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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Bastille</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the building in Paris. For the fall of the Bastille in the French Revolution, see <A href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</A>. For a list of commanders of the Bastille, see <A href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bastille" title="Governor of the Bastille">Governor of the Bastille</A>. For other uses, see <A href="/wiki/Bastille_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bastille (disambiguation)">Bastille (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
<TABLE class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em;width:315px;border-spacing:2px;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Bastille</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><SPAN class="label"><A href="/wiki/Paris,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris, France">Paris, France</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><A href="/wiki/File:Bastille,_1790_retouched.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Bastille, 1790 retouched.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bastille%2C_1790_retouched.jpg/250px-Bastille%2C_1790_retouched.jpg" width="250" height="171" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bastille%2C_1790_retouched.jpg/375px-Bastille%2C_1790_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bastille%2C_1790_retouched.jpg/500px-Bastille%2C_1790_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="388" /></A>
<DIV>East view of the Bastille</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<DIV class="center">
<DIV style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto">
<DIV style="width:300px;padding:0">
<DIV style="position:relative;width:300px"><A href="/wiki/File:Paris_department_land_cover_location_map.svg" class="image" title="Bastille is located in Paris"><IMG alt="Bastille is located in Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Paris_department_land_cover_location_map.svg/300px-Paris_department_land_cover_location_map.svg.png" width="300" height="195" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Paris_department_land_cover_location_map.svg/450px-Paris_department_land_cover_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Paris_department_land_cover_location_map.svg/600px-Paris_department_land_cover_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="893" /></A>
<DIV style="position:absolute;top:52.593%;left:59.683%">
<DIV style="position:absolute;left:-5px;top:-5px;line-height:0"><IMG alt="Bastille" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/10px-Red_pog.svg.png" title="Bastille" width="10" height="10" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/15px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></DIV>
<DIV style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:6px;text-align:left"><SPAN style="padding:1px;float:left">Bastille</SPAN></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:1em">Coordinates</TH>
<TD><SPAN class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><A class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Bastille&params=48.853333_N_2.369167_E_type:landmark_region:FR-75"><SPAN class="geo-nondefault"><SPAN class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><SPAN class="latitude">48°51′12″N</SPAN> <SPAN class="longitude">2°22′09″E</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="geo-multi-punct"> / </SPAN><SPAN class="geo-default"><SPAN class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.853333°N 2.369167°E</SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> / <SPAN class="geo">48.853333; 2.369167</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: small;"><SPAN id="coordinates"><A href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</A>: <SPAN class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><A class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Bastille&params=48.853333_N_2.369167_E_type:landmark_region:FR-75"><SPAN class="geo-nondefault"><SPAN class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><SPAN class="latitude">48°51′12″N</SPAN> <SPAN class="longitude">2°22′09″E</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="geo-multi-punct"> / </SPAN><SPAN class="geo-default"><SPAN class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.853333°N 2.369167°E</SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> / <SPAN class="geo">48.853333; 2.369167</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:1em">Type</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Medieval_castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval castle">Medieval fortress, prison</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site information</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:1em">Condition</TH>
<TD>Destroyed, limited stonework survives</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site history</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:1em">Built</TH>
<TD>1370–1380s</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:1em">Built by</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:1em">Demolished</TH>
<TD>1789–90</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:1em">Events</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/Fronde" title="Fronde">Fronde</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</A></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P>The <B>Bastille</B> (<SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<SPAN style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><SPAN title="'b' in 'buy'">b</SPAN><SPAN title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</SPAN><SPAN title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</SPAN><SPAN title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</SPAN><SPAN title="'t' in 'tie'">t</SPAN><SPAN title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</SPAN><SPAN title="'l' in 'lie'">l</SPAN></SPAN>/</A></SPAN></SPAN>; <SMALL>French: </SMALL><SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bastij]</A></SPAN>) was a <A href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">fortress</A> in Paris, known formally as the <B>Bastille Saint-Antoine</B>. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the <A href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">kings of France</A>. It was <A href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">stormed</A> by a crowd on 14 July 1789, in the <A href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</A>, becoming an important symbol for the French <A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Left_in_France#19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Left in France">Republican movement</A>, and was later demolished and replaced by the <A href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bastille" title="Place de la Bastille">Place de la Bastille</A>.</P>
<P>The Bastille was built to defend the eastern approach to the city of Paris from the English threat in the <A href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</A>. Initial work began in 1357, but the main construction occurred from 1370 onwards, creating a strong fortress with eight towers that protected the strategic gateway of the <A href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Antoine" title="Porte Saint-Antoine">Porte Saint-Antoine</A> on the eastern edge of Paris. The innovative design proved influential in both France and England and was widely copied. The Bastille figured prominently in France's domestic conflicts, including the fighting between the rival factions of the <A href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundians</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Armagnac_(party)" title="Armagnac (party)">Armagnacs</A> in the 15th century, and the <A href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</A> in the 16th. The fortress was declared a state prison in 1417; this role was expanded first under the <A href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">English occupiers</A> of the 1420s and 1430s, and then under <A href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" title="Louis XI of France">Louis XI</A> in the 1460s. The defences of the Bastille were fortified in response to the English and <A href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Imperial</A> threat during the 1550s, with a <A href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastion</A> constructed to the east of the fortress. The Bastille played a key role in the rebellion of the <A href="/wiki/Fronde" title="Fronde">Fronde</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Faubourg_St_Antoine" title="Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine">battle of the faubourg Saint-Antoine</A>, which was fought beneath its walls in 1652.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</A> used the Bastille as a prison for upper-class members of French society who had opposed or angered him including, after the <A href="/wiki/Revocation_of_the_Edict_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Revocation of the Edict of Nantes">revocation of the Edict of Nantes</A>, French <A href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</A>. From 1659 onwards, the Bastille functioned primarily as a state penitentiary; by 1789, 5,279 prisoners had passed through its gates. Under <A href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV</A> and <A href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" title="Louis XVI of France">XVI</A>, the Bastille was used to detain prisoners from more varied backgrounds, and to support the operations of the Parisian police, especially in enforcing government censorship of the printed media. Although inmates were kept in relatively good conditions, criticism of the Bastille grew during the 18th century, fueled by autobiographies written by former prisoners. Reforms were implemented and prisoner numbers were considerably reduced. In 1789 the royal government's financial crisis and the formation of the <A href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</A> gave rise to a swelling of republican sentiments among city-dwellers. On 14 July the Bastille was stormed by a revolutionary crowd, primarily residents of the <A href="/wiki/Faubourg_Saint-Antoine" title="Faubourg Saint-Antoine">faubourg Saint-Antoine</A> who sought to commandeer the valuable gunpowder held within the fortress. Seven remaining prisoners were found and released and the Bastille's governor, <A href="/wiki/Bernard-Ren%C3%A9_de_Launay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard-René de Launay">Bernard-René de Launay</A>, was killed by the crowd. The Bastille was demolished by order of the <A href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Paris" title="Hôtel de Ville, Paris">Committee of the Hôtel de Ville</A>. Souvenirs of the fortress were transported around France and displayed as icons of the overthrow of <A href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</A>. Over the next century, the site and historical legacy of the Bastille featured prominently in French <A href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">revolutions</A>, political protests and popular fiction, and it remained an important symbol for the French <A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Left_in_France#19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Left in France">Republican movement</A>.</P>
<P>Almost nothing is left of the Bastille except some remains of its stone foundation that were relocated to the side of Boulevard Henri IV. Historians were critical of the Bastille in the early 19th century, and believe the fortress to have been a relatively well-administered institution, but deeply implicated in the system of French policing and political control during the 18th century.</P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
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<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A>
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<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><A href="#14th_century"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">14th century</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#15th_century"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">15th century</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#16th_century"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">16th century</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Early_17th_century"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Early 17th century</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Reign_of_Louis_XIV_and_the_Regency_(1661–1723)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Reign of Louis XIV and the Regency (1661–1723)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Reigns_of_Louis_XV_and_Louis_XVI_(1723–1789)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI (1723–1789)</SPAN></A>
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<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><A href="#Architecture_and_organisation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.6.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Architecture and organisation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><A href="#Use_of_the_prison"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.6.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Use of the prison</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><A href="#Prison_regime"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.6.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Prison regime</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><A href="#Criticism_and_reform"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.6.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Criticism and reform</SPAN></A></LI>
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<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#The_French_Revolution"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">The French Revolution</SPAN></A>
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<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><A href="#Storming_of_the_Bastille"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.7.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Storming of the Bastille</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><A href="#Destruction"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.7.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Destruction</SPAN></A></LI>
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<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><A href="#19th–20th_century_political_and_cultural_legacy"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">19th–20th century political and cultural legacy</SPAN></A></LI>
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<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><A href="#Remains"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Remains</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><A href="#Historiography"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Historiography</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A>
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<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><A href="#Footnotes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Footnotes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><A href="#Citations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Citations</SPAN></A></LI>
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<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="14th_century">14th century</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 14th century">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Bastille_reconstruction_1420.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bastille_reconstruction_1420.jpg/300px-Bastille_reconstruction_1420.jpg" width="300" height="175" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bastille_reconstruction_1420.jpg/450px-Bastille_reconstruction_1420.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bastille_reconstruction_1420.jpg/600px-Bastille_reconstruction_1420.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="524" /></A>
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Historical reconstruction showing the moat below the walls of Paris (left), the Bastille and the <A href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Antoine" title="Porte Saint-Antoine">Porte Saint-Antoine</A> (right) in 1420</DIV>
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<P>The Bastille was built in response to a threat to Paris during the <A href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</A> between England and France.<SUP id="cite_ref-LandsdaleP216_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-LandsdaleP216-1">[1]</A></SUP> Prior to the Bastille, the main royal castle in Paris was the <A href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre</A>, in the west of the capital, but the city had expanded by the middle of the 14th century and the eastern side was now exposed to an English attack.<SUP id="cite_ref-LandsdaleP216_1-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-LandsdaleP216-1">[1]</A></SUP> The situation worsened after the <A href="/wiki/Ransom_of_King_John_II_of_France" title="Ransom of King John II of France">imprisonment of John II</A> in England following the French defeat at the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers_(1356)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Poitiers (1356)">battle of Poitiers</A>, and in his absence the <A href="/wiki/Provost_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Provost of Paris">Provost of Paris</A>, <A href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Marcel" title="Étienne Marcel">Étienne Marcel</A>, took steps to improve the capital's defences.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> In 1357, Marcel expanded the city walls and protected the <A href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Antoine" title="Porte Saint-Antoine">Porte Saint-Antoine</A> with two high stone towers and a 78-foot-wide (24 m) ditch.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[A]</A></SUP> A fortified gateway of this sort was called a "bastille", and was one of two created in Paris, the other being built outside the <A href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Denis" title="Porte Saint-Denis">Porte Saint-Denis</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[5]</A></SUP> Marcel was subsequently removed from his post and executed in 1358.<SUP id="cite_ref-ViolletLandsdaleP218_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ViolletLandsdaleP218-7">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 1369, Charles V became concerned about the weakness of the eastern side of the city to English attacks and raids by mercenaries.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[7]</A></SUP> Charles instructed Hugh Aubriot, the new provost, to build a much larger fortification on the same site as Marcel's bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-ViolletLandsdaleP218_7-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ViolletLandsdaleP218-7">[6]</A></SUP> Work began in 1370 with another pair of towers being built behind the first bastille, followed by two towers to the north, and finally two towers to the south.<SUP id="cite_ref-CouereteBournonP3_9-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CouereteBournonP3-9">[8]</A></SUP> The fortress was probably not finished by the time Charles died in 1380, and was completed by his son, <A href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-CouereteBournonP3_9-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CouereteBournonP3-9">[8]</A></SUP> The resulting structure became known simply as the Bastille, with the eight irregularly built towers and linking curtain walls forming a structure 223 feet (68 m) wide and 121 feet (37 m) deep, the walls and towers 78 feet (24 m) high and 10 feet (3.0 m) thick at their bases.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[9]</A></SUP> Built to the same height, the roofs of the towers and the tops of the walls formed a broad, <A href="/wiki/Crenellated" class="mw-redirect" title="Crenellated">crenellated</A> walkway all the way around the fortress.<SUP id="cite_ref-Anderson,_p.208_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Anderson,_p.208-11">[10]</A></SUP> Each of the six newer towers had underground "cachots", or <A href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">dungeons</A>, at its base, and curved "calotte", literally "shell", rooms in their roofs.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[11]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Garrisoned by a captain, a knight, eight squires and ten crossbowmen, the Bastille was encircled with ditches fed by the <A href="/wiki/River_Seine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Seine">River Seine</A>, and faced with stone.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[12]</A></SUP> The fortress had four sets of drawbridges, which allowed the Rue Saint-Antoine to pass eastwards through the Bastille's gates while giving easy access to the city walls on the north and south sides.<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[13]</A></SUP> The Bastille overlooked the Saint-Antoine gate, which by 1380 was a strong, square building with turrets and protected by two drawbridges of its own.<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[14]</A></SUP> Charles V chose to live close to the Bastille for his own safety and created a royal complex to the south of the fortress called the Hôtel St. Paul, stretching from the Porte Saint-Paul up to the Rue Saint-Antoine.<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[15]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[B]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Historian Sidney Toy has described the Bastille as "one of the most powerful fortifications" of the period, and the most important fortification in late medieval Paris.<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[16]</A></SUP> The Bastille's design was highly innovative: it rejected both the 13th-century tradition of more weakly fortified <A href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">quadrangular castles</A>, and the contemporary fashion set at <A href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Vincennes</A>, where tall towers were positioned around a lower wall, overlooked by an even taller keep in the centre.<SUP id="cite_ref-Anderson,_p.208_11-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Anderson,_p.208-11">[10]</A></SUP> In particular, building the towers and the walls of the Bastille at the same height allowed the rapid movement of forces around the castle, as well as giving more space to move and position cannons on the wider walkways.<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[17]</A></SUP> The Bastille design was copied at <A href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Pierrefonds" title="Château de Pierrefonds">Pierrefonds</A> and <A href="/wiki/Tarascon" title="Tarascon">Tarascon</A> in France, while its architectural influence extended as far as <A href="/wiki/Nunney_Castle" title="Nunney Castle">Nunney Castle</A> in south-west England.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[18]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="overflowbugx" style="overflow:auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Bastille_towers_profile.jpg" class="image" title="A 1750 plan of the Bastille's eight medieval towers showing the calottes in the roofs and the infamous cachots and within the foundations."><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bastille_towers_profile.jpg/600px-Bastille_towers_profile.jpg" width="600" height="163" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bastille_towers_profile.jpg/900px-Bastille_towers_profile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bastille_towers_profile.jpg/1200px-Bastille_towers_profile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="469" /></A></DIV>
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A 1750 plan of the Bastille's eight medieval towers showing the <I><A href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">calottes</A></I> in the roofs and the infamous <I><A href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">cachots</A></I> and within the foundations.</DIV>
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<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="15th_century">15th century</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 15th century">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Bastille_in_Medieval_Paris_Map..png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bastille_in_Medieval_Paris_Map..png/220px-Bastille_in_Medieval_Paris_Map..png" width="220" height="212" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bastille_in_Medieval_Paris_Map..png/330px-Bastille_in_Medieval_Paris_Map..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Bastille_in_Medieval_Paris_Map..png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="406" /></A>
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Parisian defences in 14th century: A – <A href="/wiki/Louvre_castle" title="Louvre castle">the Louvre</A>; B – Palais de Roi; C – Hôtel des Tournelles; D – <A href="/wiki/Porte_Saint-Antoine" title="Porte Saint-Antoine">Porte Saint-Antoine</A>; E – Hôtel St Paul; F – the Bastille</DIV>
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<P>During the 15th century the French kings continued to face threats both from the English and from the rival factions of the <A href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundians</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Armagnac_(party)" title="Armagnac (party)">Armagnacs</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[19]</A></SUP> The Bastille was strategically vital during the period, both because of its role as a royal fortress and safe-haven inside the capital, and because it controlled a critical route in and out of Paris.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[20]</A></SUP> In 1418, for example, the future <A href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</A> took refuge in the Bastille during the Burgundian-led "Massacre of the Armagnacs" in Paris, before successfully fleeing the city through the Porte Saint-Antoine.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[21]</A></SUP> The Bastille was occasionally used to hold prisoners, including its creator, Hugues Aubriot, who was the first person to be imprisoned there. In 1417, in addition to being a royal fortress, it formally became a state prison.<SUP id="cite_ref-CoueretP4_24-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CoueretP4-24">[22]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[C]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Despite the improved Parisian defences, <A href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</A> captured Paris in 1420 and the Bastille was seized and garrisoned by the English for the next sixteen years.<SUP id="cite_ref-CoueretP4_24-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CoueretP4-24">[22]</A></SUP> Henry V appointed <A href="/wiki/Thomas_Beaufort,_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter">Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter</A>, as the new captain of the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-CoueretP4_24-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CoueretP4-24">[22]</A></SUP> The English made more use of the Bastille as a prison; in 1430 there was a minor rebellion when some prisoners overpowered a sleeping guard and attempted to seize control of the fortress; this incident includes the first reference to a dedicated gaoler at the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[24]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Paris was finally recaptured by <A href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII of France</A> in 1436. When the French king re-entered the city, his enemies in Paris fortified themselves in the Bastille; after a siege, they eventually ran out of food, surrendered and were allowed to leave the city after the payment of a ransom.<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[25]</A></SUP> The castle remained a key Parisian fortress, but was successfully seized by the Burgundians in 1464, when they convinced royal troops to surrender: once taken, this allowed their faction to make a surprise attack into Paris, almost resulting in the capture of the king.<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[26]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The Bastille was being used to hold prisoners once again by the reign of <A href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" title="Louis XI of France">Louis XI</A>, who began to use it extensively as a state penitentiary.<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[27]</A></SUP> An early escapee from the Bastille during this period was Antoine de Chabannes, Count of Dammartin and a member of the <A href="/wiki/League_of_the_Public_Weal" title="League of the Public Weal">League of the Public Weal</A>, who was imprisoned by Louis and escaped by boat in 1465.<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[28]</A></SUP> The captains of the Bastille during this period were primarily officers and royal functionaries; Philippe de Melun was the first captain to receive a salary in 1462, being awarded 1,200 <A href="/wiki/French_livre" title="French livre">livres</A> a year.<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[29]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[D]</A></SUP> Despite being a state prison, the Bastille retained the other traditional functions of a royal castle, and was used to accommodate visiting dignitaries, hosting some lavish entertainments given by Louis XI and <A href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[31]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="16th_century">16th century</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 16th century">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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A depiction of the Bastille and neighbouring Paris in 1575, showing the new <A href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</A>, the new Porte Saint-Antoine, the <A href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenal_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenal of Paris (page does not exist)">Arsenal</A> complex and the open countryside beyond the city defences</DIV>
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<P>During the 16th century the area around the Bastille developed further. Early modern Paris continued to grow, and by the end of the century it had around 250,000 inhabitants and was one of the most populous cities in Europe, though still largely contained within its old city walls – open countryside remained beyond the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[32]</A></SUP> The <A href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenal_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenal of Paris (page does not exist)">Arsenal</A>, a large military-industrial complex tasked with the production of cannons and other weapons for the royal armies, was established to the south of the Bastille by <A href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</A>, and substantially expanded under <A href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[33]</A></SUP> An arms depot was later built above the Porte Saint-Antoine, all making the Bastille part of a major military centre.<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[34]</A></SUP></P>
<P>During the 1550s, <A href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</A> became concerned about the threat of an English or <A href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</A> attack on Paris, and strengthened the defences of the Bastille in response.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[35]</A></SUP> The southern gateway into the Bastille became the principal entrance to the castle in 1553, the other three gateways being closed.<SUP id="cite_ref-CoueretP4_24-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CoueretP4-24">[22]</A></SUP> A <A href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastion</A>, a large earthwork projecting eastwards from the Bastille, was built to provide additional <A href="/wiki/Suppressive_fire" title="Suppressive fire">protective fire</A> for the Bastille and the Arsenal; the bastion was reached from the fortress across a stone <A href="/wiki/Abutment" title="Abutment">abutment</A> using a connecting drawbridge that was installed in the Bastille's Comté tower.<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[36]</A></SUP> In 1573 the Porte Saint-Antoine was also altered – the drawbridges were replaced with a fixed bridge, and the medieval gatehouse was replaced with a <A href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[37]</A></SUP></P>
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The Bastille in 1647, illustrating the bastion, the stone <A href="/wiki/Abutment" title="Abutment">abutment</A> linking to the fortress and the new southern entrance built during the 1550s</DIV>
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<P>The Bastille was involved in the numerous <A href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">wars of religion</A> fought between Protestant and Catholic factions with support from foreign allies during the second half of the 16th century. Religious and political tensions in Paris initially exploded in the <A href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Barricades" title="Day of the Barricades">Day of the Barricades</A> on 12 May 1588, when hard-line Catholics rose up in revolt against the relatively moderate <A href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</A>. After a day's fighting had occurred across the capital, Henry III fled and the Bastille surrendered to <A href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Guise">Duke of Guise</A> and leader of the <A href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</A>, who appointed Bussy-Leclerc as his new captain.<SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[38]</A></SUP> Henry III responded by having the Duke and his brother murdered later that year, whereupon Bussy-Leclerc used the Bastille as a base to mount a raid on the <I>Parlement de Paris</I>, arresting the president and other magistrates, whom he suspected of having royalist sympathies, and detaining them in the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[39]</A></SUP> They were not released until the intervention of <A href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Mayenne" title="Charles, Duke of Mayenne">Charles</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Duke_of_Mayenne" title="Duke of Mayenne">Duke of Mayenne</A>, and the payment of substantial ransoms.<SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[40]</A></SUP> Bussy-Leclerc remained in control of the Bastille until December 1592, when, following further political instability, he was forced to surrender the castle to Charles and flee the city.<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[41]</A></SUP></P>
<P>It took <A href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</A> several years to retake Paris. By the time he succeeded in 1594, the area around the Bastille formed the main stronghold for the Catholic League and their foreign allies, including Spanish and Flemish troops.<SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[42]</A></SUP> The Bastille itself was controlled by a League captain called du Bourg.<SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[43]</A></SUP> Henry entered Paris early on the morning of 23 March, through the Porte-Neuve rather than the Saint-Antoine and seized the capital, including the Arsenal complex that neighboured the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[44]</A></SUP> The Bastille was now an isolated League stronghold, with the remaining members of the League and their allies clustering around it for safety.<SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[45]</A></SUP> After several days of tension, an agreement was finally reached for this rump element to leave safely, and on 27 March du Bourg surrendered the Bastille and left the city himself.<SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[46]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Early_17th_century">Early 17th century</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early 17th century">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Episode_of_the_Fronde_at_the_Faubourg_Saint-Antoine_by_the_Walls_of_the_Bastille.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Episode_of_the_Fronde_at_the_Faubourg_Saint-Antoine_by_the_Walls_of_the_Bastille.png/220px-Episode_of_the_Fronde_at_the_Faubourg_Saint-Antoine_by_the_Walls_of_the_Bastille.png" width="220" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Episode_of_the_Fronde_at_the_Faubourg_Saint-Antoine_by_the_Walls_of_the_Bastille.png/330px-Episode_of_the_Fronde_at_the_Faubourg_Saint-Antoine_by_the_Walls_of_the_Bastille.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Episode_of_the_Fronde_at_the_Faubourg_Saint-Antoine_by_the_Walls_of_the_Bastille.png/440px-Episode_of_the_Fronde_at_the_Faubourg_Saint-Antoine_by_the_Walls_of_the_Bastille.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="481" /></A>
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A contemporary depiction of the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Faubourg_St_Antoine" title="Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine">battle of the Faubourg St Antoine</A> beneath the walls of the Bastille in 1652</DIV>
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<P>The Bastille continued to be used as a prison and a royal fortress under both Henry IV and his son, <A href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</A>. When Henry clamped down on a Spanish-backed plot among the senior French nobility in 1602, for example, he detained the ringleader <A href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gontaut,_duc_de_Biron" title="Charles de Gontaut, duc de Biron">Charles Gontaut, the Duke of Biron</A>, in the Bastille, and had him executed in the courtyard.<SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[47]</A></SUP> Louis XIII's chief minister, <A href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</A>, is credited with beginning the modern transformation of the Bastille into a more formal organ of the French state, further increasing its structured use as a state prison.<SUP id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-52">[48]</A></SUP> Richelieu broke with Henry IV's tradition of the Bastille's captain being a member of the French aristocracy, typically a Marshal of France such as <A href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Bassompierre" title="François de Bassompierre">François de Bassompierre</A>, <A href="/wiki/Charles_d%27Albert" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles d'Albert">Charles d'Albert</A> or <A href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_de_L%27Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas de L'Hospital (page does not exist)">Nicolas de L'Hospital</A>, and instead appointed <A href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Leclerc_du_Tremblay" title="François Leclerc du Tremblay">Père Joseph</A>'s brother to run the facility.<SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[49]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-55">[E]</A></SUP> The first surviving documentary records of prisoners at the Bastille also date from this period.<SUP id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-56">[51]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 1648, the <A href="/wiki/Fronde_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Fronde insurrection">Fronde insurrection</A> broke out in Paris, prompted by high taxes, increased food prices and disease.<SUP id="cite_ref-Munck,_p.212_57-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Munck,_p.212-57">[52]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement"><I>Parlement of Paris</I></A>, the Regency government of <A href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</A> and rebellious noble factions fought for several years to take control of the city and wider power. On 26 August, during the period known as the First Fronde, Anne ordered the arrest of some of the leaders of the Parlement of Paris; violence flared as a result, and the 27 August became known as another <A href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Barricades" title="Day of the Barricades">Day of the Barricades</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-58">[53]</A></SUP> The governor of the Bastille loaded and readied his guns to fire on the <I>Hôtel de Ville</I>, controlled by the parliament, although the decision was eventually taken not to shoot.<SUP id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-59">[54]</A></SUP> Barricades were erected across the city and the royal government fled in September, leaving a garrison of 22 men behind in the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-60">[55]</A></SUP> On 11 January 1649, the Fronde decided to take the Bastille, giving the task to Elbeuf, one of their leaders.<SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[56]</A></SUP> Elbeuf's attack required only a token effort: five or six shots were fired at the Bastille, before it promptly surrendered on the 13 January.<SUP id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-62">[57]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Pierre_Broussel" title="Pierre Broussel">Pierre Broussel</A>, one of the Fronde leaders, appointed his son as the governor and the Fronde retained it even after the ceasefire that March.<SUP id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-63">[58]</A></SUP></P>
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The Bastille and the eastern side of Paris in 1649</DIV>
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<P>During the Second Fronde, between 1650 and 1653, <A href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis, Grand Condé">Louis</A>, the Prince of Condé, controlled much of Paris alongside the Parlement, while Broussel, through his son, continued to control the Bastille. In July 1652, the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Faubourg_St_Antoine" title="Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine">battle of the Faubourg St Antoine</A> took place just outside the Bastille. Condé had sallied out of Paris to prevent the advance of the royalist forces under the command of <A href="/wiki/Henri_de_la_Tour_d%27Auvergne,_Vicomte_de_Turenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne">Turenne</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-64">[59]</A></SUP> Condé's forces became trapped against the city walls and the Porte Saint-Antoine, which the Parlement refused to open; he was coming under increasingly heavy fire from the Royalist artillery and the situation looked bleak.<SUP id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-65">[60]</A></SUP> In a famous incident, <A href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" title="Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier">La Grande Mademoiselle</A>, the daughter of <A href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston</A>, the Duke of Orléans, convinced her father to issue an order for the Parisian forces to act, before she then entered the Bastille and personally ensured that the commander turned the fortress's cannon on Turenne's army, causing significant casualties and enabling Condé's army's safe withdrawal.<SUP id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-66">[61]</A></SUP> Later in 1652, Condé was finally forced to surrender Paris to the royalist forces in October, effectively bringing the Fronde to an end: the Bastille returned to royal control.<SUP id="cite_ref-Munck,_p.212_57-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Munck,_p.212-57">[52]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN id="Reign_of_Louis_XIV_and_the_Regency_.281661.E2.80.931723.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Reign_of_Louis_XIV_and_the_Regency_(1661–1723)">Reign of Louis XIV and the Regency (1661–1723)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reign of Louis XIV and the Regency (1661–1723)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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The Bastille and Porte Saint-Antoine from the north-east, 1715–19</DIV>
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<P>The area around the Bastille was transformed in the reign of Louis XIV. Paris' growing population reached 400,000 during the period, causing the city to spill out past the Bastille and the old city into the arable farmland beyond, forming more thinly populated "<A href="/wiki/Faubourg" title="Faubourg">faubourgs</A>", or suburbs.<SUP id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-67">[62]</A></SUP> Influenced by the events of the Fronde, Louis XIV rebuilt the area around the Bastille, erecting a new archway at the Porte Saint-Antoine in 1660, and then ten years later pulling down the city walls and their supporting fortifications to replace them with an avenue of trees, later called Louis XIV's boulevard, which passed around the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-68">[63]</A></SUP> The Bastille's bastion survived the redevelopment, becoming a garden for the use of the prisoners.<SUP id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-69">[64]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Louis XIV made extensive use of the Bastille as a prison, with 2,320 individuals being detained there during his reign, approximately 43 a year.<SUP id="cite_ref-BNF1_70-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BNF1-70">[65]</A></SUP> Louis used the Bastille to hold not just suspected rebels or plotters but also those who had simply irritated him in some way, such as differing with him on matters of religion.<SUP id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-71">[66]</A></SUP> The typical offences that inmates were accused of were espionage, counterfeiting and embezzlement from the state; a number of financial officials were detained in this way under Louis, most famously including <A href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Nicolas Fouquet</A>, his supporters <A href="/wiki/Henry_de_Gu%C3%A9negaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry de Guénegaud">Henry de Guénegaud</A>, Jeannin and <A href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de_Tonti" title="Lorenzo de Tonti">Lorenzo de Tonti</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-72">[67]</A></SUP> In 1685 Louis <A href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">revoked the Edict of Nantes</A>, which had previously granted various rights to French Protestants; the subsequent royal crackdown was driven by the king's strongly anti-Protestant views.<SUP id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-73">[68]</A></SUP> The Bastille was used to investigate and break up Protestant networks by imprisoning and questioning the more recalcitrant members of the community, in particular upper-class <A href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinists</A>; some 254 Protestants were imprisoned in the Bastille during Louis's reign.<SUP id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-74">[69]</A></SUP></P>
<P>By Louis's reign, Bastille prisoners were detained using a "<A href="/wiki/Lettre_de_cachet" title="Lettre de cachet">lettre de cachet</A>", "a letter under royal seal", issued by the king and countersigned by a minister, ordering a named person to be held.<SUP id="cite_ref-TroutP142_75-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TroutP142-75">[70]</A></SUP> Louis, closely involved in this aspect of government, personally decided who should be imprisoned at the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-BNF1_70-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BNF1-70">[65]</A></SUP> The arrest itself involved an element of ceremony: the individual would be tapped on the shoulder with a white baton and formally detained in the name of the king.<SUP id="cite_ref-TroutP143_76-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TroutP143-76">[71]</A></SUP> Detention in the Bastille was typically ordered for an indefinite period and there was considerable secrecy over who had been detained and why: the legend of the "<A href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Iron_Mask" title="Man in the Iron Mask">Man in the Iron Mask</A>", a mysterious prisoner who finally died in 1703, symbolises this period of the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-77">[72]</A></SUP> Although in practice many were held at the Bastille as a form of punishment, legally a prisoner in the Bastille was only being detained for preventative or investigative reasons: the prison was not officially supposed to be a punitive measure in its own right.<SUP id="cite_ref-TroutP141_78-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TroutP141-78">[73]</A></SUP> The average length of imprisonment in the Bastille under Louis XIV was approximately three years.<SUP id="cite_ref-LusebrinkP51_79-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-LusebrinkP51-79">[74]</A></SUP></P>
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The Bastille in 1734, showing the Louis XIV boulevard and the growing "<A href="/wiki/Faubourg" title="Faubourg">faubourg</A>" beyond the Porte Saint-Antoine</DIV>
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<P>Under Louis, only between 20 and 50 prisoners were usually held at the Bastille at any one time, although as many as 111 were held for a short period in 1703.<SUP id="cite_ref-TroutP142_75-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TroutP142-75">[70]</A></SUP> These prisoners were mainly from the upper classes, and those who could afford to pay for additional luxuries lived in good conditions, wearing their own clothes, living in rooms decorated with tapestries and carpets or taking exercise around the castle garden and along the walls.<SUP id="cite_ref-TroutP141_78-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TroutP141-78">[73]</A></SUP> By the late 17th century, there was a rather disorganised library for the use of inmates in the Bastille, although its origins remain unclear.<SUP id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-80">[75]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-82">[F]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Louis reformed the administrative structure of the Bastille, creating the post of governor, although this post was still often referred to as the captain-governor.<SUP id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-83">[77]</A></SUP> During Louis's reign the policing of marginal groups in Paris was greatly increased: the wider criminal justice system was reformed, controls over printing and publishing extended, new criminal codes were issued and the post of the Parisian <A href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_Police" title="Prefecture of Police">lieutenant general of police</A> was created in 1667, all of which would enable the Bastille's later role in support of the Parisian police during the 18th century.<SUP id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-84">[78]</A></SUP> By 1711, a 60-strong French military garrison had been established at the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-85">[79]</A></SUP> It continued to be an expensive institution to run, particularly when the prison was full, such as during 1691 when numbers were inflated by the campaign against French Protestants and the annual cost of running the Bastille rose to 232,818 livres.<SUP id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-86">[80]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-88">[G]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Between 1715 – the year of Louis's death – and 1723, power transferred to the <I><A href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gence" title="Régence">Régence</A></I>; the regent, <A href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe d'Orléans</A>, maintained the prison but the absolutist rigour of Louis XIV's system began to weaken somewhat.<SUP id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-89">[82]</A></SUP> Although Protestants ceased to be kept in the Bastille, the political uncertainties and plots of the period kept the prison busy and 1,459 were imprisoned there under the Regency, an average of around 182 a year.<SUP id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-90">[83]</A></SUP> During the <A href="/wiki/Cellamare_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellamare Conspiracy">Cellamare Conspiracy</A>, the alleged enemies of the Regency were imprisoned in the Bastille, including <A href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Launay,_baronne_de_Staal" title="Marguerite de Launay, baronne de Staal">Marguerite De Launay</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-FunckP73_91-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FunckP73-91">[84]</A></SUP> While in the Bastille, de Launay fell in love with a fellow prisoner, the Chevalier de Ménil; she also infamously received an invitation of marriage from the Chevalier de Maisonrouge, the governor's deputy, who had fallen in love with her himself.<SUP id="cite_ref-FunckP73_91-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FunckP73-91">[84]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN id="Reigns_of_Louis_XV_and_Louis_XVI_.281723.E2.80.931789.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Reigns_of_Louis_XV_and_Louis_XVI_(1723–1789)">Reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI (1723–1789)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI (1723–1789)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Architecture_and_organisation">Architecture and organisation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Architecture and organisation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
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A cross-section of the Bastille viewed from the south in 1750</DIV>
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<P>By the late 18th century, the Bastille had come to separate the more aristocratic quarter of <A href="/wiki/Le_Marais" title="Le Marais">Le Marais</A> in the old city from the working class district of the faubourg Saint-Antoine that lay beyond the Louis XIV boulevard.<SUP id="cite_ref-BNF1_70-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BNF1-70">[65]</A></SUP> The Marais was a fashionable area, frequented by foreign visitors and tourists, but few went beyond the Bastille into the faubourg.<SUP id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-92">[85]</A></SUP> The faubourg was characterised by its built-up, densely populated areas, particularly in the north, and its numerous workshops producing soft furnishings.<SUP id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-93">[86]</A></SUP> Paris as a whole had continued to grow, reaching slightly less than 800,000 inhabitants by the reign of Louis XVI, and many of the residents around the faubourg had migrated to Paris from the countryside relatively recently.<SUP id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-94">[87]</A></SUP> The Bastille had its own street address, being officially known as No. 232, rue Saint-Antoine.<SUP id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-95">[88]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Structurally, the late-18th century Bastille was not greatly changed from its 14th-century predecessor.<SUP id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-96">[89]</A></SUP> The eight stone towers had gradually acquired individual names: running from the north-east side of the external gate, these were La Chapelle, Trésor, Comté, Bazinière, Bertaudière, Liberté, Puits and Coin.<SUP id="cite_ref-Chevallier,_p.148_97-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Chevallier,_p.148-97">[90]</A></SUP> La Chapelle contained the Bastille's chapel, decorated with a painting of <A href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</A> in chains.<SUP id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-98">[91]</A></SUP> Trésor took its name from the reign of Henry IV, when it had contained the royal treasury.<SUP id="cite_ref-CoueretP46_99-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CoueretP46-99">[92]</A></SUP> The origins of the name of Comté tower are unclear; one theory is that the name refers to the County of Paris.<SUP id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-100">[93]</A></SUP> Bazinière was named after Bertrand de La Bazinière, a royal treasurer who was imprisoned there in 1663.<SUP id="cite_ref-CoueretP46_99-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CoueretP46-99">[92]</A></SUP> Bertaudière was named after a medieval mason who died building the structure in the 14th century.<SUP id="cite_ref-CoueretP47_101-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CoueretP47-101">[94]</A></SUP> Liberté tower took its name either from a protest in 1380, when Parisians shouted the phrase outside the castle, or because it was used to house prisoners who had more freedom to walk around the castle than the typical prisoner.<SUP id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-102">[95]</A></SUP> Puits tower contained the castle well, while Coin formed the corner of the Rue Saint-Antoine.<SUP id="cite_ref-CoueretP47_101-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CoueretP47-101">[94]</A></SUP></P>
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Plan of the Bastille in the 18th century. A – La Chapelle Tower; B – Trésor Tower; C – Comté Tower; D – Bazinière Tower; E -Bertaudière Tower; F – Liberté Tower; G – Puits Tower; H – Coin Tower; I – Courtyard of the Well; J – Office wing; K – Large Courtyard</DIV>
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<P>The main castle courtyard, accessed through the southern gateway, was 120 feet long by 72 feet wide (37 m by 22 m), and was divided from the smaller northern yard by a three-office wing, built around 1716 and renovated in 1761 in a modern, 18th-century style.<SUP id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-103">[96]</A></SUP> The office wing held the council room that was used for interrogating prisoners, the Bastille's library, and servants' quarters.<SUP id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-104">[97]</A></SUP> The upper stories included rooms for the senior Bastille staff, and chambers for distinguished prisoners.<SUP id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-105">[98]</A></SUP> An elevated building on one side of the courtyard held the Bastille's archives.<SUP id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-106">[99]</A></SUP> A clock was installed by <A href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Sartine" title="Antoine de Sartine">Antoine de Sartine</A>, the lieutenant general of police between 1759 and 1774, on the side of the office wing, depicting two chained prisoners.<SUP id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-107">[100]</A></SUP></P>
<P>New kitchens and baths were built just outside the main gate to the Bastille in 1786.<SUP id="cite_ref-Chevallier,_p.148_97-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Chevallier,_p.148-97">[90]</A></SUP> The ditch around the Bastille, now largely dry, supported a 36-foot (11 m) high stone wall with a wooden walkway for the use of the guards, known as "la ronde", or the round.<SUP id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-108">[101]</A></SUP> An outer court had grown up around the south-west side of the Bastille, adjacent to the Arsenal. This was open to the public and lined with small shops rented out by the governor for almost 10,000 livres a year, complete with a lodge for the Bastille gatekeeper; it was illuminated at night to light the adjacent street.<SUP id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-109">[102]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The Bastille was run by the governor, sometimes called the captain-governor, who lived in a 17th-century house alongside the fortress.<SUP id="cite_ref-DutrayP136_110-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DutrayP136-110">[103]</A></SUP> The governor was supported by various officers, in particular his deputy, the <I>lieutenant de roi</I>, or lieutenant of the king, who was responsible for general security and the protection of state secrets; the major, responsible for managing the Bastille's financial affairs and the police archives; and the <I>capitaine des portes</I>, who ran the entrance to the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-DutrayP136_110-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DutrayP136-110">[103]</A></SUP> Four warders divided up the eight towers between them.<SUP id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-111">[104]</A></SUP> From an administrative perspective, the prison was generally well run during the period.<SUP id="cite_ref-DutrayP136_110-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DutrayP136-110">[103]</A></SUP> These staff were supported by an official surgeon, a chaplain and could, on occasion, call upon the services of a local midwife to assist pregnant prisoners.<SUP id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-112">[105]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-114">[H]</A></SUP> A small garrison of "<A href="/wiki/Invalides" class="mw-redirect" title="Invalides">invalides</A>" was appointed in 1749 to guard the interior and exterior of the fortress; these were retired soldiers and were regarded locally, as Simon Schama describes, as "amiable layabouts" rather than professional soldiers.<SUP id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-115">[107]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Use_of_the_prison">Use of the prison</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use of the prison">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
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<A href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenist</A> <A href="/wiki/Convulsionnaires_of_Saint-M%C3%A9dard" title="Convulsionnaires of Saint-Médard">convulsionnaires</A> exercising in the outer court</DIV>
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<P>The role of the Bastille as a prison changed considerably during the reigns of Louis XV and XVI. One trend was a decline in the number of prisoners sent to the Bastille, with 1,194 imprisoned there during the reign of Louis XV and only 306 under Louis XVI up until the Revolution, annual averages of around 23 and 20 respectively.<SUP id="cite_ref-BNF1_70-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BNF1-70">[65]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-116">[I]</A></SUP> A second trend was a slow shift away from the Bastille's 17th-century role of detaining primarily upper-class prisoners, towards a situation in which the Bastille was essentially a location for imprisoning socially undesirable individuals of all backgrounds – including aristocrats breaking social conventions, criminals, pornographers, thugs – and was used to support police operations, particularly those involving censorship, across Paris.<SUP id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-117">[108]</A></SUP> Despite these changes, the Bastille remained a state prison, subject to special authorities, answering to the monarch of the day and surrounded by a considerable and threatening reputation.<SUP id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-118">[109]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Under Louis XV, around 250 Catholic <A href="/wiki/Convulsionnaires_of_Saint-M%C3%A9dard" title="Convulsionnaires of Saint-Médard">convulsionnaires</A>, often called <A href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</A>, were detained in the Bastille for their religious beliefs.<SUP id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-119">[110]</A></SUP> Many of these prisoners were women and came from a wider range of social backgrounds than the upper-class Calvinists detained under Louis XIV; historian Monique Cottret argues that the decline of the Bastille's social "mystique" originates from this phase of detentions.<SUP id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-120">[111]</A></SUP> By Louis XVI, the background of those entering the Bastille and the type of offences they were detained over had changed markedly. Between 1774 and 1789, the detentions included 54 people accused of robbery; 31 of involvement in the 1775 Famine Revolt; 11 detained for assault; 62 illegal editors, printers and writers – but relatively few detained over the grander affairs of state.<SUP id="cite_ref-LusebrinkP51_79-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-LusebrinkP51-79">[74]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Many prisoners still continued to come from the upper classes, particularly in those cases termed "désordres des familles", or disorders of the family. These cases typically involving members of the aristocracy who had, as historian Richard Andrews notes, "rejected parental authority, disgraced the family reputation, manifested mental derangement, squandered capital or violated professional codes."<SUP id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-121">[112]</A></SUP> Their families – often their parents, but sometimes husbands and wives taking action against their spouses – could apply for individuals to be detained at one of the royal prisons, resulting in an average imprisonment of between six months and four years.<SUP id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-122">[113]</A></SUP> Such a detention could be preferable to facing a scandal or a public trial over their misdemeanours, and the secrecy that surrounded detention at the Bastille allowed personal and family reputations to be quietly protected.<SUP id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-123">[114]</A></SUP> The Bastille was considered one of the best prisons for an upper-class prisoner to be detained at, because of the standard of the facilities for the wealthy.<SUP id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-124">[115]</A></SUP> In the aftermath of the notorious "<A href="/wiki/Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace" title="Affair of the Diamond Necklace">Affair of the Diamond Necklace</A>" of 1786, involving the Queen and accusations of fraud, all the eleven suspects were held in the Bastille, significantly increasing the notoriety surrounding the institution.<SUP id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-125">[116]</A></SUP></P>
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The Bastille and the Porte Saint-Antoine, seen from the east</DIV>
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<P>Increasingly, however, the Bastille became part of the system of wider policing in Paris. Although appointed by the king, the governor reported to the lieutenant general of police: the first of these, <A href="/wiki/Gabriel_Nicolas_de_la_Reynie" title="Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie">Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie</A>, made only occasional visits to the Bastille, but his successor, <A href="/wiki/Marc-Ren%C3%A9_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson_(1652%E2%80%931721)" title="Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721)">Marquis d'Argenson</A>, and subsequent officers used the facility extensively and took a close interest in inspections of the prison.<SUP id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-126">[117]</A></SUP> The lieutenant general reported in turn to the secretary of the "<A href="/wiki/Maison_du_Roi" title="Maison du Roi">Maison du Roi</A>", largely responsible for order in the capital; in practice together they controlled the issuing of the "lettres" in the king's name.<SUP id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-127">[118]</A></SUP> The Bastille was unusual among Parisian prisons in that it acted on behalf of the king – prisoners could therefore be imprisoned secretly, for longer, and without normal judicial processes being applied, making it a useful facility for the police authorities.<SUP id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-128">[119]</A></SUP> The Bastille was a preferred location for holding prisoners who needed extensive questioning or where a case required the analysis of extensive documents.<SUP id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-129">[120]</A></SUP> The Bastille was also used to store the Parisian police archives; public order equipment such as chains and flags; and illegal goods, seized by order of the crown using a version of the "lettre de cachet", such as banned books and illicit printing presses.<SUP id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-130">[121]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Throughout this period, but particularly in the middle of the 18th century, the Bastille was used by the police to suppress the trade in illegal and seditious books in France.<SUP id="cite_ref-BirnP51_131-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BirnP51-131">[122]</A></SUP> In the 1750s, 40% of those sent to the Bastille were arrested for their role in manufacturing or dealing in banned material; in the 1760s, the equivalent figure was 35%.<SUP id="cite_ref-BirnP51_131-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BirnP51-131">[122]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-133">[J]</A></SUP> Seditious writers were also often held in the Bastille, although many of the more famous writers held in the Bastille during the period were formally imprisoned for more anti-social, rather than strictly political, offences.<SUP id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-134">[124]</A></SUP> In particular, many of those writers detained under Louis XVI were imprisoned for their role in producing illegal pornography, rather than political critiques of the regime.<SUP id="cite_ref-LusebrinkP51_79-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-LusebrinkP51-79">[74]</A></SUP> The writer <A href="/wiki/Laurent_Angliviel_de_la_Beaumelle" title="Laurent Angliviel de la Beaumelle">Laurent Angliviel de la Beaumelle</A>, the philosopher <A href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Morellet" title="André Morellet">André Morellet</A> and the historian <A href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Marmontel" title="Jean-François Marmontel">Jean-François Marmontel</A>, for example, were formally detained not for their more obviously political writings, but for libellous remarks or for personal insults against leading members of Parisian society.<SUP id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-135">[125]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Prison_regime">Prison regime</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prison regime">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Bastille_Courtyard_1785.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bastille_Courtyard_1785.jpg/220px-Bastille_Courtyard_1785.jpg" width="220" height="136" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bastille_Courtyard_1785.jpg/330px-Bastille_Courtyard_1785.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bastille_Courtyard_1785.jpg/440px-Bastille_Courtyard_1785.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="454" /></A>
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A sketch of the main courtyard in 1785<SUP id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-137">[K]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<P>Contrary to its later image, conditions for prisoners in the Bastille by the mid-18th century were in fact relatively benign, particularly by the standards of other prisons of the time.<SUP id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-138">[127]</A></SUP> The typical prisoner was held in one of the octagonal rooms in the mid-levels of the towers.<SUP id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-139">[128]</A></SUP> The calottes, the rooms just under the roof that formed the upper storey of the Bastille, were considered the least pleasant quarters, being more exposed to the elements and usually either too hot or too cold.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP331_140-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP331-140">[129]</A></SUP> The cachots, the underground dungeons, had not been used for many years except for holding recaptured escapees.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP331_140-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP331-140">[129]</A></SUP> Prisoners' rooms each had a stove or a fireplace, basic furniture, curtains and in most cases a window. A typical criticism of the rooms was that they were shabby and basic rather than uncomfortable.<SUP id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-141">[130]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-143">[L]</A></SUP> Like the calottes, the main courtyard, used for exercise, was often criticised by prisoners as being unpleasant at the height of summer or winter, although the garden in the bastion and the castle walls were also used for recreation.<SUP id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-144">[132]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The governor received money from the Crown to support the prisoners, with the amount varying on rank: the governor received 19 livres a day for each political prisoner – with <A href="/wiki/Councillor_of_State_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Councillor of State (France)">conseiller</A>-grade nobles receiving 15 livres – and, at the other end of the scale, three livres a day for each commoner.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP332_145-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP332-145">[133]</A></SUP> Even for the commoners, this sum was around twice the daily wage of a labourer and provided for an adequate diet, while the upper classes ate very well: even critics of the Bastille recounted many excellent meals, often taken with the governor himself.<SUP id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-146">[134]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-148">[M]</A></SUP> Prisoners who were being punished for misbehaviour, however, could have their diet restricted as a punishment.<SUP id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-149">[136]</A></SUP> The medical treatment provided by the Bastille for prisoners was excellent by the standards of the 18th century; the prison also contained a number of inmates suffering from <A href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illnesses</A> and took, by the standards of the day, a very progressive attitude to their care.<SUP id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-150">[137]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Bastille_Interior_1785.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bastille_Interior_1785.jpg/220px-Bastille_Interior_1785.jpg" width="220" height="163" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bastille_Interior_1785.jpg/330px-Bastille_Interior_1785.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bastille_Interior_1785.jpg/440px-Bastille_Interior_1785.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="468" /></A>
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The council chamber, sketched in 1785</DIV>
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<P>Although potentially dangerous objects and money were confiscated and stored when a prisoner first entered the Bastille, most wealthy prisoners continued to bring in additional luxuries, including pet dogs or cats to control the local vermin.<SUP id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-151">[138]</A></SUP> The Marquis de Sade, for example, arrived with an elaborate wardrobe, paintings, tapestries, a selection of perfume, and a collection of 133 books.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP332_145-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP332-145">[133]</A></SUP> Card games and billiards were played among the prisoners, and alcohol and tobacco were permitted.<SUP id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-152">[139]</A></SUP> Servants could sometimes accompany their masters into the Bastille, as in the cases of the 1746 detention of the family of <A href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_14th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton">Lord Morton</A> and their entire household as British spies: the family's domestic life continued on inside the prison relatively normally.<SUP id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-153">[140]</A></SUP> The prisoners' library had grown during the 18th century, mainly through ad hoc purchases and various confiscations by the Crown, until by 1787 it included 389 volumes.<SUP id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-154">[141]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The length of time that a typical prisoner was kept at the Bastille continued to decline, and by Louis XVI's reign the average length of detention was only two months.<SUP id="cite_ref-LusebrinkP51_79-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-LusebrinkP51-79">[74]</A></SUP> Prisoners would still be expected to sign a document on their release, promising not to talk about the Bastille or their time within it, but by the 1780s this agreement was frequently broken.<SUP id="cite_ref-DutrayP136_110-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DutrayP136-110">[103]</A></SUP> Prisoners leaving the Bastille could be granted pensions on their release by the Crown, either as a form of compensation or as a way of ensuring future good behaviour – <A href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</A> was granted 1,200 livres a year, for example, while Latude received an annual pension of 400 livres.<SUP id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-155">[142]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-157">[N]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Criticism_and_reform">Criticism and reform</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticism and reform">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
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<A href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</A> destroy the Bastille on the title page of Bucquoy's <I>Die Bastille oder die Hölle der Lebenden</I>.</DIV>
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<P>During the 18th century, the Bastille was extensively critiqued by French writers as a symbol of ministerial <A href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</A>; this criticism would ultimately result in reforms and plans for its abolition.<SUP id="cite_ref-Reichardt,_p.226_158-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Reichardt,_p.226-158">[144]</A></SUP> The first major criticism emerged from Constantin de Renneville, who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for 11 years and published his accounts of the experience in 1715 in his book <I>L'Inquisition françois</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-159">[145]</A></SUP> Renneville presented a dramatic account of his detention, explaining that despite being innocent he had been abused and left to rot in one of the Bastille's <I>cachot</I> dungeons, kept enchained next to a corpse.<SUP id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-160">[146]</A></SUP> More criticism followed in 1719 when the Abbé Jean de Bucquoy, who had escaped from the Bastille ten years previously, published an account of his adventures from the safety of <A href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</A>; he gave a similar account to Renneville's and termed the Bastille the "hell of the living".<SUP id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-161">[147]</A></SUP> Voltaire added to the notorious reputation of the Bastille when he wrote about the case of the "<A href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Iron_Mask" title="Man in the Iron Mask">Man in the Iron Mask</A>" in 1751, and later criticised the way he himself was treated while detained in the Bastille, labelling the fortress a "palace of revenge".<SUP id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-162">[148]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-164">[O]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the 1780s, prison reform became a popular topic for French writers and the Bastille was increasingly critiqued as a symbol of arbitrary despotism.<SUP id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-165">[150]</A></SUP> Two authors were particularly influential during this period. The first was <A href="/wiki/Simon-Nicholas_Henri_Linguet" title="Simon-Nicholas Henri Linguet">Simon-Nicholas Linguet</A>, who was arrested and detained at the Bastille in 1780, after publishing a critique of <A href="/wiki/Emmanuel-F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_Durfort_de_Duras" title="Emmanuel-Félicité de Durfort de Duras">Maréchal Duras</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP334_166-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP334-166">[151]</A></SUP> Upon his release, he published his <I>Mémoires sur la Bastille</I> in 1783, a damning critique of the institution.<SUP id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-167">[152]</A></SUP> Linguet criticised the physical conditions in which he was kept, sometimes inaccurately, but went further in capturing in detail the more psychological effects of the prison regime upon the inmate.<SUP id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-168">[153]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-169">[P]</A></SUP> Linguet also encouraged Louis XVI to destroy the Bastille, publishing an engraving depicting the king announcing to the prisoners "may you be free and live!", a phrase borrowed from Voltaire.<SUP id="cite_ref-Reichardt,_p.226_158-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Reichardt,_p.226-158">[144]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Linguet's work was followed by another prominent autobiography, <A href="/wiki/Jean_Henri_Latude" title="Jean Henri Latude">Henri Latude</A>'s <I>Le despotisme dévoilé</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP335_170-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP335-170">[154]</A></SUP> Latude was a soldier who was imprisoned in the Bastille following a sequence of complex misadventures, including the sending of a letter bomb to <A href="/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour" title="Madame de Pompadour">Madame de Pompadour</A>, the King's mistress.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP335_170-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP335-170">[154]</A></SUP> Latude became famous for managing to escape from the Bastille by means of climbing up the chimney of his cell and then descending the walls with a home-made rope ladder, before being recaptured afterwards in Amsterdam by French agents.<SUP id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-171">[155]</A></SUP> Latude was released in 1777, but was rearrested following his publication of a book entitled <I>Memoirs of Vengeance.</I><SUP id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-172">[156]</A></SUP> Pamphlets and magazines publicised Latude's case until he was finally released again in 1784.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP338_173-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP338-173">[157]</A></SUP> Latude became a popular figure with the "<A href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie française">Académie française</A>", or French Academy, and his autobiography, although inaccurate in places, did much to reinforce the public perception of the Bastille as a despotic institution.<SUP id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-174">[158]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-176">[Q]</A></SUP></P>
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Linguet's <I>Mémoires sur la Bastille</I>, depicting the fictional destruction of the Bastille by Louis XVI</DIV>
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<P>Modern historians of this period, such as Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink, Simon Schama and Monique Cottret, concur that the actual treatment of prisoners in Bastille was much better than the public impression left through these writings.<SUP id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-177">[160]</A></SUP> Nonetheless, fuelled by the secrecy that still surrounded the Bastille, official as well as public concern about the prison and the system that supported it also began to mount, prompting reforms.<SUP id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-178">[161]</A></SUP> As early as 1775, Louis XVI's minister <A href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Malesherbes</A> had authorised all prisoners to be given newspapers to read, and to be allowed to write and to correspond with their family and friends.<SUP id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-179">[162]</A></SUP> In the 1780s <A href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Breteuil</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_the_Maison_du_Roi" title="Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi">Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi</A>, began a substantial reform of the system of <I>lettres de cachet</I> that sent prisoners to the Bastille: such letters were now required to list the length of time a prisoner would be detained for, and the offence for which they were being held.<SUP id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-180">[163]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Meanwhile, in 1784, the architect Alexandre Brogniard proposed that the Bastille be demolished and converted into a circular, public space with <A href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnades</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP338_173-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP338-173">[157]</A></SUP> Director-General of Finance <A href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</A>, having examined the costs of running the Bastille, amounting to well over 127,000 livres in 1774, for example, proposed closing the institution on the grounds of economy alone.<SUP id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-181">[164]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-182">[R]</A></SUP> Similarly, Puget, the Bastille's <I>lieutenant de roi</I>, submitted reports in 1788 suggesting that the authorities close the prison, demolish the fortress and sell the real estate off.<SUP id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-183">[165]</A></SUP> In June 1789, the <A href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_royale_d%27architecture" title="Académie royale d'architecture">Académie royale d'architecture</A> proposed a similar scheme to Brogniard's, in which the Bastille would be transformed into an open public area, with a tall column at the centre surrounded by fountains, dedicated to Louis XVI as the "restorer of public freedom".<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP338_173-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP338-173">[157]</A></SUP> The number of prisoners held in the Bastille at any one time declined sharply towards the end of Louis's reign; the prison contained ten prisoners in September 1782 and, despite a mild increase at the beginning of 1788, by July 1789 only seven prisoners remained in custody.<SUP id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-184">[166]</A></SUP> Before any official scheme to close the prison could be enacted, however, disturbances across Paris brought a more violent end to the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP338_173-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP338-173">[157]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="The_French_Revolution">The French Revolution</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The French Revolution">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Storming_of_the_Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Storming of the Bastille">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</A></DIV>
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<A href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Bastille_(Cholat)" title="Siege of the Bastille (Cholat)">An eye witness painting</A> of the siege of the Bastille by Claude Cholat<SUP id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-186">[S]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<P>By July 1789, <A href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">revolutionary</A> sentiment was rising in Paris. The <A href="/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates-General of 1789">Estates-General</A> was convened in May and members of the Third Estate proclaimed the <A href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</A> in June, calling for the king to grant a written constitution. Violence between loyal royal forces, mutinous members of the royal <A href="/wiki/Gardes_Fran%C3%A7aises" title="Gardes Françaises">Gardes Françaises</A> and local crowds broke out at <A href="/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me" title="Vendôme">Vendôme</A> on 12 July, leading to widespread fighting and the withdrawal of royal forces from the centre of Paris.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP327_187-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP327-187">[168]</A></SUP> Revolutionary crowds began to arm themselves during 13 July, looting royal stores, gunsmiths and armourers' shops for weapons and gunpowder.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP327_187-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP327-187">[168]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The commander of the Bastille at the time was <A href="/wiki/Bernard-Ren%C3%A9_de_Launay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard-René de Launay">Bernard-René de Launay</A>, a conscientious but minor military officer.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP339_188-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP339-188">[169]</A></SUP> Tensions surrounding the Bastille had been rising for several weeks. Only seven prisoners remained in the fortress, - the <A href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</A> had been transferred to the <A href="/wiki/Charenton_(asylum)" title="Charenton (asylum)">asylum of Charenton</A>, after addressing the public from his walks on top of the towers and, once this was forbidden, shouting from the window of his cell.<SUP id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-189">[170]</A></SUP> Sade had claimed that the authorities planned to massacre the prisoners in the castle, which resulted in the governor removing him to an alternative site in early July.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP339_188-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP339-188">[169]</A></SUP></P>
<P>At de Launay's request, an additional force of 32 soldiers from the Swiss Salis-Samade regiment had been assigned to the Bastille on 7 July, adding to the existing 82 invalides pensioners who formed the regular garrison.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP339_188-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP339-188">[169]</A></SUP> De Launay had taken various precautions, raising the drawbridge in the Comté tower and destroying the stone <A href="/wiki/Abutment" title="Abutment">abutment</A> that linked the Bastille to its bastion to prevent anyone from gaining access from that side of the fortress.<SUP id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-190">[171]</A></SUP> The shops in the entranceway to the Bastille had been closed and the gates locked. The Bastille was defended by 30 small artillery pieces, but nonetheless, by 14 July de Launay was very concerned about the Bastille's situation.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP339_188-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP339-188">[169]</A></SUP> The Bastille, already hugely unpopular with the revolutionary crowds, was now the only remaining royalist stronghold in central Paris, in addition to which he was protecting a recently arrived stock of 250 barrels of valuable gunpowder.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP339_188-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP339-188">[169]</A></SUP> To make matters worse, the Bastille had only two days' supply of food and no source of water, making it impossible to withstand a long siege.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP339_188-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP339-188">[169]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-191">[T]</A></SUP></P>
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A plan of the Bastille and surrounding buildings made immediately after 1789; the red dot marks the perspective of Claude Cholat's painting of the siege.</DIV>
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<P>On the morning of 14 July around 900 people formed outside the Bastille, primarily working-class members of the nearby faubourg Saint-Antoine, but also including some mutinous soldiers and local traders.<SUP id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-192">[172]</A></SUP> The crowd had gathered in an attempt to commandeer the gunpowder stocks known to be held in the Bastille, and at 10:00 am de Launay let in two of their leaders to negotiate with him.<SUP id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-193">[173]</A></SUP> Just after midday, another negotiator was let in to discuss the situation, but no compromise could be reached: the revolutionary representatives now wanted both the guns and the gunpowder in the Bastille to be handed over, but de Launay refused to do so unless he received authorisation from his leadership in <A href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-194">[174]</A></SUP> By this point it was clear that the governor lacked the experience or the skills to defuse the situation.<SUP id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-195">[175]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Just as negotiations were about to recommence at around 1:30 pm, chaos broke out as the impatient and angry crowd stormed the outer courtyard of the Bastille, pushing toward the main gate.<SUP id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-196">[176]</A></SUP> Confused firing broke out in the confined space and chaotic fighting began in earnest between de Launay's forces and the revolutionary crowd as the two sides exchanged fire.<SUP id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-197">[177]</A></SUP> At around 3:30 pm, more mutinous royal forces arrived to reinforce the crowd, bringing with them trained infantry officers and several cannons.<SUP id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-198">[178]</A></SUP> After discovering that their weapons were too light to damage the main walls of the fortress, the revolutionary crowd began to fire their cannons at the wooden gate of the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP342_199-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP342-199">[179]</A></SUP> By now around 83 of the crowd had been killed and another 15 mortally wounded; only one of the Invalides had been killed in return.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP343_200-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP343-200">[180]</A></SUP></P>
<P>De Launay had limited options: if he allowed the Revolutionaries to destroy his main gate, he would have to turn the cannon directly inside the Bastille's courtyard on the crowds, causing great loss of life and preventing any peaceful resolution of the episode.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP342_199-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP342-199">[179]</A></SUP> De Launay could not withstand a long siege, and he was dissuaded by his officers from committing mass suicide by detonating his supplies of powder.<SUP id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-201">[181]</A></SUP> Instead, de Launay attempted to negotiate a surrender, threatening to blow up the Bastille if his demands were not met.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP343_200-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP343-200">[180]</A></SUP> In the midst of this attempt, the Bastille's drawbridge suddenly came down and the revolutionary crowd stormed in, popular mythh believes that Stanislas Marie Maillard was the first revolutionry to enter to the fortress.<SUP id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-202">[182]</A></SUP> De Launay was dragged outside into the streets and killed by the crowd, and three officers and three soldiers were killed during the course of the afternoon by the crowd.<SUP id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-203">[183]</A></SUP> The soldiers of the Swiss Salis-Samade Regiment, however, were not wearing their uniform coats and were mistaken for Bastille prisoners; they were left unharmed by the crowds until they were escorted away by French Guards and other regular soldiers among the attackers.<SUP id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-204">[184]</A></SUP> The valuable powder and guns were seized and a search begun for the other prisoners in the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP343_200-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP343-200">[180]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Destruction">Destruction</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Destruction">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
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The demolition of the walls of the Bastille, July 1789</DIV>
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<P>Within hours of its capture, the Bastille began to be used as a powerful symbol to give legitimacy to the revolutionary movement in France.<SUP id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-205">[185]</A></SUP> The faubourg Saint-Antoine's revolutionary reputation was firmly established by their storming of the Bastille and a formal list began to be drawn up of the "vainqueurs" who had taken part so as to honor both the fallen and the survivors.<SUP id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-206">[186]</A></SUP> Although the crowd had initially gone to the Bastille searching for gunpowder, historian Simon Schama observes how the captured prison "gave a shape and an image to all the vices against which the Revolution defined itself".<SUP id="cite_ref-ReichardtSchamaP240_207-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReichardtSchamaP240-207">[187]</A></SUP> Indeed, the more despotic and evil the Bastille was portrayed by the pro-revolutionary press, the more necessary and justified the actions of the Revolution became.<SUP id="cite_ref-ReichardtSchamaP240_207-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReichardtSchamaP240-207">[187]</A></SUP> Consequently, the late governor, de Launay, was rapidly vilified as a brutal despot.<SUP id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-208">[188]</A></SUP> The fortress itself was described by the revolutionary press as a "place of slavery and horror", containing "machines of death", "grim underground dungeons" and "disgusting caves" where prisoners were left to rot for up to 50 years.<SUP id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-209">[189]</A></SUP></P>
<P>As a result, in the days after 14 July, the fortress was searched for evidence of torture: old pieces of armour and bits of a printing press were taken out and presented as evidence of elaborate torture equipment.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP345_210-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP345-210">[190]</A></SUP> Latude returned to the Bastille, where he was given the rope ladder and equipment with which he had escaped from the prison many years before.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP345_210-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP345-210">[190]</A></SUP> The former prison warders escorted visitors around the Bastille in the weeks after its capture, giving colourful accounts of the events in the castle.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP348_211-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP348-211">[191]</A></SUP> Stories and pictures about the rescue of the fictional <A href="/w/index.php?title=Count_de_Lorges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Count de Lorges (page does not exist)">Count de Lorges</A> – supposedly a mistreated prisoner of the Bastille incarcerated by Louis XV – and the similarly imaginary discovery of the skeleton of the "Man in the Iron Mask" in the dungeons, were widely circulated as fact across Paris.<SUP id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-212">[192]</A></SUP> In the coming months, over 150 <A href="/wiki/Broadside_(printing)" title="Broadside (printing)">broadside</A> publications used the storming of the Bastille as a theme, while the events formed the basis for a number of theatrical plays.<SUP id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-213">[193]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Despite a thorough search, the revolutionaries discovered only seven prisoners in the Bastille, rather fewer than had been anticipated.<SUP id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-214">[194]</A></SUP> Of these, only one – de Whyte de Malleville, an elderly and white-bearded man – closely resembled the public image of a Bastille prisoner; despite being mentally ill, he was paraded through the streets, where he waved happily to the crowds.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP345_210-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP345-210">[190]</A></SUP> Of the remaining six liberated prisoners, four were convicted forgers who quickly vanished into the Paris streets; one was the <A href="/w/index.php?title=Count_de_Solages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Count de Solages (page does not exist)">Count de Solages</A>, who had been imprisoned on the request of his family for sexual misdemeanours; the sixth was a man called Tavernier, who also proved to be mentally ill and, along with Whyte, was in due course reincarcerated in the <A href="/wiki/Charenton_(asylum)" title="Charenton (asylum)">Charenton asylum</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaLusebrinkP345_215-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaLusebrinkP345-215">[195]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-216">[U]</A></SUP></P>
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A model of the Bastille made by <A href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Palloy" title="Pierre-François Palloy">Pierre-François Palloy</A> from one of the stones of the fortress</DIV>
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<P>At first the revolutionary movement was uncertain whether to destroy the prison, to reoccupy it as a fortress with members of the volunteer guard militia, or to preserve it intact as a permanent revolutionary monument.<SUP id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-217">[196]</A></SUP> The revolutionary leader <A href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</A> eventually settled the matter by symbolically starting the destruction of the battlements himself, after which a panel of five experts was appointed by the Permanent Committee of the Hôtel de Ville to manage the demolition of the castle.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP348_211-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP348-211">[191]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-219">[V]</A></SUP> One of these experts was <A href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Palloy" title="Pierre-François Palloy">Pierre-François Palloy</A>, a bourgeois entrepreneur who claimed vainqueur status for his role during the taking of the Bastille, and he rapidly assumed control over the entire process.<SUP id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-220">[198]</A></SUP> Palloy's team worked quickly and by November most of the fortress had been destroyed.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP349_221-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP349-221">[199]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The ruins of the Bastille rapidly became iconic across France.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP345_210-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP345-210">[190]</A></SUP> Palloy had an altar set up on the site in February 1790, formed out of iron chains and restraints from the prison.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP349_221-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP349-221">[199]</A></SUP> Old bones, probably of 15th century soldiers, were discovered during the clearance work in April and, presented as the skeletons of former prisoners, were exhumed and ceremonially reburied in Saint-Paul's cemetery.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP350_222-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP350-222">[200]</A></SUP> In the summer, a huge ball was held by Palloy on the site for the <A href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guardsmen</A> visiting Paris for the 14 July celebrations.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP350_222-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP350-222">[200]</A></SUP> A memorabilia industry surrounding the fall of the Bastille was already flourishing and as the work on the demolition project finally dried up, Palloy started producing and selling memorabilia of the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-223">[201]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-225">[W]</A></SUP> Palloy's products, which he called "relics of freedom", celebrated the national unity that the events of July 1789 had generated across all classes of French citizenry, and included a very wide range of items.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP351_226-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP351-226">[203]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-227">[X]</A></SUP> Palloy also sent models of the Bastille, carved from the fortress's stones, as gifts to the French provinces at his own expense to spread the revolutionary message.<SUP id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-228">[204]</A></SUP> In 1793 a large <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikigallery.org/wiki/painting_258643/(after)-Monnet,-Charles/The-Fountain-of-Regeneration-over-the-Ruins-of-the-Bastille">revolutionary fountain</A> featuring a statue of <A href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</A> was built on the former site of the fortress, which became known as the <A href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bastille" title="Place de la Bastille">Place de la Bastille</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-229">[205]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN id="19th.E2.80.9320th_century_political_and_cultural_legacy"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="19th–20th_century_political_and_cultural_legacy">19th–20th century political and cultural legacy</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 19th–20th century political and cultural legacy">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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The foundations of the Liberté Tower of the Bastille, rediscovered during excavations for the <A href="/wiki/Bastille_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" title="Bastille (Paris Métro)">Métro</A> in 1899<SUP id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-230">[206]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<P>The Bastille remained a powerful and evocative symbol for French republicans throughout the 19th century.<SUP id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-231">[207]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</A> overthrew the <A href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</A> that emerged from the Revolution in 1799, and subsequently attempted to marginalise the Bastille as a symbol.<SUP id="cite_ref-LusebrinkReichardtP220_232-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-LusebrinkReichardtP220-232">[208]</A></SUP> Napoleon was unhappy with the revolutionary connotations of the Place de la Bastille, and initially considered building his <A href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</A> on the site instead.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP3_233-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP3-233">[209]</A></SUP> This proved an unpopular option and so instead he planned the construction of a huge, bronze statue of an imperial elephant.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP3_233-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP3-233">[209]</A></SUP> The project was delayed, eventually indefinitely, and all that was constructed was a <A href="/wiki/Elephant_of_the_Bastille" title="Elephant of the Bastille">large plaster version</A> of the bronze statue, which stood on the former site of the Bastille between 1814 and 1846, when the decaying structure was finally removed.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP3_233-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP3-233">[209]</A></SUP> After the <A href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration" title="Bourbon Restoration">restoration of the French Bourbon monarchy</A> in 1815, the Bastille became an underground symbol for Republicans.<SUP id="cite_ref-LusebrinkReichardtP220_232-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-LusebrinkReichardtP220-232">[208]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</A> in 1830, used images such as the Bastille to legitimise their new regime and in 1833, the former site of the Bastille was used to build the <A href="/wiki/July_Column" title="July Column">July Column</A> to commemorate the revolution.<SUP id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-234">[210]</A></SUP> The short-lived <A href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</A> was symbolically declared in 1848 on the former revolutionary site.<SUP id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-235">[211]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, had been celebrated annually since 1790, initially through quasi-religious rituals, and then later during the Revolution with grand, secular events including the burning of replica Bastilles.<SUP id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-236">[212]</A></SUP> Under Napoleon the events became less revolutionary, focusing instead on military parades and national unity in the face of foreign threats.<SUP id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-237">[213]</A></SUP> During the 1870s, the 14 July celebrations became a rallying point for Republicans opposed to the early monarchist leadership of the <A href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</A>; when the moderate Republican <A href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Jules Grévy</A> became president in 1879, his new government turned the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille into a national holiday.<SUP id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-238">[214]</A></SUP> The anniversary remained contentious, with hard-line Republicans continuing to use the occasion to protest against the new political order and right-wing conservatives protesting about the imposition of the holiday.<SUP id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-239">[215]</A></SUP> The July Column itself remained contentious and Republican radicals unsuccessfully tried to blow it up in 1871.<SUP id="cite_ref-Burton,_p.40_240-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Burton,_p.40-240">[216]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Meanwhile, the legacy of the Bastille proved popular among French novelists. <A href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</A>, for example, used the Bastille and the legend of the "Man in the Iron Mask" extensively in his <A href="/wiki/D%27Artagnan_Romances" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Artagnan Romances">d'Artagnan Romances</A>; in these novels the Bastille is presented as both picturesque and tragic, a suitable setting for heroic action.<SUP id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-241">[217]</A></SUP> By contrast, in many of Dumas's other works, such as <I>Ange Pitou</I>, the Bastille takes on a much darker appearance, being described as a place in which a prisoner is "forgotten, bankrupted, buried, destroyed".<SUP id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-242">[218]</A></SUP> In England, <A href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</A> took a similar perspective when he drew on popular histories of the Bastille in writing <I><A href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities" title="A Tale of Two Cities">A Tale of Two Cities</A></I>, in which Doctor Manette is "buried alive" in the prison for 18 years; many historical figures associated with the Bastille are reinvented as fictional individuals in the novel, such as Claude Cholat, reproduced by Dickens as "Ernest Defarge".<SUP id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-243">[219]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</A>'s 1862 novel <I><A href="/wiki/Les_Miserables" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Miserables">Les Miserables</A></I>, set just after the Revolution, gave Napoleon's plaster Bastille elephant a permanent place in literary history. In 1889 the continued popularity of the Bastille with the public was illustrated by the decision to build a replica in stone and wood for the <A href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1889)" title="Exposition Universelle (1889)">Exposition Universelle</A> <A href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">world fair</A> in Paris, manned by actors in period costumes.<SUP id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-244">[220]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Due in part to the diffusion of national and Republican ideas across France during the second half of the Third Republic, the Bastille lost an element of its prominence as a symbol by the 20th century.<SUP id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-245">[221]</A></SUP> Nonetheless, the Place de la Bastille continued to be the traditional location for left wing rallies, particularly in the 1930s, the symbol of the Bastille was widely evoked by the <A href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</A> during the <A href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</A> and until the 1950s <A href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</A> remained the single most significant French national holiday.<SUP id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-246">[222]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Remains">Remains</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Remains">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Bd_Henri_IV-_Vestige_de_la_Bastille.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bd_Henri_IV-_Vestige_de_la_Bastille.JPG/220px-Bd_Henri_IV-_Vestige_de_la_Bastille.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bd_Henri_IV-_Vestige_de_la_Bastille.JPG/330px-Bd_Henri_IV-_Vestige_de_la_Bastille.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bd_Henri_IV-_Vestige_de_la_Bastille.JPG/440px-Bd_Henri_IV-_Vestige_de_la_Bastille.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></A>
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Remaining stones of the Bastille are still visible now on Boulevard Henri IV.</DIV>
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<P>Due to its destruction after 1789, very little remains of the Bastille in the 21st century.<SUP id="cite_ref-DutrayP136_110-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DutrayP136-110">[103]</A></SUP> During the excavations for the <A href="/wiki/Bastille_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" title="Bastille (Paris Métro)">Métro</A> underground train system in 1899, the foundations of the Liberté Tower were uncovered and moved to the corner of the Boulevard Henri IV and the Quai de Celestins, where they can still be seen today.<SUP id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-247">[223]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Pont_de_la_Concorde_(Paris)" title="Pont de la Concorde (Paris)">Pont de la Concorde</A> contains stones reused from the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-248">[224]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Some relics of the Bastille survive: the <A href="/wiki/Carnavalet_Museum" title="Carnavalet Museum">Carnavalet Museum</A> holds objects including one of the stone models of the Bastille made by <A href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Palloy" title="Pierre-François Palloy">Palloy</A> and the rope ladder used by <A href="/wiki/Jean_Henri_Latude" title="Jean Henri Latude">Latude</A> to escape from the prison roof in the 18th century, while the mechanism and bells of the prison clock are exhibited in <A href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Europ%C3%A9en_d%27Art_Campanaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée Européen d'Art Campanaire (page does not exist)">Musée Européen d'Art Campanaire</A> at <A href="/wiki/L%27Isle-Jourdain,_Gers" title="L'Isle-Jourdain, Gers">L'Isle-Jourdain</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-249">[225]</A></SUP> The key to the Bastille was given to <A href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</A> in 1790 by <A href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</A> and is displayed in the historic house of <A href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-250">[226]</A></SUP> The Bastille's archives are now held by the <A href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-251">[227]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bastille" title="Place de la Bastille">Place de la Bastille</A> still occupies most of the location of the Bastille, and the <A href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_Bastille" title="Opéra Bastille">Opéra Bastille</A> was built on the square in 1989 to commemorate the bicentennial anniversary of the storming of the prison.<SUP id="cite_ref-Burton,_p.40_240-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Burton,_p.40-240">[216]</A></SUP> The surrounding area has largely been redeveloped from its 19th-century industrial past. The ditch that originally linked the defences of the fortress to the <A href="/wiki/River_Seine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Seine">River Seine</A> had been dug out at the start of the 19th century to form the industrial harbour of the <A href="/wiki/Bassin_de_l%27Arsenal" title="Bassin de l'Arsenal">Bassin de l'Arsenal</A>, linked to the <A href="/wiki/Canal_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal Saint Martin">Canal Saint Martin</A>, but is now a marina for pleasure boats, while the <A href="/wiki/Promenade_plant%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Promenade plantée">Promenade Plantée</A> links the square with redeveloped parklands to the east.<SUP id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-252">[228]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Historiography">Historiography</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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Journal of Antoine-Jérôme de Losme, the Bastille major, describing the days before the fall of the Bastille in 1789</DIV>
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<P>A number of histories of the Bastille were published immediately after July 1789, usually with dramatic titles promising the uncovering of secrets from the prison.<SUP id="cite_ref-MuzerelleP170_253-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MuzerelleP170-253">[229]</A></SUP> By the 1830s and 1840s, popular histories written by Pierre Joigneaux and by the trio of <A href="/wiki/Auguste_Maquet" title="Auguste Maquet">Auguste Maquet</A>, <A href="/wiki/Auguste_Arnould" title="Auguste Arnould">Auguste Arnould</A> and <A href="/wiki/Jules-%C3%89douard_Alboize_de_Pujol" title="Jules-Édouard Alboize de Pujol">Jules-Édouard Alboize de Pujol</A> presented the years of the Bastille between 1358 and 1789 as a single, long period of royal tyranny and oppression, epitomised by the fortress; their works featured imaginative 19th-century reconstructions of the medieval torture of prisoners.<SUP id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-254">[230]</A></SUP> As living memories of the Revolution faded, the destruction of the Bastille meant that later historians had to rely primarily on memoires and documentary materials in analysing the fortress and the 5,279 prisoners who had come through the Bastille between 1659 and 1789.<SUP id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-255">[231]</A></SUP> The Bastille's archives, recording the operation of the prison, had been scattered in the confusion after the seizure; with some effort, the Paris Assembly gathered around 600,000 of them in the following weeks, which form the basis of the modern archive.<SUP id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-256">[232]</A></SUP> After being safely stored and ignored for many years, these archives were rediscovered by the French historian François Ravaisson, who catalogued and used them for research between 1866 and 1904.<SUP id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-257">[233]</A></SUP></P>
<P>At the end of the 19th century the historian <A href="/wiki/Frantz_Funck-Brentano" title="Frantz Funck-Brentano">Frantz Funck-Brentano</A> used the archives to undertake detailed research into the operation of the Bastille, focusing on the upper class prisoners in the Bastille, disproving many of the 18th-century myths about the institution and portraying the prison in a favourable light.<SUP id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-258">[234]</A></SUP> Modern historians today consider Funck-Brentano's work slightly biased by his anti-Republican views, but his histories of the Bastille were highly influential and were largely responsible for establishing that the Bastille was a well-run, relatively benign institution.<SUP id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-259">[235]</A></SUP> Historian Fernand Bournon used the same archive material to produce the <I>Histoire de la Bastille</I> in 1893, considered by modern historians to be one of the best and most balanced 19th-century histories of the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-260">[236]</A></SUP> These works inspired the writing of a sequence of more popular histories of the Bastille in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including Auguste Coeuret's anniversary history of the Bastille, which typically focused on a handful of themes and stories involving the more glamorous prisoners from the upper classes of French society.<SUP id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-261">[237]</A></SUP></P>
<P>One of the major debates on the actual taking of the Bastille in 1789 has been the nature of the crowds that stormed the building. <A href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Hippolyte Taine</A> argued in the late 19th century that the crowd consisted of unemployed vagrants, who acted without real thought; by contrast, the post-war left-wing intellectual <A href="/wiki/George_Rud%C3%A9" title="George Rudé">George Rudé</A> argued that the crowd was dominated by relatively prosperous artisan workers.<SUP id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-262">[238]</A></SUP> The matter was reexamined by <A href="/wiki/Jacques_Godechot" title="Jacques Godechot">Jacques Godechot</A> in the post-war years; Godechot showing convincingly that, in addition to some local artisans and traders, at least half the crowd that gathered that day were, like the inhabitants of the surrounding faubourg, recent immigrants to Paris from the provinces.<SUP id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-263">[239]</A></SUP> Godechot used this to characterise the taking of the Bastille as a genuinely national event of wider importance to French society.<SUP id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-264">[240]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the 1970s French <A href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologists</A>, particularly those interested in <A href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</A>, re-examined this historical legacy.<SUP id="cite_ref-MuzerelleP170_253-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MuzerelleP170-253">[229]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Annales_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales School">Annales School</A> conducted extensive research into how order was maintained in pre-revolutionary France, focusing on the operation of the police, concepts of <A href="/wiki/Deviancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deviancy">deviancy</A> and religion.<SUP id="cite_ref-MuzerelleP170_253-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MuzerelleP170-253">[229]</A></SUP> Histories of the Bastille since then have focused on the prison's role in policing, censorship and popular culture, in particular how these impacted on the working classes.<SUP id="cite_ref-MuzerelleP170_253-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MuzerelleP170-253">[229]</A></SUP> Research in West Germany during the 1980s examined the cultural interpretation of the Bastille against the wider context of the French Revolution; Hanse Lüsebrink and Rolf Reichardt's work, explaining how the Bastille came to be regarded as a symbol of despotism, was among the most prominent.<SUP id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-265">[241]</A></SUP> This body of work influenced historian <A href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</A>'s 1989 book on the Revolution, which incorporated cultural interpretation of the Bastille with a controversial critique of the violence surrounding the storming of the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-266">[242]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</A> held a major exhibition on the legacy of the Bastille between 2010 and 2011, resulting in a substantial edited volume summarising the current academic perspectives on the fortress.<SUP id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-267">[243]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_France" title="List of castles in France">List of castles in France</A></LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;">
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">An alternative opinion, held by Fernand Bournon, is that the first bastille was a completely different construction, possibly made just of earth, and that all of the later bastille was built under <A href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</A> and his son.<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The Bastille can be seen in the background of <A href="/wiki/Jean_Fouquet" title="Jean Fouquet">Jean Fouquet</A>'s <A class="external text" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Entr%C3%A9e_de_Charles_V_%C3%A0_Paris.jpg">15th-century depiction</A> of <A href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</A>'s entrance into Paris.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hugues Aubriot was subsequently taken from the Bastille to the <A href="/wiki/For-l%27%C3%89v%C3%AAque" title="For-l'Évêque">For-l'Évêque</A>, where he was then executed on charges of heresy.<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[23]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Converting medieval financial figures to modern equivalents is notoriously challenging. For comparison, 1,200 livres was around 0.8% of the French Crown's annual income from royal taxes in 1460.<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[30]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-55"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">In practice, <A href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</A>'s nobles appointed lieuentants to actually run the fortress.<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[50]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-82"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-82"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Andrew Trout suggests that the castle's library was originally a gift from <A href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</A>; Martine Lefévre notes early records of the books of dead prisoners being lent out by the staff as a possible origin for the library, or alternatively that the library originated as a gift from Vinache, a rich <A href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolitan</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-81">[76]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-88"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-88"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Converting 17th century financial sums into modern equivalents is extremely challenging; for comparison, 232,818 livres was around 1,000 times the annual wages of a typical labourer of the period.<SUP id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-87">[81]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-114"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-114"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The Bastille's surgeon was also responsible for shaving the prisoners, as inmates were not permitted sharp objects such as razors.<SUP id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-113">[106]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-116"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-116"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Using slightly different accounting methods, Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink suggests fractionally lower totals for prisoner numbers between 1660–1789.<SUP id="cite_ref-LusebrinkP51_79-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-LusebrinkP51-79">[74]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-133"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-133"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Jane McLeod suggests that the breaching of censorship rules by licensed printers was rarely dealt with by regular courts, being seen as an infraction against the Crown, and dealt with by royal officials.<SUP id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-132">[123]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-137"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-137"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">This picture, by <A href="/wiki/Jean-Honor%C3%A9_Fragonard" title="Jean-Honoré Fragonard">Jean-Honoré Fragonard</A>, shows a number of elegantly dressed women; it is uncertain on what occasion the drawing was made, or what they were doing in Bastille at the time.<SUP id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-136">[126]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-143"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-143"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Prisoners described the standard issue furniture as including "a bed of green serge with curtains of the same; a straw mat and a mattress; a table or two, two pitchers, a candleholder and a tin goblet; two or three chairs, a fork, a spoon and everything need to light a fire; by special favour, weak little tongs and two large stones for an <A href="/wiki/Andiron" title="Andiron">andiron</A>." Linguet complained of only initially having "two mattresses half eaten by the worms, a matted elbow chair... a tottering table, a water pitcher, two pots of Dutch ware and two flagstones to support the fire".<SUP id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-142">[131]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-148"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-148"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Linguet noted that "there are tables less lacking; I confess it; mine was among them." Morellet reported that each day he received "a bottle of decent wine, an excellent one-pound loaf of bread; for dinner, a soup, some beef, an entrée and a desert; in the evening, some roast and a salad." The abbé Marmontel recorded dinners including "an excellent soup, a succulent slice of beef, a boiled leg of capon, dripping with fat and falling off the bone; a small plate of fried artichokes in a marinade, one of spinach, a very nice "cresonne" pear, fresh grapes, a bottle of old Burgundy wine, and the best Mocha coffee. At the other end of the scale, lesser prisoners might get only "a pound of bread and a bottle of bad wine a day; for dinner...broth and two meat dishes; for supper...a slice of roast, some stew, and some salad".<SUP id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-147">[135]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-157"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-157"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Comparing 18th century sums of money with modern equivalents is notoriously difficult; for comparison, Latude's pension was around one and a third times that of a labourer's annual wage, while Voltaire's was very considerably more.<SUP id="cite_ref-Andress,_p.xiii_156-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Andress,_p.xiii-156">[143]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-164"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-164"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</A> is usually considered to have exaggerated his hardships, as he received a string of visitors each day and in fact voluntarily stayed on within the Bastille after he was officially released in order to complete some business affairs. He also campaigned to have others sent to the Bastille.<SUP id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-163">[149]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-169"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-169"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The accuracy of all of Linguet's records on the physical conditions have been questioned by modern historians, for example Simon Schama.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP334_166-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP334-166">[151]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-176"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-176"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Latude's inaccuracies include his referring to a new fur coat as "half-rotted rags", for example. Jacques Berchtold observes that Latude's writing also introduced the idea of the hero of the story actively resisting the despotic institution – in this case through escape – in contrast to earlier works which had portrayed the hero merely as the passive victim of oppression.<SUP id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-175">[159]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-182"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-182"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Comparing 18th century sums of money with modern equivalents is notoriously difficult; for comparison, the Bastille's 127,000 livres running costs in 1774 were around 420 times a Parisian labourer's annual wages, or alternatively roughly half the cost of clothing and equipping the Queen in 1785.<SUP id="cite_ref-Andress,_p.xiii_156-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Andress,_p.xiii-156">[143]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-186"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-186"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Claude Cholat was a <A href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine merchant</A> living in Paris on the rue Noyer at the start of 1789. Cholat fought on the side of the Revolutionaries during the storming of the Bastille, manning one of their cannon during the battle. Afterwards, Cholat produced a famous amateur <A href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</A> painting showing the events of the day; produced in primitive, naïve style, it combines all the events of the day into a single graphical representation.<SUP id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-185">[167]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-191"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-191"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">It is unclear why the Bastille's well was not functioning at this time.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-216"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-216"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Jacques-François-Xavier de Whyte, often called Major Whyte, had originally been imprisoned for sexual misdemeanours – by 1789 he believed himself to be <A href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</A>, accounting for his positive reaction to being paraded through the streets. Tavernier had been accused of attempting to assassinate Louis XV. The four forgers were later recaptured and imprisoned in the <A href="/wiki/Bic%C3%AAtre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicêtre">Bicêtre</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaLusebrinkP345_215-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaLusebrinkP345-215">[195]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-219"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-219"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Palloy" title="Pierre-François Palloy">Palloy</A> actually began some limited demolition work on the evening of the 14 July, before any formal authorisation had been given.<SUP id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-218">[197]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-225"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-225"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The extent to which <A href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Palloy" title="Pierre-François Palloy">Palloy</A> was motivated by money, revolutionary zeal or both is unclear; Simon Schama is inclined to portray him as a businessman first, Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink and Rolf Reichardt depict him as a slightly obsessed revolutionary.<SUP id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-224">[202]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-227"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-227"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Palloy" title="Pierre-François Palloy">Palloy</A>'s products included a working model of the fortress; royal and revolutionary portraits; miscellaneous objects such as inkwells and paperweights, made from recycled parts of the Bastille; Latude's biography and other carefully selected items.<SUP id="cite_ref-SchamaP351_226-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SchamaP351-226">[203]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-LandsdaleP216-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-LandsdaleP216_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-LandsdaleP216_1-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lansdale, p. 216.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bournon, p. 1.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Viollet, p. 172; Coueret, p. 2; Lansdale, p. 216.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bournon, p. 3.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p. 2.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ViolletLandsdaleP218-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ViolletLandsdaleP218_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ViolletLandsdaleP218_7-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Viollet, p. 172; Landsdale, p. 218.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Viollet, p. 172; Landsdale, p. 218; Muzerelle (2010a), p. 14.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CouereteBournonP3-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CouereteBournonP3_9-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CouereteBournonP3_9-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p. 3, Bournon, p. 6.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Viollet, p. 172; Schama, p 331; Muzerelle (2010a), p.14.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Anderson,_p.208-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Anderson,_p.208_11-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Anderson,_p.208_11-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Anderson, p. 208.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p. 52.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classes.bnf.fr/classes/pages/pdf/Bastille1.pdf">La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</A>, accessed 8 August 2011; Funck-Brentano, p. 62; Bournon, p. 48.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Viollet, p. 172.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p. 36.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lansdale, p. 221.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Toy, p. 215; Anderson, p. 208.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Anderson pp. 208, 283.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Anderson, pp. 208–09.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lansdale, pp.219–220.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bournon, p.7.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lansdale, p.220; Bournon, p.7.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CoueretP4-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CoueretP4_24-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CoueretP4_24-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CoueretP4_24-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CoueretP4_24-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p.4.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, pp.4, 46.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bournon, pp.7, 48.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Le Bas, p.191.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lansdale, p.220.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classes.bnf.fr/classes/pages/pdf/Bastille1.pdf">La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</A>, accessed 8 August 2011; Lansdale, p.220; Bournon, p.49.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p.13; Bournon, p.11.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bournon, pp.49, 51.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Curry, p.82.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, p.63.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Munck, p.168.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lansdale, p.285.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Muzerelle (2010a), p.14.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Bretano, p.61; Muzerelle (2010a), p.14.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, pp.45, 57.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p.37.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Knecht, p.449.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Knecht, pp.451–2.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Knecht, p.452.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Knecht, p.459.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Freer, p.358.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Freer, pp.248, 356.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Freer, pp.354–6.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Freer, pp.356, 357–8.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Freer, pp.364, 379.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Knecht, p.486.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-52"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, p.64; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.6.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, p.64; Bournon, p.49.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bournon, p.49.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-56"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, p.65.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Munck,_p.212-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Munck,_p.212_57-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Munck,_p.212_57-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Munck, p.212.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-58"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sturdy, p.27.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-59"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lansdale, p.324.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-60"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Munck, p.212; Le Bas, p.191.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Treasure, p.141.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-62"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Treasure, p.141; Le Bas, p.191.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-63"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Treasure, p.171; Le Bas, p.191.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-64"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Treasure, p.198.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-65"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sainte-Aulaire, p.195; Hazan, p.14.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-66"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-66"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sainte-Aulaire, p.195; Hazan, p.14; Treasure, p.198.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-67"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-67"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Trout, p.12.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-68"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-68"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p.37; Hazan, pp.14–5; <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classes.bnf.fr/classes/pages/pdf/Bastille1.pdf">La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</A>, accessed 8 August 2011.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-69"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-69"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, p.61.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BNF1-70"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-BNF1_70-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BNF1_70-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BNF1_70-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BNF1_70-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classes.bnf.fr/classes/pages/pdf/Bastille1.pdf">La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</A>, accessed 8 August 2011.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-71"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-71"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.6.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-72"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-72"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Trout, pp.140–1.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-73"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-73"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Collins, p.103.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-74"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-74"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cottret, p.73; Trout, p.142.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-TroutP142-75"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-TroutP142_75-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-TroutP142_75-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Trout, p.142.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-TroutP143-76"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-TroutP143_76-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Trout, p.143.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-77"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-77"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Trout, p.141; Bély, pp.124–5, citing Petitfils (2003).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-TroutP141-78"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-TroutP141_78-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-TroutP141_78-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Trout, p.141.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-LusebrinkP51-79"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-LusebrinkP51_79-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-LusebrinkP51_79-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-LusebrinkP51_79-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-LusebrinkP51_79-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-LusebrinkP51_79-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink, p.51.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-80"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-80"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lefévre, p.156.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-81"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-81"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Trout, p.141, Lefévre, p.156.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-83"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-83"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bournon, pp.49, 52.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-84"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-84"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Dutray-Lecoin (2010b), p.24; Collins, p.149; McLeod, p.5.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-85"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-85"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bournon, p.53.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-86"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-86"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bournon, pp.50–1.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-87"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-87"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Andrews, p.66.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-89"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-89"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, pp.72–3.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-90"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-90"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classes.bnf.fr/classes/pages/pdf/Bastille1.pdf">La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</A>, accessed 8 August 2011; Schama, p.331.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FunckP73-91"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-FunckP73_91-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FunckP73_91-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, p.73.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-92"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-92"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Garrioch, p.22.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-93"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-93"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Garrioch, p.22; Roche, p.17.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-94"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-94"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Roche, p.17.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-95"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-95"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.330.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-96"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-96"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, p.58.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Chevallier,_p.148-97"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Chevallier,_p.148_97-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Chevallier,_p.148_97-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Chevallier, p.148.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-98"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-98"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, pp.45–6.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CoueretP46-99"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CoueretP46_99-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CoueretP46_99-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p.46.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-100"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-100"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p.47; Funck-Brentano, pp.59–60.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CoueretP47-101"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CoueretP47_101-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CoueretP47_101-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p.47.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-102"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-102"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p.47; Funck-Brentano, p.60.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-103"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-103"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p.48; Bournon, p.27.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-104"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-104"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p.48.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-105"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-105"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, pp.48–9.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-106"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-106"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p.49.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-107"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-107"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Reichardt, p.226; Coueret, p.51.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-108"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-108"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p.57; Funck-Brentano, p.62.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-109"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-109"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.330; Coueret, p.58; Bournon, pp.25–6.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-DutrayP136-110"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-DutrayP136_110-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DutrayP136_110-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DutrayP136_110-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DutrayP136_110-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DutrayP136_110-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Dutray-Lecoin (2010a), p.136.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-111"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-111"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bournon, p.71.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-112"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-112"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bournon, pp.66, 68.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-113"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-113"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Linguet, p.78.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-115"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-115"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.339; Bournon, p.73.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-117"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-117"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Denis, p.38; Dutray-Lecoin (2010b), p.24.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-118"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-118"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Dutray-Lecoin (2010b), p.24.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-119"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-119"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.331; Lacam, p.79.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-120"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-120"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cottret, pp.75–6.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-121"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-121"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Andrews, p.270; Prade, p.25.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-122"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-122"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Andrews, p.270; Farge, p.89.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-123"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-123"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Trout, pp.141, 143.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-124"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-124"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Gillispie, p.249.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-125"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-125"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp.25–6.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-126"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-126"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, p.72; Dutray-Lecoin (2010a), p.136.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-127"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-127"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Denis, p.37; <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classes.bnf.fr/classes/pages/pdf/Bastille1.pdf">La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</A>, accessed 8 August 2011.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-128"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-128"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Denis, p.37.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-129"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-129"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Denis, pp.38–9.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-130"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-130"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, p.81; <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classes.bnf.fr/classes/pages/pdf/Bastille1.pdf">La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</A>, accessed 8 August 2011.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BirnP51-131"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-BirnP51_131-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BirnP51_131-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Birn, p.51.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-132"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-132"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">McLeod, p.6</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-134"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-134"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.331; Funck-Brentano, p.148.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-135"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-135"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, pp.156–9.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-136"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-136"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Dutray-Lecoin (2010c), p.148.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-138"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-138"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, pp.331–2; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp.29–32.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-139"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-139"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, pp.331–2.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaP331-140"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP331_140-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP331_140-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.331.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-141"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-141"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.332; Linguet, p.69; Coeuret, p.54-5.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-142"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-142"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Linguet, p.69; Coeuret, p.54-5, citing Charpentier (1789).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-144"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-144"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bournon, p.30.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaP332-145"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP332_145-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP332_145-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.332.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-146"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-146"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.333; Andress, p.xiii; Chevallier, p.151.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-147"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-147"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Chevallier, pp.151–2, citing Morellet, p.97, Marmontel, pp.133–5 and Coueret, p.20.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-149"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-149"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, p.107; Chevallier, p.152.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-150"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-150"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.31; Sérieux and Libert (1914), cited Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.31.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-151"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-151"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, pp.332, 335.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-152"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-152"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.333.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-153"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-153"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Farge, p.153.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-154"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-154"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lefévre, p.157.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-155"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-155"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, p.99.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Andress,_p.xiii-156"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Andress,_p.xiii_156-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Andress,_p.xiii_156-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Andress, p.xiii.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Reichardt,_p.226-158"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Reichardt,_p.226_158-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Reichardt,_p.226_158-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Reichardt, p.226.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-159"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-159"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.10; Renneville (1719).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-160"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-160"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.11.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-161"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-161"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p.13; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.12; Bucquoy (1719).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-162"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-162"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp.14–5, 26.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-163"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-163"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp.26–7.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-165"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-165"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.333; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.19.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaP334-166"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP334_166-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP334_166-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.334.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-167"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-167"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.334; Linguet (2005).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-168"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-168"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, pp.334–5.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaP335-170"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP335_170-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP335_170-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.335.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-171"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-171"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, pp.336–7.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-172"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-172"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, pp.337–8.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaP338-173"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP338_173-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP338_173-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP338_173-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP338_173-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.338.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-174"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-174"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.338; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.31; Latude (1790).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-175"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-175"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.31; Berchtold, pp.143–5.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-177"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-177"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.334; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.27.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-178"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-178"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.27.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-179"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-179"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, pp.78–9.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-180"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-180"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Gillispie, p.247; Funck-Brentano, p.78.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-181"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-181"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, pp.81–2.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-183"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-183"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, p.83.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-184"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-184"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, p.79.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-185"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-185"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.340-2, fig.6.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaP327-187"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP327_187-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP327_187-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.327.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaP339-188"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP339_188-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP339_188-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP339_188-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP339_188-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP339_188-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP339_188-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.339.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-189"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-189"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.339</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-190"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-190"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coueret, p.57.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-192"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-192"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.340.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-193"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-193"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.340; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.58.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-194"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-194"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.340-1.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-195"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-195"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.42.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-196"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-196"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.341.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-197"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-197"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.341; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.43.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-198"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-198"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.341-2.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaP342-199"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP342_199-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP342_199-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.342.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaP343-200"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP343_200-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP343_200-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP343_200-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.343.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-201"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-201"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.342; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.43.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-202"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-202"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, pp.342–3.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-203"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-203"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.44.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-204"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-204"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.343; Crowdy, p.8.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-205"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-205"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Reichardt, p.240; Schama, p.345; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.86.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-206"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-206"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hazan, p.122; Schama, p.347.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ReichardtSchamaP240-207"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ReichardtSchamaP240_207-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ReichardtSchamaP240_207-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Reichardt, p.240; Schama, p.345.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-208"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-208"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.64.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-209"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-209"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp.74, 77.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaP345-210"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP345_210-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP345_210-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP345_210-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP345_210-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.345.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaP348-211"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP348_211-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP348_211-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.348.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-212"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-212"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Reichardt, pp.241–2.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-213"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-213"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Reichardt, p.226; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp.98–9.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-214"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-214"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, pp.344–5; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.67.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaLusebrinkP345-215"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaLusebrinkP345_215-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaLusebrinkP345_215-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.345; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp.106–7.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-217"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-217"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.347.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-218"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-218"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.120.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-220"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-220"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, pp.347–8.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaP349-221"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP349_221-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP349_221-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.349.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaP350-222"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP350_222-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP350_222-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.350.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-223"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-223"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, pp.351–2; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp.80–1.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-224"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-224"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, pp.351–3; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp.120–1.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaP351-226"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP351_226-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP351_226-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.351.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-228"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-228"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp.120–1.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-229"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-229"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.168.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-230"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-230"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Amalvi, p.184.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-231"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-231"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Amalvi, p.181.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-LusebrinkReichardtP220-232"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-LusebrinkReichardtP220_232-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-LusebrinkReichardtP220_232-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.220.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SchamaP3-233"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP3_233-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP3_233-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SchamaP3_233-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schama, p.3.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-234"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-234"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Burton, p.40; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.222.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-235"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-235"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.227.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-236"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-236"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp.155–6.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-237"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-237"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp.156–7.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-238"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-238"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.229.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-239"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-239"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">McPhee, p.259; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.231.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Burton,_p.40-240"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Burton,_p.40_240-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Burton,_p.40_240-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Burton, p.40.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-241"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-241"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sacquin, pp.186–7.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-242"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-242"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sacquin, p.186.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-243"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-243"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Glancy, pp.18, 33; Sacquin, p.186.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-244"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-244"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Giret, p.191.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-245"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-245"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.235.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-246"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-246"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Nora, p.118; Ayers, p.188; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, pp.232–5.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-247"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-247"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hazan, p.11; Amalvi, p.184.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-248"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-248"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Ayers, p.391.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-249"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-249"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnavalet.paris.fr/fr/collections/modele-reduit-de-la-bastille">Modèle réduit de la Bastille</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/Carnavalet_Museum" title="Carnavalet Museum">Carnavalet Museum</A>, accessed 2 September 2011; Berchtold, p.145; Dutray-Lecoin (2010a), p.136.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-250"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-250"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountvernon.org/research-collections/digital-encyclopedia/article/bastille-key/">Bastille Key</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">George Washington's Mount Vernon and Historic Gardens</A>, accessed 2 September 2011.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-251"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-251"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnf.fr/fr/collections_et_services/anx_fds_col/a.archives_bastille.html">Archives de la Bastille</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110909092509/http://www.bnf.fr/fr/collections_et_services/anx_fds_col/a.archives_bastille.html">Archived</A> September 9, 2011, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</I>, <A href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</A>, accessed 2 September 2011.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-252"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-252"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Berens, p.237-8.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-MuzerelleP170-253"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-MuzerelleP170_253-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-MuzerelleP170_253-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-MuzerelleP170_253-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-MuzerelleP170_253-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Muzerelle (2010b), p.170.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-254"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-254"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Amalvi, p.181; Joigneaux (1838); Maquet, Arnould and Alboize Du Pujol (1844).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-255"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-255"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Dutray-Lecoin (2010a), p.136; <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classes.bnf.fr/classes/pages/pdf/Bastille1.pdf">La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</A>, accessed 8 August 2011.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-256"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-256"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classes.bnf.fr/classes/pages/pdf/Bastille1.pdf">La Bastille ou « l’Enfer des vivants »?</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</A>, accessed 8 August 2011.; Funck-Brentano, pp.52–4.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-257"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-257"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Funck-Brentano, pp.55–6; Muzerelle (2010b), p.170.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-258"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-258"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Muzerelle (2010b), p.170; Funck-Bretano (1899).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-259"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-259"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Muzerelle (2010b), p.170; Amalvi, p.183.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-260"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-260"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Muzerelle (2010b), p.170; Bournon (1898).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-261"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-261"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Muzerelle (2010b), p.170; Lüsebrink and Reichardt, p.207; Coeuret (1890).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-262"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-262"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Kennedy, p.313; Rudé (1959); Taine (1878).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-263"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-263"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Godechot (1965); Schama, p.762; Kennedy, p.313.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-264"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-264"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Kennedy, p.313.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-265"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-265"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Crook, pp.245–6; Lüsebrink and Reichardt (1997).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-266"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-266"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Colley, pp.12–3; Schama (2004).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-267"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-267"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnf.fr/en/cultural_events/anx_exhibitions/f.bastille_eng.html">The "Bastille" or "Living in Hell"</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112055927/http://www.bnf.fr/en/cultural_events/anx_exhibitions/f.bastille_eng.html">Archived</A> November 12, 2011, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</I>, <A href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</A>, accessed 29 August 2011; Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010).</SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
<UL>
<LI>Alpaugh, Micah. "A Self-Defining Bourgeoisie in the Early French Revolution: The Milice bourgeoise, the Bastille Days of 1789, and Their Aftermath," <I>Journal of Social History</I> 47, no. 3 (Spring 2014), 696-720.</LI>
<LI>Amalvi, Christian. "La Bastille dans l'historiographie républicaine du XIXe siècle", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Anderson, William (1980). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4F5OAAAAYAAJ">Castles of Europe: From Charlemagne to the Renaissance</A></I>. London: Ferndale. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905746-20-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-905746-20-1">0-905746-20-1</A>.</LI>
<LI>Andress, David (2004). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QTkXl5egfoC">The French Revolution and the People</A></I>. New York: Hambledon Continuum. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-540-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-540-6">978-1-85285-540-6</A>.</LI>
<LI>Andrews, Richard Mowery (1994). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rZ0NeUZ0Y8EC">Law, Magistracy, and Crime in Old Regime Paris, 1735–1789: Volume 1, The system of Criminal Justice</A></I>. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36169-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36169-9">978-0-521-36169-9</A>.</LI>
<LI>Ayers, Andrew (2004). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0eJxj9Xos_UC">The Architecture of Paris: an Architectural Guide</A></I>. Stuttgart, Germany: Axel Menges. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-930698-96-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-930698-96-7">978-3-930698-96-7</A>.</LI>
<LI>Bély, Lucien (2005). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh0dnHkGjtUC">Louis XIV: le plus grand roi du monde</A></I>. Paris: Gisserot. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87747-772-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87747-772-7">978-2-87747-772-7</A>. <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Berchtold, Jacques (2010). "L'embastillement dans les mémoires des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Berens, Carol (2011). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UA6uy5N_clkC">Redeveloping Industrial Sites: A Guide For Architects, Planners, and Developers</A></I>. Hoboken, US: John Wiley. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-39824-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-39824-1">978-0-470-39824-1</A>.</LI>
<LI>Birn, Raymond (1989). "Malesherbes and the Call For a Free Press", in Darnton and Roche (eds) (1989).</LI>
<LI>Bournon, Fernand (1898). <I>La Bastille: histoire et description des bâtiments, administration, régime de la prison, événements historiques.</I> Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/422090746">422090746</A>. <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Bucquoy, Jean Albert de (1719). <I>Die sogenannte Hölle der Lebendigen: d.i. die weltberufene Bastille zu Paris.</I> nl: Friends of the Author. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/166115978">166115978</A>. <SPAN class="languageicon">(in German)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Charpentier, François (1789). <I>La Bastille dévoilée, ou, Recueil de pièces authentiques pour servir a son histoire.</I> Paris: Chez Desenne. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54462067">54462067</A>. <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Chevallier, Jim (2005). "Appendices B and C", in Linguet (2005).</LI>
<LI>Coeuret, August (1890). <I>La Bastille 1370–1789: historie, description, attaque et prise.</I> Paris: Rothschild. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65031248">65031248</A>. <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Colley, Linda (1989). "Last Farewells". <I>London Review of Books</I> 11: no. 12, pp. 12–13.</LI>
<LI>Collins, James B. (1995). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pcJmPBNBeKgC">The State in Early Modern France</A></I>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38724-8">978-0-521-38724-8</A>.</LI>
<LI>Cottret, Monique (2010). "Les affaires de religion à la Bastille", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Crook, Malcolm (1999). "Review: The Bastille: a History of a Symbol of Despotism and Freedom". <I>French History</I> 13: no. 2, pp. 245–6.</LI>
<LI>Crowdy, Terry (2004). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UAmGRjaOASgC">French Revolutionary Infantry 1789–1802</A></I>. Botley, UK: Osprey Publishing. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-660-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-660-7">1-84176-660-7</A>.</LI>
<LI>Curry, Anne (2002). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kTPkkGCmnR0C">The Hundred Years' War: 1337–1453</A></I>. Botley, UK: Osprey. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-269-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-269-2">978-1-84176-269-2</A>.</LI>
<LI>Daileader, Philip and Philip Whalen (eds) (2010). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n349OOu8HMwC">French Historians 1900–2000: New Historical Writing in Twentieth-Century France</A></I>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9867-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9867-7">978-1-4051-9867-7</A>.</LI>
<LI>Darnton, Robert and Daniel Roche (eds) (1989). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_aVPJtVWbyQC">Revolution in Print: the Press in France, 1775–1800</A></I>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06431-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06431-7">978-0-520-06431-7</A>.</LI>
<LI>Denis, Vincent (2010). "La police de Paris et la Bastille au XVIIIe siècle", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Dutray-Lecoin, Élise (2010a). "La vie quotidienne à la Bastille", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Dutray-Lecoin, Élise (2010b). "Le système pénitentiaire parisien sous l'Ancien Régime", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Dutray-Lecoin, Élise (2010c). "175: La Bastille vue par un artiste", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Dutray-Lecoin, Élise and Danielle Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <I>La Bastille ou 'l'enfer des vivants' à travers les archives de la Bastille.</I> Paris: Bibliothèque nationale de France. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7177-2467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7177-2467-7">978-2-7177-2467-7</A>.</LI>
<LI>Farge, Arlette (1993). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l1G8CGaONVIC">Fragile Lives: Violence, Power and Solidarity in Eighteenth-Century Paris</A></I>. London: Polity Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-31637-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-31637-9">978-0-674-31637-9</A>.</LI>
<LI>Farge, Arlette (2010). "Le désordre social et politique, la main due roi s'y oppose", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Martha_Walker_Freer" title="Martha Walker Freer">Freer, Martha Walker</A> (1860). <I>History of the Reign of Henry IV.</I> London: Hurst and Blackett. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/605733923">605733923</A>.</LI>
<LI>Funck-Brentano, Frantz (1899). <I>Legends of the Bastille.</I> London: Downey. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/657054286">657054286</A>.</LI>
<LI>Garrioch, David (2004). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ra7W1M9bAPIC">The Making of Revolutionary Paris</A></I>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24327-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24327-9">978-0-520-24327-9</A>.</LI>
<LI>Gillispie, Charles Coulston (1980). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwZ1gvewyO4C">Science and Polity in France: the End of the Old Regime</A></I>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11849-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11849-9">978-0-691-11849-9</A>.</LI>
<LI>Giret, Noëlle (2010). "La Bastille ou le 'palais de la vengeance'", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Glancy, Ruth F (2006). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nVYM-71knOMC">Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities: a Sourcebook</A></I>. London: Routledge. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28759-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28759-3">978-0-415-28759-3</A>.</LI>
<LI>Godechot, Jacques Léon (1965). <I>La prise de la Bastille: 14 juillet 1789</I>. Paris: Gallimard. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1736415">1736415</A>.</LI>
<LI>Hazan, Eric (2011). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=og_RDdEdHz4C">The Invention of Paris: A History in Footsteps</A></I>. London: Verso. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-705-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-705-4">978-1-84467-705-4</A>.</LI>
<LI>Joigneaux, Pierre (1838). <I>Histoire générale de la Bastille.</I> Paris: Pierre Joigneaux. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/457621707">457621707</A>.</LI>
<LI>Kennedy, Emmet (2010). "Jacques Godechot (1907–1989)", in Daileader and Whalen (eds) (2010).</LI>
<LI>Knecht, Robert Jean (2001). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3Tyl-73jfwC">The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France, 1483–1610</A></I>. Oxford: Blackwell Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22729-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22729-8">978-0-631-22729-8</A>.</LI>
<LI>Lacam, Emmanuel (2010). "Les convulsionnaires", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Lansdale, Maria Hornor (1898). <I>Paris: Its Sites, Monuments and History.</I> Philadelphia, US: H.T. Coates. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/224022">224022</A>.</LI>
<LI>Latude, Henri (1790). <I>Le despotisme dévoilé; ou, Mémoires de Henry Masers de Latude, détenu pendant trente-cinq ans dans divers prisons d'état.</I> Paris: Frais de M. de Latude. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33300147">33300147</A>. <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Le Bas, M (1840). <I>France. Annales historiques.</I> Paris: F. Didot frères. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/656850085">656850085</A>. <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Lefèvre, Martine (2010). "La bibliothèque de la Bastille", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Linguet, Simon-Nicolas-Henry (2005). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V2rnTtXmRpYC">Memoirs of the Bastille</A></I>. North Hollywood, US: CJ Books. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-4697-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-4697-1">978-1-4116-4697-1</A>.</LI>
<LI>Lüsebrink, Hans-Jürgen (2010). "Les grandes affairs politiques", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Lüsebrink, Hans-Jürgen and Rolf Reichardt (1997). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jN9WU-2X8t4C">The Bastille: a History of a Symbol of Despotism and Freedom</A></I>. Durham, US: Duke University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1894-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1894-1">978-0-8223-1894-1</A>.</LI>
<LI>Maquet, Auguste, A. Arnould and Jules-Édouard Alboize Du Pujol (1844). <I>Histoire de la Bastille depuis sa fondation (1374) jusqu'à sa destruction (1789).</I> Paris: Administration de Librairie. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13144605">13144605</A>. <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Marmontel, Jean-François (1891). <I>Memoires de Marmontel.</I> Paris: Librairie des bibliophiles. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2599671">2599671</A>. <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>McLeod, Jane (2011). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lKsoOh75VToC">Licensing Loyalty: Printers, Patrons, and the State in Early Modern France</A></I>. University Park, US: Pennsylvania State University. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-03768-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-03768-4">978-0-271-03768-4</A>.</LI>
<LI>McPhee, Peter (1992). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MRwOAAAAQAAJ">A Social History of France 1780–1880</A></I>. London: Routledge. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01615-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01615-5">978-0-415-01615-5</A>.</LI>
<LI>Morellet, André (1822). <I>Mémoires inédits de l'abbé Morellet, de l'Académie française: sur le dix-huitième siècle et sur la révolution.</I> Paris: Ladvocat. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65244643">65244643</A>. <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Munck, Thomas (1990). <I>Seventeenth Century Europe: 1598–1700.</I> London: Macmillan. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-28641-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-28641-8">978-0-333-28641-8</A>.</LI>
<LI>Muzerelle, Danielle (2010a). "La Bastille et le quartier de l'Arsenal", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Muzerelle, Danielle (2010b). "La Bastille après le 14 Juillet", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Nora, Pierre (1998). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r44-AQAAIAAJ">Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past</A></I>. New York: Columbia University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10926-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10926-0">978-0-231-10926-0</A>.</LI>
<LI>Petitfils, Jean-Christian (2003). <I>Le Masque de fer: entre histoire et légende</I>. Paris, Perrin. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02171-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-02171-9">978-2-262-02171-9</A>. <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Prade, Catherine (2010). "Les prisons de Paris", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Reichardt, Rolf (1980). "Prints: Images of the Bastille", in Darnton and Roche (eds) (1989).</LI>
<LI>Renneville, de Constantin (1719). <I>L'Inquisition françoise ou l'histoire de la Bastille.</I> Amsterdam: np. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/601482963">601482963</A>. <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Roche, Daniel (1987). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ct-vURCb2BYC">The People of Paris: an Essay in Popular Culture in the 18th Century</A></I>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06031-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06031-9">978-0-520-06031-9</A>.</LI>
<LI>Rudé, George (1958). <I>The Crowd in the French Revolution.</I> Oxford: Clarendon Press. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/401387">401387</A>.</LI>
<LI>Sacquin, Michèle (2010). "La Bastille romanesque: entre idéologie et pittoresque", in Dutray-Lecoin and Muzerelle (eds) (2010). <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Sainte-Aulaire, Louis Clair de Beaupoil Le Comte de (1827). <I>Histoire de la Fronde, Tome 3.</I> Paris: Baudouin frères. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/562330561">562330561</A>. <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Schama, Simon (2004). <I><A href="/wiki/Citizens:_a_Chronicle_of_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens: a Chronicle of the French Revolution">Citizens: a Chronicle of the French Revolution</A></I>. London: Penguin. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101727-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101727-3">978-0-14-101727-3</A>.</LI>
<LI>Sérieux, Paul and Lucien Libert (1914). <I>Le Régime des aliénés en France au XVIIIe siècle.</I> Paris: Masson. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34916953">34916953</A>. <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>Sturdy, David J (1998). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I8ZSMoxi30MC">Louis XIV</A></I>. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21428-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21428-9">978-0-312-21428-9</A>.</LI>
<LI>Taine, Hippolyte (1878). <I>The French Revolution.</I> New York: H. Holt. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/593770">593770</A>.</LI>
<LI>Toy, Sidney (1985). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6tBZbTHcDXoC">Castles: Their Construction and History</A></I>. New York: Dover Publications. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-24898-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-24898-1">978-0-486-24898-1</A> (reissue of <I>Castles: a short history of fortification from 1600 B.C. to A.D. 1600</I>; London: Heinemann, 1939).</LI>
<LI>Treasure, Geoffrey (1997). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bff4XDG1JzQC">Mazarin: the Crisis of Absolutism in France</A></I>. London: Routledge. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16211-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16211-1">978-0-415-16211-1</A>.</LI>
<LI>Trout, Andrew P. (1996). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bwBLD62fdmEC">City on the Seine: Paris in the Time of Richelieu and Louis XIV</A></I>. New York: St Martin's Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12933-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12933-0">978-0-312-12933-0</A>.</LI>
<LI>Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène-Emmanuel (1875). <I>Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle.</I> Paris: Morel. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/565869554">565869554</A>. <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af" style="display: none;"><A href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille_(kasteel)" title="Bastille (kasteel) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84" title="سجن الباستيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az" style="display: none;"><A href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastiliya_qalas%C4%B1" title="Bastiliya qalası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be" style="display: none;"><A href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бастылія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old" style="display: none;"><A href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бастылія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бастилия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br" style="display: none;"><A href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Bastilla" title="La Bastilla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastila" title="Bastila – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da" style="display: none;"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastillen" title="Bastillen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et" style="display: none;"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el" style="display: none;"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Βαστίλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastilla" title="Bastilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastilla" title="Bastilla – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84" title="قلعه باستیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastilla" title="Bastilla – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EC%9C%A0_%EA%B0%90%EC%98%A5" title="바스티유 감옥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AC" title="Բաստիլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is" style="display: none;"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastillan" title="Bastillan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it" style="display: none;"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastiglia_(Parigi)" title="Bastiglia (Parigi) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he" style="display: none;"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="בסטיליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluwarti_Bastil" title="Baluwarti Bastil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბასტილია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бастилия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бастилия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bast%C4%ABlija" title="Bastīlija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastilija" title="Bastilija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastiggia" title="Bastiggia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Бастилја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="बास्तीय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz" style="display: none;"><A href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84" title="الباستيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille_Saint-Antoine" title="Bastille Saint-Antoine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A6%E7%89%A2%E7%8D%84" title="バスティーユ牢獄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="display: none;"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastillen" title="Bastillen – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bast%C3%AEle_d%C3%A9_Paris" title="Bastîle dé Paris – Norman" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc" style="display: none;"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastilha" title="Bastilha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastiliya" title="Bastiliya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬਾਸਤੀਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84" title="باستیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastylia" title="Bastylia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastilha" title="Bastilha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastilia" title="Bastilia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бастилия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бастилия – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastigghia" title="Bastigghia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si" style="display: none;"><A href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="බැස්ටීලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="display: none;"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%84" title="باسٽل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastila" title="Bastila – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastilja" title="Bastilja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Бастиља – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastilji" title="Bastilji – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastiljen" title="Bastiljen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бастилия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille_Hapishanesi" title="Bastille Hapishanesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бастилія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><A href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84" title="باستیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E5%BA%95%E7%8D%84" title="巴士底獄 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C" title="באסטיל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E5%BA%95%E7%9B%A3%E7%8D%84" title="巴士底監獄 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E5%BA%95%E7%8B%B1" title="巴士底狱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				<BUTTON class="mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button" title="All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)">62 more</BUTTON></UL>
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document_title: Bastille

token: Bastille

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: This

token: article

token: is

token: about

token: the

token: building

token: in

token: Paris

token: For

token: fall

token: of

token: French

token: Revolution

token: see

token: Storming

token: list

token: commanders

token: Governor

token: other

token: uses

token: disambiguation

token: <Table>

token: <Tr>

token: <Th colspan="2">

token: <Td colspan="2">

token: France

token: East

token: view

token: <Th>

token: Coordinates

token: <Td>

token: N

token: E

token: Type

token: Medieval

token: fortress

token: prison

token: Site

token: information

token: Condition

token: Destroyed

token: limited

token: stonework

token: survives

question_text: when was the fort of bastille razed to ground