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<TITLE>Key (music) - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Key (music)</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
				<DIV id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</DIV>				<DIV id="contentSub"></DIV>
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the instrument part, see <A href="/wiki/Key_(instrument)" title="Key (instrument)">Key (instrument)</A>. For the YouTube product, see <A href="/wiki/Music_Key" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Key">Music Key</A>.</DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Major Key" redirects here. For the DJ Khaled album, see <A href="/wiki/Major_Key_(album)" title="Major Key (album)">Major Key (album)</A>.</DIV>
<P>In <A href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</A>, the <B>key</B> of a <A href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">piece</A> is the group of pitches, or <A href="/wiki/Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">scale</A>, that forms the basis of a music composition in <A href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</A>, Western art, and Western pop music.
</P><P>The group features a <I><A href="/wiki/Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">tonic</A> <A href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">note</A></I> and its corresponding <I><A href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</A></I>, also called a <I>tonic</I> or <I>tonic chord</I>, which provides a subjective sense of arrival and rest, and also has a unique relationship to the other pitches of the same group, their corresponding chords, and pitches and chords outside the group.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> Notes and <A href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</A> other than the tonic in a piece create varying degrees of tension, <A href="/wiki/Resolution_(music)" title="Resolution (music)">resolved</A> when the tonic note or chord returns.
</P><P>The key may be in the <A href="/wiki/Major_and_minor" title="Major and minor">major or minor</A> mode, though musicians assume major in a statement like, "This piece is in C." <A href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">Popular songs</A> are usually in a key, and so is classical music during the <A href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">common practice period</A>, around 1650–1900. Longer pieces in the classical repertoire may have sections in <A href="/wiki/Contrasting_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrasting key">contrasting keys</A>.
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<DIV id="toc" class="toc"><DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><H2>Contents</H2><SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Overview"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Overview</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Keys_and_tonality"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Keys and tonality</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Instruments_in_a_key"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Instruments in a key</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#Key_coloration"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Key coloration</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>

<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(music)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Methods that establish the key for a particular piece can be complicated to explain and vary over music history.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> However, the chords most often used in a piece in a particular key are those that contain the notes in the corresponding <A href="/wiki/Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">scale</A>, and conventional <A href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">progressions</A> of these chords, particularly <A href="/wiki/Cadence_(music)" title="Cadence (music)">cadences</A>, orient the listener around the tonic.
</P><P>The <A href="/wiki/Key_signature" title="Key signature">key signature</A> is not always a reliable guide to the key of a written piece. It does not discriminate between a major key and its <A href="/wiki/Relative_key" title="Relative key">relative</A> minor; the piece may <A href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">modulate</A> to a different key; if the modulation is brief, it may not involve a change of key signature, being indicated instead with <A href="/wiki/Accidental_(music)" title="Accidental (music)">accidentals</A>. Occasionally, a piece in a <A href="/wiki/Musical_mode#Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical mode">mode</A> such as <A href="/wiki/Mixolydian_mode" title="Mixolydian mode">Mixolydian</A> or <A href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian</A> is written with a major or minor key signature appropriate to the tonic, and accidentals throughout the piece.
</P><P>Pieces in modes not corresponding to major or minor keys may sometimes be referred to as being in the key of the tonic. A piece using some other type of <A href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</A>, resolving e.g. to A, might be described as "in A" to indicate that A is the <A href="/wiki/Tonal_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal center">tonal center</A> of the piece.
</P><P>An instrument is "in a key," an unrelated usage that means the pitches considered "natural" for that instrument. For example, modern <A href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</A> are usually in the key of B<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN>, since the notes produced without using the valves correspond to the <A href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">harmonic series</A> whose fundamental pitch is B<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN>. (Such instruments are called <I><A href="/wiki/Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">transposing</A></I> when their written notes differ from <A href="/wiki/Concert_pitch" title="Concert pitch">concert pitch</A>.)
</P><P>A <B>key relationship</B> is the relationship between keys, measured by <A href="/wiki/Common_tone_(scale)" title="Common tone (scale)">common tone</A> and nearness on the <A href="/wiki/Circle_of_fifths" title="Circle of fifths">circle of fifths</A>. See <A href="/wiki/Closely_related_key" title="Closely related key">closely related key</A>.
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Keys_and_tonality">Keys and tonality</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(music)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Keys and tonality">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Ii-V-I_turnaround_in_C.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ii-V-I_turnaround_in_C.png/220px-Ii-V-I_turnaround_in_C.png" width="220" height="108" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ii-V-I_turnaround_in_C.png/330px-Ii-V-I_turnaround_in_C.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ii-V-I_turnaround_in_C.png/440px-Ii-V-I_turnaround_in_C.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="263" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Ii-V-I_turnaround_in_C.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Perfect authentic cadence (V-I [here in <A href="/wiki/Dominant_seventh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant seventh">V<SUP>7</SUP></A>-I form] with roots in the bass and tonic in the highest voice of the final chord): <A href="/wiki/Ii-V-I_progression" class="mw-redirect" title="Ii-V-I progression">ii-V<SUP>7</SUP>-I progression</A> in C <SPAN class="unicode haudio"><SPAN class="fn"><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="/wiki/File:Ii-V-I_turnaround_in_C.mid" title="About this sound"><IMG alt="About this sound" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></A> </SPAN><A href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Ii-V-I_turnaround_in_C.mid" class="internal" title="Ii-V-I turnaround in C.mid">Play</A></SPAN> <SMALL class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor:help;">(<A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help"><SPAN style="cursor:help;">help</SPAN></A>·<A href="/wiki/File:Ii-V-I_turnaround_in_C.mid" title="File:Ii-V-I turnaround in C.mid"><SPAN style="cursor:help;">info</SPAN></A>)</SMALL></SPAN>.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>The key usually identifies the <A href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonic</A> note and/or chord: the note and/or <A href="/wiki/Major_chord" title="Major chord">major</A> or <A href="/wiki/Minor_chord" title="Minor chord">minor</A> <A href="/wiki/Triad_(music)" title="Triad (music)">triad</A> that represents the final point of rest for a piece, or the focal point of a section. Though the key of a piece may be named in the title (e.g., Symphony in C major), or inferred from the <A href="/wiki/Key_signature" title="Key signature">key signature</A>, the establishment of key is brought about via <A href="/wiki/Diatonic_function" title="Diatonic function">functional harmony</A>, a sequence of chords leading to one or more <A href="/wiki/Cadence_(music)" title="Cadence (music)">cadences</A>, and/or melodic motion (such as movement from the leading-tone to the tonic). For example, the key of G includes the following pitches: G, A, B, C, D, E, and F<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-sharp">♯</SPAN></SPAN>; and its corresponding tonic chord is G—B—D. Most often at the beginning and end of traditional pieces during the common practice period, the tonic, sometimes with its corresponding tonic chord, begins and ends a piece in a designated key. A key may be major or minor. Music can be described as being in the <A href="/wiki/Dorian_mode" title="Dorian mode">Dorian mode</A>, or <A href="/wiki/Phrygian_mode" title="Phrygian mode">Phrygian</A>, etc., and is thus usually thought of as in a specific <A href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">mode</A> rather than a key. Languages other than <A href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</A> may use other <A href="/wiki/Key_signature_names_and_translations" title="Key signature names and translations">key naming systems</A>.
</P><P>People sometimes confuse key with <A href="/wiki/Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">scale</A>. A <I>scale</I> is an ordered set of notes typically used in a key, while the <I>key</I> is the "center of gravity" established by particular <A href="/wiki/Chord_progressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chord progressions">chord progressions</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Notes and chords within a key generally come from the <A href="/wiki/Major_scale" title="Major scale">major</A> or <A href="/wiki/Minor_scale" title="Minor scale">minor scale</A> associated with the tonic triad, but may also include <A href="/wiki/Borrowed_chord" title="Borrowed chord">borrowed chords</A>, <A href="/wiki/Altered_chord" title="Altered chord">altered chords</A>, <A href="/wiki/Secondary_dominant" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary dominant">secondary dominants</A>, and the like. All these notes and chords, however, are used in conventional patterns that establish the primacy of the tonic note and triad.
</P><P><A href="/wiki/Cadence_(music)" title="Cadence (music)">Cadences</A> are particularly important in the establishment of key. Even cadences that do not include the tonic note or triad, such as <I>half cadences</I> and <I>deceptive cadences</I>, serve to establish key because those chord sequences imply a unique <A href="/wiki/Diatonic_functionality" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic functionality">diatonic context</A>.
</P><P>Short pieces may stay in a single key throughout. A typical pattern for a simple <A href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">song</A> might be as follows: a <A href="/wiki/Phrase_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrase (music)">phrase</A> ends with a cadence on the tonic, a second phrase ends with a half cadence, then a final, longer, phrase ends with an authentic cadence on the tonic.
</P><P>More elaborate pieces may establish the main key, then <A href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">modulate</A> to another key, or a series of keys, then back to the original key. In the Baroque it was common to repeat an entire phrase of music, called a <A href="/wiki/Ritornello" title="Ritornello">ritornello</A>, in each key once it was established. In Classical <A href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</A>, the second key was typically marked with a contrasting <A href="/wiki/Theme_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (music)">theme</A>. Another key may be treated as a temporary tonic, called <A href="/wiki/Tonicization" title="Tonicization">tonicization</A>.
</P><P>In <A href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">common practice period</A> compositions, and most of the Western popular music of the 20th century, pieces always begin and end in the same key, even if (as in some <A href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic-era</A> music) the key is deliberately left ambiguous at first. Some <A href="/wiki/Arrangements" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrangements">arrangements</A> of popular songs, however, modulate sometime during the song (often in a repeat of the final <A href="/wiki/Refrain" title="Refrain">chorus</A>) and thus end in a different key. This is an example of <A href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">modulation</A>.
</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote"><P>It should be noted that the key of the piece ... contributes an indefinable something to the evocative quality. This is very difficult to put into concrete terms, but slow movements in A-flat major <I>do</I> have something in common, as do fast movements in C minor, concerto allegros in D major, etc. <I>There has been disagreement on this point.</I> It has been argued, since standards of pitch level have changed over the centuries, that today we actually hear pieces written two centuries ago in a different (usually higher) key than that intended by the composer. It has been argued that the performer's concept of particular key is actually created by factors such as the 'feel' of the key or tonal center on the keyboard or its appearance in notation. Many musicians, however, tend toward an empirical acceptance of specific moods associated with specific keys, regardless of changes in pitch standards and other factors.</P><DIV class="templatequotecite">— <CITE>John D. White (1976)<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> Emphasis added.</CITE></DIV>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>In <A href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</A> and <A href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</A> some pieces change back and forth, or modulate, between two keys. Examples of this include <A href="/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac" title="Fleetwood Mac">Fleetwood Mac</A>'s <I><A href="/wiki/Dreams_(Fleetwood_Mac_song)" title="Dreams (Fleetwood Mac song)">Dreams</A></I> and <A href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</A>' <I><A href="/wiki/Under_My_Thumb" title="Under My Thumb">Under My Thumb</A></I>. "This phenomenon occurs when a feature that allows multiple interpretations of key (usually a diatonic set as pitch source) is accompanied by other, more precise evidence in support of each possible interpretation (such as the use of one note as the <A href="/wiki/Root_(chord)" title="Root (chord)">root</A> of the initiating harmony and persistent use of another note as pitch of melodic resolution and root of the final harmony of each phrase)."<SUP id="cite_ref-Stephenson_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Stephenson-4">[4]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Instruments_in_a_key">Instruments in a key</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(music)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Instruments in a key">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Certain <A href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</A> play in a certain key, or have their music written in a certain key. Instruments that do not play in the key of C are known as <A href="/wiki/Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">transposing instruments</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP> The most common kind of <A href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</A>, for example, is said to play in the key of B<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN>. This means that a scale written in C major in <A href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</A> actually sounds as a B<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN> major scale when played on the B-flat clarinet—that is, notes sound a <A href="/wiki/Whole_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole tone">whole tone</A> lower than written. Likewise, the <A href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horn</A>, normally in the key of F, sounds notes a <A href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">perfect fifth</A> lower than written.
</P><P>Similarly, some instruments are "built" in a certain key. For example, a <A href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instrument</A> built in B<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN> plays a <A href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">fundamental</A> note of B<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN>, and can play notes in the <A href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">harmonic series</A> starting on B<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN> without using valves, fingerholes, or slides to alter the length of the vibrating column of air. An instrument built in a certain key often, but not always, uses music written in the same key (see <A href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</A> for an exception). However, some instruments, such as the diatonic <A href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonica</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</A>, are in fact designed to play in only one key at a time: <A href="/wiki/Accidental_(music)" title="Accidental (music)">accidentals</A> are difficult or impossible to play.
</P><P>The highland bagpipes are built in B<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN> major, though the music is written in D major with implied accidentals.
</P><P>In Western musical composition, the key of a piece has important ramifications for its composition:
</P>
<UL><LI>As noted earlier, certain instruments are designed for a certain key, as playing in that key can be physically easier or harder. Thus the choice of key can be an important one when composing for an orchestra, as one must take these elements into consideration.</LI>
<LI>In the life of the professional clarinettist, for example, it is common to carry two instruments tuned a semitone apart (B<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN> and A) to cope with the needs of composers: <A href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</A>'s well-known <A href="/wiki/Clarinet_concerto" title="Clarinet concerto">clarinet concerto</A> is in A major. To play it on a B<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN> instrument is difficult, and to rewrite all the orchestral parts to B<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN> major would be an enormous effort. Even so, it is not unheard of for a piece published in B<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN> to include notes a semitone (or more) below the range of the common B<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN> clarinet. The piece must then be played on a more exotic instrument, or transposed by hand (or at sight) for the slightly larger A clarinet. There are clarinets with an extended range, with a longer bore and additional keys.</LI>
<LI>Besides this though, the <A href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</A> of almost any instrument is not exactly the same for all notes played on that instrument. For this reason a piece that might be in the key of C might sound or "feel" somewhat different (besides being in a different pitch) to an observer if it is transposed to the key of A.</LI>
<LI>In addition, since many composers often utilized the piano while composing, the key chosen can possibly have an effect over the composing. This is because the physical fingering is different for each key, which may lend itself to choosing to play and thus eventually write certain notes or chord progressions compared to others, or this may be done on purpose to make the fingering more efficient if the final piece is intended for piano.</LI>
<LI>In music that does not use <A href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal temperament</A>, chords played in different keys are qualitatively different.</LI></UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Key_coloration">Key coloration</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(music)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Key coloration">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P><B>Key coloration</B> is the difference between the <A href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">intervals</A> of different keys in a single non-equal tempered tuning, and the overall sound and "feel" the key created by the tuning of its intervals.
</P><P>Historical irregular <A href="/wiki/Musical_temperament" title="Musical temperament">musical temperaments</A> usually have the narrowest <A href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">fifths</A> between the <A href="/wiki/Diatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic">diatonic</A> notes ("naturals") producing purer <A href="/wiki/Major_third" title="Major third">thirds</A>, and wider fifths among the chromatic notes ("sharps and flats"). Each key then has a slightly different <A href="/wiki/Intonation_(music)" title="Intonation (music)">intonation</A>, hence different keys have distinct characters. Such "key coloration" was an essential part of much eighteenth- and nineteenth-century music and was described in treatises of the period.
</P><P>For example, in tunings with a <A href="/wiki/Wolf_interval" title="Wolf interval">wolf fifth</A>, the key on the lowest note of the fifth sounds dramatically different from other keys (and is often avoided). In <A href="/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning" title="Pythagorean tuning">Pythagorean tuning</A> on C (C, E+, G: 4, 5, 6), the major triad on C is just while the major triad on E<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-sharp">♯</SPAN></SPAN>+++ (F<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-natural">♮</SPAN></SPAN>) is noticeably out of tune (E<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-sharp">♯</SPAN></SPAN>+++, A+, C: <SPAN class="frac nowrap">4<SPAN class="visualhide"> </SPAN><SUP>1</SUP>⁄<SUB>8</SUB></SPAN>, 5, 6) due to E<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-sharp">♯</SPAN></SPAN>+++ (521.44 cents) being a <A href="/wiki/Pythagorean_comma" title="Pythagorean comma">Pythagorean comma</A> (23.46 cents) larger sharp compared to F<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-natural">♮</SPAN></SPAN>.
</P><P>Modern music lacks key coloration because it uses <A href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal temperament</A>, in which all keys have the same pattern of intonation, differing only in pitch.
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(music)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap"><OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.studybass.com/lessons/harmony/keys-in-music/">http://www.studybass.com/lessons/harmony/keys-in-music/</A></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Willi Apel, <I>Harvard Dictionary of Music</I> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969), 450.</SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">White, John D. (1976) <I>The Analysis of Music</I>, p. 94. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-033233-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-033233-X">0-13-033233-X</A>.</SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Stephenson-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Stephenson_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Ken Stephenson, <I>What to Listen for in Rock: A Stylistic Analysis</I> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 48. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09239-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09239-4">978-0-300-09239-4</A>.</SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Kent Wheeler Kennan, <I>The Technique of Orchestration</I>, second edition (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1970), 1952; <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-900316-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-900316-9">0-13-900316-9</A>.</SPAN>
</LI>
</OL></DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(music)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL><LI>Innig, Renate (1970). <I>System der Funktionsbezeichnung in den Harmonielehren seit Hugo Riemann</I>. Düsseldorf: Gesellschaft zur Förderung der systematischen Musikwissenschaft.</LI>
<LI>Rahn, John (1980). <I>Basic Atonal Theory</I>. New York: Longman; London and Toronto: Prentice Hall International. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-873160-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-873160-3">0-02-873160-3</A>. Reprinted 1987, New York: Schirmer Books; London: Collier Macmillan.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rita_Steblin" title="Rita Steblin">Steblin, Rita</A> (1983). <I>A History of Key Characteristics in the 18th and Early 19th Centuries</I>. UMI Research Press, <A href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ann Arbor">Ann Arbor</A>.</LI></UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Key_(music)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL><LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wmich.edu/mus-theo/courses/keys.html">Christian Schubart's "Affective Key Characteristic"</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213173415/http://www.library.yale.edu/~mkoth/keychar.htm">Characteristics of Musical Keys</A> - from various sources.</LI></UL>
<DL><DT>Key coloration</DT></DL>
<UL><LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rollingball.com/A01c.htm">http://www.rollingball.com/A01c.htm</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://campus.murraystate.edu/staff/scott.thile/research/unequal/index.htm">http://campus.murraystate.edu/staff/scott.thile/research/unequal/index.htm</A></LI></UL>
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<TH colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><SPAN class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0"><A class="mw-collapsible-text">show</A></SPAN><DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float:left; text-align:left"><UL><LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Circle_of_fifths" title="Template:Circle of fifths"><ABBR title="View this template">v</ABBR></A></LI><LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:Circle_of_fifths" title="Template talk:Circle of fifths"><ABBR title="Discuss this template">t</ABBR></A></LI><LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Circle_of_fifths&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template">e</ABBR></A></LI></UL></DIV><DIV style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Diatonic_scale" title="Diatonic scale">Diatonic</A> <A href="/wiki/Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">scales</A> and <A class="mw-selflink selflink">keys</A></DIV>
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<TD><DIV class="floatleft"><A href="/wiki/File:Circle_of_fifths_deluxe_4.svg" class="image" title="Circle of fifths"><IMG alt="Circle of fifths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Circle_of_fifths_deluxe_4.svg/300px-Circle_of_fifths_deluxe_4.svg.png" width="300" height="300" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Circle_of_fifths_deluxe_4.svg/450px-Circle_of_fifths_deluxe_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Circle_of_fifths_deluxe_4.svg/600px-Circle_of_fifths_deluxe_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></A></DIV></TD>
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<TH rowspan="2"></TH>
<TH colspan="2"><A href="/wiki/Flat_(music)" title="Flat (music)">Flats</A></TH>
<TH colspan="2"><A href="/wiki/Sharp_(music)" title="Sharp (music)">Sharps</A>
</TH></TR>
<TR>
<TH><A href="/wiki/Major_scale" title="Major scale">Major</A></TH>
<TH><A href="/wiki/Minor_scale" title="Minor scale">minor</A></TH>
<TH>Major</TH>
<TH>minor
</TH></TR>
<TR>
<TD>0</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/C_major" title="C major"><B>C</B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/A_minor" title="A minor"><B>a</B></A></TD>
<TD><B>C</B></TD>
<TD><B>a</B>
</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD>1</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/F_major" title="F major"><B>F</B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/D_minor" title="D minor"><B>d</B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/G_major" title="G major"><B>G</B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/E_minor" title="E minor"><B>e</B></A>
</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD>2</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/B-flat_major" title="B-flat major"><B>B<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN></B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/G_minor" title="G minor"><B>g</B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/D_major" title="D major"><B>D</B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/B_minor" title="B minor"><B>b</B></A>
</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD>3</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/E-flat_major" title="E-flat major"><B>E<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN></B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/C_minor" title="C minor"><B>c</B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/A_major" title="A major"><B>A</B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/F-sharp_minor" title="F-sharp minor"><B>f<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-sharp">♯</SPAN></SPAN></B></A>
</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD>4</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/A-flat_major" title="A-flat major"><B>A<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN></B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/F_minor" title="F minor"><B>f</B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/E_major" title="E major"><B>E</B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/C-sharp_minor" title="C-sharp minor"><B>c<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-sharp">♯</SPAN></SPAN></B></A>
</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD>5</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/D-flat_major" title="D-flat major"><B>D<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN></B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/B-flat_minor" title="B-flat minor"><B>b<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN></B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/B_major" title="B major"><B>B</B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/G-sharp_minor" title="G-sharp minor"><B>g<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-sharp">♯</SPAN></SPAN></B></A>
</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD>6</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/G-flat_major" title="G-flat major"><B>G<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN></B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/E-flat_minor" title="E-flat minor"><B>e<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN></B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/F-sharp_major" title="F-sharp major"><B>F<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-sharp">♯</SPAN></SPAN></B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/D-sharp_minor" title="D-sharp minor"><B>d<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-sharp">♯</SPAN></SPAN></B></A>
</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD>7</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/C-flat_major" title="C-flat major"><B>C<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN></B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/A-flat_minor" title="A-flat minor"><B>a<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN></B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/C-sharp_major" title="C-sharp major"><B>C<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-sharp">♯</SPAN></SPAN></B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/A-sharp_minor" title="A-sharp minor"><B>a<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-sharp">♯</SPAN></SPAN></B></A>
</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Theoretical_key" title="Theoretical key">8</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/F-flat_major" title="F-flat major"><B>F<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN></B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/D-flat_minor" title="D-flat minor"><B>d<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-flat">♭</SPAN></SPAN></B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/G-sharp_major" title="G-sharp major"><B>G<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-sharp">♯</SPAN></SPAN></B></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/E-sharp_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="E-sharp minor"><B>e<SPAN class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><SPAN class="music-sharp">♯</SPAN></SPAN></B></A>
</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
</TD></TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-style:italic">The table indicates the number of sharps or flats in each scale. Minor scales are written in lower case.
</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Musical_key" style="padding:3px"><TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><TBODY><TR><TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><SPAN class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0"><A class="mw-collapsible-text">show</A></SPAN><DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><UL><LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Key_(music)" title="Template:Key (music)"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI><LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Key_(music)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Key (music) (page does not exist)"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</ABBR></A></LI><LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Key_(music)&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</ABBR></A></LI></UL></DIV><DIV id="Musical_key" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Musical key</A></DIV></TH></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Circle_of_fifths" title="Circle of fifths">Circle of fifths</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Closely_related_key" title="Closely related key">Closely related</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Diatonic_scale" title="Diatonic scale">Diatonic scale</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Relative_key" title="Relative key">Relative</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Key_signature" title="Key signature">Signature</A>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Key_signature_names_and_translations" title="Key signature names and translations">Names and translations</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tonic_(music)" title="Tonic (music)">Tonic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transposition_(music)" title="Transposition (music)">Transposing</A>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">Instrument</A></LI></UL></LI></UL>
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<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tonality" style="padding:3px"><TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><TBODY><TR><TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><SPAN class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0"><A class="mw-collapsible-text">show</A></SPAN><DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><UL><LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Tonality" title="Template:Tonality"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI><LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tonality" title="Template talk:Tonality"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</ABBR></A></LI><LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Tonality&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</ABBR></A></LI></UL></DIV><DIV id="Tonality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">Tonality</A></DIV></TH></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Cadence_(music)" title="Cadence (music)">Cadence</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Circle_of_fifths" title="Circle of fifths">Circle of fifths</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Diatonic_function" title="Diatonic function">Diatonic function</A>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Secondary_chord" title="Secondary chord">Secondary function</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">Figured bass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Just_intonation" title="Just intonation">Just intonation</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Key</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Major_and_minor" title="Major and minor">Major and minor</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Neotonality" title="Neotonality">Neotonality</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">Ostinato</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Otonality_and_Utonality" title="Otonality and Utonality">Otonality and Utonality</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Parallel_key" title="Parallel key">Parallel key</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">Polytonality</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Progressive_tonality" title="Progressive tonality">Progressive tonality</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Schenkerian_analysis" title="Schenkerian analysis">Schenkerian analysis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">Sonata form</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tonality_diamond" title="Tonality diamond">Tonality diamond</A></LI>
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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als" style="display: none;"><A href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonart" title="Tonart – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nina" title="Tónina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da" style="display: none;"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toneart" title="Toneart – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonart" title="Tonart – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et" style="display: none;"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helistik" title="Helistik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tono_(ac%C3%BAstica)" title="Tono (acústica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonalo" title="Tonalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%87)" title="کلید (تونالیته) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonalit%C3%A9" title="Tonalité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonalitet" title="Tonalitet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangnem" title="Hangnem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toonsoort" title="Toonsoort – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%BF" title="調 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="display: none;"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toneart" title="Toneart – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc" style="display: none;"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton_(solfegi)" title="Ton (solfegi) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonacja" title="Tonacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom" title="Tom – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="display: none;"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music) – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nina" title="Tónina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonaliteta" title="Tonaliteta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_(%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7)" title="کلیل (مۆسیقا) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonart" title="Tonart – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anahtar_(akor_sistemi)" title="Anahtar (akor sistemi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87u_t%C3%ADnh" title="Điệu tính – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%AA%BF" title="音調 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%83" title="调 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				<BUTTON class="mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button" title="All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)">17 more</BUTTON></UL>
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document_title: Key (music)

token: Key

token: music

token: wikipedia

token: For

token: the

token: instrument

token: part

token: see

token: YouTube

token: product

token: Music

token: Major

token: redirects

token: here

token: DJ

token: Khaled

token: album

token: In

token: theory

token: key

token: of

token: a

token: piece

token: is

token: group

token: pitches

token: or

token: scale

token: that

token: forms

token: basis

token: composition

token: in

token: classical

token: Western

token: art

token: and

token: pop

token: The

token: features

token: tonic

token: note

token: its

token: corresponding

token: chords

token: also

token: called

token: chord

token: which

token: provides

token: subjective

token: sense

token: arrival

token: rest

token: has

token: unique

token: relationship

token: to

token: other

question_text: music that centers around one main note of the major or minor scale is called