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			<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Robot-assisted surgery</H1>
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A robotically assisted surgical system used for prostatectomies, cardiac valve repair and gynecologic surgical procedures</DIV>
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</DIV>
<P><B>Robotic surgery</B>, <A href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_surgery" title="Computer-assisted surgery">computer-assisted surgery</A>, and robotically-assisted surgery are terms for technological developments that use robotic systems to aid in <A href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgical procedures</A>. Robotically-assisted surgery was developed to overcome the limitations of pre-existing <A href="/wiki/Minimally-invasive_procedures" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimally-invasive procedures">minimally-invasive surgical procedures</A> and to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open surgery.</P>
<P>In the case of robotically-assisted minimally-invasive surgery, instead of directly moving the instruments, the surgeon uses one of two methods to control the instruments; either a direct <A href="/wiki/Remote_manipulator" title="Remote manipulator">telemanipulator</A> or through computer control. A telemanipulator is a remote manipulator that allows the surgeon to perform the normal movements associated with the surgery whilst the <A href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">robotic arms</A> carry out those movements using <A href="/wiki/Robot_end_effector" title="Robot end effector">end-effectors</A> and <A href="/wiki/Manipulator_(device)" title="Manipulator (device)">manipulators</A> to perform the actual surgery on the patient. In computer-controlled systems the surgeon uses a computer to control the robotic arms and its end-effectors, though these systems can also still use telemanipulators for their input. One advantage of using the computerised method is that the surgeon does not have to be present, but can be anywhere in the world, leading to the possibility for <A href="/wiki/Remote_surgery" title="Remote surgery">remote surgery</A>.</P>
<P>In the case of enhanced open surgery, autonomous instruments (in familiar configurations) replace traditional steel tools, performing certain actions (such as rib spreading) with much smoother, feedback-controlled motions than could be achieved by a human hand. The main object of such smart instruments is to reduce or eliminate the tissue trauma traditionally associated with open surgery without requiring more than a few minutes' training on the part of surgeons. This approach seeks to improve open surgeries, particularly cardio-thoracic, that have so far not benefited from minimally-invasive techniques.</P>
<P>Robotic surgery has been criticized for its expense, by one estimate costing $1,500 to $2000 more per patient.<SUP id="cite_ref-kolata_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-kolata-1">[1]</A></SUP></P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Comparison_to_traditional_methods"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Comparison to traditional methods</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Uses"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Uses</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#General_surgery"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">General surgery</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Cardiothoracic_surgery"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Cardiothoracic surgery</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Cardiology_and_electrophysiology"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Cardiology and electrophysiology</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Colon_and_rectal_surgery"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Colon and rectal surgery</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Gastrointestinal_surgery"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Gastrointestinal surgery</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Gynecology"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Gynecology</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Neurosurgery"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Neurosurgery</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#Ophthalmology"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Ophthalmology</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#Orthopedics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Orthopedics</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#Children"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Children</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Radiosurgery"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Radiosurgery</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><A href="#Spine_surgery"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Spine surgery</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><A href="#Transplant_surgery"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Transplant surgery</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><A href="#Urology"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.14</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Urology</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><A href="#Vascular_surgery"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.15</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Vascular surgery</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><A href="#Miniature_robotics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Miniature robotics</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Comparison_to_traditional_methods">Comparison to traditional methods</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Comparison to traditional methods">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Major advances aided by surgical robots have been <A href="/wiki/Remote_surgery" title="Remote surgery">remote surgery</A>, <A href="/wiki/Minimally_invasive_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimally invasive surgery">minimally invasive surgery</A> and unmanned surgery. Due to robotic use, the surgery is done with precision, miniaturization, smaller incisions; decreased blood loss, less pain, and quicker healing time. Articulation beyond normal manipulation and three-dimensional magnification helps resulting in improved ergonomics. Due to these techniques there is a reduced duration of hospital stays, blood loss, transfusions, and use of pain medication.<SUP id="cite_ref-Estey_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Estey-2">[2]</A></SUP> The existing open surgery technique has many flaws like limited access to surgical area, long recovery time, long hours of operation, blood loss, surgical scars and marks.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The robot normally costs $1,390,000 and while its disposable supply cost is normally $1,500 per procedure, the cost of the procedure is higher.<SUP id="cite_ref-kolata_1-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-kolata-1">[1]</A></SUP> Additional surgical training is needed to operate the system.<SUP id="cite_ref-ORPvsRALRP_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ORPvsRALRP-4">[4]</A></SUP> Numerous feasibility studies have been done to determine whether the purchase of such systems are worthwhile. As it stands, opinions differ dramatically. Surgeons report that, although the manufacturers of such systems provide training on this new technology, the learning phase is intensive and surgeons must operate on twelve to eighteen patients before they adapt. During the training phase, minimally invasive operations can take up to twice as long as traditional surgery, leading to operating room tie ups and surgical staffs keeping patients under anesthesia for longer periods. Patient surveys indicate they chose the procedure based on expectations of decreased morbidity, improved outcomes, reduced blood loss and less pain.<SUP id="cite_ref-Estey_2-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Estey-2">[2]</A></SUP> Higher expectations may explain higher rates of dissatisfaction and regret.<SUP id="cite_ref-ORPvsRALRP_4-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ORPvsRALRP-4">[4]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Compared with other minimally invasive surgery approaches, robot-assisted surgery gives the surgeon better control over the surgical instruments and a better view of the surgical site. In addition, surgeons no longer have to stand throughout the surgery and do not tire as quickly. Naturally occurring hand tremors are filtered out by the robot's computer software. Finally, the surgical robot can continuously be used by rotating surgery teams.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Critics of the system, including the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP> say there is a steep learning curve for surgeons who adopt use of the system and that there's a lack of studies that indicate long-term results are superior to results following traditional <A href="/wiki/Laparoscopic_surgery" title="Laparoscopic surgery">laparoscopic surgery</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-kolata_1-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-kolata-1">[1]</A></SUP> Articles in the newly created <I><A href="/wiki/Journal_of_Robotic_Surgery" title="Journal of Robotic Surgery">Journal of Robotic Surgery</A></I> tend to report on one surgeon's experience.<SUP id="cite_ref-kolata_1-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-kolata-1">[1]</A></SUP></P>
<P>A Medicare study found that some procedures that have traditionally been performed with large incisions can be converted to "minimally invasive" endoscopic procedures with the use of the <A href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Surgical_System" title="Da Vinci Surgical System">Da Vinci Surgical System</A>, shortening length-of-stay in the hospital and reducing recovery times. But because of the hefty cost of the robotic system it is not clear that it is cost-effective for hospitals and physicians despite any benefits to patients since there is no additional reimbursement paid by the government or insurance companies when the system is used.<SUP id="cite_ref-kolata_1-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-kolata-1">[1]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Robot-assisted <A href="/wiki/Pancreatectomy" title="Pancreatectomy">pancreatectomies</A> have been found to be associated with "longer operating time, lower estimated blood loss, a higher spleen-preservation rate, and shorter hospital stay[s]" than laparoscopic pancreatectomies; there was "no significant difference in transfusion, conversion to open surgery, overall complications, severe complications, pancreatic fistula, severe pancreatic fistula, ICU stay, total cost, and 30-day mortality between the two groups."<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP> For surgical removal of the uterus and cervix for early <A href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</A> robotic and laparoscopic surgery resulted in similar outcomes with respect to the cancer.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="General_surgery">General surgery</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General surgery">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>In early 2000 the field of general surgical interventions with the daVinci device was explored by surgeons at Ohio State University. Reports were published in esophageal and pancreatic surgery for the first time in the world and further data were subsequently published by Horgan and his group at the University of Illinois and then later at the same institution by others.<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Talamini_M_1524_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Talamini_M_1524-10">[10]</A></SUP> In 2007, the <A href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Chicago" title="University of Illinois at Chicago">University of Illinois at Chicago</A> medical team, led by <A href="/wiki/Prof._Pier_Cristoforo_Giulianotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prof. Pier Cristoforo Giulianotti">Prof. Pier Cristoforo Giulianotti</A>, reported a <A href="/wiki/Pancreatectomy" title="Pancreatectomy">pancreatectomy</A> and also the Midwest's first fully robotic <A href="/wiki/Pancreaticoduodenectomy" title="Pancreaticoduodenectomy">Whipple surgery</A>. In April 2008, the same team of surgeons performed the world's first fully minimally invasive <A href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</A> resection for <A href="/wiki/Living_donor_liver_transplantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Living donor liver transplantation">living donor transplantation</A>, removing 60% of the patient's liver, yet allowing him to leave the hospital just a couple of days after the procedure, in very good condition. Furthermore, the patient can also leave with less pain than a usual surgery due to the four puncture holes and not a scar by a surgeon.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Cardiothoracic_surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cardiothoracic surgery">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Robot-assisted <A href="/wiki/MIDCAB" class="mw-redirect" title="MIDCAB">MIDCAB</A> and <A href="/wiki/TECAB" class="mw-redirect" title="TECAB">Endoscopic coronary artery bypass</A> (TECAB) operations are being performed with the <A href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Vinci robot">Da Vinci system</A>. <A href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">Mitral valve</A> repairs and replacements have been performed. The Ohio State University, Columbus has performed <A href="/wiki/CABG" class="mw-redirect" title="CABG">CABG</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral valve</A>, <A href="/wiki/Esophagectomy" title="Esophagectomy">esophagectomy</A>, <A href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</A> resection, tumor resections, among other robotic assisted procedures and serves as a training site for other surgeons. In 2002, surgeons at the <A href="/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic" title="Cleveland Clinic">Cleveland Clinic</A> in Florida reported and published their preliminary experience with minimally invasive "hybrid" procedures. These procedures combined robotic <A href="/wiki/Revascularization" title="Revascularization">revascularization</A> and <A href="/wiki/Coronary_stenting" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary stenting">coronary stenting</A> and further expanded the role of robots in <A href="/wiki/Coronary_bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary bypass">coronary bypass</A> to patients with disease in multiple vessels. Ongoing research on the outcomes of robotic assisted CABG and hybrid CABG is being done.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Cardiology_and_electrophysiology">Cardiology and electrophysiology</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cardiology and electrophysiology">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>As of 2004, three types of heart surgery are being performed on a routine basis using robotic surgery systems.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP> These three surgery types were:</P>
<UL>
<LI>Atrial septal defect repair – the repair of a hole between the two upper chambers of the heart,</LI>
<LI>Mitral valve repair – the repair of the valve that prevents blood from regurgitating back into the upper heart chambers during contractions of the heart,</LI>
<LI>Coronary artery bypass – rerouting of blood supply by bypassing blocked arteries that provide blood to the heart.</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Colon_and_rectal_surgery">Colon and rectal surgery</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colon and rectal surgery">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Many studies have been undertaken in order to examine the role of robotic procedures in the field of <A href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">colorectal surgery</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Results to date indicate that robotic-assisted colorectal procedures outcomes are "no worse" than the results in the now "traditional" laparoscopic colorectal operations. Robotic-assisted colorectal surgery appears to be safe as well.<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP> Most of the procedures have been performed for malignant colon and rectal lesions. However, surgeons are now moving into resections for diverticulitis and non-resective rectopexies (attaching the colon to the sacrum in order to treat rectal prolapse.)</P>
<P>When evaluated for several variables, robotic-assisted procedures fare equally well when compared with laparoscopic, or open abdominal operations. Study parameters have looked at intraoperative patient preparation time, length of time to perform the operation, adequacy of the removed surgical specimen with respect to clear surgical margins and number of lymph nodes removed, blood loss, operative or postoperative complications and long-term results.</P>
<P>More difficult to evaluate are issues related to the view of the operative field, the types of procedures that should be performed using robotic assistance and the potential added cost for a robotic operation.</P>
<P>Many surgeons feel that the optics of the 3-dimensional, two camera stereo optic robotic system are superior to the optical system used in laparoscopic procedures. The pelvic nerves are clearly visualized during robotic-assisted procedures. Less clear however is whether or not these supposedly improved optics and visualization improve patient outcomes with respect to postoperative impotence or incontinence, and whether long-term patient survival is improved by using the 3-dimensional optic system. Additionally, there is often a need for a wider, or "larger" view of the operative field than is routinely provided during robotic operations.,<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP> The close-up view of the area under dissection may hamper visualization of the "bigger view", especially with respect to ureteral protection.</P>
<P>Questions remain unanswered, even after many years of experience with robotic-assisted colorectal operations. Ongoing studies may help clarify many of the issues of confusion associated with this novel surgical approach.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Gastrointestinal_surgery">Gastrointestinal surgery</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gastrointestinal surgery">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Multiple types of procedures have been performed with either the 'Zeus' or <A href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Surgical_System" title="Da Vinci Surgical System">da Vinci</A> robot systems, including <A href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">bariatric surgery</A> and <A href="/wiki/Gastrectomy" title="Gastrectomy">gastrectomy</A><SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP> for cancer. Surgeons at various universities initially published case series demonstrating different techniques and the feasibility of GI surgery using the robotic devices.<SUP id="cite_ref-Talamini_M_1524_10-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Talamini_M_1524-10">[10]</A></SUP> Specific procedures have been more fully evaluated, specifically esophageal fundoplication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP> and Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasia.<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Other gastrointestinal procedures including colon resection, pancreatectomy, esophagectomy and robotic approaches to pelvic disease have also been reported.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Gynecology">Gynecology</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gynecology">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Robotic surgery in <A href="/wiki/Gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecology">gynecology</A> is of uncertain benefit with it being unclear if it affects rates of complications. Gynecologic procedures may take longer with robot-assisted surgery but may be associated with a shorter hospital stay following hysterectomy.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP> In the United States, robotic-assisted hysterectomy for benign conditions has been shown to be more expensive than conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy, with no difference in overall rates of complications.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP></P>
<P>This includes the use of the da Vinci surgical system in benign gynecology and gynecologic <A href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</A>. Robotic surgery can be used to treat <A href="/wiki/Fibroma" title="Fibroma">fibroids</A>, abnormal periods, <A href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ovarian_tumor" title="Ovarian tumor">ovarian tumors</A>, <A href="/wiki/Uterine_prolapse" title="Uterine prolapse">uterine prolapse</A>, and female cancers. Using the robotic system, gynecologists can perform hysterectomies, myomectomies, and lymph node biopsies.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neurosurgery">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Several systems for <A href="/wiki/Stereotactic_surgery" title="Stereotactic surgery">stereotactic intervention</A> are currently on the market. The NeuroMate was the first neurosurgical robot, commercially available in 1997.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP> Originally developed in Grenoble by Alim-Louis_Benabid's team, it is now owned by <A href="/wiki/Renishaw_plc" title="Renishaw plc">Renishaw</A>. With installations in the United States, Europe and Japan, the system has been used in 8000 stereotactic brain surgeries by 2009. <A href="/wiki/IMRIS" title="IMRIS">IMRIS</A> Inc.'s SYMBIS(TM) Surgical System<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP> will be the version of <A href="/wiki/NeuroArm" title="NeuroArm">NeuroArm</A>, the world's first <A href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</A>-compatible surgical robot, developed for world-wide commercialization. Medtech's Rosa is being used by several institutions, including the Cleveland Clinic in the U.S, and in Canada at Sherbrooke University and the <A href="/wiki/Montreal_Neurological_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Neurological Institute">Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital</A> in Montreal (MNI/H). Between June 2011 and September 2012, over 150 neurosurgical procedures at the MNI/H have been completed robotized stereotaxy, including in the placement of depth electrodes in the treatment of epilepsy, selective resections, and stereotaxic biopsies.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ophthalmology">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The first robotic operation inside the eye took place at the <A href="/wiki/John_Radcliffe_Hospital" title="John Radcliffe Hospital">John Radcliffe Hospital</A> in <A href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</A> on 9 September 2016. The robot was developed by <A href="/w/index.php?title=Preceyes_BV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preceyes BV (page does not exist)">Preceyes BV</A> and the surgery was performed by <A href="/wiki/Robert_MacLaren" title="Robert MacLaren">Robert MacLaren</A>, Professor of Ophthalmology at the <A href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP> They operated successfully on the Reverend Dr William Beaver, a 70 year old man with a <A href="/wiki/Macular_hole" title="Macular hole">macular hole</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP> The researchers commented that robotic eye surgery has taken longer to develop due to the need to miniaturise the components. They observed that the robot could make controlled movements inside the eye as small as 100th of a millimetre.<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Orthopedics">Orthopedics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Orthopedics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The <A href="/w/index.php?title=ROBODOC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ROBODOC (page does not exist)">ROBODOC</A> system was released in 1992 by <A href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Surgical_Systems,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrated Surgical Systems, Inc. (page does not exist)">Integrated Surgical Systems, Inc.</A> which merged into <A href="/w/index.php?title=CUREXO_Technology_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CUREXO Technology Corporation (page does not exist)">CUREXO Technology Corporation</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP> Also, The <A href="/w/index.php?title=Acrobot_Company_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acrobot Company Ltd. (page does not exist)">Acrobot Company Ltd.</A> developed the "<A href="/w/index.php?title=Acrobot_Sculptor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acrobot Sculptor (page does not exist)">Acrobot Sculptor</A>", a robot that constrained a <A href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</A> cutting tool to a pre-defined volume. The "Acrobot Sculptor" was sold to Stanmore Implants in August 2010. Stanmore received FDA clearance in February 2013 for US surgeries but sold the Sculptor to Mako Surgical in June 2013 to resolve a patent infringement lawsuit.<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP> Another example is the CASPAR robot produced by U.R.S.which is used for <A href="/wiki/Hip_replacement" title="Hip replacement">total hip replacement</A>, <A href="/wiki/Knee_replacement" title="Knee replacement">total knee replacement</A> and <A href="/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament" title="Anterior cruciate ligament">anterior cruciate ligament</A> reconstruction.<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP> MAKO Surgical Corp (founded 2004) produces the RIO (Robotic Arm Interactive Orthopedic System) which combines robotics, navigation, and haptics for both partial knee and total hip replacement surgery.<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP> Blue Belt Technologies received FDA clearance in November 2012 for the Navio Surgical System. The Navio System is a navigated, robotics-assisted surgical system that uses a CT free approach to assist in partial knee replacement surgery.<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Children">Children</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Children">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Surgical robotics has been used in many types of pediatric surgical procedures including: <A href="/wiki/Tracheoesophageal_fistula" title="Tracheoesophageal fistula">tracheoesophageal fistula</A> repair, <A href="/wiki/Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">cholecystectomy</A>, <A href="/wiki/Nissen_fundoplication" title="Nissen fundoplication">nissen fundoplication</A>, <A href="/wiki/Morgagni%27s_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgagni's hernia">morgagni's hernia</A> repair, <A href="/wiki/Kasai_portoenterostomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasai portoenterostomy">kasai portoenterostomy</A>, <A href="/wiki/Congenital_diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Congenital diaphragmatic hernia">congenital diaphragmatic hernia</A> repair, and others. On 17 January 2002, surgeons at <A href="/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_of_Michigan" title="Children's Hospital of Michigan">Children's Hospital of Michigan</A> in Detroit performed the nation's first advanced computer-assisted robot-enhanced surgical procedure at a children's hospital.</P>
<P>The Center for Robotic Surgery at <A href="/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's Hospital Boston">Children's Hospital Boston</A> provides a high level of expertise in pediatric robotic surgery. Specially-trained surgeons use a high-tech robot to perform complex and delicate operations through very small surgical openings. The results are less pain, faster recoveries, shorter hospital stays, smaller scars, and happier patients and families.</P>
<P>In 2001, Children's Hospital Boston was the first <A href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatric</A> hospital to acquire a surgical robot. Today, surgeons use the technology for many procedures and perform more pediatric robotic operations than any other hospital in the world. Children's Hospital physicians have developed a number of new applications to expand the use of the robot, and train surgeons from around the world on its use.<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Radiosurgery">Radiosurgery</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Radiosurgery">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/CyberKnife" class="mw-redirect" title="CyberKnife">CyberKnife</A> Robotic <A href="/wiki/Radiosurgery" title="Radiosurgery">Radiosurgery</A> System uses image guidance and computer controlled robotics to treat tumors throughout the body by delivering multiple beams of high-energy radiation to the tumor from virtually any direction. The system uses a German <A href="/wiki/KUKA" title="KUKA">KUKA</A> KR 240. Mounted on the robot is a compact X-band <A href="/wiki/Linac" class="mw-redirect" title="Linac">linac</A> that produces 6MV X-ray radiation. Mounting the radiation source on the robot allows very fast repositioning of the source, which enables the system to deliver radiation from many different directions without the need to move both the patient and source as required by current gantry configurations.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Spine_surgery">Spine surgery</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Spine surgery">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Robotic devices started to be used in <A href="/wiki/Minimally_Invasive_Spine_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery">minimally invasive spine surgery</A> starting in the mid-2000s.<SUP id="cite_ref-Shweikeh2014rev_34-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Shweikeh2014rev-34">[34]</A></SUP> As of 2014, there were too few randomized clinical trials to allow judgements as to whether robotic spine surgery is more or less safe than other approaches.<SUP id="cite_ref-Shweikeh2014rev_34-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Shweikeh2014rev-34">[34]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Transplant_surgery">Transplant surgery</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Transplant surgery">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Transplant surgery (<A href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">organ transplantation</A>) has been considered as highly technically demanding and virtually unobtainable by means of conventional laparoscopy. For many years, transplant patients were unable to benefit from the advantages of minimally invasive surgery. The development of robotic technology and its associated high resolution capabilities, three dimensional visual system, wrist type motion and fine instruments, gave opportunity for highly complex procedures to be completed in a minimally invasive fashion. Subsequently, the first fully robotic kidney transplantations were performed in the late 2000s. After the procedure was proven to be feasible and safe, the main emerging challenge was to determine which patients would benefit most from this robotic technique. As a result, recognition of the increasing prevalence of obesity amongst patients with kidney failure on hemodialysis posed a significant problem. Due to the abundantly higher risk of complications after traditional open kidney transplantation, obese patients were frequently denied access to transplantation, which is the premium treatment for end stage kidney disease. The use of the robotic-assisted approach has allowed kidneys to be transplanted with minimal incisions, which has virtually alleviated wound complications and significantly shortened the recovery period. The <A href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois Medical Center">University of Illinois Medical Center</A> reported the largest series of 104 robotic-assisted kidney transplants for obese recipients (mean <A href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</A> > 42). Amongst this group of patients, no wound infections were observed and the function of transplanted kidneys was excellent. In this way, robotic kidney transplantation could be considered as the biggest advance in surgical technique for this procedure since its creation more than half a century ago.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[36]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[37]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Urology">Urology</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Urology">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Robotic surgery in the field of urology has become very popular, especially in the United States.<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP> It has been most extensively applied for excision of prostate cancer because of difficult anatomical access. It is also utilized for <A href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</A> cancer surgeries and to lesser extent surgeries of the <A href="/wiki/Bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladder">bladder</A>.</P>
<P>As of 2014, there is little evidence of increased benefits compared to standard surgery to justify the increased costs.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP> Some have found tentative evidence of more complete removal of cancer and less side effects from surgery for prostatectomy.<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2000, the first robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was performed.<SUP id="cite_ref-ORPvsRALRP_4-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ORPvsRALRP-4">[4]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Vascular_surgery">Vascular surgery</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vascular surgery">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>In September 2010, the first robotic operations with <A href="/wiki/Hansen_Medical" title="Hansen Medical">Hansen Medical</A>'s Magellan Robotic System at the <A href="/wiki/Femoral_vasculature" class="mw-redirect" title="Femoral vasculature">femoral vasculature</A> were performed at the <A href="/wiki/University_Medical_Centre_Ljubljana" class="mw-redirect" title="University Medical Centre Ljubljana">University Medical Centre Ljubljana</A> (UMC Ljubljana), <A href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</A>. The research was led by <A href="/w/index.php?title=Borut_Ger%C5%A1ak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borut Geršak (page does not exist)">Borut Geršak</A>, the head of the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery at the centre. Geršak explained that the robot used was the first true robot in the history of robotic surgery, meaning the user interface was not resembling surgical instruments and the robot was not simply imitating the movement of human hands but was guided by pressing buttons, just like one would play a video game. The robot was imported to Slovenia from the United States.<SUP id="cite_ref-FV_robo1_41-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FV_robo1-41">[41]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-FV_robo2_42-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FV_robo2-42">[42]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Miniature_robotics">Miniature robotics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Miniature robotics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>As scientists seek to improve the versatility and utility of robotics in surgery, some are attempting to miniaturize the robots. For example, the <A href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Medical_Center" title="University of Nebraska Medical Center">University of Nebraska Medical Center</A> has led a multi-campus effort to provide collaborative research on <A href="/w/index.php?title=Mini-robotics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mini-robotics (page does not exist)">mini-robotics</A> among surgeons, engineers and computer scientists.<SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[43]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The first robot to assist in surgery was the <I>Arthrobot</I>, which was developed and used for the first time in <A href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</A> in 1983.<SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[44]</A></SUP> Intimately involved were <A href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">biomedical engineer</A>, <A href="/wiki/James_McEwen_(engineer)" title="James McEwen (engineer)">Dr. James McEwen</A>, Geof Auchinleck, a UBC <A href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">engineering physics</A> grad, and <A href="/wiki/Brian_Day" title="Brian Day">Dr. Brian Day</A> as well as a team of engineering students. The robot was used in an <A href="/wiki/Orthopaedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopaedy">orthopaedic</A> surgical procedure on 12 March 1984, at the <A href="/wiki/UBC_Hospital" title="UBC Hospital">UBC Hospital</A> in Vancouver. Over 60 <A href="/wiki/Arthroscopy" title="Arthroscopy">arthroscopic</A> surgical procedures were performed in the first 12 months, and a 1985 <A href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</A> video on industrial robots, <I>The Robotics Revolution</I>, featured the device. Other related robotic devices developed at the same time included a surgical <A href="/wiki/Scrub_nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrub nurse">scrub nurse</A> robot, which handed operative instruments on voice command, and a medical laboratory robotic arm. A YouTube video entitled <I>Arthrobot</I> illustrates some of these in operation.</P>
<P>In 1985 a robot, the <A href="/wiki/Programmable_Universal_Machine_for_Assembly" title="Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly">Unimation Puma 200</A>, was used to place a needle for a brain biopsy using CT guidance.<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[45]</A></SUP> In 1992, the PROBOT, developed at <A href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</A>, was used to perform prostatic surgery by Dr. Senthil Nathan at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London. This was the first pure robotic surgery in the world. The PROBOT was specifically designed for transurethral resection of the prostate. Meanwhile, when PROBOT was being developed, ROBODOC, a robotic system designed to assist hip replacement surgeries was the first surgical robot that was approved by the FDA.<SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[46]</A></SUP> The ROBODOC from Integrated Surgical Systems (working closely with <A href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</A>) was introduced in 1992 to mill out precise fittings in the <A href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</A> for hip replacement.<SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[47]</A></SUP> The purpose of the ROBODOC was to replace the previous method of carving out a femur for an implant, the use of a mallet and broach/rasp.</P>
<P>Further development of robotic systems was carried out by <A href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</A> and <A href="/wiki/Intuitive_Surgical" title="Intuitive Surgical">Intuitive Surgical</A> with the introduction of the <A href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_Surgical_System" title="Da Vinci Surgical System">da Vinci Surgical System</A> and <A href="/wiki/Computer_Motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Motion">Computer Motion</A> with the <I>AESOP</I> and the <A href="/wiki/ZEUS_robotic_surgical_system" title="ZEUS robotic surgical system">ZEUS robotic surgical system</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[48]</A></SUP> The first robotic surgery took place at <A href="/wiki/The_Ohio_State_University_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ohio State University Medical Center">The Ohio State University Medical Center</A> in <A href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</A>, Ohio under the direction of <A href="/wiki/Robert_E._Michler" title="Robert E. Michler">Robert E. Michler</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[49]</A></SUP> Examples of using ZEUS include a fallopian tube reconnection in July 1998,<SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[50]</A></SUP> a <I>beating heart</I> coronary artery bypass graft in October 1999,<SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[51]</A></SUP> and the <A href="/wiki/Lindbergh_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindbergh Operation">Lindbergh Operation</A>, which was a <A href="/wiki/Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">cholecystectomy</A> performed remotely in September 2001.<SUP id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-52">[52]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The original telesurgery robotic system that the da Vinci was based on was developed at SRI International in Menlo Park with grant support from DARPA and NASA.<SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[53]</A></SUP> Although the telesurgical robot was originally intended to facilitate remotely performed surgery in battlefield and other remote environments, it turned out to be more useful for minimally invasive on-site surgery. The patents for the early prototype were sold to Intuitive Surgical in Mountain View, California. The da Vinci senses the surgeon's hand movements and translates them electronically into scaled-down micro-movements to manipulate the tiny proprietary instruments. It also detects and filters out any tremors in the surgeon's hand movements, so that they are not duplicated robotically. The camera used in the system provides a true stereoscopic picture transmitted to a surgeon's console. Examples of using the da Vinci system include the first robotically assisted <A href="/wiki/Heart_bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart bypass">heart bypass</A> (performed in Germany) in May 1998, and the first performed in the United States in September 1999;<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> and the first all-robotic-assisted <A href="/wiki/Kidney_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney transplant">kidney transplant</A>, performed in January 2009.<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[54]</A></SUP> The da Vinci Si was released in April 2009, and initially sold for $1.75 million.<SUP id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-55">[55]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In May 2006 the first <A href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</A> doctor-conducted unassisted robotic surgery on a 34-year-old male to correct <A href="/w/index.php?title=Heart_arythmia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heart arythmia (page does not exist)">heart arythmia</A>. The results were rated as better than an above-average human surgeon. The machine had a <A href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</A> of 10,000 similar operations, and so, in the words of its designers, was "more than qualified to operate on any patient".<SUP id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-56">[56]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-57">[57]</A></SUP> In August 2007, Dr. Sijo Parekattil of the Robotics Institute and Center for Urology (Winter Haven Hospital and University of Florida) performed the first robotic assisted microsurgery procedure denervation of the spermatic cord for chronic testicular pain.<SUP id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-58">[58]</A></SUP> In February 2008, Dr. Mohan S. Gundeti of the <A href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Comer_Children%27s_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital">University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital</A> performed the first robotic pediatric neurogenic bladder reconstruction.<SUP id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-59">[59]</A></SUP></P>
<P>On 12 May 2008, the first image-guided MR-compatible robotic neurosurgical procedure was performed at <A href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</A> by Dr. Garnette Sutherland using the <A href="/wiki/NeuroArm" title="NeuroArm">NeuroArm</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-60">[60]</A></SUP> In June 2008, the <A href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="German Aerospace Centre">German Aerospace Centre</A> (DLR) presented a robotic system for minimally invasive surgery, the <A href="/wiki/MiroSurge" title="MiroSurge">MiroSurge</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[61]</A></SUP> In September 2010, the <A href="/wiki/Eindhoven_University_of_Technology" title="Eindhoven University of Technology">Eindhoven University of Technology</A> announced the development of the <A href="/wiki/Sofie_(surgical_robot)" title="Sofie (surgical robot)">Sofie</A> surgical system, the first surgical robot to employ <A href="/wiki/Force_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Force feedback">force feedback</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-62">[62]</A></SUP> In September 2010, the first robotic operation at the <A href="/wiki/Femoral_vasculature" class="mw-redirect" title="Femoral vasculature">femoral vasculature</A> was performed at the <A href="/wiki/University_Medical_Centre_Ljubljana" class="mw-redirect" title="University Medical Centre Ljubljana">University Medical Centre Ljubljana</A> by a team led by <A href="/w/index.php?title=Borut_Ger%C5%A1ak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borut Geršak (page does not exist)">Borut Geršak</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-FV_robo1_41-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FV_robo1-41">[41]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-FV_robo2_42-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FV_robo2-42">[42]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bone_segment_navigation" title="Bone segment navigation">Bone segment navigation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_surgery" title="Computer-assisted surgery">Computer-assisted surgery</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Computer-integrated_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-integrated surgery">Computer-integrated surgery</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Minimally_invasive_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimally invasive surgery">Minimally invasive surgery</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Patient_registration" title="Patient registration">Patient registration</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stereolithography_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereolithography (medicine)">Stereolithography (medicine)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Surgical_Segment_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical Segment Navigator">Surgical Segment Navigator</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Telemedicine" title="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-kolata-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-kolata_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-kolata_1-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-kolata_1-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-kolata_1-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-kolata_1-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Kolata, Gina (13 February 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/health/14robot.html">"Results Unproven, Robotic Surgery Wins Converts"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">11 March</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Results+Unproven%2C+Robotic+Surgery+Wins+Converts&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft.aulast=Kolata&rft.date=2010-02-13&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F02%2F14%2Fhealth%2F14robot.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Estey-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Estey_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Estey_2-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Estey, EP (2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792423">"Robotic prostatectomy: The new standard of care or a marketing success?"</A>. <I>Canadian Urological Association Journal</I>. <B>3</B> (6): 488–90. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792423">2792423</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019980">20019980</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Robotic+prostatectomy%3A+The+new+standard+of+care+or+a+marketing+success%3F&rft.aufirst=EP&rft.aulast=Estey&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Urological+Association+Journal&rft.pages=488-90&rft.volume=3&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2792423&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2792423&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20019980&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">O'Toole, M. D.; Bouazza-Marouf, K.; Kerr, D.; Gooroochurn, M.; Vloeberghs, M. (2009). "A methodology for design and appraisal of surgical robotic systems". <I>Robotica</I>. <B>28</B> (2): 297–310. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0263574709990658">10.1017/S0263574709990658</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=A+methodology+for+design+and+appraisal+of+surgical+robotic+systems&rft.au=Bouazza-Marouf%2C+K.&rft.au=Gooroochurn%2C+M.&rft.au=Kerr%2C+D.&rft.au=Vloeberghs%2C+M.&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft.aulast=O%27Toole&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Robotica&rft.pages=297-310&rft.volume=28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0263574709990658&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><A href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><IMG alt="closed access publication – behind paywall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ORPvsRALRP-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ORPvsRALRP_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ORPvsRALRP_4-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ORPvsRALRP_4-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Finkelstein J; Eckersberger E; Sadri H; Taneja SS; Lepor H; Djavan B (2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859140">"Open Versus Laparoscopic Versus Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: The European and US Experience"</A>. <I>Reviews in Urology</I>. <B>12</B> (1): 35–43. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859140">2859140</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20428292">20428292</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Open+Versus+Laparoscopic+Versus+Robot-Assisted+Laparoscopic+Prostatectomy%3A+The+European+and+US+Experience&rft.au=Djavan+B&rft.au=Eckersberger+E&rft.au=Finkelstein+J&rft.au=Lepor+H&rft.au=Sadri+H&rft.au=Taneja+SS&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Urology&rft.pages=35-43&rft.volume=12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859140&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859140&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20428292&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Gerhardus, D (July–August 2003). "Robot-assisted surgery: the future is here". <I>Journal of Healthcare Management</I>. <B>48</B> (4): 242–251. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12908224">12908224</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Robot-assisted+surgery%3A+the+future+is+here&rft.aufirst=D&rft.aulast=Gerhardus&rft.date=2003-07%2F2003-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Healthcare+Management&rft.pages=242-251&rft.volume=48&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12908224&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Breeden, James T., MD, President of ACOG, <A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/News-Room/News-Releases/2013/Statement-on-Robotic-Surgery">[1]</A> Statement on Robotic Surgery, 14 March 2013</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Zhou, JY; Xin, C; Mou, YP; Xu, XW; Zhang, MZ; Zhou, YC; Lu, C; Chen, RG (2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4790929">"Robotic versus Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy: A Meta-Analysis of Short-Term Outcomes"</A>. <I>PLoS ONE</I>. <B>11</B> (3): e0151189. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1151189Z">2016PLoSO..1151189Z</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4790929">4790929</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26974961">26974961</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0151189">10.1371/journal.pone.0151189</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Robotic+versus+Laparoscopic+Distal+Pancreatectomy%3A+A+Meta-Analysis+of+Short-Term+Outcomes&rft.au=Chen%2C+RG&rft.au=Lu%2C+C&rft.au=Mou%2C+YP&rft.au=Xin%2C+C&rft.au=Xu%2C+XW&rft.au=Zhang%2C+MZ&rft.au=Zhou%2C+YC&rft.aufirst=JY&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.pages=e0151189&rft.volume=11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4790929&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4790929&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1151189Z&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0151189&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26974961&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Zanagnolo, V; Garbi, A; Achilarre, MT; Minig, L (16 January 2017). "Robot-assisted surgery in Gynecologic cancers.". <I>Journal of minimally invasive gynecology</I>. <B>24</B>: 379–396. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28104497">28104497</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmig.2017.01.006">10.1016/j.jmig.2017.01.006</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Robot-assisted+surgery+in+Gynecologic+cancers.&rft.au=Achilarre%2C+MT&rft.au=Garbi%2C+A&rft.au=Minig%2C+L&rft.aufirst=V&rft.aulast=Zanagnolo&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+minimally+invasive+gynecology&rft.pages=379-396&rft.volume=24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmig.2017.01.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28104497&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Melvin, W. S.; Needleman, B. J.; Krause, K. R.; Ellison, E. C. (February 2003). "Robotic Resection of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor". <I>Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques</I>. <B>13</B> (1): 33–36. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1089%2F109264203321235449">10.1089/109264203321235449</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Robotic+Resection+of+Pancreatic+Neuroendocrine+Tumor&rft.au=Ellison%2C+E.+C.&rft.au=Krause%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Needleman%2C+B.+J.&rft.aufirst=W.+S.&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.date=2003-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Laparoendoscopic+%26+Advanced+Surgical+Techniques&rft.pages=33-36&rft.volume=13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2F109264203321235449&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><A href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><IMG alt="closed access publication – behind paywall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Talamini_M_1524-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Talamini_M_1524_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Talamini_M_1524_10-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Talamini, M. A.; Chapman, S.; Horgan, S.; Melvin, W. S. (October 2003). "A prospective analysis of 211 robotic-assisted surgical procedures". <I>Surgical Endoscopy</I>. <B>17</B> (10): 1521–1524. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12915974">12915974</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00464-002-8853-3">10.1007/s00464-002-8853-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=A+prospective+analysis+of+211+robotic-assisted+surgical+procedures&rft.au=Chapman%2C+S.&rft.au=Horgan%2C+S.&rft.au=Melvin%2C+W.+S.&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft.aulast=Talamini&rft.date=2003-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Endoscopy&rft.pages=1521-1524&rft.volume=17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00464-002-8853-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12915974&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><A href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><IMG alt="closed access publication – behind paywall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Ahmed, K.; Khan, M. S.; Vats, A.; Nagpal, K.; Priest, O.; Patel, V.; Vecht, J. A.; Ashrafian, H.; et al. (October 2009). "Current status of robotic assisted pelvic surgery and future developments". <I>International Journal of Surgery</I>. <B>7</B> (5): 431–440. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19735746">19735746</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijsu.2009.08.008">10.1016/j.ijsu.2009.08.008</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Current+status+of+robotic+assisted+pelvic+surgery+and+future+developments&rft.au=Ashrafian%2C+H.&rft.au=Athanasiou%2C+Thanos&rft.au=Darzi%2C+Ara&rft.au=Khan%2C+M.+S.&rft.au=Nagpal%2C+K.&rft.au=Patel%2C+V.&rft.au=Priest%2C+O.&rft.au=Vats%2C+A.&rft.au=Vecht%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Yang%2C+G.+Z.&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.date=2009-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.pages=431-440&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijsu.2009.08.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19735746&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><A href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><IMG alt="closed access publication – behind paywall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Kypson, Alan P; Chitwood Jr., W. Randolph (2004). "Robotic Applications in Cardiac Surgery". <I>International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems</I>. <B>1</B> (2): 87–92. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004cs.......12055K">2004cs.......12055K</A>. <A href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</A>:<SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/cs/0412055">cs/0412055</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Robotic+Applications+in+Cardiac+Surgery&rft.au=Chitwood+Jr.%2C+W.+Randolph&rft.aufirst=Alan+P&rft.aulast=Kypson&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Advanced+Robotic+Systems&rft.pages=87-92&rft.volume=1&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcs%2F0412055&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004cs.......12055K&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">D'Annibale, A et al. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. December 2004. Volume 47, issue 12, pp. 2162–2168</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Spinoglio, G. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. November 2008. Volume 51, issue 11, pp. 1627–1632</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Delaney, C. et al. Diseases of the colon and rectum. December 2003. Volume 46, pp. 1633–1639</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Braumann, C. et al. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. December 2005. Volume 48, Number 9, pp1820-1827.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Myung-Han, Hyun; Chung-Ho Lee; Hyun-Jung Kim; YiXin Tong; Sung-Soo Park (November 2013). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of robotic surgery compared with conventional laparoscopic and open resection for gastric carcinoma". <I>British Journal of Surgery</I>. <B>100</B> (12): 1566–78. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24264778">24264778</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fbjs.9242">10.1002/bjs.9242</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+robotic+surgery+compared+with+conventional+laparoscopic+and+open+resection+for+gastric+carcinoma&rft.au=Chung-Ho+Lee&rft.au=Hyun-Jung+Kim&rft.au=Sung-Soo+Park&rft.au=YiXin+Tong&rft.aufirst=Hyun&rft.aulast=Myung-Han&rft.date=2013-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.pages=1566-78&rft.volume=100&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbjs.9242&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24264778&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Melvin, W. Scott; Needleman, Bradley J.; Krause, Kevin R.; Schneider, Carol; Ellison, E. Christopher (2002). "Computer-Enhanced vs. Standard Laparoscopic Antireflux Surgery". <I>Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery</I>. <B>6</B> (1): 11–15; discussion 15–6. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11986012">11986012</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2FS1091-255X%2801%2900032-4">10.1016/S1091-255X(01)00032-4</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Computer-Enhanced+vs.+Standard+Laparoscopic+Antireflux+Surgery&rft.au=Ellison%2C+E.+Christopher&rft.au=Krause%2C+Kevin+R.&rft.au=Needleman%2C+Bradley+J.&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Carol&rft.aufirst=W.+Scott&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gastrointestinal+Surgery&rft.pages=11-15%3B+discussion+15-6&rft.volume=6&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1091-255X%2801%2900032-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11986012&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><A href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><IMG alt="closed access publication – behind paywall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Melvin, W. S.; Dundon, J. M.; Talamini, M.; Horgan, S. (October 2005). "Computer-enhanced robotic telesurgery minimizes esophageal perforation during Heller myotomy". <I>Surgery</I>. <B>138</B> (4): 553–558; discussion 558–9. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16269282">16269282</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.surg.2005.07.025">10.1016/j.surg.2005.07.025</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Computer-enhanced+robotic+telesurgery+minimizes+esophageal+perforation+during+Heller+myotomy&rft.au=Dundon%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Horgan%2C+S.&rft.au=Talamini%2C+M.&rft.aufirst=W.+S.&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.date=2005-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Surgery&rft.pages=553-558%3B+discussion+558-9&rft.volume=138&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.surg.2005.07.025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16269282&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><A href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><IMG alt="closed access publication – behind paywall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Shaligram A; Unnirevi J; Simorov A; Kothari VM; Oleynikov D (April 2012). "How does the robot affect outcomes? A retrospective review of open, laparoscopic, and robotic Heller myotomy for achalasia". <I>Surgical Endoscopy</I>. <B>26</B> (4): 1047–50. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22038167">22038167</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00464-011-1994-5">10.1007/s00464-011-1994-5</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=How+does+the+robot+affect+outcomes%3F+A+retrospective+review+of+open%2C+laparoscopic%2C+and+robotic+Heller+myotomy+for+achalasia&rft.au=Kothari+VM&rft.au=Oleynikov+D&rft.au=Shaligram+A&rft.au=Simorov+A&rft.au=Unnirevi+J&rft.date=2012-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Endoscopy&rft.pages=1047-50&rft.volume=26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00464-011-1994-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22038167&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Liu, H; Lawrie, TA; Lu, D; Song, H; Wang, L; Shi, G (10 December 2014). "Robot-assisted surgery in gynaecology". <I>The Cochrane database of systematic reviews</I>. <B>12</B> (12): CD011422. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25493418">25493418</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD011422">10.1002/14651858.CD011422</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Robot-assisted+surgery+in+gynaecology&rft.au=Lawrie%2C+TA&rft.au=Lu%2C+D&rft.au=Shi%2C+G&rft.au=Song%2C+H&rft.au=Wang%2C+L&rft.aufirst=H&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+database+of+systematic+reviews&rft.pages=CD011422&rft.volume=12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD011422&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25493418&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">"Committee Opinion: Robotic Surgery in Gynecolgy". <I><A href="/wiki/Obstetrics_%26_Gynecology_(journal)" title="Obstetrics & Gynecology (journal)">Obstetrics & Gynecology</A></I>. <B>125</B> (3): 760–767. March 2015. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1097%2F01.AOG.0000461761.47981.07">10.1097/01.AOG.0000461761.47981.07</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Committee+Opinion%3A+Robotic+Surgery+in+Gynecolgy&rft.date=2015-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Obstetrics+%26+Gynecology&rft.pages=760-767&rft.volume=125&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.AOG.0000461761.47981.07&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2005_Groups/04/neurology.html">"Robot-Assisted Surgery: Neurosurgery"</A>. Biomed.brown.edu<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">25 June</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.btitle=Robot-Assisted+Surgery%3A+Neurosurgery&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Biomed.brown.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiomed.brown.edu%2FCourses%2FBI108%2FBI108_2005_Groups%2F04%2Fneurology.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imris.com/product/symbis-surgical-system">"SYMBIS Homepage on IMRIS Website"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.btitle=SYMBIS+Homepage+on+IMRIS+Website&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imris.com%2Fproduct%2Fsymbis-surgical-system&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/10/robot-eye-operation-world-first-oxford-john-radcliffe">"Surgeons use robot to operate inside eye in world first"</A>. 9 September 2016 – via The Guardian.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.btitle=Surgeons+use+robot+to+operate+inside+eye+in+world+first&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2016%2Fsep%2F10%2Frobot-eye-operation-world-first-oxford-john-radcliffe&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Walsh, Fergus (9 September 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-37246995">"Robot operates inside eye in world first"</A> – via www.bbc.co.uk.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.btitle=Robot+operates+inside+eye+in+world+first&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fhealth-37246995&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itv.com/news/2016-09-09/uk-surgeons-carry-out-worlds-first-robot-eye-surgery">UK surgeons carry out world's first robot eye surgery. ITV News, 9 September 2016</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robodoc.com/about.html">ROBODOC history</A>. Robodoc.com. Retrieved 29 November 2011.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acrobot.co.uk/Sculptor.htm">Acrobot Sculptor</A><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><SPAN title=" Dead link since November 2011">dead link</SPAN></A></I>]</SPAN></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Siebert, W.; Mai, Sabine; Kober, Rudolf; Heeckt, Peter F. (30 December 2004). "Chapter 12 – Total knee replacement: robotic assistive technique". In DiGioia, Anthony M.; Jaramaz, Branislav; Picard, Frederic; Nolte, Lutz-Peter. <I>Computer and robotic assisted hip and knee surgery</I>. <A href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</A>. pp. 127–156. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-850943-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-850943-X">0-19-850943-X</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Chapter+12+%E2%80%93+Total+knee+replacement%3A+robotic+assistive+technique&rft.au=Heeckt%2C+Peter+F.&rft.au=Kober%2C+Rudolf&rft.au=Mai%2C+Sabine&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Siebert&rft.btitle=Computer+and+robotic+assisted+hip+and+knee+surgery&rft.date=2004-12-30&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-19-850943-X&rft.pages=127-156&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makosurgical.com">"Home | MAKO Surgical Corp"</A>. Makosurgical.com. 3 June 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">25 June</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.btitle=Home+%26%23124%3B+MAKO+Surgical+Corp&rft.date=2013-06-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Makosurgical.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.makosurgical.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bluebelttech.com">"Home | Blue Belt Technologies, Inc."</A>. Bluebelttech.com. 24 June 2014<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">24 June</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.btitle=Home+%26%23124%3B+Blue+Belt+Technologies%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Bluebelttech.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bluebelttech.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416210715/http://www.childrenshospital.org/robotics">"Robotic Surgery"</A>. Children's Hospital Center. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childrenshospital.org/robotics">the original</A> on 16 April 2014<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 November</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.btitle=Robotic+Surgery&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Children%27s+Hospital+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.childrenshospital.org%2Frobotics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Shweikeh2014rev-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Shweikeh2014rev_34-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Shweikeh2014rev_34-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Shweikeh, Faris; Amadio, Jordan P.; Arnell, Monica; Barnard, Zachary R.; Kim, Terrence T.; Johnson, J. Patrick; Drazin, Doniel (2014-03-01). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thejns.org/doi/10.3171/2014.1.FOCUS13526">"Robotics and the spine: a review of current and ongoing applications"</A>. <I>Neurosurgical Focus</I>. <B>36</B> (3): E10. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24580002">24580002</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.3171%2F2014.1.focus13526">10.3171/2014.1.focus13526</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Robotics+and+the+spine%3A+a+review+of+current+and+ongoing+applications&rft.au=Amadio%2C+Jordan+P.&rft.au=Arnell%2C+Monica&rft.au=Barnard%2C+Zachary+R.&rft.au=Drazin%2C+Doniel&rft.au=Johnson%2C+J.+Patrick&rft.au=Kim%2C+Terrence+T.&rft.aufirst=Faris&rft.aulast=Shweikeh&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Neurosurgical+Focus&rft.pages=E10&rft.volume=36&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthejns.org%2Fdoi%2F10.3171%2F2014.1.FOCUS13526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3171%2F2014.1.focus13526&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24580002&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Giulianotti PC, Gorodner V, Sbrana F, Tzvetanov I, Jeon H, Bianco F, Kinzer K, Oberholzer J, Benedetti E (2010). "Robotic Trans-Abdominal Kidney Transplantation in a Morbidly Obese Patient". <I>AJT</I>. <B>10</B>: 1–5.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Robotic+Trans-Abdominal+Kidney+Transplantation+in+a+Morbidly+Obese+Patient&rft.au=Benedetti%2C+E&rft.au=Bianco%2C+F&rft.au=Gorodner%2C+V&rft.au=Jeon%2C+H&rft.au=Kinzer%2C+K&rft.au=Oberholzer%2C+J&rft.au=Sbrana%2C+F&rft.au=Tzvetanov%2C+I&rft.aufirst=PC&rft.aulast=Giulianotti&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AJT&rft.pages=1-5&rft.volume=10&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Oberholzer J, Giulianotti P, Danielson KK, Spaggiari M, Bejarano-Pineda L, Bianco F, Tzvetanov I, Ayloo S, Jeon H, Garcia-Roca R, Thielke J, Tang I, Akkina S, Becker B, Kinzer K, Patel A, Benedetti E (2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647345">"Minimally invasive robotic kidney transplantation for obese patients previously denied access to transplantation"</A>. <I>American Journal of Transplantation</I>. <B>13</B> (3): 721–8. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647345">3647345</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23437881">23437881</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fajt.12078">10.1111/ajt.12078</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Minimally+invasive+robotic+kidney+transplantation+for+obese+patients+previously+denied+access+to+transplantation&rft.au=Akkina%2C+S&rft.au=Ayloo%2C+S&rft.au=Becker%2C+B&rft.au=Bejarano-Pineda%2C+L&rft.au=Benedetti%2C+E&rft.au=Bianco%2C+F&rft.au=Danielson%2C+KK&rft.au=Garcia-Roca%2C+R&rft.au=Giulianotti%2C+P&rft.au=Jeon%2C+H&rft.au=Kinzer%2C+K&rft.au=Patel%2C+A&rft.au=Spaggiari%2C+M&rft.au=Tang%2C+I&rft.au=Thielke%2C+J&rft.au=Tzvetanov%2C+I&rft.aufirst=J&rft.aulast=Oberholzer&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Transplantation&rft.pages=721-8&rft.volume=13&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3647345&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3647345&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fajt.12078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23437881&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Tzvetanov I, Giulianotti PC, Bejarano-Pineda L, Jeon H, Garcia-Roca R, Bianco F, Oberholzer J, Benedetti E (December 2013). "Robotic-assisted kidney transplantation". <I>Surg Clin North Am</I>. <B>93</B> (6): 1309–23. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24206853">24206853</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.suc.2013.08.003">10.1016/j.suc.2013.08.003</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Robotic-assisted+kidney+transplantation&rft.au=Bejarano-Pineda%2C+L&rft.au=Benedetti%2C+E&rft.au=Bianco%2C+F&rft.au=Garcia-Roca%2C+R&rft.au=Giulianotti%2C+PC&rft.au=Jeon%2C+H&rft.au=Oberholzer%2C+J&rft.aufirst=I&rft.aulast=Tzvetanov&rft.date=2013-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Surg+Clin+North+Am.&rft.pages=1309-23&rft.volume=93&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.suc.2013.08.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24206853&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Lee, DI (April 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678689">"Robotic prostatectomy: what we have learned and where we are going"</A>. <I>Yonsei Med J</I>. <B>50</B> (2): 177–81. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678689">2678689</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19430547">19430547</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.3349%2Fymj.2009.50.2.177">10.3349/ymj.2009.50.2.177</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Robotic+prostatectomy%3A+what+we+have+learned+and+where+we+are+going&rft.aufirst=DI&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.date=2009-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Yonsei+Med+J&rft.pages=177-81&rft.volume=50&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2678689&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2678689&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3349%2Fymj.2009.50.2.177&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19430547&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Williams, SB; Prado, K; Hu, JC (November 2014). "Economics of robotic surgery: does it make sense and for whom?". <I>The Urologic clinics of North America</I>. <B>41</B> (4): 591–6. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25306170">25306170</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ucl.2014.07.013">10.1016/j.ucl.2014.07.013</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Economics+of+robotic+surgery%3A+does+it+make+sense+and+for+whom%3F&rft.au=Hu%2C+JC&rft.au=Prado%2C+K&rft.aufirst=SB&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.date=2014-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=The+Urologic+clinics+of+North+America&rft.pages=591-6&rft.volume=41&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ucl.2014.07.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25306170&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Ramsay, C; Pickard, R; Robertson, C; Close, A; Vale, L; Armstrong, N; Barocas, DA; Eden, CG; Fraser, C; Gurung, T; Jenkinson, D; Jia, X; Lam, TB; Mowatt, G; Neal, DE; Robinson, MC; Royle, J; Rushton, SP; Sharma, P; Shirley, MD; Soomro, N (2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780976">"Systematic review and economic modelling of the relative clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery for removal of the prostate in men with localised prostate cancer."</A>. <I>Health technology assessment (Winchester, England)</I>. <B>16</B> (41): 1–313. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780976">4780976</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23127367">23127367</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.3310%2Fhta16410">10.3310/hta16410</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Systematic+review+and+economic+modelling+of+the+relative+clinical+benefit+and+cost-effectiveness+of+laparoscopic+surgery+and+robotic+surgery+for+removal+of+the+prostate+in+men+with+localised+prostate+cancer.&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+N&rft.au=Barocas%2C+DA&rft.au=Close%2C+A&rft.au=Eden%2C+CG&rft.au=Fraser%2C+C&rft.au=Gurung%2C+T&rft.au=Jenkinson%2C+D&rft.au=Jia%2C+X&rft.au=Lam%2C+TB&rft.au=Mowatt%2C+G&rft.au=Neal%2C+DE&rft.au=Pickard%2C+R&rft.au=Robertson%2C+C&rft.au=Robinson%2C+MC&rft.au=Royle%2C+J&rft.au=Rushton%2C+SP&rft.au=Sharma%2C+P&rft.au=Shirley%2C+MD&rft.au=Soomro%2C+N&rft.au=Vale%2C+L&rft.aufirst=C&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=41&rft.jtitle=Health+technology+assessment+%28Winchester%2C+England%29&rft.pages=1-313&rft.volume=16&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4780976&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4780976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3310%2Fhta16410&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23127367&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FV_robo1-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-FV_robo1_41-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FV_robo1_41-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://med.over.net/index.php?full=1&id=25545&title=V_UKC_Ljubljana_prvi___na_svetu_uporabili___ilnega_robota_za_posege_na_femoralnem___ilju">"V UKC Ljubljana prvič na svetu uporabili žilnega robota za posege na femoralnem žilju"</A> [The First Use of a Vascular Robot for Procedures on Femoral Vasculature] (in Slovenian). 8 November 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">1 April</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=V+UKC+Ljubljana+prvi%C4%8D+na+svetu+uporabili+%C5%BEilnega+robota+za+posege+na+femoralnem+%C5%BEilju&rft.date=2010-11-08&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmed.over.net%2Findex.php%3Ffull%3D1%26id%3D25545%26title%3DV_UKC_Ljubljana_prvi___na_svetu_uporabili___ilnega_robota_za_posege_na_femoralnem___ilju&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FV_robo2-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-FV_robo2_42-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FV_robo2_42-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnevnik.si/novice/zdravje/1042434634">"UKC Ljubljana kljub finančnim omejitvam uspešen v razvoju medicine"</A> [UMC Ljubljana Successfully Develops Medicine Despite Financial Limitations] (in Slovenian). 30 March 2011.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=UKC+Ljubljana+kljub+finan%C4%8Dnim+omejitvam+uspe%C5%A1en+v+razvoju+medicine&rft.date=2011-03-30&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnevnik.si%2Fnovice%2Fzdravje%2F1042434634&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Graham-Rowe, Duncan (26 January 2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18925366.400">"Robot set loose to film your insides"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</A></I> (2536)<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 November</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Robot+set+loose+to+film+your+insides&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft.aulast=Graham-Rowe&rft.date=2006-01-26&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2536&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg18925366.400&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><A href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><IMG alt="closed access publication – behind paywall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_alternative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brianday.ca/imagez/1051_28738.pdf">"Medical Post 23:1985"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.btitle=Medical+Post+23%3A1985&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brianday.ca%2Fimagez%2F1051_28738.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Kwoh, Y. S.; Hou, J.; Jonckheere, E. A. & Hayall, S. (February 1988). "A robot with improved absolute positioning accuracy for CT guided stereotactic brain surgery". <I><A href="/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Biomedical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering">IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering</A></I>. <B>35</B> (2): 153–161. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1109%2F10.1354">10.1109/10.1354</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=A+robot+with+improved+absolute+positioning+accuracy+for+CT+guided+stereotactic+brain+surgery&rft.au=Hayall%2C+S.&rft.au=Hou%2C+J.&rft.au=Jonckheere%2C+E.+A.&rft.au=Kwoh%2C+Y.+S.&rft.date=1988-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Biomedical+Engineering&rft.pages=153-161&rft.volume=35&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F10.1354&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Lanfranco, Anthony R.; Castellanos, Andres E.; Desai, Jaydev P.; Meyers, William C. (2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000103020.19595.7d">"Robotic Surgery"</A>. <I>Annals of Surgery</I>. <B>239</B> (1): 14–21. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356187">1356187</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14685095">14685095</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1097%2F01.sla.0000103020.19595.7d">10.1097/01.sla.0000103020.19595.7d</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Robotic+Surgery&rft.au=Castellanos%2C+Andres+E.&rft.au=Desai%2C+Jaydev+P.&rft.au=Meyers%2C+William+C.&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft.aulast=Lanfranco&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Surgery&rft.pages=14-21&rft.volume=239&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1356187&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%2F01.sla.0000103020.19595.7d&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.sla.0000103020.19595.7d&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14685095&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robot.md/publications/robodoc-surgical-robot-sucess-story.pdf">"ROBODOC: Surgical Robot Success Story"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">25 June</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.btitle=ROBODOC%3A+Surgical+Robot+Success+Story&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robot.md%2Fpublications%2Frobodoc-surgical-robot-sucess-story.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Meadows, Michelle. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301135726/http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2005/405_computer.html">"Computer-Assisted Surgery: An Update"</A>. <I>FDA Consumer magazine</I>. <A href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2005/405_computer.html">the original</A> on 1 March 2009.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Computer-Assisted+Surgery%3A+An+Update&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft.aulast=Meadows&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA+Consumer+magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffdac%2Ffeatures%2F2005%2F405_computer.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">McConnell, PI; Schneeberger, EW; Michler, RE (2003). "History and development of robotic cardiac surgery". <I>Problems in General Surgery</I>. <B>20</B> (2): 20–30. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1097%2F01.sgs.0000081182.03671.6e">10.1097/01.sgs.0000081182.03671.6e</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=History+and+development+of+robotic+cardiac+surgery&rft.au=Michler%2C+RE&rft.au=Schneeberger%2C+EW&rft.aufirst=PI&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Problems+in+General+Surgery&rft.pages=20-30&rft.volume=20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.sgs.0000081182.03671.6e&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Leslie Versweyveld (29 September 1999). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoise.com/vmw/99/articles/vmw/LV-VM-11-99-1.html">"ZEUS robot system reverses sterilization to enable birth of baby boy"</A>. Virtual Medical Worlds Monthly.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.au=Leslie+Versweyveld&rft.btitle=ZEUS+robot+system+reverses+sterilization+to+enable+birth+of+baby+boy&rft.date=1999-09-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Virtual+Medical+Worlds+Monthly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoise.com%2Fvmw%2F99%2Farticles%2Fvmw%2FLV-VM-11-99-1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2000_Groups/Heart_Surgery/Robotics.html">"Robotics: the Future of Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery"</A>. Biomed.brown.edu. 6 October 1999<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 November</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.btitle=Robotics%3A+the+Future+of+Minimally+Invasive+Heart+Surgery&rft.date=1999-10-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Biomed.brown.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiomed.brown.edu%2FCourses%2FBI108%2FBI108_2000_Groups%2FHeart_Surgery%2FRobotics.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-52"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ircad.fr/event/lindbergh/index.php?lng=en">"Linbergh Operation – IRCAD/EITS Laparoscopic Center"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">19 January</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.btitle=Linbergh+Operation+%E2%80%93+IRCAD%2FEITS+Laparoscopic+Center&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ircad.fr%2Fevent%2Flindbergh%2Findex.php%3Flng%3Den&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sri.com/work/timeline-innovation/timeline.php?timeline=health#!&innovation=telerobotic-surgery">"Telerobotic Surgery"</A>. <A href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">30 September</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.btitle=Telerobotic+Surgery&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=SRI+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sri.com%2Fwork%2Ftimeline-innovation%2Ftimeline.php%3Ftimeline%3Dhealth%23%21%26innovation%3Dtelerobotic-surgery&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcbstv.com/health/da.vinci.robot.2.1055154.html">"New Robot Technology Eases Kidney Transplants"</A>. <I>CBS News</I>. 22 June 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 July</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=New+Robot+Technology+Eases+Kidney+Transplants&rft.date=2009-06-22&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwcbstv.com%2Fhealth%2Fda.vinci.robot.2.1055154.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-55"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intuitivesurgical.com/products/davinci_surgical_system/davinci_surgical_system_si/">"da Vinci Si Surgical System"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Intuitive_Surgical" title="Intuitive Surgical">Intuitive Surgical</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">30 September</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.btitle=da+Vinci+Si+Surgical+System&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Intuitive+Surgical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intuitivesurgical.com%2Fproducts%2Fdavinci_surgical_system%2Fdavinci_surgical_system_si%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-56"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2006/05/19/robot-surgeon-performs-worlds-first-unassisted-operation">"Autonomous Robotic Surgeon performs surgery on first live human"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</A>. 19 May 2006.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Autonomous+Robotic+Surgeon+performs+surgery+on+first+live+human&rft.date=2006-05-19&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2006%2F05%2F19%2Frobot-surgeon-performs-worlds-first-unassisted-operation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-57"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news67222790.html">"Robot surgeon carries out 9-hour operation by itself"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Phys.Org" class="mw-redirect" title="Phys.Org">Phys.Org</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.btitle=Robot+surgeon+carries+out+9-hour+operation+by+itself&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Phys.Org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physorg.com%2Fnews67222790.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-58"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Parekattil, Sijo. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roboticinfertility.com">"Robotic Infertility"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">11 October</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.aufirst=Sijo&rft.aulast=Parekattil&rft.btitle=Robotic+Infertility&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roboticinfertility.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-59"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esciencenews.com/articles/2008/11/20/surgeons.perform.worlds.first.pediatric.robotic.bladder.reconstruction">"Surgeons perform world's first pediatric robotic bladder reconstruction"</A>. Esciencenews.com. 20 November 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 November</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=Surgeons+perform+world%27s+first+pediatric+robotic+bladder+reconstruction&rft.date=2008-11-20&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesciencenews.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F11%2F20%2Fsurgeons.perform.worlds.first.pediatric.robotic.bladder.reconstruction&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-60"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/news/may2008/neuroArm">"neuroArm : revolutionary procedure a world first"</A>. ucalgary.ca. 16 May 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">14 November</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.btitle=neuroArm+%3A+revolutionary+procedure+a+world+first&rft.date=2008-05-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=ucalgary.ca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucalgary.ca%2Fnews%2Fmay2008%2FneuroArm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Hagn, U.; Nickl, M.; Jörg, S.; Tobergte, A.; Kübler, B.; Passig, G.; Gröger, M.; Fröhlich, F.; Seibold, U.; Konietschke, R.; Le-Tien, L.; Albu-Schäffer, A.; Grebenstein, M.; Ortmaier, T. & Hirzinger, G. (2008). "DLR MiroSurge – towards versatility in surgical robotics". <I>Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Computer und Roboterassistierte Chirurgie; Proceedings of CURAC</I>. <B>7</B>: 143–146.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.atitle=DLR+MiroSurge+%E2%80%93+towards+versatility+in+surgical+robotics&rft.au=Albu-Sch%C3%A4ffer%2C+A.&rft.au=Fr%C3%B6hlich%2C+F.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ger%2C+M.&rft.au=Grebenstein%2C+M.&rft.au=Hagn%2C+U.&rft.au=Hirzinger%2C+G.&rft.au=J%C3%B6rg%2C+S.&rft.au=K%C3%BCbler%2C+B.&rft.au=Konietschke%2C+R.&rft.au=Le-Tien%2C+L.&rft.au=Nickl%2C+M.&rft.au=Ortmaier%2C+T.&rft.au=Passig%2C+G.&rft.au=Seibold%2C+U.&rft.au=Tobergte%2C+A.&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrestagung+der+Deutschen+Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Computer+und+Roboterassistierte+Chirurgie%3B+Proceedings+of+CURAC&rft.pages=143-146&rft.volume=7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-62"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3.wtb.tue.nl/nl/nieuws/artikel/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=10041&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=465&cHash=ebb243e7ff">"Beter opereren met nieuwe Nederlandse operatierobot Sofie"</A> (in Dutch). TU/e. 27 September 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 October</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobot-assisted+surgery&rft.btitle=Beter+opereren+met+nieuwe+Nederlandse+operatierobot+Sofie&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=TU%2Fe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.wtb.tue.nl%2Fnl%2Fnieuws%2Fartikel%2F%3Ftx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D10041%26tx_ttnews%255BbackPid%255D%3D465%26cHash%3Debb243e7ff&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Robot-assisted_surgery&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Glossary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Index_of_robotics_articles" title="Index of robotics articles">Index</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_robots" title="History of robots">History</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Future_of_robotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Future of robotics">Future</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_robotics" title="Geography of robotics">Geography</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Robot_Hall_of_Fame" title="Robot Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Ethics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Laws_of_robotics" title="Laws of robotics">Laws</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence">AI competitions</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</TH>
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<LI>Anthropomorphic
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">Humanoid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Articulated_robot" title="Articulated robot">Articulated</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">arm</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Entertainment_robot" title="Entertainment robot">Entertainment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Juggling_robot" title="Juggling robot">Juggling</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Military</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Surgery</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Service_robot" title="Service robot">Service</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Disability_robot" title="Disability robot">Disability</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Automated_restaurant" title="Automated restaurant">Food service</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Automated_retailing" title="Automated retailing">Retailing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/BEAM_robotics" title="BEAM robotics">BEAM robotics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Soft_robotics" title="Soft robotics">Soft robotics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uncrewed_vehicle" title="Uncrewed vehicle">Uncrewed vehicle</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Aerial</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">Ground</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mobile_robot" title="Mobile robot">Mobile robot</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mobile_robot_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile robot navigation">navigation</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" title="Robotic spacecraft">Space</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Underwater</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Locomotion</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Tracks</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">Walking</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climber_(BEAM)" title="Climber (BEAM)">Climbing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Self-balancing_unicycle" title="Self-balancing unicycle">Self-balancing unicycle</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Robot_kit" title="Robot kit">Kits</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Robotics_simulator" title="Robotics simulator">Simulator</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Robotics_suite" title="Robotics suite">Suite</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Open-source</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Robot_software" title="Robot software">Software</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Adaptable_robotics" title="Adaptable robotics">Adaptable</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Robotic_paradigm" title="Robotic paradigm">Paradigms</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_robot" title="Ubiquitous robot">Ubiquitous</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Fictional robots</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI><IMG alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <B><A href="/wiki/Category:Robotics" title="Category:Robotics">Category</A></B></LI>
<LI><IMG alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <B><A href="/wiki/Portal:Robotics" title="Portal:Robotics">Portal</A></B></LI>
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<DIV id="Emerging_technologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Fields</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural robot</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Closed_ecological_system" title="Closed ecological system">Closed ecological systems</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Precision_agriculture" title="Precision agriculture">Precision agriculture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vertical_farming" title="Vertical farming">Vertical farming</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Building_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Building printing">Building printing</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Contour_crafting" title="Contour crafting">Contour crafting</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/D-Shape" title="D-Shape">D-Shape</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Domed_city" title="Domed city">Domed city</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Biomedical_technology" title="Biomedical technology">Biomedical</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Artificial_uterus" title="Artificial uterus">Artificial uterus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ampakine" title="Ampakine">Ampakine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brain_transplant" title="Brain transplant">Brain transplant</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cryoprotectant" title="Cryoprotectant">Cryoprotectant</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vitrification" title="Vitrification">Vitrification</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Suspended_animation" title="Suspended animation">Suspended animation</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/De-extinction" title="De-extinction">De-extinction</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">Gene therapy</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Head_transplant" title="Head transplant">Head transplant</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Isolated_brain" title="Isolated brain">Isolated brain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Strategies_for_Engineered_Negligible_Senescence" title="Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence">Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nanosensor" title="Nanosensor">Nanosensors</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Regenerative_medicine" title="Regenerative medicine">Regenerative medicine</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stem-cell_therapy" title="Stem-cell therapy">Stem-cell therapy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue engineering</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Robot-assisted surgery</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Synthetic_genomics" title="Synthetic genomics">Synthetic genomics</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Virotherapy" title="Virotherapy">Virotherapy</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oncolytic_virus" title="Oncolytic virus">Oncolytic virus</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Medical_tricorder" title="Medical tricorder">Tricorder</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">Whole genome sequencing</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Displays</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Next_generation_of_display_technology" title="Next generation of display technology">Next generation</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Field_emission_display" title="Field emission display">FED</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ferro_Liquid_Crystal_Display" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferro Liquid Crystal Display">FLCD</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Interferometric_modulator_display" title="Interferometric modulator display">iMoD</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Laser_video_display" title="Laser video display">Laser</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Laser-powered_phosphor_display" title="Laser-powered phosphor display">LPD</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">OLET</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_dot_display" title="Quantum dot display">QD-LED</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Surface-conduction_electron-emitter_display" title="Surface-conduction electron-emitter display">SED</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Telescopic_pixel_display" title="Telescopic pixel display">TPD</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thick-film_dielectric_electroluminescent_technology" title="Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology">TDEL</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Time-multiplexed_optical_shutter" title="Time-multiplexed optical shutter">TMOS</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Screenless" title="Screenless">Screenless</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bionic_contact_lens" title="Bionic contact lens">Bionic contact lens</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">Head-mounted display</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Optical_head-mounted_display" title="Optical head-mounted display">Optical head-mounted display</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display" title="Virtual retinal display">Virtual retinal display</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Autostereoscopy" title="Autostereoscopy">Autostereoscopy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flexible_display" title="Flexible display">Flexible display</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Holographic_display" title="Holographic display">Holographic display</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Computer-generated_holography" title="Computer-generated holography">Computer-generated holography</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra HD</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Volumetric_display" title="Volumetric display">Volumetric display</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Electronics</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Electronic_nose" title="Electronic nose">Electronic nose</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/E-textiles" title="E-textiles">E-textiles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flexible_electronics" title="Flexible electronics">Flexible electronics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Molecular_electronics" title="Molecular electronics">Molecular electronics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nanoelectromechanical_systems" title="Nanoelectromechanical systems">Nanoelectromechanical systems</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spintronics" title="Spintronics">Spintronics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thermal_copper_pillar_bump" title="Thermal copper pillar bump">Thermal copper pillar bump</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Energy</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Production</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Airborne_wind_turbine" title="Airborne wind turbine">Airborne wind turbine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Artificial_photosynthesis" title="Artificial photosynthesis">Artificial photosynthesis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Concentrated_solar_power" title="Concentrated solar power">Concentrated solar power</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">Fusion power</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Home_fuel_cell" title="Home fuel cell">Home fuel cell</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen_economy" title="Hydrogen economy">Hydrogen economy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">Methanol economy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Molten_salt_reactor" title="Molten salt reactor">Molten salt reactor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nantenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantenna">Nantenna</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_pavement" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic pavement">Photovoltaic pavement</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Space-based_solar_power" title="Space-based solar power">Space-based solar power</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vortex_engine" title="Vortex engine">Vortex engine</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Storage</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery" title="Lithium iron phosphate battery">Beltway battery</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Compressed_air_energy_storage" title="Compressed air energy storage">Compressed air energy storage</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flywheel_energy_storage" title="Flywheel energy storage">Flywheel energy storage</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">Grid energy storage</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Lithium–air battery">Lithium–air battery</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Molten_salt_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Molten salt battery">Molten salt battery</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nanowire_battery" title="Nanowire battery">Nanowire battery</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Research_in_lithium-ion_batteries" title="Research in lithium-ion batteries">Research in lithium-ion batteries</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Silicon%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Silicon–air battery">Silicon–air battery</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thermal_energy_storage" title="Thermal energy storage">Thermal energy storage</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Electric_double-layer_capacitor" title="Electric double-layer capacitor">Ultracapacitor</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wireless_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless power">Wireless power</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">Information and<BR />
communications</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ambient_intelligence" title="Ambient intelligence">Ambient intelligence</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Internet_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet of Things">Internet of Things</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications of artificial intelligence</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress in artificial intelligence</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Machine_vision" title="Machine vision">Machine vision</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Atomtronics" title="Atomtronics">Atomtronics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube_field-effect_transistor" title="Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor">Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cybermethodology" title="Cybermethodology">Cybermethodology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Optical_disc#Fourth-generation" title="Optical disc">Fourth-generation optical discs</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/3D_optical_data_storage" title="3D optical data storage">3D optical data storage</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Holographic_data_storage" title="Holographic data storage">Holographic data storage</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</A></LI>
<LI>Memory
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Programmable_metallization_cell" title="Programmable metallization cell">CBRAM</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ferroelectric_RAM" title="Ferroelectric RAM">FRAM</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Millipede_memory" title="Millipede memory">Millipede</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Magnetoresistive_random-access_memory" title="Magnetoresistive random-access memory">MRAM</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nano-RAM" title="Nano-RAM">NRAM</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phase-change_memory" title="Phase-change memory">PRAM</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Racetrack_memory" title="Racetrack memory">Racetrack memory</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Resistive_random-access_memory" title="Resistive random-access memory">RRAM</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/SONOS" title="SONOS">SONOS</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Optical_computing" title="Optical computing">Optical computing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">RFID</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chipless_RFID" title="Chipless RFID">Chipless RFID</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Software-defined_radio" title="Software-defined radio">Software-defined radio</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Manufacturing</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Claytronics" title="Claytronics">Claytronics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Molecular_assembler" title="Molecular assembler">Molecular assembler</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Utility_fog" title="Utility fog">Utility fog</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aerogel" title="Aerogel">Aerogel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amorphous_metal" title="Amorphous metal">Amorphous metal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Artificial_muscle" title="Artificial muscle">Artificial muscle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Conductive_polymer" title="Conductive polymer">Conductive polymer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Femtotechnology" title="Femtotechnology">Femtotechnology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">Fullerene</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/High-temperature_superconductivity" title="High-temperature superconductivity">High-temperature superconductivity</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Superfluidity" title="Superfluidity">High-temperature superfluidity</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Linear_acetylenic_carbon" title="Linear acetylenic carbon">Linear acetylenic carbon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Metamaterial" title="Metamaterial">Metamaterials</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Metamaterial_cloaking" title="Metamaterial cloaking">Metamaterial cloaking</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Metal_foam" title="Metal foam">Metal foam</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Multi-function_structure" title="Multi-function structure">Multi-function structures</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">Carbon nanotubes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology" title="Molecular nanotechnology">Molecular nanotechnology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Picotechnology" title="Picotechnology">Picotechnology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Programmable_matter" title="Programmable matter">Programmable matter</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_dot" title="Quantum dot">Quantum dots</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Silicene" title="Silicene">Silicene</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Superalloy" title="Superalloy">Superalloy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Synthetic_diamond" title="Synthetic diamond">Synthetic diamond</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caseless_ammunition" title="Caseless ammunition">Caseless ammunition</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Directed-energy_weapon" title="Directed-energy weapon">Directed-energy weapon</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">Maser</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Particle-beam_weapon" title="Particle-beam weapon">Particle-beam weapon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sonic_weapon" title="Sonic weapon">Sonic weapon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coilgun" title="Coilgun">Coilgun</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Railgun" title="Railgun">Railgun</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plasma_weapon" title="Plasma weapon">Plasma weapon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pure_fusion_weapon" title="Pure fusion weapon">Pure fusion weapon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vortex_ring_gun" title="Vortex ring gun">Vortex ring gun</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Artificial_brain" title="Artificial brain">Artificial brain</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Blue_Brain_Project" title="Blue Brain Project">Blue Brain Project</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">Electroencephalography</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">Mind uploading</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brain-reading" title="Brain-reading">Brain-reading</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Visual_prosthesis" title="Visual prosthesis">Bionic eye</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brain_implant" title="Brain implant">Brain implant</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Exocortex" title="Exocortex">Exocortex</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Retinal_implant" title="Retinal implant">Retinal implant</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Quantum_technology" title="Quantum technology">Quantum</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum algorithms">Quantum algorithms</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_amplifier" title="Quantum amplifier">Quantum amplifier</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_bus" title="Quantum bus">Quantum bus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_channel" title="Quantum channel">Quantum channel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_complexity_theory" title="Quantum complexity theory">Quantum complexity theory</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_cryptography" title="Quantum cryptography">Quantum cryptography</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_dynamics" title="Quantum dynamics">Quantum dynamics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">Quantum electronics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_error_correction" title="Quantum error correction">Quantum error correction</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_imaging" title="Quantum imaging">Quantum imaging</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">Quantum information</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_key_distribution" title="Quantum key distribution">Quantum key distribution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_logic" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_gate" title="Quantum gate">Quantum logic gates</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_machine" title="Quantum machine">Quantum machine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_machine_learning" title="Quantum machine learning">Quantum machine learning</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_metamaterial" title="Quantum metamaterial">Quantum metamaterial</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_metrology" title="Quantum metrology">Quantum metrology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_network" title="Quantum network">Quantum network</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_neural_network" title="Quantum neural network">Quantum neural network</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_optics" title="Quantum optics">Quantum optics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">Quantum programming</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum sensing">Quantum sensing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_simulator" title="Quantum simulator">Quantum simulator</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quantum_teleportation" title="Quantum teleportation">Quantum teleportation</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Future_of_robotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Future of robotics">Robotics</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">Domotics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton" title="Powered exoskeleton">Powered exoskeleton</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Self-reconfiguring_modular_robot" title="Self-reconfiguring modular robot">Self-reconfiguring modular robot</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uncrewed_vehicle" title="Uncrewed vehicle">Uncrewed vehicle</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Space science</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Launch</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fusion_rocket" title="Fusion rocket">Fusion rocket</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mass_driver" title="Mass driver">Mass driver</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Orbital_ring" title="Orbital ring">Orbital ring</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Skyhook_(structure)" title="Skyhook (structure)">Skyhook</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Space_elevator" title="Space elevator">Space elevator</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Space_fountain" title="Space fountain">Space fountain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Space_tether" title="Space tether">Space tether</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_system" title="Reusable launch system">Reusable launch system</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Propulsion</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beam-powered_propulsion" title="Beam-powered propulsion">Beam-powered propulsion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ion_thruster" title="Ion thruster">Ion thruster</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Laser_propulsion" title="Laser propulsion">Laser propulsion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plasma_propulsion_engine" title="Plasma propulsion engine">Plasma propulsion engine</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Helicon_double-layer_thruster" title="Helicon double-layer thruster">Helicon thruster</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Variable_Specific_Impulse_Magnetoplasma_Rocket" title="Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket">VASIMR</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)" title="Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)">Project Orion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nuclear_pulse_propulsion" title="Nuclear pulse propulsion">Nuclear pulse propulsion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar travel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Propellant_depot" title="Propellant depot">Propellant depot</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Transport</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">Aerial</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Worldwide_Aeros_Corp" title="Worldwide Aeros Corp">Aeroscraft</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Backpack_helicopter" title="Backpack helicopter">Backpack helicopter</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Delivery_drone" title="Delivery drone">Delivery drone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flying_car_(aircraft)" title="Flying car (aircraft)">Flying car</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/High-altitude_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="High-altitude platform">High-altitude platform</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jet_pack" title="Jet pack">Jet pack</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pulse_detonation_engine" title="Pulse detonation engine">Pulse detonation engine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scramjet" title="Scramjet">Scramjet</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)" title="Skylon (spacecraft)">Skylon</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">Supersonic transport</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Airless_tire" title="Airless tire">Airless tire</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tweel" title="Tweel">Tweel</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicle</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen vehicle</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Autonomous_car" title="Autonomous car">Driverless car</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ground_effect_train" title="Ground effect train">Ground effect train</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev train</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/ET3_Global_Alliance" title="ET3 Global Alliance">ET3 Global Alliance</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vehicular_communication_systems" title="Vehicular communication systems">Vehicular communication systems</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pneumatic_tube" title="Pneumatic tube">Pneumatic transport</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Automated_vacuum_collection" title="Automated vacuum collection">Automated vacuum collection</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foodtubes" title="Foodtubes">Foodtubes</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility" title="Cloak of invisibility">Cloak of invisibility</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Digital_scent_technology" title="Digital scent technology">Digital scent technology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Force_field_(fiction)" title="Force field (fiction)">Force field</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plasma_window" title="Plasma window">Plasma window</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Immersion_(virtual_reality)" title="Immersion (virtual reality)">Immersive virtual reality</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/VirtuSphere" title="VirtuSphere">VirtuSphere</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Magnetic_refrigeration" title="Magnetic refrigeration">Magnetic refrigeration</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phased-array_optics" title="Phased-array optics">Phased-array optics</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Topics</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Collingridge_dilemma" title="Collingridge dilemma">Collingridge dilemma</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Differential_technological_development" title="Differential technological development">Differential technological development</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Exploratory_engineering" title="Exploratory engineering">Exploratory engineering</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Proactionary_principle" title="Proactionary principle">Proactionary principle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">Technological evolution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technological_paradigm" title="Technological paradigm">Technological paradigm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technology_forecasting" title="Technology forecasting">Technology forecasting</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Accelerating_change" title="Accelerating change">Accelerating change</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technology_scouting" title="Technology scouting">Technology scouting</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technology_readiness_level" title="Technology readiness level">Technology readiness level</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technology_roadmap" title="Technology roadmap">Technology roadmap</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">
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document_title: Robot-assisted surgery

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question_text: when was the first robot used in surgery