The+Papers+of+Stephen+F.+Austin&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.date=1836-05-04&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austincollege.edu/">"Austin College: Sherman, Texas"</A>. Austincollege.edu<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 11,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.btitle=Austin+College%3A+Sherman%2C+Texas&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Austincollege.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austincollege.edu%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfasu.edu">"Stephen F. Austin State University | College, University in Texas"</A>. Sfasu.edu<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 11,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.btitle=Stephen+F.+Austin+State+University+%26%23124%3B+College%2C+University+in+Texas&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Sfasu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfasu.edu&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-co.travis.tx.us-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-co.travis.tx.us_55-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-co.travis.tx.us_55-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.travis.tx.us/">"The Official Web Site of Travis County, USA"</A>. Co.travis.tx.us. November 5, 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 11,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.btitle=The+Official+Web+Site+of+Travis+County%2C+USA&rft.date=2011-11-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Co.travis.tx.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.co.travis.tx.us%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-56"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/artichoke/image/53115716">"Stephen F Austin statue Clute 02 photo - Artichoke Vinaigrette photos at"</A>. Pbase.com. November 27, 2005<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 11,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.btitle=Stephen+F+Austin+statue+Clute+02+photo+-+Artichoke+Vinaigrette+photos+at&rft.date=2005-11-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Pbase.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbase.com%2Fartichoke%2Fimage%2F53115716&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-57"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasbob.com/travel/tbt_washingtondc.html">"Texas and the U.S. Capitol Building"</A>. Texasbob.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 11,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.btitle=Texas+and+the+U.S.+Capitol+Building&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Texasbob.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasbob.com%2Ftravel%2Ftbt_washingtondc.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-58"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulf-prairie.org/Areamuseums.htm">"Area Museums and Landmarks"</A>. Gulf-prairie.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 11,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.btitle=Area+Museums+and+Landmarks&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Gulf-prairie.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gulf-prairie.org%2FAreamuseums.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-59"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0959698/?ref_=tt_ep_nx">"Here Stands Bailey on <I>Death Valley Days</I>"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Data_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Movie Data Base">Internet Movie Data Base</A>. February 18, 1969<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 13,</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.btitle=Here+Stands+Bailey+on+Death+Valley+Days&rft.date=1969-02-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Internet+Movie+Data+Base&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0959698%2F%3Fref_%3Dtt_ep_nx&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-60"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Gracy, David B., <I>Moses Austin: his life</I> (Trinity University Press, 1987) <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911536-84-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-911536-84-1">0-911536-84-1</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="CITEREFGreaves1998" class="citation">Greaves, Richard L. (1998), <I>Dublin's merchant-Quaker: Anthony Sharp and the Community of Friends, 1643-1707</I>, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3452-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3452-3">978-0-8047-3452-3</A></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft.aulast=Greaves&rft.btitle=Dublin%27s+merchant-Quaker%3A+Anthony+Sharp+and+the+Community+of+Friends%2C+1643-1707&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3452-3&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Edmondson, J.R. (2000). <I>The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts</I>. <A href="/wiki/Plano,_TX" class="mw-redirect" title="Plano, TX">Plano, TX</A>: Republic of Texas Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55622-678-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55622-678-0">1-55622-678-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft.aulast=Edmondson&rft.btitle=The+Alamo+Story-From+History+to+Current+Conflicts&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-55622-678-0&rft.place=Plano%2C+TX&rft.pub=Republic+of+Texas+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Hendrickson, Kenneth E., Jr. (1995). <I>The Chief of Executives of Texas: From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr</I>. <A href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station, Texas</A>: <A href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-641-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-641-9">0-89096-641-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.%2C+Jr.&rft.aulast=Hendrickson&rft.btitle=The+Chief+of+Executives+of+Texas%3A+From+Stephen+F.+Austin+to+John+B.+Connally%2C+Jr.&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-89096-641-9&rft.place=College+Station%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998). <I>Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution</I>. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57168-152-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57168-152-2">978-1-57168-152-2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.au=Spring%2C+Ted&rft.au=Todish%2C+Terry&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft.aulast=Todish&rft.btitle=Alamo+Sourcebook%2C+1836%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+the+Battle+of+the+Alamo+and+the+Texas+Revolution&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-57168-152-2&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=Eakin+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Eugene_C._Barker" title="Eugene C. Barker">Barker, Eugene Campbell</A> (1968). <I>The Life of Stephen F. Austin, Founder of Texas, 1793–1836: A Chapter of the Westward Movement by the Anglo-American People</I> (2nd ed.). Da Capo Press.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.aufirst=Eugene+Campbell&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Stephen+F.+Austin%2C+Founder+of+Texas%2C+1793%26ndash%3B1836%3A+A+Chapter+of+the+Westward+Movement+by+the+Anglo-American+People&rft.date=1968&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Carleton_Beals" title="Carleton Beals">Beals, Carleton</A> (1953). <I>Stephen F. Austin, Father of Texas</I>. McGraw-Hill.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.au=Beals%2C+Carleton&rft.btitle=Stephen+F.+Austin%2C+Father+of+Texas&rft.date=1953&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Cantrell, Gregg (2001). <I>Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas</I>. Yale University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09093-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09093-2">978-0-300-09093-2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft.aulast=Cantrell&rft.btitle=Stephen+F.+Austin%3A+Empresario+of+Texas&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09093-2&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Flynn, Jean (1981). <I>Stephen F. Austin, the Father of Texas</I>. Eakin Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-16421-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-16421-2">978-0-585-16421-2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.aulast=Flynn&rft.btitle=Stephen+F.+Austin%2C+the+Father+of+Texas&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-585-16421-2&rft.pub=Eakin+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Glasscock, Sallie (1951). <I>Dreams of an Empire: The Story of Stephen Fuller Austin and His Colony in Texas</I>. Naylor Co.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.aufirst=Sallie&rft.aulast=Glasscock&rft.btitle=Dreams+of+an+Empire%3A+The+Story+of+Stephen+Fuller+Austin+and+His+Colony+in+Texas&rft.date=1951&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Naylor+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Tracy, Milton Cook; Havelock-Bailie, Richard (1941). <I>The Colonizer: A Saga of Stephen F. Austin</I>. Guynes Print Co.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.au=Havelock-Bailie%2C+Richard&rft.aufirst=Milton+Cook&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.btitle=The+Colonizer%3A+A+Saga+of+Stephen+F.+Austin&rft.date=1941&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Guynes+Print+Co.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Warren, Betsy (1996). <I>Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin: A Gone to Texas Dual Biography</I>. Hendrick-long Pub. Co. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-937460-96-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-937460-96-2">978-0-937460-96-2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.btitle=Moses+Austin+and+Stephen+F.+Austin%3A+A+Gone+to+Texas+Dual+Biography&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-937460-96-2&rft.pub=Hendrick-long+Pub.+Co.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Jones, Marie Beth (1982). <I>Peach Point Plantation: The First 150 Years</I>. Texian Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9630042-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9630042-0-4">0-9630042-0-4</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+F.+Austin&rft.aufirst=Marie+Beth&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.btitle=Peach+Point+Plantation%3A+The+First+150+Years&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-9630042-0-4&rft.pub=Texian+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN></H2>
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<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <I><B><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stephen_F._Austin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stephen F. Austin">Stephen F. Austin</A></B></I>.</TD>
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<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau14">Stephen Fuller Austin</A> from the <I><A href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</A> Online</I></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=45">Stephen F. Austin</A> at <A href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-14383"><I>Ellis P. Bean, Stephen F. Austin</I></A>, hosted by the <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000210020912/http://www.co.hidalgo.tx.us/">Portal to Texas History</A>.</LI>
<LI>Biography of <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-5827:5">Stephen F. Austin</A> from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-5827"><I>The Biographical Encyclopedia of Texas</I></A>, hosted by the <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000210020912/http://www.co.hidalgo.tx.us/">Portal to Texas History</A>.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/widgets/pager.php?object_id=meta-pth-5872&recno=9&path=/data/UNT/GLT/meta-pth-5872.tkl">Austin's Colonization Laws, 1822</A> from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-5872">Gammel's Laws of Texas, Vol. I.</A> hosted by the <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000210020912/http://www.co.hidalgo.tx.us/">Portal to Texas History</A>.</LI>
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<DIV>Slogan: <I>Live Music Capital of the World</I></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin_Aquarium" title="Austin Aquarium">Austin Aquarium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin_Zoo" title="Austin Zoo">Austin Zoo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Circuit_of_the_Americas" title="Circuit of the Americas">Circuit of the Americas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Darrell_K_Royal%E2%80%93Texas_Memorial_Stadium" title="Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium">Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dell_Diamond" title="Dell Diamond">Dell Diamond</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Driskill_Hotel" title="Driskill Hotel">Driskill Hotel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frank_Erwin_Center" title="Frank Erwin Center">Frank Erwin Center</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Texas_State_Capitol" title="Texas State Capitol">State Capitol</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Texas_Governor%27s_Mansion" title="Texas Governor's Mansion">Texas Governor's Mansion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Treaty_Oak_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Treaty Oak (Austin, Texas)">Treaty Oak</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/UFCU_Disch%E2%80%93Falk_Field" title="UFCU Disch–Falk Field">UFCU Disch-Falk Field</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Main_Building_(University_of_Texas_at_Austin)" title="Main Building (University of Texas at Austin)">University of Texas Tower</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin_Dam_failure" title="Austin Dam failure">Austin Dam failure</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/French_Legation" title="French Legation">French Legation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greater_Austin" title="Greater Austin">Greater Austin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Levi_Rock_Shelter" title="Levi Rock Shelter">Levi Rock Shelter</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen F. Austin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Texas_Archive_War" title="Texas Archive War">Texas Archive War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Austin,_Texas" title="Timeline of Austin, Texas">Timeline</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Treaty_Oak_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Treaty Oak (Austin, Texas)">Treaty Oak</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Texas" title="Waterloo, Texas">Waterloo, Texas</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin Community College">Austin Community College</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Concordia_University_Texas" title="Concordia University Texas">Concordia University Texas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Huston%E2%80%93Tillotson_University" title="Huston–Tillotson University">Huston–Tillotson University</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/St._Edward%27s_University" title="St. Edward's University">St. Edward's University</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin_Independent_School_District" title="Austin Independent School District">Austin ISD</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Del_Valle_Independent_School_District" title="Del Valle Independent School District">Del Valle ISD</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eanes_Independent_School_District" title="Eanes Independent School District">Eanes ISD</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hays_Consolidated_Independent_School_District" title="Hays Consolidated Independent School District">Hays CISD</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Leander_Independent_School_District" title="Leander Independent School District">Leander ISD</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lake_Travis_Independent_School_District" title="Lake Travis Independent School District">Lake Travis ISD</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Manor_Independent_School_District" title="Manor Independent School District">Manor ISD</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pflugerville_Independent_School_District" title="Pflugerville Independent School District">Pflugerville ISD</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Smith_Rock_Shelter" title="Smith Rock Shelter">Smith Rock Shelter</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin_City_Hall_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Austin City Hall (Austin, Texas)">Austin City Hall</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin_ReBlend" title="Austin ReBlend">Austin ReBlend</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Camp_Mabry" title="Camp Mabry">Camp Mabry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin_Fire_Department" title="Austin Fire Department">Fire</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin_Police_Department" title="Austin Police Department">Police</A></LI>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amy%27s_Ice_Creams" title="Amy's Ice Creams">Amy's Ice Creams</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Golfsmith" title="Golfsmith">Golfsmith</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Keller_Williams_Realty" title="Keller Williams Realty">Keller Williams Realty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Schlotzsky%27s" title="Schlotzsky's">Schlotzsky's</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market" title="Whole Foods Market">Whole Foods Market</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creative arts</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alamo_Drafthouse_Cinema" title="Alamo Drafthouse Cinema">Alamo Drafthouse Cinema</A>/<A href="/wiki/Drafthouse_Films" title="Drafthouse Films">Drafthouse Films</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Collings_Guitars" title="Collings Guitars">Collings Guitars</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Inner_Sanctum_Records" title="Inner Sanctum Records">Inner Sanctum Records</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Retro_Studios" title="Retro Studios">Retro Studios</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rooster_Teeth" title="Rooster Teeth">Rooster Teeth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Troublemaker_Studios" title="Troublemaker Studios">Troublemaker Studios</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Waterloo_Records" title="Waterloo Records">Waterloo Records</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_Vinyl" title="Western Vinyl">Western Vinyl</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Development_Facility" title="Advanced Technology Development Facility">Advanced Technology Development Facility (ATDF)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cirrus_Logic" title="Cirrus Logic">Cirrus Logic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dell_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dell Computer">Dell Computer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Freescale_Semiconductor" title="Freescale Semiconductor">Freescale Semiconductor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Luminex_Corporation" title="Luminex Corporation">Luminex Corporation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Microelectronics_and_Computer_Technology_Corporation" title="Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation">MCC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Instruments" title="National Instruments">National Instruments</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Silicon_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon Laboratories">Silicon Laboratories</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Valence_Technology" title="Valence Technology">Valence Technology</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arthouse_at_The_Jones_Center" title="Arthouse at The Jones Center">Arthouse at The Jones Center</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin_History_Center" title="Austin History Center">Austin History Center</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin Museum of Art">Austin Museum of Art</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin_Museum_of_Digital_Art" title="Austin Museum of Digital Art">Austin Museum of Digital Art</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Blanton_Museum_of_Art" title="Blanton Museum of Art">Blanton Museum of Art</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bullock_Texas_State_History_Museum" title="Bullock Texas State History Museum">Bullock Texas State History Museum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dolph_Briscoe_Center_for_American_History" title="Dolph Briscoe Center for American History">Dolph Briscoe Center for American History</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elisabet_Ney_Museum" title="Elisabet Ney Museum">Elisabet Ney Museum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/French_Legation" title="French Legation">French Legation Museum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver_Museum_and_Cultural_Center" title="George Washington Carver Museum and Cultural Center">George Washington Carver Museum and Cultural Center</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Harry_Ransom_Humanities_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center">Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southgate-Lewis_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Southgate-Lewis House">Jacob Fontaine Religious Museum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson_Wildflower_Center" title="Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center">Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mexic-Arte_Museum" title="Mexic-Arte Museum">Mexic-Arte Museum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Neill-Cochran_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Neill-Cochran House">Neill-Cochran House Museum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/O._Henry_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="O. Henry Museum">O. Henry Museum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_Austin_Museum_of_Popular_Culture" title="South Austin Museum of Popular Culture">South Austin Museum of Popular Culture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Texas_Memorial_Museum" title="Texas Memorial Museum">Texas Memorial Museum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Texas_Military_Forces_Museum" title="Texas Military Forces Museum">Texas Military Forces Museum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/General_Land_Office_Building_(Austin,_Texas)" title="General Land Office Building (Austin, Texas)">Texas State Capitol Visitors Center</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Umlauf_Sculpture_Garden_and_Museum" title="Umlauf Sculpture Garden and Museum">Umlauf Sculpture Garden and Museum</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Music_of_Austin,_Texas" title="Music of Austin, Texas">Music</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Clifford_Antone" title="Clifford Antone">Antone's</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Armadillo_World_Headquarters" title="Armadillo World Headquarters">Armadillo World Headquarters</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Austin_City_Limits" title="Austin City Limits">Austin City Limits</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin_Opera" title="Austin Opera">Austin Opera</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Austin Symphony Orchestra">Austin Symphony Orchestra</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cinematic_Symphony" title="Cinematic Symphony">Cinematic Symphony</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Emo%27s" title="Emo's">Emo's</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_by_Southwest" title="South by Southwest">SXSW</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/List_of_Austin_neighborhoods" title="List of Austin neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Allandale,_Austin,_Texas" title="Allandale, Austin, Texas">Allandale</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anderson_Mill,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Anderson Mill, Texas">Anderson Mill</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Barton_Hills,_Austin,_Texas" title="Barton Hills, Austin, Texas">Barton Hills</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bouldin_Creek,_Austin,_Texas" title="Bouldin Creek, Austin, Texas">Bouldin Creek</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bremond_Block_Historic_District_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Bremond Block Historic District (Austin, Texas)">Bremond Block Historic District</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Austin,_Texas" title="Brentwood, Austin, Texas">Brentwood</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bryker_Woods,_Austin,_Texas" title="Bryker Woods, Austin, Texas">Bryker Woods</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Canyon_Creek,_Austin,_Texas" title="Canyon Creek, Austin, Texas">Canyon Creek</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinatown, Austin">Chinatown</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Circle_C_Ranch" title="Circle C Ranch">Circle C Ranch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Clarksville_Historic_District_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Clarksville Historic District (Austin, Texas)">Clarksville</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Congress_Avenue_Historic_District" title="Congress Avenue Historic District">Congress Avenue</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Copperfield,_Austin,_Texas" title="Copperfield, Austin, Texas">Copperfield</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crestview,_Austin,_Texas" title="Crestview, Austin, Texas">Crestview</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dawson,_Austin,_Texas" title="Dawson, Austin, Texas">Dawson</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dove_Springs,_Austin,_Texas" title="Dove Springs, Austin, Texas">Dove Springs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Downtown_Austin" title="Downtown Austin">Downtown Austin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Drag_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Drag (Austin, Texas)">The Drag</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_Cesar_Chavez,_Austin,_Texas" title="East Cesar Chavez, Austin, Texas">East Cesar Chavez</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_Riverside-Oltorf,_Austin,_Texas" title="East Riverside-Oltorf, Austin, Texas">East Riverside-Oltorf</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Easton_Park" title="Easton Park">Easton Park</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/French_Place,_Austin_Texas" title="French Place, Austin Texas">French Place</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Galindo,_Austin,_Texas" title="Galindo, Austin, Texas">Galindo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Granada_Hills,_Austin,_Texas" title="Granada Hills, Austin, Texas">Granada Hills</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hancock,_Austin,_Texas" title="Hancock, Austin, Texas">Hancock</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_Historic_District_(Austin,_Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyde Park Historic District (Austin, Texas)">Hyde Park Historic District</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jollyville,_Texas" title="Jollyville, Texas">Jollyville</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Montopolis,_Austin,_Texas" title="Montopolis, Austin, Texas">Montopolis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Moore%27s_Crossing_Historic_District" title="Moore's Crossing Historic District">Moore's Crossing Historic District</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mueller_Community" title="Mueller Community">Mueller Community</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_Burnet%E2%80%93Gateway,_Austin,_Texas" title="North Burnet–Gateway, Austin, Texas">North Burnet–Gateway</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_Shoal_Creek,_Austin,_Texas" title="North Shoal Creek, Austin, Texas">North Shoal Creek</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northwest_Hills,_Austin,_Texas" title="Northwest Hills, Austin, Texas">Northwest Hills</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oak_Hill,_Austin,_Texas" title="Oak Hill, Austin, Texas">Oak Hill</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Old_West_Austin_Historic_District" title="Old West Austin Historic District">Old West Austin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Onion_Creek,_Austin,_Texas" title="Onion Creek, Austin, Texas">Onion Creek</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rainey_Street_Historic_District_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Rainey Street Historic District (Austin, Texas)">Rainey Street</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rosedale,_Austin,_Texas" title="Rosedale, Austin, Texas">Rosedale</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Saint_John,_Austin,_Texas" title="Saint John, Austin, Texas">Saint John</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scenic_Brook,_Austin,_Texas" title="Scenic Brook, Austin, Texas">Scenic Brook</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shadow_Lawn_Historic_District_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Shadow Lawn Historic District (Austin, Texas)">Shadow Lawn Historic District</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sixth_Street_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Sixth Street (Austin, Texas)">Sixth Street</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_Congress" title="South Congress">South Congress</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_Lamar,_Austin,_Texas" title="South Lamar, Austin, Texas">South Lamar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_River_City,_Austin,_Texas" title="South River City, Austin, Texas">South River City</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spyglass-Barton%27s_Bluff,_Austin,_Texas" title="Spyglass-Barton's Bluff, Austin, Texas">Spyglass-Barton's Bluff</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swedish_Hill_Historic_District_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Swedish Hill Historic District (Austin, Texas)">Swedish Hill</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tarrytown,_Austin,_Texas" title="Tarrytown, Austin, Texas">Tarrytown</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Travis_Heights,_Austin,_Texas" title="Travis Heights, Austin, Texas">Travis Heights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Waters_Park,_Texas" title="Waters Park, Texas">Waters Park</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/West_Campus,_Austin,_Texas" title="West Campus, Austin, Texas">West Campus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Westgate,_Austin,_Texas" title="Westgate, Austin, Texas">Westgate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/West_Line_Historic_District_(Austin,_Texas)" title="West Line Historic District (Austin, Texas)">West Line</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Willow-Spence_Streets_Historic_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Willow-Spence Streets Historic District">Willow-Spence Streets</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Windsor_Hills,_Austin,_Texas" title="Windsor Hills, Austin, Texas">Windsor Hills</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Windsor_Park,_Austin,_Texas" title="Windsor Park, Austin, Texas">Windsor Park</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wooten,_Austin,_Texas" title="Wooten, Austin, Texas">Wooten</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zilker,_Austin,_Texas" title="Zilker, Austin, Texas">Zilker</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and<BR />
recreation</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Auditorium_Shores" title="Auditorium Shores">Auditorium Shores</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Barton_Creek_Greenbelt" title="Barton Creek Greenbelt">Barton Creek</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Barton_Springs" title="Barton Springs">Barton Springs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Big_Walnut_Creek_Nature_Preserve" title="Big Walnut Creek Nature Preserve">Big Walnut Creek</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bull_Creek_District_Park" title="Bull Creek District Park">Bull Creek</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)" title="Colorado River (Texas)">Colorado River</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Deep_Eddy_Pool" title="Deep Eddy Pool">Deep Eddy Pool</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Emma_Long_Metropolitan_Park" title="Emma Long Metropolitan Park">Emma Long</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hippie_Hollow_Park" title="Hippie Hollow Park">Hippie Hollow</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Lake" title="Lady Bird Lake">Lady Bird Lake</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lake_Austin" title="Lake Austin">Lake Austin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lake_Travis" title="Lake Travis">Lake Travis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lake_Walter_E._Long" title="Lake Walter E. Long">Lake Walter E. Long</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/McKinney_Falls_State_Park" title="McKinney Falls State Park">McKinney Falls</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mount_Bonnell" title="Mount Bonnell">Mount Bonnell</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rosewood_Park_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Rosewood Park (Austin, Texas)">Rosewood Park</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Walnut_Creek_Metropolitan_Park" title="Walnut Creek Metropolitan Park">Walnut Creek Park</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wild_Basin_Wilderness_Preserve" title="Wild Basin Wilderness Preserve">Wild Basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zilker_Park" title="Zilker Park">Zilker</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin%E2%80%93Bergstrom_International_Airport" title="Austin–Bergstrom International Airport">Austin–Bergstrom International Airport</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capital_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capital_MetroRail" title="Capital MetroRail">Capital MetroRail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capital_MetroRapid" title="Capital MetroRapid">Capital MetroRapid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capital_Area_Rural_Transportation_System" title="Capital Area Rural Transportation System">Capital Area Rural Transportation System</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freeways</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_Loop_1" title="Texas State Highway Loop 1">MoPac Expressway</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Texas#Austin" title="Interstate 35 in Texas">Interstate 35</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_130" title="Texas State Highway 130">Pickle Parkway</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_71#Austin" title="Texas State Highway 71">SH 71</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/U.S._Route_290#Austin" title="U.S. Route 290">US 290</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/U.S._Route_183_in_Texas" title="U.S. Route 183 in Texas">US 183</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Congress_Avenue_Historic_District" title="Congress Avenue Historic District">Congress Avenue</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Drag_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Drag (Austin, Texas)">Guadalupe Street</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sixth_Street_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Sixth Street (Austin, Texas)">Sixth Street</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pennybacker_Bridge" title="Pennybacker Bridge">Pennybacker Bridge</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Keep_Austin_Weird" title="Keep Austin Weird">Weirdness</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Keep_Austin_Weird" title="Keep Austin Weird">Keep Austin Weird</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Leslie_Cochran" title="Leslie Cochran">Leslie Cochran</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Occupy_Austin" title="Occupy Austin">Occupy Austin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spamarama" title="Spamarama">Spamarama</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Weird_City" title="Weird City">Weird City</A></I></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mexican_Texas" style="padding:3px">
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<DIV id="Mexican_Texas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><I><A href="/wiki/Empresario" title="Empresario">Empresarios</A></I></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen F. Austin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_De_Le%C3%B3n" title="Martín De León">Martín De León</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Green_DeWitt" title="Green DeWitt">Green DeWitt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Haden_Edwards" title="Haden Edwards">Haden Edwards</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_Hewetson" title="James Hewetson">James Hewetson</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_Power_(empresario)" title="James Power (empresario)">James Power</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sterling_C._Robertson" title="Sterling C. Robertson">Sterling C. Robertson</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political conventions</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Convention_of_1832" title="Convention of 1832">Convention of 1832</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Convention_of_1833" title="Convention of 1833">Convention of 1833</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Consultation_(Texas)" title="Consultation (Texas)">Consultation (1835)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Convention_of_1836" title="Convention of 1836">Convention of 1836</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed conflicts</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fredonian_Rebellion" title="Fredonian Rebellion">Fredonian Rebellion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anahuac_Disturbances" title="Anahuac Disturbances">Anahuac Disturbances</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velasco" title="Battle of Velasco">Battle of Velasco</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nacogdoches" title="Battle of Nacogdoches">Battle of Nacogdoches</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Coahuila y Tejas state</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_Governors_and_Presidents#Mexican_Texas" title="List of Texas Governors and Presidents">Governors of Mexican Texas</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
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<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Travis_County.2C_Texas.2C_United_States" style="padding:3px">
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<DIV id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Travis_County.2C_Texas.2C_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <A href="/wiki/Travis_County,_Texas" title="Travis County, Texas"><SPAN class="region">Travis County, Texas</SPAN></A>, <SPAN class="country-name">United States</SPAN></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
<DIV><A href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><SPAN>County seat</SPAN></A>: <B><A href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas"><SPAN>Austin</SPAN></A></B></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/City_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (Texas)">Cities</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</A>‡</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bee_Cave,_Texas" title="Bee Cave, Texas">Bee Cave</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cedar_Park,_Texas" title="Cedar Park, Texas">Cedar Park</A>‡</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Creedmoor,_Texas" title="Creedmoor, Texas">Creedmoor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elgin,_Texas" title="Elgin, Texas">Elgin</A>‡</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jonestown,_Texas" title="Jonestown, Texas">Jonestown</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lago_Vista,_Texas" title="Lago Vista, Texas">Lago Vista</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lakeway,_Texas" title="Lakeway, Texas">Lakeway</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Leander,_Texas" title="Leander, Texas">Leander</A>‡</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Manor,_Texas" title="Manor, Texas">Manor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mustang_Ridge,_Texas" title="Mustang Ridge, Texas">Mustang Ridge</A>‡</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pflugerville,_Texas" title="Pflugerville, Texas">Pflugerville</A>‡</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rollingwood,_Texas" title="Rollingwood, Texas">Rollingwood</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Round_Rock,_Texas" title="Round Rock, Texas">Round Rock</A>‡</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sunset_Valley,_Texas" title="Sunset Valley, Texas">Sunset Valley</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/West_Lake_Hills,_Texas" title="West Lake Hills, Texas">West Lake Hills</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<DIV>
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Travis_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Travis_County.svg.png" title="Travis County map" width="100" height="95" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Travis_County.svg/150px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Travis_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Travis_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Travis_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12473" data-file-height="11855" /></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Village_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Village (Texas)">Villages</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Briarcliff,_Texas" title="Briarcliff, Texas">Briarcliff</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Point_Venture,_Texas" title="Point Venture, Texas">Point Venture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/San_Leanna,_Texas" title="San Leanna, Texas">San Leanna</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Hills,_Texas" title="The Hills, Texas">The Hills</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Volente,_Texas" title="Volente, Texas">Volente</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Webberville,_Texas" title="Webberville, Texas">Webberville</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Barton_Creek,_Texas" title="Barton Creek, Texas">Barton Creek</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Garfield,_Texas" title="Garfield, Texas">Garfield</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hornsby_Bend,_Texas" title="Hornsby Bend, Texas">Hornsby Bend</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hudson_Bend,_Texas" title="Hudson Bend, Texas">Hudson Bend</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jollyville,_Texas" title="Jollyville, Texas">Jollyville</A>‡</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lost_Creek,_Texas" title="Lost Creek, Texas">Lost Creek</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Manchaca,_Texas" title="Manchaca, Texas">Manchaca</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shady_Hollow,_Texas" title="Shady Hollow, Texas">Shady Hollow</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wells_Branch,_Texas" title="Wells Branch, Texas">Wells Branch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Windemere,_Texas" title="Windemere, Texas">Windemere</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<BR />
unincorporated<BR />
communities</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bluff_Springs,_Texas" title="Bluff Springs, Texas">Bluff Springs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cele,_Texas" title="Cele, Texas">Cele</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Del_Valle,_Texas" title="Del Valle, Texas">Del Valle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elroy,_Texas" title="Elroy, Texas">Elroy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kimbro,_Texas" title="Kimbro, Texas">Kimbro</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Littig,_Texas" title="Littig, Texas">Littig</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lund,_Texas" title="Lund, Texas">Lund</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Maha,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maha, Texas (page does not exist)">Maha</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Manda,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manda, Texas (page does not exist)">Manda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marshall_Ford,_Texas" title="Marshall Ford, Texas">Marshall Ford</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/McNeil,_Texas" title="McNeil, Texas">McNeil</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nameless,_Texas" title="Nameless, Texas">Nameless</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/New_Sweden,_Texas" title="New Sweden, Texas">New Sweden</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pilot_Knob,_Texas" title="Pilot Knob, Texas">Pilot Knob</A></LI>
</UL>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Footnotes</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</DIV>
</TD>
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<TABLE class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
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<TH colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="text-align:center;">
<TD style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<BR />
<SPAN style="font-weight: bold">post created</SPAN></TD>
<TD style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><B>Texas Commissioner to the United States</B><BR />
1835 - 1836<BR />
<SMALL>served alongside <A href="/wiki/William_H._Wharton" title="William H. Wharton">William H. Wharton</A> and <A href="/wiki/Branch_T._Archer" title="Branch T. Archer">Branch T. Archer</A></SMALL></TD>
<TD style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<BR />
<SPAN style="font-weight: bold">unique post for support of<BR />
Texas independence</SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices
<TABLE class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="text-align:center;">
<TD style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<BR />
<SPAN style="font-weight: bold"><A href="/w/index.php?title=William_Houston_Jack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Houston Jack (page does not exist)">William Houston Jack</A></SPAN></TD>
<TD style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><B>Secretary of state of the <A href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</A></B><BR />
1836</TD>
<TD style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<BR />
<SPAN style="font-weight: bold"><A href="/wiki/J._Pinckney_Henderson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Pinckney Henderson">J. Pinckney Henderson</A></SPAN></TD>
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<TH colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="text-align:center;">
<TD style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<BR />
<SPAN style="font-weight: bold">office created</SPAN></TD>
<TD style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><B>President of the <A href="/wiki/Convention_of_1832" title="Convention of 1832">Convention of 1832</A></B><BR />
1832</TD>
<TD style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<BR />
<SPAN style="font-weight: bold">office abolished</SPAN></TD>
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<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/121754529">121754529</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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