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<TITLE>Natural-born-citizen clause - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Natural-born-citizen clause</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<TD style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">This article is part of <A href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Constitution" title="Category:United States Constitution">a series</A> on the</TD>
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<TH style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><A href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">Constitution of the<BR />
United States of America</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><A href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/160px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="160" height="169" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/240px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/320px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></A></TD>
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<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em;background:lavender;">Preamble and Articles<BR />
of the Constitution</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Preamble to the United States Constitution">Preamble</A></LI>
</UL>
<DIV class="hlist">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">I</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">II</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">III</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">IV</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">V</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">VI</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_Seven_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Seven of the United States Constitution">VII</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em;background:lavender;"><A href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Ratified_amendments" title="List of amendments to the United States Constitution">Amendments to the Constitution</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<UL>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</A></B></LI>
</UL>
<DIV class="hlist">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">I</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">II</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Third Amendment to the United States Constitution">III</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">IV</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">V</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">VI</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">VII</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">VIII</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution">IX</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">X</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<HR />
<DIV class="hlist">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">XI</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XII</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XIII</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XIV</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XV</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XVI</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XVII</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XVIII</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XIX</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XX</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXI</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXII</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXIII</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXIV</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXV</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXVI</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">XXVII</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em;background:lavender;"><A href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Unratified_amendments" title="List of amendments to the United States Constitution">Unratified Amendments</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<DIV class="hlist">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" title="Congressional Apportionment Amendment">Congressional Apportionment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment" title="Titles of Nobility Amendment">Titles of Nobility</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Child_Labor_Amendment" title="Child Labor Amendment">Child Labor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment" title="District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment">D.C. Voting Rights</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em;background:lavender;"><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<DIV class="hlist">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification timeline</A></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Convention</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Signing of the United States Constitution">Signing</A></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em;background:lavender;">Full text of the Constitution and Amendments</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the United States of America">Preamble and Articles I–VII</A></LI>
<LI><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" class="extiw" title="s:United States Bill of Rights">Amendments I–X</A></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Additional_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="s:Additional amendments to the United States Constitution">Amendments XI–XXVII</A></LI>
<LI><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Unsuccessful_attempts_to_amend_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Unsuccessful attempts to amend the United States Constitution">Unratified Amendments</A></LI>
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<P>Status as a <B>natural-born citizen</B> of the <A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A> is one of the eligibility requirements established in the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</A> for holding the office of <A href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</A> or <A href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</A>. This requirement was intended to protect the nation from foreign influence.<SUP id="cite_ref-Tucker_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Tucker-1">[1]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase "natural born Citizen", and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning. The consensus of early 21st-century constitutional scholars, together with relevant case law, is that natural-born citizens include, subject to exceptions, those born in the United States. Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for <A href="/wiki/Birthright_citizenship_in_the_United_States" title="Birthright citizenship in the United States">U.S. citizenship "at the moment of birth"</A>, regardless of place of birth, are also natural-born citizens.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-2011_CRS_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2011_CRS-3">[3]</A></SUP> Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil.<SUP id="cite_ref-MyUser_Law.justia.com_January_16_2016c_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MyUser_Law.justia.com_January_16_2016c-4">[4]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Pilon_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Pilon-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The natural-born-citizen clause has been mentioned in passing in several decisions of the <A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</A>, and by some lower courts that have addressed eligibility challenges, but the Supreme Court has never directly addressed the question of a specific presidential or vice-presidential candidate's eligibility as a natural-born citizen. Many eligibility lawsuits from the <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="United States presidential election, 2008">2008</A>, <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012" title="United States presidential election, 2012">2012</A>, and <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="United States presidential election, 2016">2016</A> election cycles were dismissed in lower courts due to the challengers' difficulty in showing that they had <A href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</A> to raise legal objections. Additionally, some experts have suggested that the precise meaning of the natural-born-citizen clause may never be decided by the courts because, in the end, presidential eligibility may be determined to be a <A href="/wiki/Non-justiciable" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-justiciable">non-justiciable</A> <A href="/wiki/Political_question" title="Political question">political question</A> that can be decided only by <A href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</A> rather than by the judicial branch of government.<SUP id="cite_ref-Tokaji_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Tokaji-6">[6]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Gordon_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Gordon-7">[7]</A></SUP></P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Constitutional_provisions"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Constitutional provisions</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Antecedents_in_Britain"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Antecedents in Britain</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Between_1776_and_1789"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Between 1776 and 1789</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Constitutional_Convention"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Constitutional Convention</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Constitutionality_of_the_natural-born-citizen_clause"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Constitutionality of the natural-born-citizen clause</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Proposed_constitutional_amendments"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Proposed constitutional amendments</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#Rationale"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Rationale</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#Interpretations_of_the_clause"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Interpretations of the clause</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#Naturalization_Acts_of_1790_and_1795"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Naturalization Acts of 1790 and 1795</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#Government_officials'_interpretations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Government officials' interpretations</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><A href="#1800s"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">1800s</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><A href="#1900s"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">1900s</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><A href="#Interpretations_by_the_courts"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Interpretations by the courts</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><A href="#1800s_2"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">1800s</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><A href="#1900s_2"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">1900s</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><A href="#2000s"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">2000s</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><A href="#Academic_interpretations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Academic interpretations</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><A href="#1800s_3"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">1800s</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><A href="#1900s_3"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">1900s</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><A href="#2000s_2"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">2000s</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-4 tocsection-22"><A href="#Foreign_soil_&_territories"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.4.3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Foreign soil & territories</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-4 tocsection-23"><A href="#American_soil"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.4.3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">American soil</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><A href="#Eligibility_challenges"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Eligibility challenges</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><A href="#1800s_4"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">1800s</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><A href="#Chester_A._Arthur"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Chester A. Arthur</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><A href="#Christopher_Schürmann"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Christopher Schürmann</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><A href="#1900s_4"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">1900s</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><A href="#Charles_Evans_Hughes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Charles Evans Hughes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><A href="#Barry_Goldwater"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Barry Goldwater</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><A href="#George_Romney"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">George Romney</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><A href="#Lowell_Weicker"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Lowell Weicker</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><A href="#2000s_3"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">2000s</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><A href="#John_McCain"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">John McCain</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><A href="#Barack_Obama"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Barack Obama</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><A href="#Ted_Cruz"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Ted Cruz</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><A href="#Marco_Rubio_and_Bobby_Jindal"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.3.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><A href="#Potential_presidential_candidates_who_are_not_eligible"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><A href="#Arnold_Schwarzenegger"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Arnold Schwarzenegger</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Constitutional_provisions">Constitutional provisions</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Constitutional provisions">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:NaturalBornCitizenClause.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NaturalBornCitizenClause.jpg/220px-NaturalBornCitizenClause.jpg" width="220" height="18" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NaturalBornCitizenClause.jpg/330px-NaturalBornCitizenClause.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NaturalBornCitizenClause.jpg/440px-NaturalBornCitizenClause.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="81" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:NaturalBornCitizenClause.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Part of the constitutional provision as it appeared in 1787</DIV>
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<P>Section 1 of <A href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Qualifications_for_office" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article Two</A> of the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</A> sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as president of the United States, under clause 5 (emphasis added):</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>No Person <B>except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President</B>; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</A> states, "No person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of <A href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of the United States">Vice-President of the United States</A>." The <A href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</A> does not use the phrase <I>natural-born citizen</I>. It does provide, "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside."</P>
<P>Under <A href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article One</A>, representatives and senators are required to be <A href="/wiki/Citizenship_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship in the United States">U.S. citizens</A>, but there is no requirement that they be natural born.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Antecedents_in_Britain">Antecedents in Britain</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antecedents in Britain">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The use of the term "natural born" was not without precedent. An early recorded mention was in <A href="/wiki/Calvin%27s_Case" title="Calvin's Case">Calvin's Case (1608)</A>, in terms of birth within the jurisdiction of the sovereignty of the King.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP> Statutes in <A href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</A> prior to American independence used the phrase "natural born subject". For example, clause III of the <A href="/wiki/Foreign_Protestants_Naturalization_Act_1708" title="Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708">Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708</A> provided:<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Piggott_14-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Piggott-14">[14]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-McManamon_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-McManamon-15">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>That the Children of all natural born Subjects born out of the Ligeance of Her Majesty Her Heires and Successors shall be deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Subjects of this Kingdom to all Intents Constructions and Purposes whatsoever</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>The Act was repealed (except for the quoted clause III regarding foreign-born children)<SUP id="cite_ref-Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England_16-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England-16">[16]</A></SUP> by the <A href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</A> in 1711 by the statute 10 Anne c. 5.<SUP id="cite_ref-Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England_16-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England-16">[16]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Subsequently, the <A href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act" title="British Nationality Act">British Nationality Act</A> 1730 provided:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>for the explaining the said recited Clause in the said Act . . . [t]hat all Children born out of the Ligeance of the Crown of England, or of Great Britain, or which shall hereafter be born out of such Ligeance, whose Fathers were or shall be natural-born Subjects of the Crown of England, or of Great Britain, at the Time of the Birth of such Children respectively ... are hereby declared to be natural-born Subjects of the Crown of Great Britain, to all Intents, Constructions and Purposes whatsoever.<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Another use is in the <A href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</A>:<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>[A]ll persons born out of the legience of His Majesty, His Heirs, or Successors, who have ... or shall inhabit or reside for ... seven years or more in any of His Majesty’s colonies in America ... shall be deemed, adjudged, and taken to be His Majesty’s natural-born subjects of this Kingdom.</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Jurist <A href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</A> wrote in 1765 that "Natural-born subjects are such as are born within the dominions of the crown of England".<SUP id="cite_ref-McManamon_15-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-McManamon-15">[15]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Bill_20-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bill-20">[20]</A></SUP> Blackstone added that offspring who are not inhabitants may also be natural born subjects:<SUP id="cite_ref-Bill_20-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bill-20">[20]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>But by several more modern statutes ... all children, born out of the king's ligeance, whose fathers were natural-born subjects, are now natural-born subjects themselves, to all intents and purposes, without any exception; unless their said fathers were attainted, or banished beyond sea, for high treason; or were then in the service of a prince at enmity with Great Britain.</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>In 1775, however, Blackstone reversed his opinion and explained that the children "are now deemed to be natural-born subjects" rather than "are now natural-born subjects."<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP> Similarly, <A href="/wiki/Francis_Plowden_(barrister)" title="Francis Plowden (barrister)">Francis Plowden (barrister)</A> initially explained that an early English statute made foreign-born children of English parents "in fact and law . . . true native subjects" and that the eighteenth century British statutes made persons natural born subjects by statute law just as others were natural born subjects by the common law.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP> However, after further consideration he also reversed his opinion and concluded in 1785 that the statutes did not make the children natural born subjects—rather, there remained a "relict of alienage in them."<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP> Prior to Blackstone, <A href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</A> offered a narrower opinion in <I><A href="/wiki/Calvin%27s_Case" title="Calvin's Case">Calvin's Case</A></I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP> According to Coke: "[I]f any of the King's ambassadors in foreign nations, have children there of their wives, being English women, by the common laws of England they are natural-born subjects, and yet they are born out-of the King's dominions."<SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The term "natural born" has often been used synonymously with "native born".<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP> The English lexicographer <A href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</A> wrote in 1756 that the word "natural" means "native," and that the word "native" may mean either an "inhabitant" or an "offspring".<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Between_1776_and_1789">Between 1776 and 1789</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Between 1776 and 1789">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>From the <A href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</A> (1776) to the ratification of the Constitution (1789), the thirteen states were independent of Britain, and during much of this time the <A href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</A> tied together the country. The phrase "natural born citizen" was sometimes used during this period. An example occurred in 1784 when the <A href="/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly" title="Maryland General Assembly">Maryland General Assembly</A> conferred citizenship on the (French-born) <A href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</A>:<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland—that the Marquis de laFayette and his Heirs male forever shall be and they and each of them are hereby deemed adjudged and taken to be <I>natural born Citizens</I> of this State and shall henceforth be entitled to all the Immunities, Rights and Privileges of natural born Citizens thereof …</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Constitutional_Convention">Constitutional Convention</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Constitutional Convention">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The Constitution does not explain the meaning of "natural born".<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP> On June 18, 1787, <A href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</A> submitted to the Convention a sketch of a plan of government.<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP> The sketch provided for an executive "Governour" but had no eligibility requirements.<SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[34]</A></SUP> At the close of the Convention, Hamilton conveyed a paper to James Madison he said delineated the Constitution that he wished had been proposed by the Convention; he had stated its principles during the deliberations. <A href="/wiki/Max_Farrand" title="Max Farrand">Max Farrand</A> wrote that it "was not submitted to the Convention and has no further value than attaches to the personal opinions of Hamilton."<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP> Article IX, section 1 of Hamilton's draft constitution provided: "No person shall be eligible to the office of President of the United States unless he be now a Citizen of one of the States, or hereafter be born a Citizen of the United States."<SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[36]</A></SUP></P>
<P>On July 25, 1787, <A href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</A> wrote to <A href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</A>, presiding officer of the Convention:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Permit me to hint, whether it would not be wise and seasonable to provide a strong check to the admission of Foreigners into the administration of our national Government, and to declare expressly that the Command in chief of the American army shall not be given to, nor devolve on, any but a natural <SPAN style="text-decoration: underline;">born</SPAN> Citizen.<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>While the <A href="/wiki/Committee_of_Detail" title="Committee of Detail">Committee of Detail</A> originally proposed that the President must be merely a citizen, as well as a resident for 21 years, the <A href="/wiki/Committee_of_Eleven" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Eleven">Committee of Eleven</A> changed "citizen" to "natural born citizen", and the residency requirement to 14 years, without recorded explanation after receiving Jay's letter. The Convention accepted the change without further recorded debate.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Constitutionality_of_the_natural-born-citizen_clause">Constitutionality of the natural-born-citizen clause</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Constitutionality of the natural-born-citizen clause">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>In 2012, <A href="/wiki/Abdul_Hassan_(lawyer)" title="Abdul Hassan (lawyer)">Abdul Karim Hassan</A> filed several unsuccessful lawsuits that claimed the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment had superseded the natural-born-citizen clause; he had argued natural-born citizenship was a form of discrimination based on national origin.<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Proposed_constitutional_amendments">Proposed constitutional amendments</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Proposed constitutional amendments">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>More than two dozen proposed constitutional amendments have been introduced in Congress to relax the restriction.<SUP id="cite_ref-usa120204_41-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-usa120204-41">[41]</A></SUP> Two of the more well known were introduced by Representative <A href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Bingham">Jonathan Bingham</A> in 1974, with the intent to allow German-born Secretary of State <A href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</A> (otherwise fourth in the <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">line of succession</A>) to become eligible,<SUP id="cite_ref-time030474_42-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-time030474-42">[42]</A></SUP> and the <A href="/wiki/Equal_Opportunity_to_Govern_Amendment" title="Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment">Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment</A> by Senator <A href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</A> in 2003, intending to allow eligibility for Austrian-born Arnold Schwarzenegger.<SUP id="cite_ref-usa120204_41-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-usa120204-41">[41]</A></SUP> The Bingham amendment would have also made clear the eligibility of those born abroad to U.S. parents,<SUP id="cite_ref-time030474_42-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-time030474-42">[42]</A></SUP> while the Hatch one would have allowed those who have been naturalized citizens for twenty years to be eligible.<SUP id="cite_ref-usa120204_41-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-usa120204-41">[41]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Rationale">Rationale</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rationale">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P><A href="/wiki/St._George_Tucker" title="St. George Tucker">St. George Tucker</A>, an early federal judge, wrote in his 1803 edition of William Blackstone's <I><A href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England" title="Commentaries on the Laws of England">Commentaries on the Laws of England</A></I>, perhaps the leading authority for the delegates to the Constitutional Convention for the terms used in the Constitution, that the natural born citizen clause is "a happy means of security against foreign influence" and that "[t]he admission of foreigners into our councils, consequently, cannot be too much guarded against."<SUP id="cite_ref-Tucker_1-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Tucker-1">[1]</A></SUP> In a footnote, Tucker wrote that naturalized citizens have the same rights as the natural-born except "they are forever incapable of being chosen to the office of president of the United States."<SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[43]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In a speech before the Senate, delegate <A href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</A> gave the rationale, "to insure experience and attachment to the country."<SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[44]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Professor <A href="/wiki/Akhil_Amar" title="Akhil Amar">Akhil Amar</A> of <A href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</A> claimed that there had been a perception on the part of those drafting the constitution that a member of the European aristocracy could immigrate and buy his way into power.<SUP id="cite_ref-Amir_45-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Amir-45">[45]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Interpretations_of_the_clause">Interpretations of the clause</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Interpretations of the clause">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Naturalization_Acts_of_1790_and_1795">Naturalization Acts of 1790 and 1795</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Naturalization Acts of 1790 and 1795">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Because of the large number of <A href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Framers</A> who went on to serve in Congress, laws passed by the early sessions of Congress have often been looked to as evidence of the Framers' intent. The <A href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act of 1790</A> stated that "the children of citizens of the United States, that may be born beyond sea, or out of the limits of the United States, shall be considered as natural born citizens: Provided, That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States."<SUP id="cite_ref-rs6.loc.gov_46-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-rs6.loc.gov-46">[46]</A></SUP> This act was repealed by the <A href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1795" title="Naturalization Act of 1795">Naturalization Act of 1795</A>, which removed the characterization of such children as "natural born", stating that "the children of citizens of the United States, born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States, shall be considered as citizens of the United States" while retaining the same residency restrictions as the 1790 act.<SUP id="cite_ref-rs6.loc.gov_46-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-rs6.loc.gov-46">[46]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN id="Government_officials.27_interpretations"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Government_officials'_interpretations">Government officials' interpretations</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government officials' interpretations">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="1800s">1800s</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1800s">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">John Bingham</A>, an American lawyer and politician, held to the belief that natural born should be interpreted as born in the United States. In 1862, in the House of Representatives he stated:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>The Constitution leaves no room for doubt upon this subject. The words "natural born citizen of the United States" appear in it, and the other provision appears in it that, "Congress shall have power to pass a uniform system of naturalization." To naturalize a person is to admit him to citizenship. Who are <I>natural born citizens</I> but those born within the Republic? Those born within the Republic, whether black or white, are citizens by birth—natural born citizens.<SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[47]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>He reiterated his statement in 1866:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Every human being born within the jurisdiction of the United States of parents not owing allegiance to any foreign sovereignty is, in the language of your Constitution itself, a natural-born citizen; but, sir, I may be allowed to say further that I deny that the Congress of the United States ever had the power, or color of power to say that any man born within the jurisdiction of the United States, not owing a foreign allegiance, is not and shall not be a citizen of the United States. Citizenship is his birthright and neither the Congress nor the States can justly or lawfully take it from him.<SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[48]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Edward Bates also held to the belief that "natural born" should be interpreted as "born in the United States". He also indicated that those born in the United States to alien parents, even if they reside elsewhere, are still considered natural born. In 1862, <A href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</A> <A href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</A> sent a query to <A href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</A> <A href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</A> asking whether or not "colored men" can be citizens of the United States. The question arose because the Coast Guard had detained a schooner commanded by a free "colored man" who claimed he was a citizen of the United States. If he were a U.S. citizen the boat could be released, but otherwise—the Civil War then being fought—it would be confiscated. No information about the man's birth or parentage was provided. Bates responded on November 29, 1862, with a 27-page opinion — considered of such importance that the government published it not only in the official volumes of Attorney-General opinions but also as a separate booklet<SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[49]</A></SUP> — concluding,</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>I conclude that the <I>free man of color</I>, mentioned in your letter, if born in the <I>United States</I>, is a citizen of the United States. [italics in original]</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>In the course of that opinion, Bates commented at some length on the nature of <A href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</A>, and wrote,</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>... our constitution, in speaking of <I>natural born citizens</I>, uses no affirmative language to make them such, but only recognizes and reaffirms the universal principle, common to all nations, and as old as political society, that the people born in a country do constitute the nation, and, as individuals, are <I>natural</I> members of the body politic. [italics in original]</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>In another opinion, dated September 1, 1862,<SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[50]</A></SUP> Bates dealt with a question from the Secretary of State, of whether a person born in the U.S. to two non-citizens, who is taken with them back to their country, could, years later, re-enter the United States as of right, as a U.S. citizen. Bates wrote:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>I am quite clear in the opinion that children born in the United States of alien parents, who have never been naturalized, are native-born citizens of the United States, and, of course, do not require the formality of naturalization to entitle them to the rights and privileges of such citizenship. I might sustain this opinion by a reference to the well-settled principle of the common law of England on this subject; to the writings of many of the earlier and later commentators on our Constitution and laws; ... and lastly to the dicta and decisions of many of our national and state tribunals. But all this has been well done by Assistant Vice Chancellor Sandford, in the case of <I>Lynch vs. Clarke</I>, and I forbear. I refer to his opinion for a full and clear statement of the principle, and of the reasons and authorities for its support.</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Unlike Edward Bates, U.S. Secretary of State <A href="/wiki/William_Learned_Marcy" class="mw-redirect" title="William Learned Marcy">William Learned Marcy</A> was equivocal about whether those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens. In 1854 Marcy wrote <A href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">John Y. Mason</A>, the U.S. Minister to France:<SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[51]</A></SUP></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>In reply to the inquiry ... whether "the children of foreign parents <I>born in the United States</I>, but brought to the country of which the father is a subject, and continuing to reside within the jurisdiction of their father's country, are entitled to protection as citizens of the United States", I have to observe that it is presumed that, according to the common law, any person born in the United States, unless he be born in one of the foreign legations therein, may be considered a citizen thereof until he formally renounces his citizenship. There is not, however any United States statute containing a provision upon this subject, nor, so far as I am aware, has there been any judicial decision in regard to it.</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>U.S. Attorney General <A href="/wiki/Edwards_Pierrepont" title="Edwards Pierrepont">Edwards Pierrepont</A>, however, shared Edward Bates' opinion that those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens, and he added that they should be entitled to be president of the United States, if elected. In 1875 Pierrepont was presented with a query from the Secretary of State, <A href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Hamilton Fish</A>. A young man, named Arthur Steinkauler,<SUP id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-52">[52]</A></SUP> had been born in Missouri in 1855, a year after his father was naturalized a U.S. citizen. When he was four years old, his father returned to Germany with him and both had stayed there ever since. The father had relinquished his American citizenship and the young man was now 20 years old and about to be drafted into the Imperial German army. The question was asked "What was this young man's situation as a native-born American citizen?" After studying the relevant legal authorities, Pierrepont wrote:<SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[53]</A></SUP></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Under the treaty [of 1868 with Germany], and in harmony with American doctrine, it is clear that Steinkauler the father abandoned his naturalization in America and became a German subject (his son being yet a minor), and that by virtue of German laws the son acquired German nationality. It is equally clear that the son, by birth, has American nationality, and hence he has two nationalities, one natural, the other acquired ... Young Steinkauler is a native-born American citizen. There is no law of the United States under which his father or any other person can deprive him of his birthright. He can return to America at the age of 21, and in due time, if the people elect, he can become President of the United States. ... I am of opinion that when he reaches the age of 21 years he can then elect whether he will return and take the nationality of his birth, with its duties and privileges, or retain the nationality acquired by the act of his father.</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="1900s">1900s</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1900s">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Frederick van Dyne, the Assistant Solicitor of the U.S. Department of State (1900–1907) indicated that children of citizens born outside the United States are also considered citizens. In 1904, he published a textbook, <I>Citizenship of the United States</I>, in which he wrote:<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[54]</A></SUP></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>There is no uniform rule of international law covering the subject of citizenship. Every nation determines for itself who shall, and who shall not, be its citizens. ... By the law of the United States, citizenship depends, generally, on the place of birth; nevertheless the children of citizens, born out of the jurisdiction of the United States, are also citizens. ... The Constitution of the United States, while it recognized citizenship of the United States in prescribing the qualifications of the President, Senators, and Representatives, contained no definition of citizenship until the adoption of the 14th Amendment, in 1868; nor did Congress attempt to define it until the passage of the civil rights act, in 1866. ... Prior to this time the subject of citizenship by birth was generally held to be regulated by the common law, by which all persons born within the limits and allegiance of the United States were deemed natural-born citizens. It appears to have been assumed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of <I>Murray v. The Charming Betsy</I> (1804) 2 Cranch (6 U.S.) 64, 119, 2 L.Ed. 208, 226, that all persons born in the United States were citizens thereof. ... In <I>M'Creery v. Somerville</I> (1824) 9 Wheat. (22 U.S.) 354, 6 L.Ed. 109, which concerned the title to land in the state of Maryland, it was assumed that children born in that state to an alien were native-born citizens of the United States. ... The Federal courts have almost uniformly held that birth in the United States, of itself, confers citizenship.</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Interpretations_by_the_courts">Interpretations by the courts</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Interpretations by the courts">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="1800s_2">1800s</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1800s">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Although eligibility for the Presidency was not an issue in any 19th-century litigation, there have been a few cases that shed light on the definitions of <I>natural born</I> and <I>native born</I> citizen. The leading case, <I>Lynch v. Clarke</I><SUP id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-55">[55]</A></SUP> of 1844, indicated that citizens born "within the dominions and allegiance of the United States" are citizens regardless of parental citizenship. This case dealt with a New York law (similar to laws of other states at that time) that only a U.S. citizen could inherit real estate. The plaintiff, Julia Lynch, had been born in New York while her parents, both British, were briefly visiting the U.S., and shortly thereafter all three left for Britain and never returned to the U.S. The New York Chancery Court determined that, under common law and prevailing statutes, she was a <A href="/wiki/Birthright_citizenship_in_the_United_States" title="Birthright citizenship in the United States">U.S. citizen by birth</A> and nothing had deprived her of that citizenship, notwithstanding that both her parents were not U.S. citizens or that British law might also claim her through her parents' <A href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</A>. In the course of the decision, the court cited the Constitutional provision and said:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Suppose a person should be elected president who was native born, but of alien parents; could there be any reasonable doubt that he was eligible under the Constitution? I think not. The position would be decisive in his favor, that by the rule of the common law, in force when the Constitution was adopted, he is a citizen.<SUP id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-56">[56]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>And further:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Upon principle, therefore, I can entertain no doubt, but that by the law of the United States, every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States, whatever the situation of his parents, is a natural born citizen. It is surprising that there has been no judicial decision upon this question.<SUP id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-57">[57]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>The decision in <I>Lynch</I> was cited as persuasive or authoritative precedent in numerous subsequent cases, and reinforced the interpretation that "natural born citizen" meant born "within the dominions and allegiance of the United States" regardless of parental citizenship. For example, in an 1884 case, <I>In re Look Tin Singg</I>,<SUP id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-58">[58]</A></SUP> the federal court held, that despite laws preventing naturalization of Chinese visitors, Chinese persons born in the United States were citizens by birth, and remained such despite any long stay in China. Citing <I>Lynch</I>, Justice <A href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen J. Field">Stephen J. Field</A> wrote:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>After an exhaustive examination of the law, the Vice-Chancellor said that he entertained no doubt that every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States, whatever the situation of his parents, was a natural-born citizen, and added that this was the general understanding of the legal profession, and the universal impression of the public mind.<SUP id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-59">[59]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>The <I>Lynch</I> case was also cited as a leading precedent in the U.S. Supreme Court decision in <I><A href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">United States v. Wong Kim Ark</A></I> (1898),<SUP id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-60">[60]</A></SUP> which similarly held a child born in the United States of two Chinese parents became "at the time of his birth a citizen of the United States".<SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[61]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="1900s_2">1900s</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1900s">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Consistent with the earlier decisions, in 1939, the U.S. Supreme Court stated in its decision in <I><A href="/wiki/Perkins_v._Elg" title="Perkins v. Elg">Perkins v. Elg</A></I> that a person born in America and raised in another country was a natural born citizen, and specifically stated that they could "become President of the United States".<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_62-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-62">[62]</A></SUP> The case was regarding a young woman, born in New York a year after her father became a naturalized U.S. citizen. However, when she was about four her parents returned to Sweden taking her with them, and they stayed in Sweden. At age 20, she contacted the American embassy in Sweden and, shortly after her 21st birthday, returned to the United States on a U.S. passport and was admitted as a U.S. citizen. Years later, while she was still in America, her father in Sweden relinquished his American citizenship, and, because of that, the Department of Labor (then the location of the <A href="/wiki/Immigration_%26_Naturalization_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration & Naturalization Service">Immigration & Naturalization Service</A>) declared her a non-citizen and tried to deport her. The young woman filed suit for a declaratory judgment that she was an American citizen by birth. She won at the trial level, and at the circuit court—where she was repeatedly described as "a natural born citizen" <SUP id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-63">[63]</A></SUP> — and finally in the U.S. Supreme Court, where the court decision quoted at length from the U.S. Attorney General's opinion in <I>Steinkauler's Case</I> (mentioned above) including the comment that a person born in America and raised in another country could yet "become President of the United States".<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_62-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-62">[62]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Some federal cases argued for a narrow reading of the Fourteenth Amendment, according to which U.S. citizens were necessarily either born or naturalized in the United States, and any citizen who was not born in the United States must have been naturalized by operation of law, even if such naturalization was "automatic" at birth. In this view, such a person should not be considered a natural born citizen, but rather a "naturalized" citizen who is not eligible for the Presidency.<SUP id="cite_ref-CRS2016_64-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CRS2016-64">[64]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 1951, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit noted in <I>Zimmer v. Acheson</I> that "[t]here are only two classes of citizens of the United States, native-born citizens and naturalized citizens", quoting a <A href="/wiki/Dictum" title="Dictum">dictum</A> by Justice Gray from <A href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">United States v. Wong Kim Ark</A> and <A href="/wiki/Elk_v._Wilkins" title="Elk v. Wilkins">Elk v. Wilkins</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Gordon_7-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Gordon-7">[7]</A></SUP> The court ruled that Zimmer, who was born abroad in 1905 to a U.S. citizen father and a noncitizen mother, was himself a citizen under the nationality law in force at the time of his birth, but "his status as a citizen was that of a naturalized citizen and not a native-born citizen".<SUP id="cite_ref-ZimmervAcheson_65-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ZimmervAcheson-65">[65]</A></SUP> In the 1956 case of <I>Wong Kam Wo v. Dulles</I>, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit quoted <I>Zimmer v. Acheson</I> and <I>United States v. Wong Kim Ark</I> in support of a ruling that the statute that was in effect prior to 1940 granting citizenship to foreign-born children of U.S. citizens was a naturalization law rather than a provision for nationality at birth. In 1940, however, the federal law was amended to explicitly define "naturalization" as conferring nationality <I>after</I> birth.</P>
<P>In 1961, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in <I>Montana v. Kennedy</I> that an individual who was born in 1906 in Italy to a U.S. citizen mother and a noncitizen father was not a U.S. citizen by birth under the nationality laws in force at the time of his birth. It observed that automatic citizenship was granted to children of U.S. citizen fathers and noncitizen mothers by an 1855 act of Congress, but the reverse situation was only addressed, non-retroactively, in 1934.<SUP id="cite_ref-MontanavKennedy_66-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MontanavKennedy-66">[66]</A></SUP> In 1971, the Court encountered a similar situation in <I><A href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Bellei" title="Rogers v. Bellei">Rogers v. Bellei</A></I>, where the individual in question was born after 1934 and so was granted automatic U.S. citizenship, though subject to residence requirements and was subject to expatriation. The Court "appeared to assume or imply that such persons became citizens at birth by way of naturalization".<SUP id="cite_ref-CRS2016_64-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CRS2016-64">[64]</A></SUP></P>
<P>More recent cases, particularly <A href="/wiki/Nguyen_v._INS" title="Nguyen v. INS">Nguyen v. INS</A> and <I>Robinson v. Bowen</I>, relaxed this view, suggesting that the Fourteenth Amendment merely establishes a "floor" for birthright citizenship, and this category may be expanded by Congress.<SUP id="cite_ref-CRS2016_64-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CRS2016-64">[64]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="2000s">2000s</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2000s">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>In 2009 in <I>Ankeny v. Governor</I>,<SUP id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-67">[67]</A></SUP> the Indiana Court of Appeals reaffirmed that persons born within the borders of the United States are "natural born Citizens", regardless of the citizenship of their parents. The court referred to the case of Wong Kim Ark, and provides a compilation of the arguments pertaining to this topic.</P>
<P>A clarification to this interpretation was made in 2010, where a <A href="/wiki/Judicial_panel" title="Judicial panel">three-judge panel</A> of the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit</A> held that natural born citizens can lose their citizenship if their territory of birth later ceases to be U.S. territory. The case involved a Philippine-born litigant who could not claim U.S. citizenship on the basis of his parents, who lived all their lives in the Philippines, because they were born while the Philippines was U.S. territory prior to being given its independence. The Courts for the Second, Third, and Ninth Circuits have also held that birth in the Philippines at a time when the country was a territory of the United States does not constitute birth "in the United States" under the Citizenship Clause, and thus did not give rise to United States citizenship.<SUP id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-68">[68]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In a 2012 New York case, <I>Strunk v. N.Y. State Board of Elections</I>,<SUP id="cite_ref-MyUser_Law.justia.com_January_16_2016c_4-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MyUser_Law.justia.com_January_16_2016c-4">[4]</A></SUP> the <I><A href="/wiki/Pro_se_legal_representation_in_the_United_States" title="Pro se legal representation in the United States">pro se</A></I> plaintiff challenged <A href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</A>'s presence on the presidential ballot, based on his own interpretation that "natural born citizen" required the president "to have been born on United States soil <I>and</I> have <I>two</I> United States <I>born</I> parents" (emphasis added). To this the Court responded, "Article II, section 1, clause 5 does not state this. No legal authority has ever stated that the Natural Born Citizen clause means what plaintiff Strunk claims it says. ... Moreover, President Obama is the sixth U.S. President to have had one or both of his parents not born on U.S. soil". The opinion then listed Andrew Jackson, James Buchanan, Chester A. Arthur, Woodrow Wilson, and Herbert Hoover.<SUP id="cite_ref-MyUser_Law.justia.com_January_16_2016c_4-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MyUser_Law.justia.com_January_16_2016c-4">[4]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Academic_interpretations">Academic interpretations</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Academic interpretations">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="1800s_3">1800s</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1800s">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/William_Rawle" title="William Rawle">William Rawle</A>, formerly the U.S. Attorney for Pennsylvania (1791–1799) defined <I>natural born citizen</I> as every person born within the United States, regardless of the citizenship of their parents. In an 1825 treatise, <I>A View of the Constitution of the United States of America</I>, he wrote:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>The citizens of each state constituted the citizens of the United States when the Constitution was adopted. ... [He] who was subsequently born the citizen of a State, became at the moment of his birth a citizen of the United States. Therefore every person born within the United States, its territories or districts, whether the parents are citizens or aliens, is a natural born citizen in the sense of the Constitution, and entitled to all the rights and privileges appertaining to that capacity. ... Under our Constitution the question is settled by its express language, and when we are informed ... no person is eligible to the office of President unless he is a natural born citizen, the principle that the place of birth creates the relative quality is established as to us.<SUP id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-69">[69]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><A href="/wiki/James_F._Wilson" title="James F. Wilson">James F. Wilson</A> agreed with Rawle's opinion, but added the exclusion of visiting foreign diplomats. During an 1866 House debate, he quoted Rawle's opinion, and also referred to the "general law relating to subjects and citizens recognized by all nations", saying:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>... and that must lead us to the conclusion that every person born in the United States is a natural-born citizen of such States, except it may be that children born on our soil to temporary sojourners or representatives of foreign Governments, are native-born citizens of the United States.<SUP id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-70">[70]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Supreme Court Justice <A href="/wiki/Peter_Vivian_Daniel" title="Peter Vivian Daniel">Peter Vivian Daniel</A> disagreed with this position and considered <I>natural born citizen</I> as every person born of citizen parents within the United States. In 1857, in a concurring opinion in <I><A href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</A></I>,<SUP id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-71">[71]</A></SUP> he quoted an English-language translation of <A href="/wiki/Emerich_de_Vattel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerich de Vattel">Emerich de Vattel</A>'s 1758 treatise <I><A href="/wiki/The_Law_of_Nations" title="The Law of Nations">The Law of Nations</A></I> (<I>Le Droit des gens</I>), stating that "The natives, or natural-born citizens, are those born in the country of parents who are citizens".<SUP id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-72">[72]</A></SUP></P>
<P>This was quoted again in 1898 by Chief Justice <A href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</A> in his dissenting opinion in <I><A href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">United States v. Wong Kim Ark</A></I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-73">[73]</A></SUP> However, two paragraphs later, Justice Vattel disagrees and states, "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/2246#lfVattel_label_1646">§ 214.</A> ... there are states, as, for instance, England, where the single circumstance of being born in the country naturalizes the children of a foreigner."</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</A>, an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, believed that the term <I>native citizen</I> is synonymous with natural born citizen, though he does not define either term. In his 1840 guidebook to the Constitution, <I>A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States</I>, about the natural-born-citizen clause he wrote "It is not too much to say that no one, but a native citizen, ought ordinarily to be [e]ntrusted with an office so vital to the safety and liberties of the people."<SUP id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-74">[74]</A></SUP> This same wording also appeared in his 1834 work <I>The constitutional class book: being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States: Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-75">[75]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="1900s_3">1900s</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1900s">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Alexander Porter Morse, the lawyer who represented Louisiana in <I><A href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</A></I>,<SUP id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-76">[76]</A></SUP> considered this connection between <I>native born</I> and <I>natural born</I> to signify that only a child of citizens should be allowed to run for President. In the <I>Albany Law Journal</I>, he wrote:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>If it was intended that anybody who was a citizen by birth should be eligible, it would only have been necessary to say, "no person, except a native-born citizen"; but the framers thought it wise, in view of the probable influx of European immigration, to provide that the president should at least be the child of citizens owing allegiance to the United States at the time of his birth. It may be observed in passing that the current phrase "native-born citizen" is well understood; but it is <A href="/wiki/Pleonasm" title="Pleonasm">pleonasm</A> and should be discarded; and the correct designation, "native citizen" should be substituted in all constitutional and statutory enactments, in judicial decisions and in legal discussions where accuracy and precise language are essential to intelligent discussion.<SUP id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-77">[77]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="2000s_2">2000s</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2000s">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><I><A href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</A></I> (9th Edition) defines "Natural Born Citizen" as "A person born within the jurisdiction of a national government".</P>
<H5><SPAN id="Foreign_soil_.26_territories"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_soil_&_territories">Foreign soil & territories</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Foreign soil & territories">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H5>
<P>In 2000, the <A href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</A> (CRS), in <A href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service_reports" title="Congressional Research Service reports">one of its reports</A>, wrote that most constitutional scholars interpret the natural born citizen clause to include citizens born outside the United States to parents who are U.S. citizens. This same CRS report also asserts that citizens born in the <A href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</A>, <A href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</A>, <A href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</A>, and the <A href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</A>, are legally defined as "natural born" citizens and are, therefore, also eligible to be elected President.<SUP id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-78">[78]</A></SUP></P>
<P>This opinion was reaffirmed in a 2009 CRS report, which stated:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Considering the history of the constitutional qualifications provision, the common use and meaning of the phrase "natural-born subject" in England and in the Colonies in the 1700s, the clause's apparent intent, the subsequent action of the first Congress in enacting the <A href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act of 1790</A> (expressly defining the term "natural born citizen" to include a person born abroad to parents who are United States citizens), as well as subsequent Supreme Court dicta, it appears that the most logical inferences would indicate that the phrase "natural born Citizen" would mean a person who is entitled to <A href="/wiki/Birthright_citizenship_in_the_United_States" title="Birthright citizenship in the United States">U.S. citizenship "at birth" or "by birth"</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-79">[79]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>The interpretation of natural born being the equivalent of a citizen at birth was repeated in a 2011 CRS report and a 2016 CRS report. The 2011 report stated:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>The weight of legal and historical authority indicates that the term "natural born" citizen would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship "by birth" or "at birth," either by being born "in" the United States and under its jurisdiction, even those born to alien parents; by being born abroad to U.S. citizen-parents; or by being born in other situations meeting legal requirements for U.S. citizenship "at birth". Such term, however, would not include a person who was not a U.S. citizen by birth or at birth, and who was thus born an "alien" required to go through the legal process of "naturalization" to become a U.S. citizen.<SUP id="cite_ref-2011_CRS_3-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2011_CRS-3">[3]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>The 2016 report similarly stated:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Although the eligibility of U.S. born citizens has been settled law for more than a century, there have been legitimate legal issues raised concerning those born <I>outside</I> of the country to U.S. citizens. From historical material and case law, it appears that the common understanding of the term "natural born" in England and in the American colonies in the 1700s included both the strict common law meaning as born in the territory (<I>jus soli</I>), as well as the <I>statutory</I> laws adopted in England since at least 1350, which included children born abroad to British fathers (<I>jus sanguinis</I>, the law of descent). Legal scholars in the field of citizenship have asserted that this common understanding and legal meaning in England and in the American colonies was incorporated into the usage and intent of the term in the U.S. Constitution to include those who are citizens at birth.<SUP id="cite_ref-CRS2016_64-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CRS2016-64">[64]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><SPAN id="chin_opinion"></SPAN><A href="/wiki/Gabriel_J._Chin" title="Gabriel J. Chin">Gabriel J. Chin</A>, Professor of Law at <A href="/wiki/UC_Davis_School_of_Law" title="UC Davis School of Law">UC Davis School of Law</A>, held the opinion that the term "natural born" is ambiguous and citizenship-granting authority has changed over the years. He notes that persons born outside the United States to U.S.-citizen parents have not always been born citizens.<SUP id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-80">[80]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-81">[81]</A></SUP> For example, foreign-born children of persons who became citizens between April 14, 1802 and 1854 were aliens. He also believed that children born in the Panama Canal Zone to at least one U.S. then-citizen before August 4, 1937, when Congress granted citizenship to all such persons, were born without American citizenship.</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<OL>
<LI>Congress possesses the authority either
<UL>
<LI>to grant not only citizenship (as is undisputed) but the more specific status of a "natural born" citizen, with an affirmative answer raising the question of whether it can also act to <I>remove</I> that status (and thereby disqualify individuals from the Presidency through action short of stripping them of their citizenship),
<DL>
<DD>or</DD>
</DL>
</LI>
<LI>to issue "declarations" regarding the meaning of preexisting law (in this case, U.S. citizenship law between the aforementioned dates) and having binding authority, a claim likely to violate <A href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</A> given the Constitution's provisions in Article III that "[t]he judicial Power of the United States[] shall be vested in one supreme Court[] and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish" (Section 1) and that "[t]he judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority" (Section 2)</LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DD>and</DD>
</DL>
</LI>
<LI>the statute (currently codified at <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1403">8 U.S.C. § 1403(a)</A>) – which states only that "any person [fitting the above description] is declared to be a citizen of the United States" and neither
<UL>
<LI>expressly claims that its declaration (whether a grant or an interpretation) has retroactive rather than merely prospective effect (contrast the locution "to have been a citizen of the United States [from birth]")
<DL>
<DD>nor</DD>
</DL>
</LI>
<LI>in any way mentions "natural born" status (instead conferring or recognizing the preexistence only of "citizen[ship]" generally) –
<DL>
<DD>in fact grants or recognizes citizenship from birth, let alone status as a natural born citizen (to whatever extent the requirements of that status exceed those for citizenship from birth).</DD>
</DL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</OL>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>In 2009, G. Edward "Ted" White, Professor of Law at the <A href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</A>, stated the term refers to anyone born on U.S. soil <I>or</I> anyone born on foreign soil to American citizen parents.<SUP id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-82">[82]</A></SUP></P>
<P><SPAN id="mcmanamon_opinion"></SPAN>Unlike Chin and White, Mary McManamon, Professor of Law at <A href="/wiki/Widener_University_School_of_Law" title="Widener University School of Law">Widener University School of Law</A>, has argued in the <I>Catholic University Law Review</I> that, aside from children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory, both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign, a natural born citizen must be born in the United States. She claims that <A href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</A> provides an exception for the children of U.S. ambassadors born abroad and the children of American soldiers while engaged in hostilities. Thus, with these two limited exceptions, she equates "natural born" with "native born".<SUP id="cite_ref-papers.ssrn.com_83-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-papers.ssrn.com-83">[83]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-84">[84]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Professor Einer Elhauge of <A href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</A> agrees with Professor McManamon that "natural born" means "native born" and therefore the wording of the Constitution "does not permit his (<A href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</A>'s) candidacy."<SUP id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-85">[85]</A></SUP> Professor Robert Clinton at the <A href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_College_of_Law" title="Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law">Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law</A> at <A href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</A> is also of the opinion that "natural born citizen" means "born in the United States."<SUP id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-86">[86]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</A> Professor <A href="/wiki/Eric_Posner" title="Eric Posner">Eric Posner</A> also concludes that "natural born citizen" means a "person born in the (United States)".<SUP id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-87">[87]</A></SUP> Former Chief Justice of the <A href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sol_Wachtler" title="Sol Wachtler">Sol Wachtler</A>, concludes the same.<SUP id="cite_ref-Wachtler_88-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Wachtler-88">[88]</A></SUP> Their conclusion is consistent with the position that the eighteenth century legal usage of the term "shall be considered as natural born" in the <A href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act of 1790</A> merely naturalized persons or granted them limited rights of the natural born.<SUP id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-89">[89]</A></SUP></P>
<H5><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="American_soil">American soil</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: American soil">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H5>
<P>There is consensus among academics that those born on American soil, except children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory, both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign, are natural born citizens, or <I><A href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">jus soli</A></I>, regardless of parental citizenship status.</P>
<P>In a 2008 article published by the <I>Michigan Law Review</I>, Lawrence Solum, Professor of Law at the University of Illinois, stated that "there is general agreement on the core of [the] meaning [of the Presidential Eligibility Clause]. Anyone born on American soil whose parents are citizens of the United States is a 'natural born citizen<SPAN style="padding-right:.2em;">'</SPAN>".<SUP id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-90">[90]</A></SUP> In April 2010, Solum republished the same article as an online draft, in which he clarified his original statement so that it would not be misunderstood as excluding the children of one citizen parent. In a footnote he explained, "based on my reading of the historical sources, there is no credible case that a person born on American soil with one American parent was clearly not a 'natural born citizen'." He further extended natural born citizenship to all cases of <I><A href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">jus soli</A></I> as the "conventional view".<SUP id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-91">[91]</A></SUP> Although Solum stated elsewhere that the two-citizen-parents arguments were not "crazy", he believes "the much stronger argument suggests that if you were born on American soil that you would be considered a natural born citizen."<SUP id="cite_ref-TampaTimes20111020_92-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TampaTimes20111020-92">[92]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Ronald_Rotunda" title="Ronald Rotunda">Ronald Rotunda</A>, Professor of Law at Chapman University, has remarked "There's [<I>sic</I>] some people who say that both parents need to be citizens. That's never been the law."<SUP id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-93">[93]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Polly Price, Professor of Law at Emory University, has commented "It's a little confusing, but most scholars think it's a pretty unusual position for anyone to think the natural born citizen clause would exclude someone born in the U.S."<SUP id="cite_ref-TampaTimes20111020_92-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TampaTimes20111020-92">[92]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Chin concurred with that assessment, stating, "there is agreement that 'natural born citizens' include those made citizens by birth under the 14th Amendment."<SUP id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-94">[94]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Similarly, <A href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Eugene Volokh</A>, Professor of Law at UCLA, found "quite persuasive" the reasoning employed by the <A href="/wiki/Indiana_Court_of_Appeals" title="Indiana Court of Appeals">Indiana Court of Appeals</A>, which had concluded "that persons born within the borders of the United States are 'natural born Citizens' for Article II, Section 1 purposes, regardless of the citizenship of their parents".<SUP id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-95">[95]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-scholar.google.com_96-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-scholar.google.com-96">[96]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Daniel Tokaji, Professor of Law at Ohio State University, agrees the citizenship status of a U.S.-born candidate's parents is irrelevant.<SUP id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-97">[97]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Eligibility_challenges">Eligibility challenges</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Eligibility challenges">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Several courts have ruled that private citizens do not have <A href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</A> to challenge the eligibility of candidates to appear on a presidential election <A href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">ballot</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-standing_98-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-standing-98">[98]</A></SUP> Alternatively, there is a statutory method by which the eligibility of the <A href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">president-elect of the United States</A> to take office may be challenged in Congress.<SUP id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-99">[99]</A></SUP> Some legal scholars assert that, even if eligibility challenges are nonjusticiable in federal courts, and are not undertaken in Congress, there are other avenues for adjudication, such as an action in state court in regard to ballot access.<SUP id="cite_ref-Tokaji_6-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Tokaji-6">[6]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Gordon_7-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Gordon-7">[7]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or born in the United States; of the former group, all except one had two parents with citizenship in what would become the U.S. (<A href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</A>). Of those in the latter group, every president except two (<A href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</A> and <A href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</A>) had two U.S.-citizen parents. Further, four additional U.S. Presidents had one or both of his U.S.-citizen parents not born on U.S. soil (James Buchanan, Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Hoover and Donald Trump).<SUP id="cite_ref-MyUser_Law.justia.com_January_16_2016c_4-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MyUser_Law.justia.com_January_16_2016c-4">[4]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Pilon_5-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Pilon-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Some presidential candidates were not born in a <A href="/wiki/States_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="States of the United States">U.S. state</A> or lacked two U.S.-citizen parents.<SUP id="cite_ref-nyt2008-02-28_100-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-nyt2008-02-28-100">[100]</A></SUP> In addition, one U.S. vice president (<A href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</A>) was born in <A href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</A>, and another (<A href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</A>) was born in the <A href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</A>. This does not necessarily mean that these officeholders or candidates were ineligible, only that there was some controversy about their eligibility, which may have been resolved in favor of eligibility.<SUP id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-101">[101]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="1800s_4">1800s</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1800s">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Chester_A._Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Chester A. Arthur">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</A>, who was sworn in as president when <A href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</A> died after <A href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">being shot,</A> was rumored to have been born in <A href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-VOA_102-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-VOA-102">[102]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Chester A. Arthur was born in <A href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</A> on October 5, 1829 to a Vermont-born mother and a father from <A href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</A> (who later became a U.S. citizen, 14 years after Chester A. Arthur was born). His mother, Malvina Stone Arthur, was a native of <A href="/wiki/Berkshire,_Vermont" title="Berkshire, Vermont">Berkshire</A>, Vermont, who moved with her family to <A href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</A>, where she met and married the future president's father, William Arthur, on April 12, 1821. After the family had settled in <A href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Vermont" title="Fairfield, Vermont">Fairfield</A>, Vermont, somewhere between 1822 and 1824, William Arthur traveled with his eldest daughter to East Stanbridge, Canada, in October 1830 and commuted to Fairfield on Sundays to preach. "It appears that he traveled regularly between the two villages, both of which were close to the Canada–US border, for about eighteen months, holding two jobs",<SUP id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-103">[103]</A></SUP> which may well explain the confusion about Chester A. Arthur's place of birth, as perhaps did the fact that he was born in <A href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Vermont" title="Franklin County, Vermont">Franklin County</A>, and thus within a day's walk of the Vermont–Quebec border.<SUP id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-104">[104]</A></SUP> Moreover, Chester A. Arthur himself added a bit of confusion into the record by sometimes reporting his birth year as 1830.<SUP id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-105">[105]</A></SUP></P>
<P>No evidence of his having been born in Canada was ever demonstrated by his Democratic opponents, although Arthur Hinman, an attorney who had investigated Chester A. Arthur's family history, raised the allegation as an objection during his vice-presidential campaign and, after the end of his presidency, published a book on the subject.<SUP id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-106">[106]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN id="Christopher_Sch.C3.BCrmann"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Christopher_Schürmann">Christopher Schürmann</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Christopher Schürmann">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Christopher Schürmann (born in <A href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</A>) entered the <A href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Labor</A> primaries during the <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1896" title="United States presidential election, 1896">1896 presidential election</A>. His eligibility was questioned in a <I><A href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Tribune">New York Tribune</A></I> article, because he was born to parents of German nationality. It was stated that "various Attorney-Generals [<I>sic</I>] of the United States have expressed the opinion that a child born in this country of alien parents, who have not been naturalized, is, by the fact of birth, a native-born citizen entitled to all rights and privileges as such." But due to a lack of any statute on the subject, Schürmann's eligibility was "at best an open question, and one which should have made [his] nomination under any circumstances an impossibility", because questions concerning his eligibility could have been raised after the election.<SUP id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-107">[107]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="1900s_4">1900s</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 1900s">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Charles_Evans_Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Charles Evans Hughes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>The eligibility of <A href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</A> was questioned in an article written by <A href="/wiki/Breckinridge_Long" title="Breckinridge Long">Breckinridge Long</A>, one of Woodrow Wilson's campaign workers, and published on December 7, 1916 in the <I>Chicago Legal News</I> — a full month <I>after</I> the <A href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1916" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1916">U.S. presidential election of 1916</A>, in which Hughes was narrowly defeated by <A href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</A>. Long claimed that Hughes was ineligible because his father was not yet naturalized at the time of his birth and was still a British citizen (in fact, both his parents were British citizens and never became U.S. citizens). Observing that Hughes, although born in the United States, was also (according to British law) a British subject and therefore "enjoy[ed] a dual nationality and owe[d] a double allegiance", Long argued that a <I>native born</I> citizen was not <I>natural born</I> without a unity of U.S. citizenship and allegiance and stated: "Now if, by any possible construction, a person at the instant of birth, and for any period of time thereafter, owes, or may owe, allegiance to any sovereign but the United States, he is not a 'natural-born' citizen of the United States." <SUP id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-108">[108]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Barry_Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Barry Goldwater">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</A> was born in <A href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</A>, in what was then the incorporated <A href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</A> of the United States. During his presidential campaign in 1964, there was a minor controversy over Goldwater's having been born in Arizona three years before it became a state.<SUP id="cite_ref-VOA_102-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-VOA-102">[102]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="George_Romney">George Romney</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: George Romney">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</A>, who ran for the <A href="/wiki/Republican_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican party (United States)">Republican party</A> presidential nomination in <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1968" title="United States presidential election, 1968">1968</A>, was born in <A href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</A> to U.S. parents.<SUP id="cite_ref-Lipsky_109-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Lipsky-109">[109]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Heard_110-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Heard-110">[110]</A></SUP> Romney's grandfather, a member of the <A href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LDS Church</A>, had emigrated to Mexico in 1886 with his three wives and their children, after the U.S. federal government outlawed <A href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</A>. However Romney's parents (monogamous under <A href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">new church doctrine</A>) retained their U.S. citizenship and returned to the United States with him and his siblings in 1912.<SUP id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-111">[111]</A></SUP> Romney's eligibility for President became <A href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">moot</A> when <A href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</A> was nominated as the Republican presidential candidate.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Lowell_Weicker">Lowell Weicker</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Lowell Weicker">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/Lowell_P._Weicker" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowell P. Weicker">Lowell P. Weicker</A> entered the race for the Republican party nomination of <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1980" title="United States presidential election, 1980">1980</A> but dropped out before voting in the primaries began; he was also suggested as a possible vice-presidential nominee in 1976, to replace retiring Vice President <A href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</A> under the Republican ticket of incumbent President <A href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</A>. However Senator <A href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</A> from Kansas was later chosen as the nominee. He was born in <A href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</A>, <A href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</A>, to parents who were U.S. citizens. His father was an executive for <A href="/wiki/Squibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Squibb">E. R. Squibb & Sons</A> and his mother was born in India, the daughter of a British general.<SUP id="cite_ref-Heard_110-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Heard-110">[110]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-112">[112]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="2000s_3">2000s</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 2000s">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="John_McCain">John McCain</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: John McCain">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</A> was born in 1936 at <A href="/wiki/Coco_Solo" title="Coco Solo">Coco Solo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Air Station">Naval Air Station</A><SUP id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-119">[119]</A></SUP> in the <A href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</A>. McCain's eligibility was not challenged during his 2000 campaign, but it was challenged during his 2008 campaign.</P>
<P>McCain never released his birth certificate to the press or independent fact-checking organizations, but in 2008 one was shown to <I>Washington Post</I> reporter <A href="/wiki/Michael_Dobbs_(US_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Dobbs (US author)">Michael Dobbs</A>, who wrote, "[A] senior official of the McCain campaign showed me a copy of [McCain's] birth certificate issued by the 'family hospital' in the Coco Solo submarine base."<SUP id="cite_ref-blog.washingtonpost.com_115-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-blog.washingtonpost.com-115">[115]</A></SUP> A lawsuit filed by Fred Hollander in 2008 alleged McCain was actually born in a civilian hospital in <A href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n,_Panama" title="Colón, Panama">Colón, Panama</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-120">[120]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-121">[121]</A></SUP> Dobbs wrote that in his autobiography, <I>Faith of My Fathers</I>, McCain wrote that he was born "in the Canal Zone" at the U.S. Naval Air Station in Coco Solo, which was under the command of his grandfather, John S. McCain Sr. "The senator's father, John S. McCain Jr., was an executive officer on a submarine, also based in Coco Solo. His mother, Roberta McCain, has said that she has vivid memories of lying in bed listening to raucous celebrations of her son's birth from the nearby officers' club. The birth was announced days later in the English-language Panamanian American newspaper."<SUP id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-126">[126]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The former unincorporated territory of the Panama Canal Zone and its related military facilities were not regarded as United States territory at the time,<SUP id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-127">[127]</A></SUP> but <A href="/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 8 of the United States Code">8 U.S.C.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1403">§ 1403</A>, which became law in 1937, retroactively conferred citizenship on individuals born within the Canal Zone on or after February 26, 1904, and on individuals born in the Republic of Panama on or after that date who had at least one U.S. citizen parent employed by the U.S. government or the Panama Railway Company; <A href="/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 8 of the United States Code">8 U.S.C.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1403">§ 1403</A> was cited in Judge <A href="/wiki/William_Alsup" class="mw-redirect" title="William Alsup">William Alsup</A>'s 2008 ruling, described below. A March 2008 paper by former <A href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General</A> <A href="/wiki/Theodore_Olson" title="Theodore Olson">Ted Olson</A> and Harvard Law Professor <A href="/wiki/Laurence_H._Tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence H. Tribe">Laurence H. Tribe</A> opined that McCain was eligible for the Presidency.<SUP id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-128">[128]</A></SUP> In April 2008, the U.S. Senate approved a <A href="/wiki/Non-binding_resolution" title="Non-binding resolution">non-binding resolution</A> recognizing McCain's status as a natural-born citizen.<SUP id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-129">[129]</A></SUP> In September 2008, U.S. District Judge William Alsup stated <I><A href="/wiki/Obiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Obiter">obiter</A></I> in his ruling that it is "highly probable" that McCain is a natural-born citizen from birth by virtue of <A href="/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 8 of the United States Code">8 U.S.C.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1401">§ 1401</A>, although he acknowledged the alternative possibility that McCain became a natural-born citizen retroactively, by way of <A href="/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 8 of the United States Code">8 U.S.C.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1403">§ 1403</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-130">[130]</A></SUP></P>
<P>These views have been criticized by Chin, who argues that McCain was at birth a citizen of Panama and was only retroactively declared a born citizen under <A href="/wiki/Title_8_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 8 of the United States Code">8 U.S.C.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1403">§ 1403</A>, because at the time of his birth and with regard to the Canal Zone the Supreme Court's <A href="/wiki/Insular_Cases" title="Insular Cases">Insular Cases</A> overruled the <A href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1795" title="Naturalization Act of 1795">Naturalization Act of 1795</A>, which would otherwise have declared McCain a U.S. citizen immediately at birth.<SUP id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-131">[131]</A></SUP> The U.S. <A href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</A>'s <A href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State_Foreign_Affairs_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual"><I>Foreign Affairs Manual</I></A> states that children born in the Panama Canal Zone at certain times became <A href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law#Nationals" title="United States nationality law">U.S. nationals without citizenship</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-132">[132]</A></SUP> In <I><A href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Bellei" title="Rogers v. Bellei">Rogers v. Bellei</A></I>, the Supreme Court ruled that children "born abroad of American parents" are not citizens within the citizenship clause of the 14th Amendment but did not elaborate on their <I>natural-born</I> status.<SUP id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-133">[133]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-134">[134]</A></SUP> Similarly, legal scholar Lawrence Solum concluded in an article on the <I>natural born citizen</I> clause that the question of McCain's eligibility could not be answered with certainty, and that it would depend on the particular approach of "constitutional construction".<SUP id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-135">[135]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</A> fact checking website <A href="/wiki/Snopes.com" title="Snopes.com">Snopes.com</A> considers McCain's eligibility "undetermined".<SUP id="cite_ref-Snopes_136-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Snopes-136">[136]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Arguments over McCain's eligibility became moot after he lost the <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="United States presidential election, 2008">United States presidential election in 2008</A>.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Barack_Obama">Barack Obama</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Barack Obama">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_eligibility_litigation" title="Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation">Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation</A></DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</A> was born in 1961 in <A href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</A>, <A href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</A> (which had become a U.S. state in 1959). His mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was a <A href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</A><SUP id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-137">[137]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-138">[138]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-139">[139]</A></SUP> from <A href="/wiki/British_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="British Kenya">British Kenya</A>.</P>
<P>Before and after the <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="United States presidential election, 2008">2008 presidential election</A>, arguments were made that Obama was not a natural-born citizen. On June 12, 2008, the Obama presidential campaign launched a website to counter what it described as a <A href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">smear campaign</A> by his opponents, including <A href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories challenging his eligibility</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-140">[140]</A></SUP> The most prominent issue raised against Obama was the claim made in <A href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_eligibility_litigation" title="Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation">several lawsuits</A> that he was not actually born in <A href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</A>. The Supreme Court declined without comment to hear two lawsuits in which the plaintiffs argued it was irrelevant whether Obama was born in Hawaii.<SUP id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-141">[141]</A></SUP> Most of the cases were dismissed because of the plaintiff's lack of standing; however, several courts have given guidance on the question.</P>
<P>In <I>Ankeny v. Governor</I>, a three-member Indiana Court of Appeals stated,</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Based upon the language of Article II, Section 1, Clause 4 and the guidance provided by <I>Wong Kim Ark</I>, we conclude that persons born within the borders of the United States are 'natural born Citizens' for Article II, Section 1 purposes, regardless of the citizenship of their parents.<SUP id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-142">[142]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><A href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative Law</A> Judge Michael Malihi in Georgia decided a group of eligibility challenge cases by saying, "The Indiana Court rejected the argument that Mr. Obama was ineligible, stating that the children born within the United States are natural born citizens, regardless of the citizenship of their parents. ... This Court finds the decision and analysis of <I>Ankeny</I> persuasive." <SUP id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-143">[143]</A></SUP> Federal District Judge John A. Gibney, Jr. wrote in his decision in the case of <I>Tisdale v. Obama</I>:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>The eligibility requirements to be President of the United States are such that the individual must be a "natural born citizen" of the United States ... It is well settled that those born in the United States are considered natural born citizens. See, e.g. <I>United States v. Ark</I> [sic] ...<SUP id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-144">[144]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>On October 31, 2008, Hawaii Health Director Chiyome Fukino issued a statement saying,</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>I ... have personally seen and verified that the Hawai'i State Department of Health has Sen. Obama's original birth certificate on record in accordance with state policies and procedures.<SUP id="cite_ref-standing_98-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-standing-98">[98]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-145">[145]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>On July 27, 2009, Fukino issued an additional statement:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>I ... have seen the original vital records maintained on file by the Hawaii State Department of Health verifying Barack Hussein Obama was born in Hawaii and is a natural-born American citizen.<SUP id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-146">[146]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Attempts to prevent Obama from participating in the <A href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_presidential_candidates,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (United States) presidential candidates, 2012">2012 Democratic primary election</A> in several states failed.<SUP id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-147">[147]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-148">[148]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-149">[149]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-150">[150]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Ted_Cruz">Ted Cruz</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Ted Cruz">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</A> announced on March 22, 2015, that he was running for the Republican Party's nomination for president in the 2016 election.<SUP id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-151">[151]</A></SUP> Cruz was born in <A href="/wiki/Calgary,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary, Alberta">Calgary</A>, <A href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Congress_bio_152-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Congress_bio-152">[152]</A></SUP> Cruz's mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was born in Cuba, but his father eventually became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2005.<SUP id="cite_ref-Chin_153-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Chin-153">[153]</A></SUP> This gave Cruz <A href="/wiki/Dual_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual citizenship">dual Canadian-American citizenship</A>, as he was granted U.S. citizenship at the time of his birth by the virtue of his mother's citizenship, and Canada grants <A href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">birthright citizenship</A> to every person born in Canada. Cruz applied to formally renounce his Canadian citizenship and ceased being a citizen of Canada on May 14, 2014.<SUP id="cite_ref-GillmasDallasMN12282013_154-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-GillmasDallasMN12282013-154">[154]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-DMNGillman06102014_155-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DMNGillman06102014-155">[155]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-AaronWashPost08192013_156-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-AaronWashPost08192013-156">[156]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Former <A href="/wiki/Solicitor_General" title="Solicitor General">Solicitor General</A> <A href="/wiki/Paul_Clement" title="Paul Clement">Paul Clement</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-cruzclementkatyal_157-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-cruzclementkatyal-157">[157]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-hlrclementkatyal_158-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-hlrclementkatyal-158">[158]</A></SUP> former Acting Solicitor General <A href="/wiki/Neal_Katyal" title="Neal Katyal">Neal Katyal</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-cruzclementkatyal_157-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-cruzclementkatyal-157">[157]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-hlrclementkatyal_158-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-hlrclementkatyal-158">[158]</A></SUP> University of California, Irvine School of Law Dean <A href="/wiki/Erwin_Chemerinsky" title="Erwin Chemerinsky">Erwin Chemerinsky</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-159">[159]</A></SUP> Professor Chin (see <A href="#chin_opinion">above</A>),<SUP id="cite_ref-Chin_153-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Chin-153">[153]</A></SUP> Temple University Law School Professor Peter Spiro,<SUP id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-160">[160]</A></SUP> Professor Akhil Amar,<SUP id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-161">[161]</A></SUP> Georgetown University Law Center Professor <A href="/wiki/Randy_Barnett" title="Randy Barnett">Randy Barnett</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-cruzvolokh_162-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-cruzvolokh-162">[162]</A></SUP> Yale Law School Professor <A href="/wiki/Jack_Balkin" title="Jack Balkin">Jack Balkin</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-cruzvolokh_162-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-cruzvolokh-162">[162]</A></SUP> and University of San Diego Professor Michael Ramsey<SUP id="cite_ref-cruzvolokh_162-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-cruzvolokh-162">[162]</A></SUP> believe Cruz meets the constitutional requirements to be eligible for the presidency. Similarly, <A href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Bryan Garner</A>, the editor of Black's Law Dictionary, believes the U.S. Supreme Court would find Cruz to be eligible,<SUP id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-163">[163]</A></SUP> and <A href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University_School_of_Law" title="Case Western Reserve University School of Law">Case Western Reserve University School of Law</A> professor <A href="/wiki/Jonathan_H._Adler" title="Jonathan H. Adler">Jonathan H. Adler</A> agrees that no court will rule against Cruz's eligibility.<SUP id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-164">[164]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Laurence Tribe</A> of Harvard, however, described Cruz's eligibility as "murky and unsettled".<SUP id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-165">[165]</A></SUP> Harvard Law Professor <A href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</A> believes that Cruz is eligible, but agrees with Ramsey that Cruz's eligibility is not "an easy question". Sunstein believes concerns over standing and the political-question doctrine make it unlikely that courts would rule against Cruz.<SUP id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-166">[166]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Mary McManamon (see <A href="#McManamon_opinion">above</A>) writing in the <I>Catholic University Law Review</I><SUP id="cite_ref-papers.ssrn.com_83-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-papers.ssrn.com-83">[83]</A></SUP> believes that Cruz is not eligible because he was not born in the United States.<SUP id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-167">[167]</A></SUP> Professor Einer Elhauge of Harvard,<SUP id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-168">[168]</A></SUP> Professor Robert Clinton of Arizona State University,<SUP id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-169">[169]</A></SUP> University of Chicago Professor <A href="/wiki/Eric_Posner" title="Eric Posner">Eric Posner</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-170">[170]</A></SUP> former Chief Justice of the <A href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</A> <A href="/wiki/Sol_Wachtler" title="Sol Wachtler">Sol Wachtler</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-Wachtler_88-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Wachtler-88">[88]</A></SUP> and Professor Victor Williams of <A href="/wiki/Columbus_School_of_Law" title="Columbus School of Law">Catholic University of America's law school</A><SUP id="cite_ref-Williams_171-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Williams-171">[171]</A></SUP> agree that Cruz is not eligible. <A href="/wiki/Alan_Grayson" title="Alan Grayson">Alan Grayson</A>, a Democratic Member of Congress from Florida, does not believe Cruz is a natural-born citizen, and stated he would have filed a lawsuit if Cruz had become the Republican nominee.<SUP id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-172">[172]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Orly_Taitz" title="Orly Taitz">Orly Taitz</A>, <A href="/wiki/Larry_Klayman" title="Larry Klayman">Larry Klayman</A>, and Mario Apuzzo, who each filed multiple lawsuits challenging Obama's eligibility, have also asserted that Cruz is not eligible.<SUP id="cite_ref-US&WR_173-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-US&WR-173">[173]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-174">[174]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Cruz's eligibility was questioned by some of his primary opponents, including <A href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-175">[175]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</A>, <A href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</A>, <A href="/wiki/Carly_Fiorina" title="Carly Fiorina">Carly Fiorina</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-176">[176]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</A>, however, believes Cruz is eligible.<SUP id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-177">[177]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Two November 2015 ballot challenges in New Hampshire alleging that Cruz was not a natural-born citizen were unsuccessful.<SUP id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-178">[178]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-BLC_179-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BLC-179">[179]</A></SUP> In December, a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont,<SUP id="cite_ref-Rutland_Herald_180-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Rutland_Herald-180">[180]</A></SUP> and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida.<SUP id="cite_ref-Florida_challenge_181-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Florida_challenge-181">[181]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Florida_dismissal_182-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Florida_dismissal-182">[182]</A></SUP> In January 2016, similar lawsuits were unsuccessfully filed in Texas<SUP id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-183">[183]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-184">[184]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-185">[185]</A></SUP> and Utah,<SUP id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-186">[186]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-187">[187]</A></SUP> and two similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Illinois.<SUP id="cite_ref-Illinois_ballot_188-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Illinois_ballot-188">[188]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-189">[189]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Illinois_ruling_190-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Illinois_ruling-190">[190]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-191">[191]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-192">[192]</A></SUP> In February, two similar unsuccessful lawsuits were filed in Pennsylvania<SUP id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-193">[193]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-194">[194]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-195">[195]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-196">[196]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-197">[197]</A></SUP> and one was filed in Arkansas;<SUP id="cite_ref-Arkansas_suit_198-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Arkansas_suit-198">[198]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Arkansas_dismissal_199-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Arkansas_dismissal-199">[199]</A></SUP> a similar lawsuit was filed in Alabama;<SUP id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-200">[200]</A></SUP> similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Indiana;<SUP id="cite_ref-Indchallenge_201-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Indchallenge-201">[201]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-IBJ_202-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-IBJ-202">[202]</A></SUP> and similar ballot challenges and an unsuccessful similar lawsuit were also filed in New York.<SUP id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-203">[203]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-NYchallenge_204-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NYchallenge-204">[204]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-205">[205]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-NY_suit_206-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NY_suit-206">[206]</A></SUP> In March, a similar lawsuit was filed in New York.<SUP id="cite_ref-NY_suit_206-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NY_suit-206">[206]</A></SUP> In April, a similar ballot challenge was unsuccessfully filed in New Jersey.<SUP id="cite_ref-Williams_171-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Williams-171">[171]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-207">[207]</A></SUP></P>
<P>No lawsuit or challenge has been successful, and in February 2016, the Illinois Board of Elections ruled in Cruz's favor, stating, "The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth."<SUP id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-208">[208]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The question of Cruz's eligibility became <A href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">moot</A> when he suspended his campaign on May 3, 2016.<SUP id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-209">[209]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Marco_Rubio_and_Bobby_Jindal">Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</A> and <A href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</A> both announced in 2015 that they were running for the Republican Party's nomination for president in the 2016 election.<SUP id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-210">[210]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-211">[211]</A></SUP> Taitz and Apuzzo each have claimed neither Rubio nor Jindal is eligible because both were born (albeit in the United States) to parents who were not U.S. citizens at the time of their respective births.<SUP id="cite_ref-TampaTimes20111020_92-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TampaTimes20111020-92">[92]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-US&WR_173-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-US&WR-173">[173]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The question of Jindal's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in November 2015.<SUP id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-212">[212]</A></SUP> Nonetheless, a lawsuit filed in December 2015 in Vermont<SUP id="cite_ref-Rutland_Herald_180-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Rutland_Herald-180">[180]</A></SUP> and a ballot challenge filed in February 2016 in New York<SUP id="cite_ref-NYchallenge_204-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NYchallenge-204">[204]</A></SUP> challenged Jindal's eligibility.</P>
<P>A November 2015 ballot challenge in New Hampshire alleging that Rubio was not a natural-born citizen was unsuccessful.<SUP id="cite_ref-BLC_179-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BLC-179">[179]</A></SUP> In December, a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont,<SUP id="cite_ref-Rutland_Herald_180-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Rutland_Herald-180">[180]</A></SUP> and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida.<SUP id="cite_ref-Florida_challenge_181-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Florida_challenge-181">[181]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Florida_dismissal_182-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Florida_dismissal-182">[182]</A></SUP> In January 2016, a similar unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Illinois.<SUP id="cite_ref-Illinois_ballot_188-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Illinois_ballot-188">[188]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Illinois_ruling_190-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Illinois_ruling-190">[190]</A></SUP> In February, a similar unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Arkansas;<SUP id="cite_ref-Arkansas_suit_198-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Arkansas_suit-198">[198]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Arkansas_dismissal_199-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Arkansas_dismissal-199">[199]</A></SUP> a similar ballot challenge was filed in New York;<SUP id="cite_ref-NYchallenge_204-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NYchallenge-204">[204]</A></SUP> and an unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Indiana.<SUP id="cite_ref-Indchallenge_201-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Indchallenge-201">[201]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-IBJ_202-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-IBJ-202">[202]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The question of Rubio's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in March 2016.<SUP id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-213">[213]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Potential_presidential_candidates_who_are_not_eligible">Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Arnold_Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Arnold Schwarzenegger">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</A> was reported as considering challenging the prevailing interpretation of the clause. In 2003, Senator <A href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</A> unsuccessfully put forth the <A href="/wiki/Equal_Opportunity_to_Govern_Amendment" title="Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment">Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment</A>, intending to allow eligibility for Arnold Schwarzenegger.<SUP id="cite_ref-usa120204_41-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-usa120204-41">[41]</A></SUP> In October 2013, the <I><A href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</A></I> reported that Schwarzenegger—who is originally from Austria and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1983, also retaining Austrian citizenship—was exploring a future run for the American presidency. He reportedly lobbied legislators about a possible constitutional change, or filing a legal challenge to the provision. <A href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</A> law professor <A href="/wiki/Michael_C._Dorf" title="Michael C. Dorf">Michael C. Dorf</A> observed that Schwarzenegger's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office, noting, "The law is very clear, but it’s not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process".<SUP id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-214">[214]</A></SUP> Schwarzenegger subsequently denied that he was running.<SUP id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-215">[215]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<LI id="cite_note-Tucker-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Tucker_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Tucker_1-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Tucker, St. George (1803). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a2_1_1s18.html">"St. George Tucker, Blackstone's Commentaries 1:App. 316–s25, 328–29"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">April 10,</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+George+Tucker%2C+Blackstone%27s+Commentaries+1%3AApp.+316%E2%80%93s25%2C+328%E2%80%9329&rft.date=1803&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=St.+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-pubs.uchicago.edu%2Ffounders%2Fdocuments%2Fa2_1_1s18.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Williams, Pete (January 19, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/natural-born-issue-ted-cruz-not-settled-not-going-away-n499226">"<SPAN style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</SPAN>Natural Born' Issue for Ted Cruz Is Not Settled and Not Going Away"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</A></I>. <Q>The emerging consensus of the legal experts, however, is that being 'natural born' means becoming a citizen at the moment of birth, as opposed to achieving it later through the process of naturalization....</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Natural+Born%27+Issue+for+Ted+Cruz+Is+Not+Settled+and+Not+Going+Away&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2016-election%2Fnatural-born-issue-ted-cruz-not-settled-not-going-away-n499226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2011_CRS-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-2011_CRS_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-2011_CRS_3-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Maskell, Jack (November 14, 2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42097.pdf">"Qualifications for President and the 'Natural Born' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</A>. p. 2<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">February 25,</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>. <Q>In addition to historical and textual analysis, numerous holdings and references in federal (and state) cases for more than a century have clearly indicated that those born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction (i.e., not born to foreign diplomats or occupying military forces), even to alien parents, are citizens 'at birth' or 'by birth,' and are 'natural born,' as opposed to 'naturalized,' U.S. citizens. There is no provision in the Constitution and no controlling American case law to support a contention that the citizenship of one's parents governs the eligibility of a native born U.S. citizen to be President.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qualifications+for+President+and+the+%27Natural+Born%27+Citizenship+Eligibility+Requirement&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2011-11-14&rft.au=Maskell%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR42097.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-MyUser_Law.justia.com_January_16_2016c-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-MyUser_Law.justia.com_January_16_2016c_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-MyUser_Law.justia.com_January_16_2016c_4-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-MyUser_Law.justia.com_January_16_2016c_4-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-MyUser_Law.justia.com_January_16_2016c_4-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/cases/new-york/other-courts/2012/2012-ny-slip-op-50614-u.html">"Strunk v New York State Bd. of Elections :: 2012 :: New York Other Courts Decisions :: New York Case Law :: New York Law :: U.S. Law :: Justia"</A>. <I>Law.justia.com</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 16,</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law.justia.com&rft.atitle=Strunk+v+New+York+State+Bd.+of+Elections+%3A%3A+2012+%3A%3A+New+York+Other+Courts+Decisions+%3A%3A+New+York+Case+Law+%3A%3A+New+York+Law+%3A%3A+U.S.+Law+%3A%3A+Justia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcases%2Fnew-york%2Fother-courts%2F2012%2F2012-ny-slip-op-50614-u.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Pilon-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Pilon_5-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Pilon_5-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Pilon, Mary (June 24, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/donald-trumps-immigrant-mother">"Donald Trump's Immigrant Mother"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump%27s+Immigrant+Mother&rft.date=2016-06-24&rft.aulast=Pilon&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Fdonald-trumps-immigrant-mother&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Tokaji-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Tokaji_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Tokaji_6-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Tokaji, Daniel (2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1087&context=mlr_fi">"The Justiciability of Eligibility: May Courts Decide Who Can Be President?"</A>. <I>Michigan Law Review, First Impressions</I>. <B>107</B>: 31.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Law+Review%2C+First+Impressions&rft.atitle=The+Justiciability+of+Eligibility%3A+May+Courts+Decide+Who+Can+Be+President%3F&rft.volume=107&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Tokaji&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1087%26context%3Dmlr_fi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Gordon-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Gordon_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Gordon_7-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Gordon_7-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Gordon, Charles (1968). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2068&context=mlr">"Who can be President of the United States: The Unresolved Enigma"</A>. <I>Maryland Law Review</I>. Baltimore Maryland: Maryland Law Review, Inc. University of Maryland School of Law. <B>28</B> (1): 1–32<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 8,</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maryland+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Who+can+be+President+of+the+United+States%3A+The+Unresolved+Enigma&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2068%26context%3Dmlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Bradley, Curtis A.; Siegel, Neil (April 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3804&context=dlj">"CONSTRUCTED CONSTRAINT AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL TEXT"</A>. <I>Duke Law Journal</I>. <B>64</B> (7): 1243 (footnote 130).</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=CONSTRUCTED+CONSTRAINT+AND+THE+CONSTITUTIONAL+TEXT&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1243+%28footnote+130%29&rft.date=2015-04&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Curtis+A.&rft.au=Siegel%2C+Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.duke.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D3804%26context%3Ddlj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">A <A href="/wiki/Duke_Law_Journal" title="Duke Law Journal">Duke Law Journal</A> article has noted, "Because of the placement of the commas, this clause, if read literally, suggests that only individuals alive at the time the Constitution was adopted are eligible to be president. For purposive and consequentialist reasons, however, the clause never has been read that way."<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">U.S. Constitution: <A href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Qualifications_of_Members" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article 1, Section 2, Clause 2: Qualifications of Members</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">U.S. Constitution: <A href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Qualifications_of_Senators" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article 1, Section 3, Clause 3: Qualifications of Senators</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Coke, Edward (March 26, 2018). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433009487145">"The reports of Sir Edward Coke, knt. [1572-1617].In thirteen parts. A new ed., with additional notes and references, and with abstracts of the principal points :"</A>. London :.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+reports+of+Sir+Edward+Coke%2C+knt.+%5B1572-1617%5D.In+thirteen+parts.+A+new+ed.%2C+with+additional+notes+and+references%2C+and+with+abstracts+of+the+principal+points+%3A&rft.pub=London+%3A&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft.aulast=Coke&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433009487145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</A>, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000033905853?urlappend=%3Bseq=105">Statutes of the Realm</A>, Vol. 9, p. 63 (London, Dawsons of Pall Mall 1822, reprinted 1962).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Piggott-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Piggott_14-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Piggott, Francis. <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4oRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA48">Nationality and Naturalization</A></I>, pp. 48-50 (W. Clowes and Sons, 1907).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-McManamon-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-McManamon_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-McManamon_15-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">McManamon, Mary. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2444766">"The Natural Born Citizen Clause as Originally Understood"</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/Catholic_University_Law_Review" title="Catholic University Law Review">Catholic University Law Review</A></I>, v. 64, no. 2 (2015).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England_16-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England_16-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</A>, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawsofenglandc01blacuoft">Commentaries on the Laws of England</A>, Vol. 1, p. 363 (Oxford, The Clarendon Press 1765)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Biglieri, Ezio; Prati, G. (2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qYSLBQAAQBAJ"><I>Enclyclopedia of Public International Law</I></A>. Elsevier. p. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qYSLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">54</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-9477-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-9477-3">978-1-4832-9477-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enclyclopedia+of+Public+International+Law&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4832-9477-3&rft.aulast=Biglieri&rft.aufirst=Ezio&rft.au=Prati%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqYSLBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniset.ca/naty/BNA1730.htm">"British Nationality Act, 1730"</A>. <I>United Settlement</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 March</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Settlement&rft.atitle=British+Nationality+Act%2C+1730&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniset.ca%2Fnaty%2FBNA1730.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cohen, Elizabeth. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1062&context=djclpp">"Citizenship and the Law of Time in the United States"</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/Duke_Journal_of_Constitutional_Law_%26_Public_Policy" title="Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy">Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy</A></I>, Vol. 8, p. 67 n. 59 (2013).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Bill-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Bill_20-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Bill_20-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Blackstone, William. <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/print_documents/a1_8_4_citizenships1.html">Commentaries on the Laws of England</A></I>, Vol. 1, p. 354 (Oxford, The Clarendon Press 1765).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Dann, Carrie. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/yes-ted-cruz-was-born-canada-so-what-n329516">"Yes, Ted Cruz Was Born in Canada. So What?"</A>, <A href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</A> (March 26, 2015).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Blackstone, William. "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433008579496">Commentaries on the Laws of England</A>", Vol. 1, p. 373 (Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 7th ed. 1775).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Plowden, Francis. "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/investigationofn00plowuoft">An Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects</A>", pp. 74, 161-62 (London, Baldwin, Whieldon & Debrett 1784).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Plowden, Francis. "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32437121568725">A Supplement to the Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects</A>", p. 134 (London, Baldwin, Whieldon & Debrett 1785).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.org/coke/Calvins_Case-7_Coke_Report_1a_77_ER_377.html">7 Coke <I>Report</I> 1a</A>, 77 ER 377 (1608), Opinion of Edward Coke.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Edwards, F. B. "Natural-Born British Subjects at Common Law", <I>Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation</I>, Vol. 14, p. 318 (1914).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Maskell, Jack. "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42097.pdf">Qualifications for President and the 'Natural Born' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement</A>", CRS Report for Congress, pp. 31-32 (2011).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Johnson, Samuel. <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kyRWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT180">A Dictionary Of The English Language: In Which The Words are Deduced from Their Originals, And Illustrated in Their Different Significations By Examples from the Best Writers, To Which Are Prefixed, A History of the Language, And An English Grammar : In Two Volumes</A></I>, Volume 2, pp. 180–181 (Knapton, 1756).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Speare, Morris. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E00EFDE1F3BEE3ABC4F53DFBF668382609EDE">"Lafayette, Citizen of America"</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</A></I> (September 7, 1919).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Riley, Elihu. <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_VDfk08AWIC&pg=PA198">"The Ancient City": A History of Annapolis, in Maryland, 1649-1887</A></I>, p. 198 (Record Printing Office 1887).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lee, Thomas. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-lee-is-ted-cruz-eligible-to-be-president-20160110-story.html">"Is Ted Cruz a 'natural born Citizen'? Not if you're a constitutional originalist"</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</A></I> (January 10, 2016).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Han, William. "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1596785">Beyond Presidential Eligibility: The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship</A>", <I>Drake Law Review</I>, Vol. 58, No. 2, 2010, p. 462.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Pryor, Jill A. "The Natural-Born Citizen Clause and Presidential Eligibility: An Approach for Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty". 97 <I>Yale Law Journal</I> 881, 889 (1988)<A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/pryor_note.pdf">http://yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/pryor_note.pdf</A>;</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_618.asp">"Avalon Project - Madison Debates - June 18"</A>. <I>avalon.law.yale.edu</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avalon.law.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Avalon+Project+-+Madison+Debates+-+June+18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F18th_century%2Fdebates_618.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">3 M. Farrand, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llfr&fileName=003/llfr003.db&recNum=622&itemLink=r%3Fammem%2Fhlaw%3A@field%28DOCID%2B@lit%28fr0032%29%29%230030003&linkText=1">The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, at 619</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">3 <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llfr&fileName=003/llfr003.db&recNum=632&itemLink=r%3Fammem%2Fhlaw%3A@field%28DOCID%2B@lit%28fr0032%29%29%230030003&linkText=1">Farrand, at 629</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwapp.cc.columbia.edu/ldpd/jay/image?key=columbia.jay.10627&p=1&level=1">"Columbia Digital Library Collections"</A>. <I>wwwapp.cc.columbia.edu</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wwwapp.cc.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Columbia+Digital+Library+Collections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwapp.cc.columbia.edu%2Fldpd%2Fjay%2Fimage%3Fkey%3Dcolumbia.jay.10627%26p%3D1%26level%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Heard, Alexander; Nelson, Michael (1987). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1wJ_vGjkSQC">Presidential Selection</A></I>, Duke University Press. p. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1wJ_vGjkSQC&pg=PA123">123</A>. Retrieved April 24, 2011. (the word <SPAN style="text-decoration: underline;"><I>born</I></SPAN> is underlined in the quoted letter<SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[37]</A></SUP>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Han, William. "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1596785">Beyond Presidential Eligibility: The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship</A>", <I>Drake Law Review</I>, Vol. 58, No. 2, 2010, pp. 462–463.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Palazzolo, Joe (September 4, 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2012/09/04/the-other-democratic-candidate/">"The Other Democratic Candidate"</A>. <I>The Wall Street Journal</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Other+Democratic+Candidate&rft.date=2012-09-04&rft.aulast=Palazzolo&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Flaw%2F2012%2F09%2F04%2Fthe-other-democratic-candidate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-usa120204-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-usa120204_41-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-usa120204_41-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-usa120204_41-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-usa120204_41-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Kasindorf, Martin (December 2, 2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/2004-12-02-schwarzenegger-amendment_x.htm">"Should the Constitution be amended for Arnold?"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Should+the+Constitution+be+amended+for+Arnold%3F&rft.date=2004-12-02&rft.au=Kasindorf%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fpoliticselections%2F2004-12-02-schwarzenegger-amendment_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-time030474-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-time030474_42-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-time030474_42-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944757,00.html">"President Kissinger?"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</A></I>. March 4, 1974.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=President+Kissinger%3F&rft.date=1974-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C944757%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.org/tb/tb2.htm">Blackstone, <I>Commentaries</I>, Vol.II, Ch. 10</A>, 1803.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><SPAN title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2015)">page needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Farrand, Max. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1787&chapter=96841&layout=html&Itemid=27">"Charles Pinckney in the United States Senate"</A>. <I>The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Vol 3</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 8,</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Records+of+the+Federal+Convention+of+1787%2C+Vol+3&rft.atitle=Charles+Pinckney+in+the+United+States+Senate&rft.aulast=Farrand&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2F%3Foption%3Dcom_staticxt%26staticfile%3Dshow.php%253Ftitle%3D1787%26chapter%3D96841%26layout%3Dhtml%26Itemid%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Amir-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Amir_45-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Amar, Akhil (March–April 2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legalaffairs.org/issues/March-April-2004/argument_amar_marpar04.msp">"NATURAL BORN KILLJOY Why the Constitution won't let immigrants run for president, and why that should change"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Legal_Affairs" title="Legal Affairs">Legal Affairs</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 16,</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATURAL+BORN+KILLJOY+Why+the+Constitution+won%27t+let+immigrants+run+for+president%2C+and+why+that+should+change.&rft.pub=Legal+Affairs&rft.date=2004-03%2F2004-04&rft.aulast=Amar&rft.aufirst=Akhil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legalaffairs.org%2Fissues%2FMarch-April-2004%2Fargument_amar_marpar04.msp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-rs6.loc.gov-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-rs6.loc.gov_46-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-rs6.loc.gov_46-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=001/llsl001.db&recNum=226">"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875"</A>. <I>rs6.loc.gov</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rs6.loc.gov&rft.atitle=A+Century+of+Lawmaking+for+a+New+Nation%3A+U.S.+Congressional+Documents+and+Debates%2C+1774+-+1875&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frs6.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dllsl%26fileName%3D001%2Fllsl001.db%26recNum%3D226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Congressional Globe</I> 37.2 (1862), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=059/llcg059.db&recNum=680">p. 1639</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Congressional Globe</I> 39.1 (1866) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=071/llcg071.db&recNum=332">p. 1291</A>. Stated again during a House debate in 1872; cf. <I>Congressional Globe</I> 42.2 (1872), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=104/llcg104.db&recNum=106">p. 2791</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">10 Opinions of the U.S. Atty.Gen. [pages] 382–413, and separately as <I>Opinion of Attorney General Bates on Citizenship</I> (1863, Washington, DC, Govt. Printing Office) 27 pages.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"Citizenship of children born in the United States of alien parents", 10 Op. US Atty-Gen. 328.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Letter from Marcy to Mason, June 6, 1854, quoted from the manuscript, reprinted (with the emphasis shown) in John Bassett Moore, <I>A Digest of International Law</I> [<I>of the United States</I>], vol. 3, sec. 373, pp. 276–277 (US House of Representatives, 56th Congress, 2d Session, Document no. 551; Washington, DC, Govt. Printing Office, 1906).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-52"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">His first name is not given in the Opinion itself but is found in the correspondence seeking the opinion, in <I>Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States</I> (US House of Representatives, 44th Congress, 1st Session, December 6, 1875) Exec. Doct. 1, part 1, page 563.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Steinkauler's Case</I>, 15 Opinions of the US Attorneys-General 15 at 17–18 (June 26, 1875).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">van Dyne, Frederick, <I>Citizenship of the United States</I> (1904, Rochester, NY, Lawyers Co-operative Publ'g Co.) pp. 3–12. With regard to the last sentence in the quotation, van Dyne discusses some peripheral court decisions, none dealing with conventional U.S. citizenship, but with the nationality of the child of a foreigner and a member of an independent American Indian tribe whose members were not ordinarily regarded as U.S. citizens.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-55"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">NY Chanc.Ct., November 5, 1844; 1 Sandf.Ch. 583, 3 NY Leg.Obs. 236, 7 NY Ch. Ann. 443, 1844 WL 4804, 1844 N.Y.Misc. LEXIS 1. <A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433009477674;view=1up;seq=597">[1]</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-56"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sandf. at 656, Leg.Obs. at 246–247</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-57"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sandf. at 663, Leg.Obs. at 250</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-58"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3556433;view=1up;seq=933">"The Federal reporter : with key-number annotations ... Permanent ed. .. v.21."</A> <I>HathiTrust</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HathiTrust&rft.atitle=The+Federal+reporter+%3A+with+key-number+annotations+...+Permanent+ed.+..++v.21.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b3556433%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-59"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Fed at 909, Sawyer at 359–360</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-60"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark</I> (1898) 169 U.S. 649, 42 L.Ed. 890, 18 S.Ct. 456. <A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3381955771263111765">[2]</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Similarly, in a 1999 Circuit Court decision, the U.S.-born children of two non-citizen parents were spoken of as "natural born citizens". <I>Mustata v. US Dept. of Justice</I> (6th Cir. 1999) 179 F.3d 1017 at 1019. <A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16060395960467504921">[3]</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-:0-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:0_62-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:0_62-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Perkins v. Elg</I> (1939) 307 U.S. 325 at 329, 83 L.Ed. 1320 at 1324, 59 S.Ct. 884 at 888. <A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17485095411337455454">[4]</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-63"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3381137503537572247">"<I>Perkins v. Elg</I> (D.C. Cir. 1938) 69 U.S.App.D.C. 175, 99 F.2d 408"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perkins+v.+Elg+%28D.C.+Cir.+1938%29+69+U.S.App.D.C.+175%2C+99+F.2d+408&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar_case%3Fcase%3D3381137503537572247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CRS2016-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CRS2016_64-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CRS2016_64-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CRS2016_64-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CRS2016_64-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Maskell, Jack (January 11, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/295658863/Qualifications-for-President-and-the-Natural-Born-Citizenship-Eligibility-Requirement-Congressional-Research-Service-R42097-2016">"Qualifications for President and the "Natural Born" Citizenship Eligibility Requirement"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qualifications+for+President+and+the+%22Natural+Born%22+Citizenship+Eligibility+Requirement&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft.au=Maskell%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F295658863%2FQualifications-for-President-and-the-Natural-Born-Citizenship-Eligibility-Requirement-Congressional-Research-Service-R42097-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ZimmervAcheson-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-ZimmervAcheson_65-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openjurist.org/191/f2d/209/zimmer-v-acheson">"<I>Zimmer v Acheson, 191 F.2d 209 (10th Cir. 1951)"</I></A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimmer+v+Acheson%2C+191+F.2d+209+%2810th+Cir.+1951%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenjurist.org%2F191%2Ff2d%2F209%2Fzimmer-v-acheson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-MontanavKennedy-66"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-MontanavKennedy_66-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.resource.org/pub/us/case/reporter/US/366/366.US.308.198.html">"<I>Montana v. Kennedy, 366 U.S. 308 (1961)"</I></A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Montana+v.+Kennedy%2C+366+U.S.+308+%281961%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.resource.org%2Fpub%2Fus%2Fcase%2Freporter%2FUS%2F366%2F366.US.308.198.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-67"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-67"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/22488868/ANKENY-v-GOVERNOR-OF-THE-STATE-OF-INDIANA-APPEALS-COURT-OPINION-11120903"><I>Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana</I></A> (2009), Appeals Court Decision, 11120903</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-68"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-68"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Nolos v. Holder</I> (5th Cir. 2010) 611 F.3d 279, 62 ALR-Fed.2d 777, <A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13732685093008127861">[5]</A>; also Sean Morrison, <I>Foreign in a Domestic Sense: American Samoa and the Last U.S. Nationals</I>, 41 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 71 (fall 2013) <A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hastingsconlawquarterly.org/archives/V41/I1/Morrison_Online.pdf">[6]</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-69"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-69"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Rawle, William (1825). <I>A View of the Constitution of the United States of America</I>. Philadelphia, Carey & Lea. pp. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akEbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA80&dq=every+person+born+within+the+United+States,+its+territories+and+districts,+whether+the+parents+are+citizens+or+aliens,+is+a+natural+born+citizen+in+the+sense+of+the+Constitution,+and+entitled+to+all+the+rights+and+privileges+appertaining+to+that+capacity+A+View+of+the+Constitution+of+the+United+States+of+America&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KcxFT7XUH_HUiAKy_Jn5CA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false">80–81</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1144771858" title="Special:BookSources/978-1144771858">978-1144771858</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+View+of+the+Constitution+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=Philadelphia%2C+Carey+%26+Lea&rft.date=1825&rft.isbn=978-1144771858&rft.aulast=Rawle&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-70"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-70"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">James F. Wilson in: <I>Congressional Globe</I>, House of Representatives, 39th Congress, 1st Session, Washington 1866, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=071/llcg071.db&recNum=158">p. 1117</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-71"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-71"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE><I><A href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</A></I></CITE>, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/60/393/case.html#476">60 U.S. 393</A>, 476 (1857).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-72"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-72"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/2246#lfVattel_label_1644">Book 1, § 212</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-73"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-73"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE><I><A href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">United States v. Wong Kim Ark</A></I></CITE>, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/169/649/case.html#708">169 U.S. 649</A>, 708 (1898).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-74"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-74"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Joseph Story (1840). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aew9AAAAIAAJ"><I>A familiar exposition of the Constitution of the United States: containing a brief commentary on every clause, explaining the true nature, reasons, and objects thereof: designed for the use of school libraries and general readers: with an appendix, containing important public documents, illustrative of the Constitution</I></A>. Marsh, Capen, Lyon and Webb. pp. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aew9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA167">167</A> §269–271.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+familiar+exposition+of+the+Constitution+of+the+United+States%3A+containing+a+brief+commentary+on+every+clause%2C+explaining+the+true+nature%2C+reasons%2C+and+objects+thereof%3A+designed+for+the+use+of+school+libraries+and+general+readers%3A+with+an+appendix%2C+containing+important+public+documents%2C+illustrative+of+the+Constitution&rft.pages=167+%C2%A7269-271&rft.pub=Marsh%2C+Capen%2C+Lyon+and+Webb&rft.date=1840&rft.au=Joseph+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAew9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-75"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-75"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Joseph Story (1834). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DCkTAAAAYAAJ"><I>The constitutional class book: being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States: Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools</I></A>. Hilliard, Gray & Company. pp. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DCkTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115">115</A> §190.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+constitutional+class+book%3A+being+a+brief+exposition+of+the+Constitution+of+the+United+States%3A+Designed+for+the+use+of+the+higher+classes+in+common+schools&rft.pages=115+%C2%A7190&rft.pub=Hilliard%2C+Gray+%26+Company&rft.date=1834&rft.au=Joseph+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDCkTAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-76"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-76"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=163&invol=537"><I>Plessy v. Ferguson</I></A>, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-77"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-77"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">A.P. Morse, "Natural-Born Citizen of the United States: Eligibility for the Office of President", <I>Albany Law Journal</I>, vol. 66 (1904–1905)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-78"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-78"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RL30527.pdf">"Presidential Elections in the United States: A Primer"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</A>. April 17, 2000<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 8,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Elections+in+the+United+States%3A+A+Primer&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2000-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Freference%2Fresources%2Fpdf%2FRL30527.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-79"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-79"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/41197555/41131059-MoC-Memo-What-to-Tell-Your-Constituents-in-Answer-to-Obama-Eligibility">"41131059 MoC Memo What to Tell Your Constituents in Answer to Obama Eligibility - United States Nationality Law - United States Constitution"</A>. <I>Scribd</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=41131059+MoC+Memo+What+to+Tell+Your+Constituents+in+Answer+to+Obama+Eligibility+-+United+States+Nationality+Law+-+United+States+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F41197555%2F41131059-MoC-Memo-What-to-Tell-Your-Constituents-in-Answer-to-Obama-Eligibility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-80"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-80"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Liptak, Adam (July 11, 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/11/us/politics/11mccain.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin">"A Citizen, but 'Natural Born'?"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Citizen%2C+but+%27Natural+Born%27%3F&rft.date=2008-07-11&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F07%2F11%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F11mccain.html%3F_r%3D2%26oref%3Dslogin%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-81"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-81"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Chin, Gabriel J. (2008), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michiganlawreview.org/firstimpressions/vol107/chin.pdf">"Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President: Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship"</A>, 107 Mich. L. Rev. First Impressions 1</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-82"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-82"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">White, G. Edward (August 20, 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2009_fall/white_oped.htm">"Re-examining the Constitution's Presidential Eligibility Clause"</A>. University of Virginia School of Law<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">February 27,</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re-examining+the+Constitution%27s+Presidential+Eligibility+Clause&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+School+of+Law&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft.au=White%2C+G.+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.virginia.edu%2Fhtml%2Fnews%2F2009_fall%2Fwhite_oped.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-papers.ssrn.com-83"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-papers.ssrn.com_83-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-papers.ssrn.com_83-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">McManamon, Mary (2015), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2600163_code940398.pdf?abstractid=2444766&mirid=5">"The Natural Born Citizens Clause as Originally Understood"</A>, 64 Catholic University Law Review 317</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-84"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-84"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">McManamon, Mary Brigid (January 12, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/law-professor-ted-cruz-is-not-eligible-to-be-president-2016-1">"Law professor: Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 15,</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Law+professor%3A+Ted+Cruz+is+not+eligible+to+be+president&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft.aulast=McManamon&rft.aufirst=Mary+Brigid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Flaw-professor-ted-cruz-is-not-eligible-to-be-president-2016-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-85"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-85"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Elhauge, Einer (January 20, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chicago.suntimes.com/opinion/7/71/1265855/opinion-cruz-really-natural-born-american">"Opinion: Cruz not really 'natural born citizen<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 21,</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Cruz+not+really+%27natural+born+citizen%27&rft.date=2016-01-20&rft.aulast=Elhauge&rft.aufirst=Einer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchicago.suntimes.com%2Fopinion%2F7%2F71%2F1265855%2Fopinion-cruz-really-natural-born-american&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-86"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-86"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Clinton, Robert (January 27, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2016-01-27/ted-cruz-is-not-a-natural-born-citizen-according-to-the-constitution">"Ted Cruz Is Not A 'Natural Born' Citizen"</A>. <A href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 28,</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%27%27U.S.+News+%26+World+Report%27%27&rft.atitle=Ted+Cruz+Is+Not+A+%27Natural+Born%27+Citizen&rft.date=2016-01-27&rft.aulast=Clinton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fopinion%2Farticles%2F2016-01-27%2Fted-cruz-is-not-a-natural-born-citizen-according-to-the-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-87"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-87"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Posner, Eric (February 8, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2016/02/trump_is_right_ted_cruz_is_not_eligible_to_be_president.html">"Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Ted+Cruz+Is+Not+Eligible+to+Be+President&rft.date=2016-02-08&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fview_from_chicago%2F2016%2F02%2Ftrump_is_right_ted_cruz_is_not_eligible_to_be_president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Wachtler-88"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Wachtler_88-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Wachtler_88-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Wachtler, Sol (February 13, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsday.com/opinion/ted-cruz-ineligible-to-be-president-according-to-history-1.11466068">"Constitutional history shows Cruz ineligible for White House"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsday&rft.atitle=Constitutional+history+shows+Cruz+ineligible+for+White+House&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft.aulast=Wachtler&rft.aufirst=Sol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.com%2Fopinion%2Fted-cruz-ineligible-to-be-president-according-to-history-1.11466068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-89"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-89"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Vlahoplus, John (April 5, 2017). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wakeforestlawreview.com/2017/04/on-the-meaning-of-considered-as-natural-born/"><I>On the Meaning of "Considered as Natural Born"</I></A>. Wake Forest L. Rev. Online.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Meaning+of+%22Considered+as+Natural+Born%22&rft.pub=Wake+Forest+L.+Rev.+Online.&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft.aulast=Vlahoplus&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwakeforestlawreview.com%2F2017%2F04%2Fon-the-meaning-of-considered-as-natural-born%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-90"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-90"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Solum, Lawrence B. (2008), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/fi/107/solum.pdf">"Originalism and the natural born citizen clause"</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110204020457/http://www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/fi/107/solum.pdf">Archived</A> February 4, 2011, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>., 107 Mich. L. Rev. First Impressions 22</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-91"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-91"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lawrence B. Solum, "Originalism and the natural born citizen clause", <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1263885&amp">revised draft version, April 18, 2010 (SSRN)</A>, p. 1, n. 3. However, other passages of his revised draft still imply U.S. citizenship of both parents; cf. i.a. pp. 3, 9, 11.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-TampaTimes20111020-92"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-TampaTimes20111020_92-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-TampaTimes20111020_92-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-TampaTimes20111020_92-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Leary, Alex (October 20, 2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/national/birthers-ask-is-marco-rubio-eligible-to-be-president/1197628">"Birthers say Marco Rubio is not eligible to be president"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times" title="Tampa Bay Times">Tampa Bay Times</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Birthers+say+Marco+Rubio+is+not+eligible+to+be+president&rft.date=2011-10-20&rft.aulast=Leary&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fnational%2Fbirthers-ask-is-marco-rubio-eligible-to-be-president%2F1197628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-93"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-93"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Kornhaber, Spencer (September 22, 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.ocweekly.com/navelgazing/2010/09/orly_taitz_embarrasses_chapman.php">"Chapman Constitutional Scholar Rebuffs Orly Taitz's Overtures"</A>. <I>OC Weekly</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OC+Weekly&rft.atitle=Chapman+Constitutional+Scholar+Rebuffs+Orly+Taitz%27s+Overtures&rft.date=2010-09-22&rft.aulast=Kornhaber&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.ocweekly.com%2Fnavelgazing%2F2010%2F09%2Forly_taitz_embarrasses_chapman.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-94"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-94"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Chin, Gabriel (April 20, 2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-20/opinion/chin.natural.born_1_natural-law-united-states-and-subject-citizenship-clause?_s=PM:OPINION">"Who's really eligible to be president?"</A>. CNN.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who%27s+really+eligible+to+be+president%3F&rft.date=2011-04-20&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F2011-04-20%2Fopinion%2Fchin.natural.born_1_natural-law-united-states-and-subject-citizenship-clause%3F_s%3DPM%3AOPINION&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-95"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-95"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Volokh, Eugene</A> (November 18, 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volokh.com/2009/11/18/plaintiffs-posit-that-because-his-father-was-a-citizen-of-the-united-kingdom-president-obama-cant-be-a-natural-born-citizen/">"Indiana Court of Appeals Rejects Claim That 'Because His Father Was a Citizen of the United Kingdom, President Obama Is Not a Natural Born Citizen and Therefore Constitutionally Ineligible to Assume the Office of the President<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. <I>The Volokh Conspiracy</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">May 3,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Volokh+Conspiracy&rft.atitle=Indiana+Court+of+Appeals+Rejects+Claim+That+%27Because+His+Father+Was+a+Citizen+of+the+United+Kingdom%2C+President+Obama+Is+Not+a+Natural+Born+Citizen+and+Therefore+Constitutionally+Ineligible+to+Assume+the+Office+of+the+President%27&rft.date=2009-11-18&rft.aulast=Volokh&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolokh.com%2F2009%2F11%2F18%2Fplaintiffs-posit-that-because-his-father-was-a-citizen-of-the-united-kingdom-president-obama-cant-be-a-natural-born-citizen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-scholar.google.com-96"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-scholar.google.com_96-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE><I><A href="/wiki/Ankeny_v._Governor_of_the_State_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana">Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana</A></I></CITE>, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4241872982218861474&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr">916 NE 2d 678</A> (Ind. Ct. of Appeals November 12, 2009).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-97"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-97"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Rathgeber, Bob (September 20, 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news-press.com/article/20110920/NEWS0107/110918016/Exclusive-Now-birthers-eye-Marco-Rubio">"Exclusive: Now, 'birthers' have eye on Marco Rubio"</A>. <I>News-Press</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News-Press&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Now%2C+%27birthers%27+have+eye+on+Marco+Rubio&rft.date=2010-09-20&rft.aulast=Rathgeber&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news-press.com%2Farticle%2F20110920%2FNEWS0107%2F110918016%2FExclusive-Now-birthers-eye-Marco-Rubio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-standing-98"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-standing_98-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-standing_98-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">E.g. see <I>Robinson v. Bowen</I>, 567 <A href="/wiki/Federal_Supplement" title="Federal Supplement">F. Supp. 2d</A> 1144 (<A href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">N.D. Cal.</A> 2008); <I>Hollander v. <A href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</A></I>, 2008<A href="/wiki/WestLaw" class="mw-redirect" title="WestLaw">WL</A>2853250 (<A href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Hampshire" title="United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire">D.N.H.</A> 2008); <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/pennsylvania/paedce/2:2008cv04083/281573/20/">Berg v. Obama</A></I>, 08-04083 (<A href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania">E.D. Pa.</A> 2008).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-99"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-99"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>See</I> <A href="/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 3 of the United States Code">3 U.S.C.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/chapter-1">ch. 1</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-nyt2008-02-28-100"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-nyt2008-02-28_100-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-nyt2008-02-28_100-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Carl Hulse (February 28, 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/28/us/politics/28mccain.htm">"McCain's Canal Zone Birth Prompts Queries About Whether That Rules Him Out"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">August 12,</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=McCain%E2%80%99s+Canal+Zone+Birth+Prompts+Queries+About+Whether+That+Rules+Him+Out&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.au=Carl+Hulse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F28%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F28mccain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-101"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-101"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Spiro, Peter. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michiganlawreview.org/firstimpressions/vol107/spiro.htm">"McCain's Citizenship and Constitutional Method"</A>, Michigan Law Review, Volume 107, p. 208 (2008).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-VOA-102"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-VOA_102-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-VOA_102-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-07-29-voa79.cfm">"Who Can Be President?"</A>, Voice of America News (July 29, 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220103402/http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-07-29-voa79.cfm">Archived</A> February 20, 2009, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-103"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-103"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Reeves, Thomas C. "The Mystery of Chester Alan Arthur's Birthplace", <I>Vermont History</I> 38, Montpelier: Vermont Historical Society, p. 295</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-104"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-104"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">DeGregorio, William A. <I>The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents</I>, <A href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</A>: 1993, pp. 307–08, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-08244-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-08244-6">0-517-08244-6</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-105"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-105"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Thomas C. Reeves, <I>Gentleman Boss. The Life and Times of Chester Alan Arthur</I> (Newtown 1991), p. 5.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-106"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-106"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Hinman, Arthur P. (1884). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/18450082/Arthur-Hinman-How-a-British-Subject-Became-President-of-the-United-States"><I>How a British Subject became President of the United States</I></A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+a+British+Subject+became+President+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Hinman&rft.aufirst=Arthur+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F18450082%2FArthur-Hinman-How-a-British-Subject-Became-President-of-the-United-States&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-107"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-107"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"Is Mr. Schürmann eligible?", <I>New York Tribune</I>, October 2, 1896, in: Anonymous (ed.), <I>The Presidential Campaign of 1896. A Scrap-Book Chronicle</I>, New York 1925: Funk & Wagnalls, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/presidentialcam00catlgoog#page/n140/mode/2up">p. 130 sq.</A> (<I>Note</I>: The year of publication is given as 1888, though the election was eight years later. However, the author's introduction is dated 1925.)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-108"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-108"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Breckinridge Long (1916), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/29744612/Breckinridge-Long-A-Natural-Born-Citizen-Within">"Is Mr. Charles Evans Hughes a 'Natural Born Citizen' within the Meaning of the Constitution?"</A>, <I>Chicago Legal News</I> vol. 49, pp. 146–148 (December 7, 1916). It does not appear that this issue was raised <I>before</I> the election day, which may indicate that the majority of voters or of legal authorities felt it was not an impediment to Hughes's eligibility.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Lipsky-109"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Lipsky_109-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lipsky, Seth (2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NRXv5N8c6aIC&pg=PA126"><I>The Citizen's Constitution: An Annotated Guide</I></A>. (Basic Books). p. 126.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Heard-110"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Heard_110-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Heard_110-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Heard, Alexander and Nelson, Michael (1987). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1wJ_vGjkSQC&pg=PA127"><I>Presidential Selection</I></A>. (Duke University Press) p. 127.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-111"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-111"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Ken Rudin (July 9, 1998). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/junkie/archive/junkie070998.htm">"Citizen McCain's Panama Problem?"</A>. Washington Post.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Citizen+McCain%27s+Panama+Problem%3F&rft.date=1998-07-09&rft.au=Ken+Rudin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fpolitics%2Fcampaigns%2Fjunkie%2Farchive%2Fjunkie070998.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-112"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-112"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Powell, Stewart (August 14, 1976). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=M41jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uHkNAAAAIBAJ&pg=7076,2448134&dq=weicker+natural-born-citizen&hl=en">"Weicker May Not Be Eligible to Serve in High Position"</A>, <I>Nashua Telegraph</I>. United Press International.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-113"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-113"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opencongress.org/bill/110-sr511/text">S.Res.511: <I>A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain, III, is a natural-born citizen.</I></A>, U.S. Senate, April 30, 2008, OpenCongress. Retrieved April 13, 2011</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-114"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-114"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/articles/john-mccain-9542249">"John McCain Biography"</A>, Biography.com. Retrieved April 13, 2011</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-blog.washingtonpost.com-115"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-blog.washingtonpost.com_115-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-blog.washingtonpost.com_115-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A href="/wiki/Michael_Dobbs_(US_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Dobbs (US author)">Dobbs, Michael</A> (May 20, 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/05/john_mccains_birthplace.html">"John McCain's Birthplace"</A>. <I>The Washington Post</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">April 13,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=John+McCain%27s+Birthplace&rft.date=2008-05-20&rft.aulast=Dobbs&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.washingtonpost.com%2Ffact-checker%2F2008%2F05%2Fjohn_mccains_birthplace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-116"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-116"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Parish, Matt (2010), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/10/14/how-old-is-john-mccain/">"How Old Is John McCain?"</A>, <I>Politics Daily</I>, AOL. Retrieved April 13, 2011</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-117"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-117"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/vote2008/july-dec08/mccain_bio.html">"Profile: John McCain"</A>. <I>Online NewsHour</I>. PBS. July 1, 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">April 13,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+NewsHour&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+John+McCain&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fvote2008%2Fjuly-dec08%2Fmccain_bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-118"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-118"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Fagan, Kevin (September 21, 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.sfgate.com/2008-09-21/news/17159682_1_john-mccain-mccain-s-life-vietnam-war-prisoner">"McCain: A profile in courage and adaptation"</A>. <I>San Francisco Chronicle</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">April 13,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=McCain%3A+A+profile+in+courage+and+adaptation&rft.date=2008-09-21&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.sfgate.com%2F2008-09-21%2Fnews%2F17159682_1_john-mccain-mccain-s-life-vietnam-war-prisoner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-119"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-119"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><SUP id="cite_ref-nyt2008-02-28_100-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-nyt2008-02-28-100">[100]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-113">[113]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-114">[114]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-blog.washingtonpost.com_115-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-blog.washingtonpost.com-115">[115]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-116">[116]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-117">[117]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-118">[118]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-120"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-120"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dockets.justia.com/docket/new-hampshire/nhdce/1:2008cv00099/32089/"><I>Hollander v. McCain et al</I></A>, Justia Dockets & Filings</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-121"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-121"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Dr. Conspiracy (April 24, 2010), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obamaconspiracy.org/2010/04/john-mccains-fake-birth-certificate/">"John McCain's fake birth certificate"</A>, <I>Obama Conspiracy Theories</I>. Retrieved April 13, 2011</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-122"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-122"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Dobbs, Michael (May 2, 2008), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/01/AR2008050103224_pf.html">"McCain's Birth Abroad Stirs Legal Debate : His Eligibility for Presidency Is Questioned"</A>, <I>The Washington Post</I></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-123"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-123"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Article II of <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/43/47.html"><I>Convention Between the United States and the Republic of Panama</I></A> states: "...the cities of Panama and Colon and the harbors adjacent to said cities, which are included within the boundaries of the zone above described, shall not be included within this grant".</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-124"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-124"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">A book written by the U.S. Navy includes the same reference: <CITE class="citation book">Bakenhus, Reuben Edwin; Knapp, Harry Shepard; Johnson, Emory Richard (1915). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxooAAAAYAAJ"><I>The Panama Canal: Comprising Its History and Construction, and Its Relation to the Navy, International Law and Commerce</I></A>. J. Wiley & sons, Incorporated. p. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxooAAAAYAAJ&dq=panama%20canal%20colon&lr=&pg=PA192">192</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panama+Canal%3A+Comprising+Its+History+and+Construction%2C+and+Its+Relation+to+the+Navy%2C+International+Law+and+Commerce&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=J.+Wiley+%26+sons%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Bakenhus&rft.aufirst=Reuben+Edwin&rft.au=Knapp%2C+Harry+Shepard&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Emory+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpxooAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-125"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-125"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.serve.com/CZBrats/Maps/CZaColon.jpg">This map</A> clearly shows Colon is not part of the Canal Zone. Colon Hospital can be seen on the map at the North end of the island. (Source: <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.serve.com/~CZBrats/">http://www.serve.com/~CZBrats/</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-126"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-126"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><SUP id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-122">[122]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-123">[123]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-124">[124]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-125">[125]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-127"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-127"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1110.html#M1113">"Foreign Affairs Manual 7 FAM 1110 Acquisition of U.S. Citizenship by Birth in the United States"</A>. United States Department of State<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 13,</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Affairs+Manual+7+FAM+1110+Acquisition+of+U.S.+Citizenship+by+Birth+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffam.state.gov%2FFAM%2F07FAM%2F07FAM1110.html%23M1113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> 7 FAM 1113(c)(1): "Despite widespread popular belief, U.S. military installations abroad and U.S. diplomatic facilities are not part of the United States within the meaning of the 14th Amendment. A child born on the premises of such a facility is not subject to U.S. jurisdiction and does not acquire U.S. citizenship by reason of birth."</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-128"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-128"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/03/28/politics/main3977521.shtml">"Lawyers Conclude McCain Is "Natural Born"</A>, <A href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</A>, <A href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</A>, March 28, 2008. Retrieved May 23, 2008.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-129"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-129"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.uscongress/legislation.110SRes511">S.Res.511</A>: <I>A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain, III, is a natural-born citizen</I>; sponsors: Sen. <A href="/wiki/Claire_McCaskill" title="Claire McCaskill">Claire McCaskill</A>, Sen. <A href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</A> <I>et al.</I>; <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getpage.cgi?position=all&page=S2951&dbname=2008_record">page S2951</A> notes Chairman <A href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</A> as agreeing to Secretary <A href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</A>'s "assumption and understanding" that a citizen is a <I>natural-born citizen</I>, if he or she was "born of American parents".</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-130"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-130"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cf. William Alsup, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/california/candce/3:2008cv03836/206145/39/0.pdf"><I>Robinson v. Bowen</I>: Order denying preliminary injunction and dismissing action</A>, September 16, 2008, p. 2; Alsup ruled that McCain was either a natural-born citizen by birth under 8 U.S.C. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/8/1401.html">§1401c</A> or retroactively under 8 U.S.C. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1403-">§1403(a)</A>. (See also: <CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-09-17-1518396547_x.htm">"Judge says McCain is a 'natural-born citizen<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. Associated Press. September 18, 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 16,</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Judge+says+McCain+is+a+%27natural-born+citizen%27&rft.date=2008-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2008-09-17-1518396547_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>, and <CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_citi.html">"Constitutional Topic: Citizenship"</A>. U.S. Constitution Online<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 25,</SPAN> 2008</SPAN></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Topic%3A+Citizenship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usconstitution.net%2Fconsttop_citi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-131"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-131"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Chin, Gabriel J. (2008), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract-id=1157621">"Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President: Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship"</A>, <I>Michigan Law Review First Impressions</I>, Vol. 107, No. 1, (Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper No. 08-14)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-132"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-132"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html#M1127_1_3">"Foreign Affairs Manual 7 FAM 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions"</A>. United States Department of State<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 13,</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Affairs+Manual+7+FAM+1120+Acquisition+of+U.S.+Nationality+in+U.S.+Territories+and+Possessions&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffam.state.gov%2FFAM%2F07FAM%2F07FAM1120.html%23M1127_1_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-133"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-133"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">SCOTUS 401 U.S. 815, 828 (1971)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-134"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-134"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_citi.html">"Constitutional Topic: Citizenship"</A>. U.S. Constitution Online<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">June 7,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Topic%3A+Citizenship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usconstitution.net%2Fconsttop_citi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-135"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-135"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lawrence B. Solum, "Originalism and the natural born citizen clause", <I>Michigan Law Review: First Impressions</I> 107, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/fi/107/solum.pdf">September 2008</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110204020457/http://www.michiganlawreview.org/assets/fi/107/solum.pdf">Archived</A> February 4, 2011, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>., p. 30.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Snopes-136"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Snopes_136-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/politics/mccain/citizen.asp">"Is John McCain a natural-born citizen?"</A> <I><A href="/wiki/Snopes.com" title="Snopes.com">Snopes.com</A></I>, July 23, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2011.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-137"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-137"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factcheck.org/2008/08/obamas-kenyan-citizenship/">"Obama's Kenyan Citizenship?"</A>. FactCheck.org. September 3, 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">September 14,</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama%27s+Kenyan+Citizenship%3F&rft.pub=FactCheck.org&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2F2008%2F08%2Fobamas-kenyan-citizenship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-138"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-138"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo6/11-12/56/part/I/enacted">"British nationality by virtue of citizenship"</A>. <I>British Nationality Act 1948</I>. Her Majesty's Government<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">September 14,</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Nationality+Act+1948&rft.atitle=British+nationality+by+virtue+of+citizenship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FGeo6%2F11-12%2F56%2Fpart%2FI%2Fenacted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-139"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-139"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/sitecontent/documents/policyandlaw/nationalityinstructions/nisec2gensec/ukandcolonies?view=Binary">"UK and Colonies"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+and+Colonies&rft.pub=Home+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk%2Fsitecontent%2Fdocuments%2Fpolicyandlaw%2Fnationalityinstructions%2Fnisec2gensec%2Fukandcolonies%3Fview%3DBinary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-140"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-140"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922222958/http://fightthesmears.com/articles/5/birthcertificate">"The Truth About Barack's Birth Certificate (archived web cache)"</A>. Fight the Smears (Obama for America). Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fightthesmears.com/articles/5/birthcertificate">the original</A> on March 9, 2011.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Truth+About+Barack%27s+Birth+Certificate+%28archived+web+cache%29&rft.pub=Fight+the+Smears+%28Obama+for+America%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffightthesmears.com%2Farticles%2F5%2Fbirthcertificate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> (Retrieved March 9, 2011), quoting in excerpts from: <CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210091436/http://www.factcheck.org/askfactcheck/does_barack_obama_have_kenyan_citizenship.html">"Does Barack Obama have Kenyan citizenship?"</A>. FactCheck.org (Annenberg Foundation). August 29, 2008. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factcheck.org/askfactcheck/does_barack_obama_have_kenyan_citizenship.html">the original</A> on December 10, 2008.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Does+Barack+Obama+have+Kenyan+citizenship%3F&rft.pub=FactCheck.org+%28Annenberg+Foundation%29&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2Faskfactcheck%2Fdoes_barack_obama_have_kenyan_citizenship.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>; see also: <CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5juMJpMhCS5TDzEF2Ds-frHSuHQLQ">"Obama hits back at Internet slanders"</A>. Agence France-Presse. June 12, 2008.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama+hits+back+at+Internet+slanders&rft.date=2008-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafp.google.com%2Farticle%2FALeqM5juMJpMhCS5TDzEF2Ds-frHSuHQLQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>; in a written oath to the State of Arizona, Obama further stated that he is a natural-born citizen (cf. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/11107727/Barack-Obama-Presidential-Candidate-Nomination-Paper-State-of-Arizona-2009">Candidate Nomination Paper</A>, <I>State of Arizona</I>, November 30, 2007).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-141"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-141"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Leo C. Donofrio v. Nina Mitchell Wells</I> (<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/08a407.htm">SCOTUS 08A407</A>) and <I>Cort Wrotnowski v. Susan Bysiewicz</I> (<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/08a469.htm">SCOTUS 08A469</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-142"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-142"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/22488868/ANKENY-v-GOVERNOR-OF-THE-STATE-OF-INDIANA-APPEALS-COURT-OPINION-11120903"><I>Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana</I></A> (Ind.App., 12 NOV 2009), Appeals Court Decision, 11120903</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-143"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-143"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE><I>Farrar v. Obama</I></CITE> (Office of State Administrative Hearings State of Georgia 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B_KEK8-LWmzhNWQ4MmI2ZGUtZDMwYi00ZGU4LTkxZTUtZjNkNjNhOGY2YWQ4&hl=en_US&pli=1">Text</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-144"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-144"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE><I>Tisdale v. Obama</I></CITE> (United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/80563782/Tisdale-v-Obama-et-al">Text</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-145"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-145"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hawaii.gov/health/about/pr/2008/08-93.pdf">Statement by Dr. Chiyome Fukino</A>, Department of Health, October 31, 2008</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-146"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-146"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32180625/ns/politics-white_house">"Hawaii reasserts Obama 'natural-born' citizen"</A>, MSNBC, July 28, 2009</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-147"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-147"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Hanna, Maddie (November 18, 2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322205639/http://www.concordmonitor.com/article/293382/birther-bid-to-derail-obama-blocked">"<SPAN style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</SPAN>Birther' bid to derail Obama blocked"</A>. <I>Concord Monitor</I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concordmonitor.com/article/293382/birther-bid-to-derail-obama-blocked">the original</A> on March 22, 2012.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Concord+Monitor&rft.atitle=%27Birther%27+bid+to+derail+Obama+blocked&rft.date=2011-11-18&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=Maddie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concordmonitor.com%2Farticle%2F293382%2Fbirther-bid-to-derail-obama-blocked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-148"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-148"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Velasco, Eric (January 9, 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2012/01/suit_to_keep_president_barack.html">"Suit to keep President Barack Obama off Alabama primary ballots dismissed by Jefferson County judge"</A>. Alabama: al.com.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Suit+to+keep+President+Barack+Obama+off+Alabama+primary+ballots+dismissed+by+Jefferson+County+judge&rft.date=2012-01-09&rft.aulast=Velasco&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.al.com%2Fspotnews%2F2012%2F01%2Fsuit_to_keep_president_barack.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-149"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-149"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE><I>Allen v. Obama</I></CITE> (Arizona Superior Court, Pima County February 24, 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/82737059/2012-02-24-AZ-ALLEN-v-OBAMA-ORDER-Dismissing-Complaint-Wo-Prejudice">Text</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-150"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-150"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos.ga.gov/pressrel/2012_releases/February/20120207Secretary%20of%20State%20Kemp%20Issues%20Final%20Decision%20on%20Challenge%20to%20President%20Barack%20Obama%E2%80%99s%20Eligibility%20and%20Qualifications.htm">Secretary of State Kemp Issues Final Decision on Challenge to President Barack Obama's Eligibility and Qualifications</A>, (February 7, 2012), Press Office of the Georgia Secretary of State.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-151"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-151"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Martin, Jonathan; Haberman, Maggie (March 22, 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/23/us/politics/ted-cruz-to-announce-on-monday-he-plans-to-run-for-president.html">"Ted Cruz Hopes Early Campaign Entry Will Focus Voters' Attention"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">March 23,</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ted+Cruz+Hopes+Early+Campaign+Entry+Will+Focus+Voters%27+Attention&rft.date=2015-03-22&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Haberman%2C+Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F23%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fted-cruz-to-announce-on-monday-he-plans-to-run-for-president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Congress_bio-152"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Congress_bio_152-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C001098">"Cruz, Rafael Edward (Ted), (1970 – )"</A>. <I>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</I>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Chin-153"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Chin_153-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Chin_153-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Chin, Gabriel (August 13, 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/13/opinion/chin-cruz-president/index.html">"Opinion: Ted Cruz can be president, probably"</A>. CNN.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-GillmasDallasMN12282013-154"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-GillmasDallasMN12282013_154-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Gillman, Todd (December 28, 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/headlines/20131228-ted-cruz-says-hes-hired-lawyers-to-renounce-canadian-citizenship.ece">"Ted Cruz says he's hired lawyers to renounce Canadian citizenship"</A>. <I>Dallas Morning News</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 30,</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dallas+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Ted+Cruz+says+he%27s+hired+lawyers+to+renounce+Canadian+citizenship&rft.date=2013-12-28&rft.aulast=Gillman&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fheadlines%2F20131228-ted-cruz-says-hes-hired-lawyers-to-renounce-canadian-citizenship.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-DMNGillman06102014-155"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-DMNGillman06102014_155-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Gillman, Todd (June 10, 2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trailblazersblog.dallasnews.com/2014/06/no-canada-sen-ted-cruz-has-formally-shed-his-dual-citizenship.html/">"No, Canada: Sen. Ted Cruz has formally shed his dual citizenship"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">June 10,</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dallas+Morning+News&rft.atitle=No%2C+Canada%3A+Sen.+Ted+Cruz+has+formally+shed+his+dual+citizenship&rft.date=2014-06-10&rft.aulast=Gillman&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrailblazersblog.dallasnews.com%2F2014%2F06%2Fno-canada-sen-ted-cruz-has-formally-shed-his-dual-citizenship.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-AaronWashPost08192013-156"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-AaronWashPost08192013_156-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Blake, Aaron (August 19, 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/08/19/cruz-will-renounce-canadian-citizenship/?wprss=rss_homepage">"Cruz Will Renounce Canadian Citizenship"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">August 20,</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Cruz+Will+Renounce+Canadian+Citizenship&rft.date=2013-08-19&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2013%2F08%2F19%2Fcruz-will-renounce-canadian-citizenship%2F%3Fwprss%3Drss_homepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-cruzclementkatyal-157"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-cruzclementkatyal_157-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-cruzclementkatyal_157-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Barnes, Robert (March 12, 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/03/12/legal-experts-cruzs-canadian-past-shouldnt-keep-him-out-of-the-oval-office/">"Legal experts: Cruz's Canadian birth won't keep him out of the Oval Office"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Legal+experts%3A+Cruz%27s+Canadian+birth+won%27t+keep+him+out+of+the+Oval+Office&rft.date=2015-03-12&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2015%2F03%2F12%2Flegal-experts-cruzs-canadian-past-shouldnt-keep-him-out-of-the-oval-office%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-hlrclementkatyal-158"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-hlrclementkatyal_158-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-hlrclementkatyal_158-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A href="/wiki/Neal_Katyal" title="Neal Katyal">Neal Katyal</A>; <A href="/wiki/Paul_Clement" title="Paul Clement">Paul Clement</A> (March 11, 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardlawreview.org/2015/03/on-the-meaning-of-natural-born-citizen/">"On the Meaning of 'Natural Born Citizen<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=On+the+Meaning+of+%27Natural+Born+Citizen%27&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft.au=Neal+Katyal&rft.au=Paul+Clement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharvardlawreview.org%2F2015%2F03%2Fon-the-meaning-of-natural-born-citizen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-159"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-159"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Chemerinsky, Erwin (January 13, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocregister.com/articles/born-699753-citizen-president.html">"Ted Cruz is eligible to be president"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Orange_County_Register" title="Orange County Register">Orange County Register</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orange+County+Register&rft.atitle=Ted+Cruz+is+eligible+to+be+president&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.aulast=Chemerinsky&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocregister.com%2Farticles%2Fborn-699753-citizen-president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-160"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-160"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Spiro, Peter (March 22, 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2015/03/22/is-ted-cruz-a-natural-born-citizen/">"Is Ted Cruz a 'Natural Born Citizen'?"</A>. <I>Opinio Juris</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opinio+Juris&rft.atitle=Is+Ted+Cruz+a+%27Natural+Born+Citizen%27%3F&rft.date=2015-03-22&rft.aulast=Spiro&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopiniojuris.org%2F2015%2F03%2F22%2Fis-ted-cruz-a-natural-born-citizen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>,</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-161"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-161"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Amar, Akhil (January 13, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/13/opinions/amar-cruz-trump-natural-born-citizen/">"Why Ted Cruz is eligible to be president"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Why+Ted+Cruz+is+eligible+to+be+president&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.aulast=Amar&rft.aufirst=Akhil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F01%2F13%2Fopinions%2Famar-cruz-trump-natural-born-citizen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-cruzvolokh-162"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-cruzvolokh_162-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-cruzvolokh_162-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-cruzvolokh_162-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Barnett, Randy (February 6, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2016/02/06/tribe-v-balkin-on-whether-ted-cruz-is-a-natural-born-citizen/">"Tribe v. Balkin on whether Ted Cruz is a "natural born citizen<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</SPAN>"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Tribe+v.+Balkin+on+whether+Ted+Cruz+is+a+%22natural+born+citizen%22&rft.date=2016-02-06&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fvolokh-conspiracy%2Fwp%2F2016%2F02%2F06%2Ftribe-v-balkin-on-whether-ted-cruz-is-a-natural-born-citizen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-163"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-163"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Garner, Bryan (January 14, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/01/ted-cruz-eligibility-memo/424206/">"Memorandum: Is Ted Cruz Eligible for the Presidency?"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Memorandum%3A+Is+Ted+Cruz+Eligible+for+the+Presidency%3F&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2016%2F01%2Fted-cruz-eligibility-memo%2F424206%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-164"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-164"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Adler, Jonathan (January 7, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2016/01/07/yes-ted-cruz-is-a-natural-born-citizen/">"Yes, Ted Cruz is a 'natural born citizen<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+Ted+Cruz+is+a+%E2%80%98natural+born+citizen%E2%80%99&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fvolokh-conspiracy%2Fwp%2F2016%2F01%2F07%2Fyes-ted-cruz-is-a-natural-born-citizen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-165"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-165"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Jacobs, Ben (January 10, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jan/11/laurence-tribe-ted-cruz-donald-trump-citizen-president">"Harvard scholar: Ted Cruz's citizenship, eligibility for president 'unsettled<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Harvard+scholar%3A+Ted+Cruz%27s+citizenship%2C+eligibility+for+president+%E2%80%98unsettled%E2%80%99&rft.date=2016-01-10&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2016%2Fjan%2F11%2Flaurence-tribe-ted-cruz-donald-trump-citizen-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-166"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-166"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Sunstein, Cass (January 12, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2016-01-12/is-cruz-natural-born-well-maybe">"Is Cruz 'Natural Born'? Well ... Maybe"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Bloomberg_View#Bloomberg_View" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg View">Bloomberg View</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+View&rft.atitle=Is+Cruz+%27Natural+Born%27%3F+Well+...+Maybe&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft.aulast=Sunstein&rft.aufirst=Cass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloombergview.com%2Farticles%2F2016-01-12%2Fis-cruz-natural-born-well-maybe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-167"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-167"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">McManamon, Mary Brigid (January 12, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/ted-cruz-is-not-eligible-to-be-president/2016/01/12/1484a7d0-b7af-11e5-99f3-184bc379b12d_story.html">"Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ted+Cruz+is+not+eligible+to+be+president&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft.aulast=McManamon&rft.aufirst=Mary+Brigid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fted-cruz-is-not-eligible-to-be-president%2F2016%2F01%2F12%2F1484a7d0-b7af-11e5-99f3-184bc379b12d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-168"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-168"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Elhauge, Einer (January 20, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2016/01/20/ted_cruz_is_not_eligible_to_run_for_president_a_harvard_law_professor_close_reads_the_constitution/">"Ted Cruz is not eligible to run for president: A Harvard law professor close-reads the Constitution"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Salon_(website)" title="Salon (website)">Salon</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Ted+Cruz+is+not+eligible+to+run+for+president%3A+A+Harvard+law+professor+close-reads+the+Constitution&rft.date=2016-01-20&rft.aulast=Elhauge&rft.aufirst=Einer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2016%2F01%2F20%2Fted_cruz_is_not_eligible_to_run_for_president_a_harvard_law_professor_close_reads_the_constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-169"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-169"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Clinton, Robert (January 27, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2016-01-27/ted-cruz-is-not-a-natural-born-citizen-according-to-the-constitution">"Ted Cruz Isn't a 'Natural Born' Citizen: According to the Constitution, because Sen. Ted Cruz was not born in the United States, he is not eligible to run for president"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Ted+Cruz+Isn%27t+a+%27Natural+Born%27+Citizen%3A+According+to+the+Constitution%2C+because+Sen.+Ted+Cruz+was+not+born+in+the+United+States%2C+he+is+not+eligible+to+run+for+president.&rft.date=2016-01-27&rft.aulast=Clinton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fopinion%2Farticles%2F2016-01-27%2Fted-cruz-is-not-a-natural-born-citizen-according-to-the-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-170"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-170"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Posner, Eric (February 8, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/view_from_chicago/2016/02/trump_is_right_ted_cruz_is_not_eligible_to_be_president.html">"Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Ted+Cruz+Is+Not+Eligible+to+Be+President&rft.date=2016-02-08&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fview_from_chicago%2F2016%2F02%2Ftrump_is_right_ted_cruz_is_not_eligible_to_be_president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Williams-171"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Williams_171-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Williams_171-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Adler, Jonathan (April 9, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2016/04/09/law-professor-runs-for-president-in-order-to-challenge-ted-cruzs-eligibility/">"Law professor runs for president in order to challenge Ted Cruz's eligibility"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Law+professor+runs+for+president+in+order+to+challenge+Ted+Cruz%E2%80%99s+eligibility&rft.date=2016-04-09&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fvolokh-conspiracy%2Fwp%2F2016%2F04%2F09%2Flaw-professor-runs-for-president-in-order-to-challenge-ted-cruzs-eligibility%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-172"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-172"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radio.foxnews.com/2015/11/25/grayson-ill-filea-lawsuit-against-ted-cruz-if-hes-the-nominee/">"Grayson: I'll File A Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz If He's The Nominee"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/FOX_News" class="mw-redirect" title="FOX News">FOX News</A></I>. November 25, 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FOX+News&rft.atitle=Grayson%3A+I%E2%80%99ll+File+A+Lawsuit+Against+Ted+Cruz+If+He%E2%80%99s+The+Nominee&rft.date=2015-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradio.foxnews.com%2F2015%2F11%2F25%2Fgrayson-ill-filea-lawsuit-against-ted-cruz-if-hes-the-nominee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-US&WR-173"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-US&WR_173-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-US&WR_173-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Nelson, Steven (March 24, 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/03/24/ted-cruz-inherits-birthers-with-presidential-bid">"Ted Cruz Inherits 'Birthers' With Presidential Bid"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Ted+Cruz+Inherits+%27Birthers%27+With+Presidential+Bid&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2015%2F03%2F24%2Fted-cruz-inherits-birthers-with-presidential-bid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-174"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-174"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Koplowitz, Howard (March 26, 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/birther-20-can-ted-cruz-run-president-hes-even-worse-obama-citizenship-skeptic-says-1860804">"Birther 2.0: Can Ted Cruz Run For President? 'He's Even Worse Than Obama,' Citizenship Skeptic Says"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Birther+2.0%3A+Can+Ted+Cruz+Run+For+President%3F+%27He%27s+Even+Worse+Than+Obama%2C%27+Citizenship+Skeptic+Says&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.aulast=Koplowitz&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fbirther-20-can-ted-cruz-run-president-hes-even-worse-obama-citizenship-skeptic-says-1860804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-175"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-175"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/01/15/trump-cruz-clash-over-eligibility-new-york-values-at-gop-debate.html">"Trump, Cruz clash over eligibility, 'New York values' at GOP debate"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</A></I>. January 15, 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Trump%2C+Cruz+clash+over+eligibility%2C+%E2%80%98New+York+values%E2%80%99+at+GOP+debate&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2F01%2F15%2Ftrump-cruz-clash-over-eligibility-new-york-values-at-gop-debate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-176"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-176"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Weigel, David (January 13, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/01/13/huckabee-joins-the-republicans-with-questions-about-cruzs-eligibility/">"Huckabee joins the Republicans with questions about Cruz's eligibility"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/ABC_News" title="ABC News">ABC News</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Huckabee+joins+the+Republicans+with+questions+about+Cruz%E2%80%99s+eligibility&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2016%2F01%2F13%2Fhuckabee-joins-the-republicans-with-questions-about-cruzs-eligibility%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-177"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-177"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Brody, Ben (January 12, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2016-01-12/few-colleagues-defend-cruz-as-white-house-eligibility-is-questioned">"Few Colleagues Defend Cruz as White House Eligibility Is Questioned"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Few+Colleagues+Defend+Cruz+as+White+House+Eligibility+Is+Questioned&rft.date=2016-01-12&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticles%2F2016-01-12%2Ffew-colleagues-defend-cruz-as-white-house-eligibility-is-questioned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-178"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-178"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Mielke, Brad (November 13, 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/voters-kick-ted-cruz-bernie-sanders-off-nh/story?id=35186897">"Some Voters Trying to Kick Ted Cruz and Bernie Sanders Off NH Ballot"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/ABC_News" title="ABC News">ABC News</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Some+Voters+Trying+to+Kick+Ted+Cruz+and+Bernie+Sanders+Off+NH+Ballot&rft.date=2015-11-13&rft.aulast=Mielke&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Fvoters-kick-ted-cruz-bernie-sanders-off-nh%2Fstory%3Fid%3D35186897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BLC-179"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-BLC_179-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BLC_179-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Tuohy, Dan (November 24, 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionleader.com/Primary_Ballot_Commission_upholds_candidates">"BLC upholds Sanders, Trump on primary ballots"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Union_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Leader">Union Leader</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Union+Leader&rft.atitle=BLC+upholds+Sanders%2C+Trump+on+primary+ballots&rft.date=2015-11-24&rft.aulast=Tuohy&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unionleader.com%2FPrimary_Ballot_Commission_upholds_candidates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Rutland_Herald-180"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Rutland_Herald_180-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Rutland_Herald_180-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Rutland_Herald_180-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Blaisdell, Eric (January 1, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219082825/http://www.rutlandherald.com/article/20160101/NEWS03/160109989">"Vermonter tries to keep names off presidential ballot"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Rutland_Herald" title="Rutland Herald">Rutland Herald</A></I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rutlandherald.com/article/20160101/NEWS03/160109989">the original</A> on February 19, 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rutland+Herald&rft.atitle=Vermonter+tries+to+keep+names+off+presidential+ballot&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.aulast=Blaisdell&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rutlandherald.com%2Farticle%2F20160101%2FNEWS03%2F160109989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Florida_challenge-181"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Florida_challenge_181-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Florida_challenge_181-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Leary, Alex (January 14, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219092734/http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/the-buzz-florida-politics/rubio-seeks-to-dismiss-court-challenge-to-his-eligibility-to-be-president/2261269">"Marco Rubio seeks to dismiss court challenge to his eligibility to be president"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times" title="Tampa Bay Times">Tampa Bay Times</A></I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/the-buzz-florida-politics/rubio-seeks-to-dismiss-court-challenge-to-his-eligibility-to-be-president/2261269">the original</A> on February 19, 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Marco+Rubio+seeks+to+dismiss+court+challenge+to+his+eligibility+to+be+president&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.aulast=Leary&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe-buzz-florida-politics%2Frubio-seeks-to-dismiss-court-challenge-to-his-eligibility-to-be-president%2F2261269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Florida_dismissal-182"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Florida_dismissal_182-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Florida_dismissal_182-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Sherman, Amy (March 4, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/broward/article64022392.html">"Broward judge tosses case seeking to remove Marco Rubio and Ted Cruz from Florida ballot"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Broward+judge+tosses+case+seeking+to+remove+Marco+Rubio+and+Ted+Cruz+from+Florida+ballot&rft.date=2016-03-04&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fcommunity%2Fbroward%2Farticle64022392.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-183"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-183"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Calkins, Laurel Brubaker (January 14, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-15/cruz-s-natural-born-citizen-status-challenged-in-birther-suit">"Cruz's 'Natural-Born Citizen' Status Tested in Birther Suit"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Cruz%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%98Natural-Born+Citizen%E2%80%99+Status+Tested+in+Birther+Suit&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.aulast=Calkins&rft.aufirst=Laurel+Brubaker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-01-15%2Fcruz-s-natural-born-citizen-status-challenged-in-birther-suit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-184"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-184"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Koh, Elizabeth (February 23, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trailblazersblog.dallasnews.com/2016/02/cruz-asks-judge-to-dismiss-texas-lawsuit-on-presidential-eligibility.html/">"Cruz asks judge to dismiss Texas lawsuit on presidential eligibility"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dallas+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Cruz+asks+judge+to+dismiss+Texas+lawsuit+on+presidential+eligibility&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft.aulast=Koh&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrailblazersblog.dallasnews.com%2F2016%2F02%2Fcruz-asks-judge-to-dismiss-texas-lawsuit-on-presidential-eligibility.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-185"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-185"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Banks, Gabrielle (April 13, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Birther-lawsuit-against-Cruz-on-the-docket-7245754.php">"Judge tosses birther lawsuit against Ted Cruz"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Judge+tosses+birther+lawsuit+against+Ted+Cruz&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fnews%2Fhouston-texas%2Farticle%2FBirther-lawsuit-against-Cruz-on-the-docket-7245754.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-186"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-186"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Ben Winslow and Max Roth (January 26, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fox13now.com/2016/01/26/a-utah-man-is-suing-ted-cruz-claiming-hes-not-a-natural-born-citizen/">"Utah man suing Ted Cruz claiming he's not a natural-born citizen"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/KSTU" title="KSTU">KSTU</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KSTU&rft.atitle=Utah+man+suing+Ted+Cruz+claiming+he%E2%80%99s+not+a+natural-born+citizen&rft.date=2016-01-26&rft.au=Ben+Winslow+and+Max+Roth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffox13now.com%2F2016%2F01%2F26%2Fa-utah-man-is-suing-ted-cruz-claiming-hes-not-a-natural-born-citizen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-187"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-187"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Koh, Elizabeth (March 21, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trailblazersblog.dallasnews.com/2016/03/utah-judge-dismisses-challenge-to-cruzs-presidential-eligibility.html/">"Utah judge dismisses 5th challenge this month to Cruz's presidential eligibility"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dallas+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Utah+judge+dismisses+5th+challenge+this+month+to+Cruz%E2%80%99s+presidential+eligibility&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft.aulast=Koh&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrailblazersblog.dallasnews.com%2F2016%2F03%2Futah-judge-dismisses-challenge-to-cruzs-presidential-eligibility.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Illinois_ballot-188"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Illinois_ballot_188-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Illinois_ballot_188-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Kopan, Tal (January 15, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/15/politics/ted-cruz-donald-trump-birther-movement-marco-rubio/">"Ted Cruz not the only one with a birther challenge"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Ted+Cruz+not+the+only+one+with+a+birther+challenge&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft.aulast=Kopan&rft.aufirst=Tal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F01%2F15%2Fpolitics%2Fted-cruz-donald-trump-birther-movement-marco-rubio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-189"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-189"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Gregory, John (January 8, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://altondailynews.com/news/details.cfm?clientid=17&id=202660#.VqUfR4-cFPY">"Cruz's Birthplace Challenged in Illinois"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/WBGZ" title="WBGZ">WBGZ</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WBGZ&rft.atitle=Cruz%27s+Birthplace+Challenged+in+Illinois&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faltondailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fdetails.cfm%3Fclientid%3D17%26id%3D202660%23.VqUfR4-cFPY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Illinois_ruling-190"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Illinois_ruling_190-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Illinois_ruling_190-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Farias, Cristian (February 2, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/ted-cruz-natural-born-illinois_us_56b10542e4b0a1b96203f393">"Ted Cruz Is A 'Natural Born Citizen,' Board Of Election Finds"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Ted+Cruz+Is+A+%27Natural+Born+Citizen%2C%27+Board+Of+Election+Finds&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft.aulast=Farias&rft.aufirst=Cristian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fted-cruz-natural-born-illinois_us_56b10542e4b0a1b96203f393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-191"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-191"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Schleifer, Theodore (February 18, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/18/politics/ted-cruz-birther-lawsuit-illinois/index.html">"Case against Ted Cruz's eligibility to be heard in Illinois on Friday"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Case+against+Ted+Cruz%27s+eligibility+to+be+heard+in+Illinois+on+Friday&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft.aulast=Schleifer&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F02%2F18%2Fpolitics%2Fted-cruz-birther-lawsuit-illinois%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-192"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-192"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Ortiz, Fiona (March 1, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-cruz-court-idUSKCN0W3578">"Illinois judge dismisses Cruz eligibility complaint"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Illinois+judge+dismisses+Cruz+eligibility+complaint&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft.aulast=Ortiz&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-election-cruz-court-idUSKCN0W3578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-193"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-193"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Delano, Jon (February 24, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2016/02/24/pa-attorney-challenging-ted-cruzs-right-to-run-in-states-republican-primary/">"Pa. Attorney Challenging Ted Cruz's Right To Run In State's Republican Primary"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/KDKA-TV" title="KDKA-TV">KDKA-TV</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KDKA-TV&rft.atitle=Pa.+Attorney+Challenging+Ted+Cruz%E2%80%99s+Right+To+Run+In+State%E2%80%99s+Republican+Primary&rft.date=2016-02-24&rft.aulast=Delano&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpittsburgh.cbslocal.com%2F2016%2F02%2F24%2Fpa-attorney-challenging-ted-cruzs-right-to-run-in-states-republican-primary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-194"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-194"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</A> (February 25, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpxi.com/news/news/state-regional/kasich-cruz-ballot-paperwork-challenged-pennsylvan/nqX8R/">"Kasich, Cruz ballot paperwork challenged in Pennsylvania"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/WPXI" title="WPXI">WPXI</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WPXI&rft.atitle=Kasich%2C+Cruz+ballot+paperwork+challenged+in+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2016-02-25&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wpxi.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fstate-regional%2Fkasich-cruz-ballot-paperwork-challenged-pennsylvan%2FnqX8R%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-195"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-195"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</A> (March 11, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abc27.com/2016/03/11/cruzs-citizenship-case-may-go-to-pennsylvania-supreme-court/">"Cruz's citizenship case may go to Pennsylvania Supreme Court"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/WHTM-TV" title="WHTM-TV">WHTM-TV</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WHTM-TV&rft.atitle=Cruz%E2%80%99s+citizenship+case+may+go+to+Pennsylvania+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2016-03-11&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabc27.com%2F2016%2F03%2F11%2Fcruzs-citizenship-case-may-go-to-pennsylvania-supreme-court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-196"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-196"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Passarella, Gina (March 21, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelegalintelligencer.com/id=1202752679252/Appeal-of-Cruzs-Ballot-Eligibility-FastTracked">"Appeal of Cruz's Ballot Eligibility Fast-Tracked"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Legal_Intelligencer" title="The Legal Intelligencer">The Legal Intelligencer</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Legal+Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Appeal+of+Cruz%27s+Ballot+Eligibility+Fast-Tracked&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft.aulast=Passarella&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelegalintelligencer.com%2Fid%3D1202752679252%2FAppeal-of-Cruzs-Ballot-Eligibility-FastTracked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-197"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-197"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Koh, Elizabeth (March 31, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trailblazersblog.dallasnews.com/2016/03/pennsylvania-supreme-court-affirms-cruzs-eligibility-to-be-president.html/">"Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirms Cruz's eligibility to be president"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dallas+Morning+News&rft.atitle=Pennsylvania+Supreme+Court+affirms+Cruz%E2%80%99s+eligibility+to+be+president&rft.date=2016-03-31&rft.aulast=Koh&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrailblazersblog.dallasnews.com%2F2016%2F03%2Fpennsylvania-supreme-court-affirms-cruzs-eligibility-to-be-president.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Arkansas_suit-198"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Arkansas_suit_198-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Arkansas_suit_198-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Lanning, Curt (February 8, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkansasmatters.com/news/local-news/lawsuit-remove-cruz-and-rubio-from-ark-ballot">"Lawsuit: Remove Cruz and Rubio from Ark. Ballot"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/KARK-TV" title="KARK-TV">KARK-TV</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KARK-TV&rft.atitle=Lawsuit%3A+Remove+Cruz+and+Rubio+from+Ark.+Ballot&rft.date=2016-02-08&rft.aulast=Lanning&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkansasmatters.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Flawsuit-remove-cruz-and-rubio-from-ark-ballot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Arkansas_dismissal-199"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Arkansas_dismissal_199-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Arkansas_dismissal_199-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Manley, Marci (February 29, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkansasmatters.com/news/local-news/judge-dismisses-suit-requesting-cruz-rubio-be-removed-from-arkansas-ballots">"Judge Dismisses Suit Requesting Cruz, Rubio Be Deemed Ineligible for Presidential Election"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/KARK-TV" title="KARK-TV">KARK-TV</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KARK-TV&rft.atitle=Judge+Dismisses+Suit+Requesting+Cruz%2C+Rubio+Be+Deemed+Ineligible+for+Presidential+Election&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft.aulast=Manley&rft.aufirst=Marci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkansasmatters.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fjudge-dismisses-suit-requesting-cruz-rubio-be-removed-from-arkansas-ballots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-200"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-200"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Koplowitz, Howard (February 5, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al.com/news/index.ssf/2016/02/is_ted_cruz_eligible_for_potus.html">"Alabama residents' lawsuit claims Ted Cruz ineligible to run for president"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_News" title="The Birmingham News">The Birmingham News</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Birmingham+News&rft.atitle=Alabama+residents%27+lawsuit+claims+Ted+Cruz+ineligible+to+run+for+president&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft.aulast=Koplowitz&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2016%2F02%2Fis_ted_cruz_eligible_for_potus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Indchallenge-201"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Indchallenge_201-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Indchallenge_201-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Cook, Tony (February 16, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2016/02/18/cruz-rubio-presidential-candidacies-face-citizenship-challenges-indiana/80560572/">"Cruz, Rubio presidential candidacies face citizenship challenges in Indiana"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Indianapolis_Star" title="The Indianapolis Star">The Indianapolis Star</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indianapolis+Star&rft.atitle=Cruz%2C+Rubio+presidential+candidacies+face+citizenship+challenges+in+Indiana&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indystar.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2016%2F02%2F18%2Fcruz-rubio-presidential-candidacies-face-citizenship-challenges-indiana%2F80560572%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-IBJ-202"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-IBJ_202-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-IBJ_202-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</A> (February 19, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibj.com/articles/57309-cruz-rubio-remain-eligible-for-indiana-presidential-ballots">"Cruz, Rubio remain eligible for Indiana presidential ballots"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Business_Journal" title="Indianapolis Business Journal">Indianapolis Business Journal</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indianapolis+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Cruz%2C+Rubio+remain+eligible+for+Indiana+presidential+ballots&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibj.com%2Farticles%2F57309-cruz-rubio-remain-eligible-for-indiana-presidential-ballots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-203"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-203"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Ross, Barbara (February 18, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/new-yorkers-seek-court-order-ted-cruz-ballot-article-1.2536639">"New Yorkers seek court order to keep Ted Cruz off the ballot in state Republican presidential primaries because he was born in Canada"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News (New York)">Daily News (New York)</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+%28New+York%29&rft.atitle=New+Yorkers+seek+court+order+to+keep+Ted+Cruz+off+the+ballot+in+state+Republican+presidential+primaries+because+he+was+born+in+Canada&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnew-york%2Fnew-yorkers-seek-court-order-ted-cruz-ballot-article-1.2536639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-NYchallenge-204"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-NYchallenge_204-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-NYchallenge_204-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-NYchallenge_204-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Seiler, Casey (February 18, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.timesunion.com/capitol/archives/246279/state-boe-receives-flurry-of-natural-born-objections-to-rubio-cruz/">"State BOE receives flurry of 'natural-born' objections to Rubio, Cruz"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Times_Union_(Albany)" title="Times Union (Albany)">Times Union</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Union&rft.atitle=State+BOE+receives+flurry+of+%E2%80%98natural-born%E2%80%99+objections+to+Rubio%2C+Cruz&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft.aulast=Seiler&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.timesunion.com%2Fcapitol%2Farchives%2F246279%2Fstate-boe-receives-flurry-of-natural-born-objections-to-rubio-cruz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-205"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-205"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Seiler, Casey (March 7, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.timesunion.com/capitol/archives/246804/challenge-to-cruzs-natural-born-status-dismissed-due-to-blown-deadlines/">"Challenge to Cruz's 'natural born' status dismissed due to blown deadlines"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Times_Union_(Albany)" title="Times Union (Albany)">Times Union</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Union&rft.atitle=Challenge+to+Cruz%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%98natural+born%E2%80%99+status+dismissed+due+to+blown+deadlines&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft.aulast=Seiler&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.timesunion.com%2Fcapitol%2Farchives%2F246804%2Fchallenge-to-cruzs-natural-born-status-dismissed-due-to-blown-deadlines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-NY_suit-206"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-NY_suit_206-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-NY_suit_206-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Pinciaro, Joseph (March 15, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suffolktimes.timesreview.com/2016/03/66416/ted-cruz-ballot-eligibility-challenged-in-federal-court-by-calverton-man/">"Ted Cruz ballot eligibility challenged in federal court by Calverton man"</A>. <I>Suffolk Times</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Suffolk+Times&rft.atitle=Ted+Cruz+ballot+eligibility+challenged+in+federal+court+by+Calverton+man&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft.aulast=Pinciaro&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuffolktimes.timesreview.com%2F2016%2F03%2F66416%2Fted-cruz-ballot-eligibility-challenged-in-federal-court-by-calverton-man%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-207"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-207"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Terkel, Amanda (April 13, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/ted-cruz-citizen_us_570e5716e4b08a2d32b880f0">"New Jersey Judge Rejects Birther Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=New+Jersey+Judge+Rejects+Birther+Lawsuit+Against+Ted+Cruz&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft.aulast=Terkel&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fted-cruz-citizen_us_570e5716e4b08a2d32b880f0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-208"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-208"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Merda, Chad (February 3, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204093102/http://national.suntimes.com/national-world-news/7/72/2541002/ted-cruz-illinois-natural-born-citizen/">"Illinois election board: Ted Cruz is a natural-born citizen"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</A></I>. Chicago, Illinois. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://national.suntimes.com/national-world-news/7/72/2541002/ted-cruz-illinois-natural-born-citizen">the original</A> on February 4, 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">February 4,</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>. <Q>The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth," the board said. It pointed out that Cruz "did not have to take any steps to go through a naturalization process at some point after birth" and therefore "further discussion on this issue is unnecessary.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Illinois+election+board%3A+Ted+Cruz+is+a+natural-born+citizen&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft.aulast=Merda&rft.aufirst=Chad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnational.suntimes.com%2Fnational-world-news%2F7%2F72%2F2541002%2Fted-cruz-illinois-natural-born-citizen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-209"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-209"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Katie Glueck and Shane Goldmacher (May 3, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2016/05/ted-cruz-drops-out-of-presidential-race-222763">"Ted Cruz drops out of presidential race"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Ted+Cruz+drops+out+of+presidential+race&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft.au=Katie+Glueck+and+Shane+Goldmacher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2016%2F05%2Fted-cruz-drops-out-of-presidential-race-222763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-210"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-210"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Ashley Parker and Alan Rappeport (April 13, 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/14/us/politics/marco-rubio-2016-presidential-campaign.html?_r=0">"Marco Rubio Announces 2016 Presidential Bid"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Marco+Rubio+Announces+2016+Presidential+Bid&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft.au=Ashley+Parker+and+Alan+Rappeport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F04%2F14%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fmarco-rubio-2016-presidential-campaign.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-211"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-211"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Fernandez, Manny (January 24, 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/25/us/politics/bobby-jindal-announces-bid-for-president.html">"Bobby Jindal Announces Run for President"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bobby+Jindal+Announces+Run+for+President&rft.date=2015-01-24&rft.aulast=Fernandez&rft.aufirst=Manny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F25%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbobby-jindal-announces-bid-for-president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-212"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-212"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Tom LoBianco and Jeff Zeleny (November 17, 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/17/politics/bobby-jindal-announces-he-is-ending-presidential-campaign/index.html">"Bobby Jindal announces he is ending presidential campaign"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Bobby+Jindal+announces+he+is+ending+presidential+campaign&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft.au=Tom+LoBianco+and+Jeff+Zeleny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F11%2F17%2Fpolitics%2Fbobby-jindal-announces-he-is-ending-presidential-campaign%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-213"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-213"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Peters, Jeremy (March 15, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/us/politics/marco-rubio.html">"Marco Rubio Suspends His Presidential Campaign"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Marco+Rubio+Suspends+His+Presidential+Campaign&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F03%2F16%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fmarco-rubio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-214"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-214"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Smith, Emily (October 18, 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pagesix.com/2013/10/18/schwarzenegger-mounting-legal-challenge-to-run-for-president/">"Arnold lobbies for White House run"</A>. <I>New York Post</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 19,</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=Arnold+lobbies+for+White+House+run&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft.au=Smith%2C+Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpagesix.com%2F2013%2F10%2F18%2Fschwarzenegger-mounting-legal-challenge-to-run-for-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-215"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-215"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Blake, Aaron (October 18, 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/10/18/schwarzenegger-denies-hes-aiming-for-president">"Schwarzenegger denies he's aiming for president"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Schwarzenegger+denies+he%E2%80%99s+aiming+for+president&rft.date=2013-10-18&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fpost-politics%2Fwp%2F2013%2F10%2F18%2Fschwarzenegger-denies-hes-aiming-for-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANatural-born-citizen+clause" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Natural-born-citizen_clause&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI>John Yinger, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.maxwell.syr.edu/jyinger/Citizenship/history.htm">Essay</A> on the Presidential Eligibility clause and on the origins and interpretation of <I>natural born citizen</I>.</LI>
<LI>Jill A. Pryor, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/pryor_note.pdf">"The Natural Born Citizen Clause and the Presidential Eligibility Clause; Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty"</A>, <I>Yale Law Journal</I>, Vol. 97, 1988, pp. 881–899.</LI>
<LI>Sarah P. Herlihy, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3528&context=cklawreview">"Amending the Natural Born Citizen Requirement: Globalization as the Impetus and the Obstacle"</A>, <I>Chicago-Kent Law Review</I>, Vol. 81, 2006, pp. 275–300.</LI>
<LI>Lawrence Friedman, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.slu.edu/sites/default/files/Journals/lawrence_friedman_article_0.pdf">"An Idea Whose Time has Come - The Curious History, Uncertain Effect, and Need for Amendment of the 'Natural Born Citizen' Requirement for the Presidency"</A>, <I>St. Louis Univ. Law Journal</I>, Vol. 52, 2007, pp. 137–150.</LI>
<LI>U.S. Constitution Online, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_citi.html">Constitutional Topic: Citizenship</A>.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/abus/pres_elig.htm">Presidential Eligibility Constitution Society</A><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><SPAN title=" Dead link since April 2018">dead link</SPAN></A></I>]</SPAN></SUP></LI>
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<DIV id="United_States_Constitution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</A></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles</TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Preamble to the United States Constitution">Preamble</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">I</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">II</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">III</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">IV</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">V</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">VI</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_Seven_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Seven of the United States Constitution">VII</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amendments</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ratified</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bill of Rights</TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">1</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">2</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Third Amendment to the United States Constitution">3</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">4</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">5</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">6</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">7</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">8</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution">9</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">10</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">11</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">12</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">16</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">17</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">18</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">20</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">21</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">22</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">25</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
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</TD>
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<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pending</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" title="Congressional Apportionment Amendment">Congressional Apportionment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment" title="Titles of Nobility Amendment">Titles of Nobility</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Child_Labor_Amendment" title="Child Labor Amendment">Child Labor</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Repealed</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighteenth Amendment</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unsuccessful</TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment" title="District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment">District of Columbia Voting Rights</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="List of amendments to the United States Constitution">List of Amendments</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</A> <SMALL>(Amendments 1–10)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</A> <SMALL>(Amendments 13–15)</SMALL></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution">Amendment proposals in Congress</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution">Convention to propose amendments</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/State_ratifying_conventions" title="State ratifying conventions">State ratifying conventions</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Plan" title="New Jersey Plan">New Jersey Plan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Connecticut_Compromise" title="Connecticut Compromise">Connecticut Compromise</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Three-Fifths_Compromise" title="Three-Fifths Compromise">Three-Fifths Compromise</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Committee_of_Detail" title="Committee of Detail">Committee of Detail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Signing of the United States Constitution">Signing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Compromise" title="Massachusetts Compromise">Massachusetts Compromise</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Convention" title="Hillsborough Convention">Hillsborough Convention</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution_by_Rhode_Island" title="Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island">Rhode Island ratification</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification timeline</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clauses</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Appointments</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_9:_Limits_on_Congress" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Appropriations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Assistance_of_Counsel_Clause" title="Assistance of Counsel Clause">Assistance of Counsel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bills_of_credit" title="Bills of credit">Bills of credit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Case_or_Controversy_Clause" title="Case or Controversy Clause">Case or Controversy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Citizenship_Clause" title="Citizenship Clause">Citizenship</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Compact_Clause" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Compact</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Compulsory_Process_Clause" title="Compulsory Process Clause">Compulsory Process</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Confrontation_Clause" title="Confrontation Clause">Confrontation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Congressional enforcement</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Contract_Clause" title="Contract Clause">Contract</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright and Patent</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Postal_Clause" title="Postal Clause">Postal</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges and Immunities Clause">Privileges and Immunities</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges or Immunities Clause">Privileges or Immunities</A></LI>
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document_title: Natural-born-citizen clause

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question_text: does an american president have to be born in the united states