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<TITLE>Great Wall of China - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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			<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Great Wall of China</H1>
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Great Wall" redirects here. For other uses, see <A href="/wiki/Great_Wall_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Great Wall (disambiguation)">Great Wall (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
<TABLE class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH colspan="2" class="fn org" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">Great Wall of China</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><SPAN class="nickname" lang="zh-hans">萬里長城</SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: center"><A href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling-edit.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling-edit.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling-edit.jpg/240px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling-edit.jpg" width="240" height="159" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling-edit.jpg/360px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling-edit.jpg/480px-The_Great_Wall_of_China_at_Jinshanling-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></A>
<DIV style="text-align: center">The Great Wall of China at <A href="/wiki/Jinshanling" title="Jinshanling">Jinshanling</A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: center"><A href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Map of the Great Wall of China.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Map_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg" width="220" height="177" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Map_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Map_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg/440px-Map_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="2133" /></A>
<DIV style="text-align: center">Map of all the wall constructions</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed">General information</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Type</TH>
<TD class="category">Fortification</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Country</TH>
<TD>China</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</A></TH>
<TD><SPAN class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><A class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_China&params=40.68_N_117.23_E_region:CN_type:landmark"><SPAN class="geo-nondefault"><SPAN class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><SPAN class="latitude">40°41′N</SPAN> <SPAN class="longitude">117°14′E</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="geo-multi-punct"> / </SPAN><SPAN class="geo-default"><SPAN class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.68°N 117.23°E</SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> / <SPAN class="geo">40.68; 117.23</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: small;"><SPAN id="coordinates"><A href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</A>: <SPAN class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><A class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Great_Wall_of_China&params=40.68_N_117.23_E_region:CN_type:landmark"><SPAN class="geo-nondefault"><SPAN class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><SPAN class="latitude">40°41′N</SPAN> <SPAN class="longitude">117°14′E</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="geo-multi-punct"> / </SPAN><SPAN class="geo-default"><SPAN class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.68°N 117.23°E</SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> / <SPAN class="geo">40.68; 117.23</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed">Technical details</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Size</TH>
<TD>21,196 km (13,171 mi)<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed"></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ddd;"><A href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</A></TH>
<TD>Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (vi) <A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12501?uselang=en#P2614" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><IMG alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Reference</TH>
<TD><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438">438</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Inscription</TH>
<TD>1987 <SMALL>(11th <A href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</A>)</SMALL></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<DIV style="text-align: right;">[<A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12501" class="extiw" title="d:Q12501">edit on Wikidata</A>]</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display:none">
<TH colspan="2"></TH>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE class="infobox" style="width:22em">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;">Great Wall of China</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</A></TH>
<TD><SPAN style="font-size: 1rem"><SPAN lang="zh-Hans">长城</SPAN></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</A></TH>
<TD><SPAN style="font-size: 1rem"><SPAN lang="zh-Hant">長城</SPAN></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</TH>
<TD>"The Long Wall"</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<TABLE class="infobox collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent" id="collapsibleTable0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton0" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>Transcriptions</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><A href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</A></TH>
<TD>Chángchéng</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</A></TH>
<TD>Ch'ang<SUP>2</SUP>-ch'eng</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</A></TH>
<TD><SPAN class="IPA" style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʰǎŋ.ʈʂʰə̌ŋ]</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><A href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;">Romanization</TH>
<TD>Saon<SUP>平</SUP> sen<SUP>平</SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><A href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</A></TH>
<TD>Cheung<SUP>4</SUP> sing<SUP>4</SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</A></TH>
<TD><SPAN class="IPA" style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Cantonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA for Cantonese">[tsʰœ̏ːŋ.sȅŋ]</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</A></TH>
<TD>Coeng<SUP>4</SUP>sing<SUP>4</SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><A href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</A> <A href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</A></TH>
<TD>Tn̂g-siâⁿ</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</A></TH>
<TD>Tn̂g-siânn</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</A></TH>
<TD><SPAN style="font-size: 1rem"><SPAN lang="zh-Hans">万里长城</SPAN></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</A></TH>
<TD><SPAN style="font-size: 1rem"><SPAN lang="zh-Hant">萬里長城</SPAN></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</TH>
<TD>"The 10,000-Mile Long Wall"</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<TABLE class="infobox collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent" id="collapsibleTable1">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton1" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>Transcriptions</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><A href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;">Romanization</TH>
<TD>Vae<SUP>上</SUP>-li<SUP>平</SUP> saon<SUP>入</SUP>-sen<SUP>入</SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><A href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</A></TH>
<TD>Maan<SUP>6</SUP>lei<SUP>5</SUP> Cheung<SUP>4</SUP>sing<SUP>4</SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</A></TH>
<TD><SPAN class="IPA" style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Cantonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA for Cantonese">[màːn.le̬i tsʰœ̏ːŋ.sȅŋ]</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</A></TH>
<TD>Maan<SUP>6</SUP>-lei<SUP>5</SUP> coeng<SUP>4</SUP>-sing<SUP>4</SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #dcffc9;"><A href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</A></TH>
<TD>Bān-lí tn̂g-siânn</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display:none">
<TD colspan="2"></TD>
</TR>
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<P>The <B>Great Wall of China</B> is a series of <A href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</A> made of stone, brick, <A href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">tamped earth</A>, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the <A href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">Chinese states</A> and <A href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">empires</A> against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the <A href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</A>. Several walls were being built as early as the 7th century BC;<SUP id="cite_ref-nyt_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-nyt-2">[2]</A></SUP> these, later joined together and made bigger and stronger, are collectively referred to as the Great Wall.<SUP id="cite_ref-Brit_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Brit-3">[3]</A></SUP> Especially famous is the wall built 220–206 BC by <A href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</A>, the first Emperor of China. Little of that wall remains. The Great Wall has been rebuilt, maintained, and enhanced; the majority of the existing wall is from the <A href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</A> (1368–1644).</P>
<P>Other purposes of the Great Wall have included <A href="/wiki/Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">border controls</A>, allowing the imposition of duties on goods transported along the <A href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</A>, regulation or encouragement of trade and the control of immigration and emigration. Furthermore, the defensive characteristics of the Great Wall were enhanced by the construction of watch towers, troop barracks, garrison stations, signaling capabilities through the means of smoke or fire, and the fact that the path of the Great Wall also served as a transportation corridor.</P>
<P>The Great Wall stretches from <A href="/wiki/Dandong" title="Dandong">Dandong</A> in the east to <A href="/wiki/Lop_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Lop Lake">Lop Lake</A> in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of <A href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</A>. A comprehensive archaeological survey, using advanced technologies, has concluded that the Ming walls measure 8,850 km (5,500 mi).<SUP id="cite_ref-Great_Wall_of_China_.27even_longer.27_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Great_Wall_of_China_.27even_longer.27-4">[4]</A></SUP> This is made up of 6,259 km (3,889 mi) sections of actual wall, 359 km (223 mi) of trenches and 2,232 km (1,387 mi) of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.<SUP id="cite_ref-Great_Wall_of_China_.27even_longer.27_4-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Great_Wall_of_China_.27even_longer.27-4">[4]</A></SUP> Another archaeological survey found that the entire wall with all of its branches measure out to be 21,196 km (13,171 mi).<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP> Today, the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most impressive architectural feats in history.<SUP id="cite_ref-Great_Wall_of_China_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Great_Wall_of_China-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Names"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Names</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Early_walls"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Early walls</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Ming_era"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Ming era</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Foreign_accounts"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Foreign accounts</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Course"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Course</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Characteristics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Characteristics</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#Condition"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Condition</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#Visibility_from_space"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Visibility from space</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#From_the_Moon"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">From the Moon</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#From_low_Earth_orbit"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">From low Earth orbit</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#Gallery"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Gallery</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Names">Names</SPAN></H2>
<P>The collection of fortifications known as the Great Wall of China has historically had a number of different names in both Chinese and English.</P>
<P>In <A href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Chinese histories</A>, the term "Long Wall(s)" (長城, <I>changcheng</I>) appears in <A href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</A>'s <I><A href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</A></I>, where it referred to both the separate great walls built between and north of the <A href="/wiki/Warring_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States">Warring States</A> and to the more unified construction of the <A href="/wiki/First_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="First Emperor">First Emperor</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983650_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983650-7">[7]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese character</A> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:城">城</A></SPAN> is a <A href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Phono-semantic compound">phono-semantic compound</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Earth_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth radical">"place" or "earth" radical</A> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:土">土</A></SPAN> and <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:成">成</A></SPAN>, whose <A href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</A> pronunciation has been <A href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</A> as *<I>deŋ</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP> It originally referred to the <A href="/wiki/Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">rampart</A> which surrounded <A href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_urban_planning" title="Ancient Chinese urban planning">traditional Chinese cities</A> and was used by extension for these walls around <A href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">their respective states</A>; today, however, it is much more often the Chinese word for "city".<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The longer Chinese name "Ten-Thousand Mile Long Wall" (萬里長城, <I>Wanli Changcheng</I>) came from Sima Qian's description of it in the <I>Records</I>, though he did not name the walls as such. The <SPAN class="smallcaps"><SPAN style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AD</SPAN></SPAN> 493 <I><A href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</A></I> quotes the frontier general <A href="/wiki/Tan_Daoji" title="Tan Daoji">Tan Daoji</A> referring to "the long wall of 10,000 miles", closer to the modern name, but the name rarely features in pre-modern times otherwise.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990202_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990202-10">[10]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese mile">traditional Chinese mile</A> (<SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%87%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:里">里</A></SPAN>, <I>lǐ</I>) was an often irregular distance that was intended to show the length of a standard village and varied with terrain but was usually <A href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese units">standardized</A> at distances around a third of an <A href="/wiki/English_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="English mile">English mile</A> (540 m).<SUP id="cite_ref-Winborn1994_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Winborn1994-11">[11]</A></SUP> Since China's <A href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">metrication</A> in 1930, it has been exactly equivalent to 500 metres or 1,600 feet,<SUP id="cite_ref-roc30_12-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-roc30-12">[12]</A></SUP> which would make the wall's name describe a distance of 5,000 km (3,100 mi). However, this use of "ten-thousand" (<I>wàn</I>) is <A href="/wiki/Literal_and_figurative_language" title="Literal and figurative language">figurative</A> in a similar manner to the Greek and English <I><A href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriad</A></I> and simply means "innumerable" or "immeasurable".<SUP id="cite_ref-lindy_13-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-lindy-13">[13]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Because of the wall's association with the First Emperor's <A href="/wiki/Qin_Shihuang#Historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin Shihuang">supposed tyranny</A>, the <A href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese dynasties">Chinese dynasties</A> after <A href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</A> usually avoided referring to their own additions to the wall by the name "Long Wall".<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983651_14-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983651-14">[14]</A></SUP> Instead, various terms were used in medieval records, including "frontier(s)" (<SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:塞">塞</A></SPAN>, <I>sāi</I>),<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovell200615_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovell200615-15">[15]</A></SUP> "rampart(s)" (<SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9E%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:垣">垣</A></SPAN>, <I>yuán</I>),<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovell200615_15-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovell200615-15">[15]</A></SUP> "barrier(s)" (<SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9A%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:障">障</A></SPAN>, <I>zhàng</I>),<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovell200615_15-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovell200615-15">[15]</A></SUP> "the outer fortresses" <SPAN class="nowrap">(<SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:外">外</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A0%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:堡">堡</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <I>wàibǎo</I>),<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron199049_16-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron199049-16">[16]</A></SUP> and "the border wall(s)" <SPAN class="nowrap">(<SMALL><A href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</A></SMALL> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%82%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:邊">邊</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%89%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:牆">牆</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <SPAN class="nowrap"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</A></SMALL> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:边">边</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A2%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:墙">墙</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <I>biānqiáng</I>).<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983651_14-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983651-14">[14]</A></SUP> Poetic and informal names for the wall included "the Purple Frontier" <SPAN class="nowrap">(<SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B4%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:紫">紫</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:塞">塞</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <I>Zǐsāi</I>)<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron199021_17-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron199021-17">[17]</A></SUP> and "the Earth Dragon" <SPAN class="nowrap">(<SMALL><A href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</A></SMALL> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:土">土</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BE%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:龍">龍</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <SPAN class="nowrap"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</A></SMALL> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:土">土</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BE%99" class="extiw" title="wikt:龙">龙</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <I>Tǔlóng</I>).<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron198869_18-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron198869-18">[18]</A></SUP> Only during the <A href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing period</A> did "Long Wall" become the catch-all term to refer to the many border walls regardless of their location or dynastic origin, equivalent to the English "Great Wall".<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessler200759_19-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessler200759-19">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The current English name evolved from accounts of <SPAN class="nowrap">"the Chinese wall"</SPAN> from early modern European travelers.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessler200759_19-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessler200759-19">[19]</A></SUP> By the 19th century,<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessler200759_19-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessler200759-19">[19]</A></SUP> "The Great Wall of China" had become standard in English, French, and German, although other European languages continued to refer to it as "the Chinese wall".<SUP id="cite_ref-lindy_13-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-lindy-13">[13]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China" title="History of the Great Wall of China">History of the Great Wall of China</A></DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Early_walls">Early walls</SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:GreatWallofQinDynasty.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GreatWallofQinDynasty.png/220px-GreatWallofQinDynasty.png" width="220" height="185" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GreatWallofQinDynasty.png/330px-GreatWallofQinDynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/GreatWallofQinDynasty.png 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="319" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:GreatWallofQinDynasty.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The Great Wall of the <A href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</A></DIV>
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</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png/220px-GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png" width="220" height="95" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png/330px-GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png/440px-GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="227" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:GreatWallOfHanDynasty.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The Great Wall of the <A href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</A></DIV>
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</DIV>
<P>The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of <A href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">wall-building</A> by the time of the <A href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</A> between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP> During this time and the subsequent <A href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</A>, the states of <A href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</A>, <A href="/wiki/Wei_(state)" title="Wei (state)">Wei</A>, <A href="/wiki/Zhao_(state)" title="Zhao (state)">Zhao</A>, <A href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</A>, <A href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Zhongshan_(state)" title="Zhongshan (state)">Zhongshan</A><SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP> all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders. Built to withstand the attack of small arms such as swords and spears, these walls were made mostly by stamping earth and gravel between board frames.</P>
<P>King Zheng of <A href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</A> conquered the last of his opponents and unified China as the <A href="/wiki/First_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="First Emperor">First Emperor</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</A> ("Qin Shi Huang") in 221 BC. Intending to impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords, he ordered the destruction of the sections of the walls that divided his empire among the former states. To position the empire against the <A href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</A> people from the north, however, he ordered the building of new walls to connect the remaining fortifications along the empire's northern frontier. Transporting the large quantity of materials required for construction was difficult, so builders always tried to use local resources. Stones from the mountains were used over mountain ranges, while <A href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</A> was used for construction in the plains. There are no surviving historical records indicating the exact length and course of the Qin walls. Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries, and very few sections remain today. The human cost of the construction is unknown, but it has been estimated by some authors that hundreds of thousands,<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlavicekMitchellMatray200535_23-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicekMitchellMatray200535-23">[23]</A></SUP> if not up to a million, workers died building the Qin wall.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20063_24-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20063-24">[24]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP> Later, the <A href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-mongolia_26-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-mongolia-26">[26]</A></SUP> the <A href="/wiki/Sui_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sui Dynasty">Sui</A>, and the <A href="/wiki/Northern_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern dynasties">Northern dynasties</A> all repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983653_27-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983653-27">[27]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Tang_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang Dynasty">Tang</A> and <A href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song</A> dynasties did not undertake any significant effort in the region.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983653_27-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983653-27">[27]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Liao_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Liao Dynasty">Liao</A>, <A href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan</A> dynasties, who ruled Northern China throughout most of the 10th–13th centuries, constructed defensive walls in the 12th century but those were located much to the north of the Great Wall as we know it, within China's province of <A href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</A> and in <A href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</A> itself.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983654Haw200652.E2.80.9354_28-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983654Haw200652.E2.80.9354-28">[28]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Ming_era">Ming era</SPAN></H3>
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The extent of the <A href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming Empire</A> and its walls</DIV>
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Ming_Great_Wall" title="Ming Great Wall">Ming Great Wall</A></DIV>
<P>The Great Wall concept was revived again under the <A href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming</A> in the 14th century,<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow2008192_29-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow2008192-29">[29]</A></SUP> and following the Ming army's defeat by the <A href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tumu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tumu">Battle of Tumu</A>. The Ming had failed to gain a clear upper hand over the <A href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongolian</A> tribes after successive battles, and the long-drawn conflict was taking a toll on the empire. The Ming adopted a new strategy to keep the nomadic tribes out by constructing walls along the northern border of China. Acknowledging the Mongol control established in the <A href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos Desert</A>, the wall followed the desert's southern edge instead of incorporating the bend of the <A href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</A>.</P>
<P>Unlike the earlier fortifications, the Ming construction was stronger and more elaborate due to the use of bricks and stone instead of rammed earth. Up to 25,000 watchtowers are estimated to have been constructed on the wall.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzab.C3.B3D.C3.A1vidLoczy2010220_30-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzab.C3.B3D.C3.A1vidLoczy2010220-30">[30]</A></SUP> As <A href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasions">Mongol raids</A> continued periodically over the years, the Ming devoted considerable resources to repair and reinforce the walls. Sections near the Ming capital of Beijing were especially strong.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006177_31-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006177-31">[31]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Qi_Jiguang" title="Qi Jiguang">Qi Jiguang</A> between 1567 and 1570 also repaired and reinforced the wall, faced sections of the ram-earth wall with bricks and constructed 1,200 watchtowers from Shanhaiguan Pass to Changping to warn of approaching Mongol raiders.<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP> During the 1440s–1460s, the Ming also built a so-called "Liaodong Wall". Similar in function to the Great Wall (whose extension, in a sense, it was), but more basic in construction, the Liaodong Wall enclosed the agricultural heartland of the <A href="/wiki/Liaodong" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaodong">Liaodong</A> province, protecting it against potential incursions by Jurched-Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest and the <A href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Jurchens" title="Jianzhou Jurchens">Jianzhou Jurchens</A> from the north. While stones and tiles were used in some parts of the Liaodong Wall, most of it was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds198538.E2.80.9340_33-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds198538.E2.80.9340-33">[33]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Towards the end of the Ming, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the <A href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</A> invasions that began around 1600. Even after the loss of all of <A href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaodong</A>, the Ming army held the heavily fortified <A href="/wiki/Shanhai_Pass" title="Shanhai Pass">Shanhai Pass</A>, preventing the Manchus from conquering the Chinese heartland. The Manchus were finally able to cross the Great Wall in 1644, after Beijing had already fallen to <A href="/wiki/Li_Zicheng" title="Li Zicheng">Li Zicheng</A>'s rebels. Before this time, the Manchus had crossed the Great Wall multiple times to raid, but this time it was for conquest. The gates at Shanhai Pass were opened on May 25 by the commanding Ming general, <A href="/wiki/Wu_Sangui" title="Wu Sangui">Wu Sangui</A>, who formed an alliance with the Manchus, hoping to use the Manchus to expel the rebels from Beijing.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovell2006254_34-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovell2006254-34">[34]</A></SUP> The Manchus quickly seized Beijing, and eventually defeated both the rebel-founded <A href="/wiki/Shun_dynasty" title="Shun dynasty">Shun dynasty</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Southern_Ming_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Ming dynasty">remaining Ming resistance</A>, establishing the <A href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</A> rule over all of China.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott20011.E2.80.932_35-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott20011.E2.80.932-35">[35]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Under Qing rule, China's borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire, so constructions on the Great Wall were discontinued. On the other hand, the so-called <A href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisade</A>, following a line similar to that of the Ming Liaodong Wall, was constructed by the Qing rulers in Manchuria. Its purpose, however, was not defense but rather migration control.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_accounts">Foreign accounts</SPAN></H3>
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Part of the Great Wall of China (April 1853, X, p. 41)<SUP id="cite_ref-Juvenile1853_36-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Juvenile1853-36">[36]</A></SUP></DIV>
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The Great Wall in 1907</DIV>
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<P>None of the <A href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Medieval_China" title="Europeans in Medieval China">Europeans</A> who visited <A href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</A> China or Mongolia, such as <A href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Pian_del_Carpine" title="Giovanni da Pian del Carpine">Giovanni da Pian del Carpine</A>, <A href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</A>, <A href="/wiki/Giovanni_de%27_Marignolli" title="Giovanni de' Marignolli">Giovanni de' Marignolli</A> and <A href="/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenone" title="Odoric of Pordenone">Odoric of Pordenone</A>, mentioned the Great Wall.<SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[37]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaw200653.E2.80.9354_38-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw200653.E2.80.9354-38">[38]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The North African traveler <A href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</A>, who also visited China during the <A href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</A> <I>ca.</I> 1346, had heard about China's Great Wall, possibly before he had arrived in China.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaw200654.E2.80.9355_39-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw200654.E2.80.9355-39">[39]</A></SUP> He wrote that the wall is "sixty days' travel" from Zeitun (modern <A href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</A>) in his travelogue <I><A href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling</A></I>. He associated it with the <A href="/wiki/Gates_of_Alexander" title="Gates of Alexander">legend of the wall</A> mentioned in the <A href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP> which <A href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</A> (commonly associated with <A href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</A>) was said to have erected to protect people near the land of the rising sun from the savages of <A href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</A>. However, Ibn Battuta could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it, suggesting that although there were remnants of the wall at that time, they weren't significant.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaw200653.E2.80.9355_41-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw200653.E2.80.9355-41">[41]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Soon after Europeans reached Ming China by ship in the early 16th century, accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe, even though no European was to see it for another century. Possibly one of the earliest European descriptions of the wall and of its significance for the defense of the country against the "<A href="/wiki/Tartars" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartars">Tartars</A>" (i.e. Mongols), may be the one contained in <A href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</A>'s 1563 <I>Asia</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[42]</A></SUP> Other early accounts in Western sources include those of <A href="/wiki/Gaspar_da_Cruz" title="Gaspar da Cruz">Gaspar da Cruz</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bento_de_Goes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bento de Goes">Bento de Goes</A>, <A href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</A>, and Bishop <A href="/wiki/Juan_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza" title="Juan González de Mendoza">Juan González de Mendoza</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990204.E2.80.9305_43-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990204.E2.80.9305-43">[43]</A></SUP> In 1559, in his work "A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions," Gaspar da Cruz offers an early discussion of the Great Wall.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990204.E2.80.9305_43-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990204.E2.80.9305-43">[43]</A></SUP> Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605, when the Portuguese Jesuit brother <A href="/wiki/Bento_de_G%C3%B3is" title="Bento de Góis">Bento de Góis</A> reached the northwestern <A href="/wiki/Jiayu_Pass" title="Jiayu Pass">Jiayu Pass</A> from India.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYule1866579_44-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYule1866579-44">[44]</A></SUP> Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical, closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall,<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron19902.E2.80.934_45-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron19902.E2.80.934-45">[45]</A></SUP> although later they slid into hyperbole,<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990206_46-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990206-46">[46]</A></SUP> including the erroneous but ubiquitous claim that the Ming Walls were the same ones that were built by the First Emperor in the 3rd century BC.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990206_46-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990206-46">[46]</A></SUP></P>
<P>When China opened its borders to foreign merchants and visitors after its defeat in the <A href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First</A> and <A href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium Wars</A>, the Great Wall became a main attraction for tourists. The <A href="/wiki/Travelogue_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Travelogue (literature)">travelogues</A> of the later 19th century further enhanced the reputation and the mythology of the Great Wall,<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990209_47-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990209-47">[47]</A></SUP> such that in the 20th century, a persistent misconception exists about the Great Wall of China being visible from the Moon or even Mars.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990214_48-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990214-48">[48]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Course">Course</SPAN></H2>
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The main sections of the Great Wall that are still standing today</DIV>
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An area of the sections of the Great Wall at <A href="/wiki/Jinshanling" title="Jinshanling">Jinshanling</A></DIV>
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<P>Although a formal definition of what constitutes a "Great Wall" has not been agreed upon, making the full course of the Great Wall difficult to describe in its entirety,<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessler200760_49-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessler200760-49">[49]</A></SUP> the course of the main Great Wall line following Ming constructions can be charted.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Jiayuguan_(pass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiayuguan (pass)">Jiayu Pass</A>, located in Gansu province, is the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall. Although Han fortifications such as <A href="/wiki/Yumen_Pass" title="Yumen Pass">Yumen Pass</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Yang_Pass" title="Yang Pass">Yang Pass</A> exist further west, the extant walls leading to those passes are difficult to trace. From Jiayu Pass the wall travels discontinuously down the <A href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</A> and into the deserts of <A href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</A>, where it enters the western edge of the Yellow River loop at <A href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</A>. Here the first major walls erected during the Ming dynasty cuts through the <A href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos Desert</A> to the eastern edge of the Yellow River loop. There at Piantou Pass <SPAN class="nowrap">(<SMALL><A href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</A></SMALL> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%81%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:偏">偏</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:頭">頭</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%97%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:關">關</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <SPAN class="nowrap"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</A></SMALL> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%81%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:偏">偏</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:头">头</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:关">关</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <I>Piāntóuguān</I>) in <A href="/wiki/Xinzhou" title="Xinzhou">Xinzhou</A>, <A href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</A> province, the Great Wall splits in two with the "Outer Great Wall" <SPAN class="nowrap">(<SMALL><A href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</A></SMALL> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:外">外</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:長城">長城</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <SPAN class="nowrap"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</A></SMALL> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:外">外</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:长城">长城</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <I>Wài Chǎngchéng</I>) extending along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into <A href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</A> province, and the "inner Great Wall" <SPAN class="nowrap">(<SMALL><A href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</A></SMALL> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:內">內</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:長城">長城</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <SPAN class="nowrap"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</A></SMALL> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:內">內</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:长城">长城</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <I>Nèi Chǎngchéng</I>) running southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 km (250 mi), passing through important passes like the <A href="/wiki/Pingxing_Pass" title="Pingxing Pass">Pingxing Pass</A> and <A href="/wiki/Yanmen_Pass" title="Yanmen Pass">Yanmen Pass</A> before joining the Outer Great Wall at Sihaiye <SPAN class="nowrap">(<SPAN lang="zh">四海冶</SPAN>, <I>Sìhǎiyě</I>),</SPAN> in Beijing's <A href="/wiki/Yanqing_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanqing County">Yanqing County</A>.</P>
<P>The sections of the Great Wall around Beijing municipality are especially famous: they were frequently renovated and are regularly visited by tourists today. The <A href="/wiki/Badaling" title="Badaling">Badaling</A> Great Wall near <A href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou" title="Zhangjiakou">Zhangjiakou</A> is the most famous stretch of the Wall, for this is the first section to be opened to the public in the People's Republic of China, as well as the showpiece stretch for foreign dignitaries.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERojas2010140_50-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERojas2010140-50">[50]</A></SUP> South of Badaling is the <A href="/wiki/Juyong_Pass" title="Juyong Pass">Juyong Pass</A>; when used by the Chinese to protect their land, this section of the wall had many guards to defend China's capital Beijing. Made of stone and bricks from the hills, this portion of the Great Wall is 7.8 m (25 ft 7 in) high and 5 m (16 ft 5 in) wide.</P>
<P>One of the most striking sections of the Ming Great Wall is where it climbs extremely steep slopes in <A href="/wiki/Jinshanling" title="Jinshanling">Jinshanling</A>. There it runs 11 km (7 mi) long, ranges from 5 to 8 m (16 ft 5 in to 26 ft 3 in) in height, and 6 m (19 ft 8 in) across the bottom, narrowing up to 5 m (16 ft 5 in) across the top. Wangjinglou <SPAN class="nowrap">(<SMALL><A href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</A></SMALL> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:望">望</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:京">京</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A8%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:樓">樓</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <SPAN class="nowrap"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</A></SMALL> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:望">望</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:京">京</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%A5%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:楼">楼</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <I>Wàngjīng Lóu</I>) is one of Jinshanling's 67 <A href="/wiki/Watchtowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchtowers">watchtowers</A>, 980 m (3,220 ft) above sea level. Southeast of Jinshanling is the <A href="/wiki/Mutianyu" title="Mutianyu">Mutianyu</A> Great Wall which winds along lofty, cragged mountains from the southeast to the northwest for 2.25 km (1.40 mi). It is connected with Juyongguan Pass to the west and Gubeikou to the east. This section was one of the first to be renovated following the turmoil of the <A href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindesay2008212_51-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindesay2008212-51">[51]</A></SUP></P>
<P>At the edge of the Bohai Gulf is Shanhai Pass, considered the traditional end of the Great Wall and the "First Pass <A href="/wiki/Tianxia" title="Tianxia">Under Heaven</A>". The part of the wall inside Shanhai Pass that meets the sea is named the "Old Dragon Head". 3 km (2 mi) north of Shanhai Pass is Jiaoshan Great Wall (焦山長城), the site of the first mountain of the Great Wall.<SUP id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-52">[52]</A></SUP> 15 km (9 mi) northeast from Shanhaiguan is Jiumenkou <SPAN class="nowrap">(<SMALL><A href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">t</A></SMALL> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:九">九</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%96%80%E5%8F%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:門口">門口</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <SPAN class="nowrap"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">s</A></SMALL> <SPAN lang="zh"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:九">九</A><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%97%A8%E5%8F%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:门口">门口</A></SPAN>,</SPAN> <I>Jiǔménkǒu</I>), which is the only portion of the wall that was built as a bridge. Beyond Jiumenkou, an offshoot known as the Liaodong Wall continues through <A href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</A> province and terminates at the <A href="/wiki/Hushan_Great_Wall" title="Hushan Great Wall">Hushan Great Wall</A>, in the city of <A href="/wiki/Dandong" title="Dandong">Dandong</A> near the <A href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_border" title="China–North Korea border">North Korean border</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[53]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2009, 180 km of previously unknown sections of the wall concealed by hills, trenches and rivers were discovered with the help of infrared range finders and <A href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</A> devices.<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[54]</A></SUP> In March and April 2015 nine sections with a total length of more than 10 km (6 mi), believed to be part of the Great Wall, were discovered along the border of <A href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</A> autonomous region and Gansu province.<SUP id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-55">[55]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Characteristics">Characteristics</SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Chemin_de_ronde_muraille_long.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chemin_de_ronde_muraille_long.JPG/220px-Chemin_de_ronde_muraille_long.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chemin_de_ronde_muraille_long.JPG/330px-Chemin_de_ronde_muraille_long.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chemin_de_ronde_muraille_long.JPG/440px-Chemin_de_ronde_muraille_long.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></A>
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The Great Wall at Mutianyu, near Beijing</DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Great_Wall_of_China_in_tourist_season.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Great_Wall_of_China_in_tourist_season.jpg/220px-Great_Wall_of_China_in_tourist_season.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Great_Wall_of_China_in_tourist_season.jpg/330px-Great_Wall_of_China_in_tourist_season.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Great_Wall_of_China_in_tourist_season.jpg/440px-Great_Wall_of_China_in_tourist_season.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></A>
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Great Wall of China in tourist season</DIV>
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<P>Before the use of bricks, the Great Wall was mainly built from rammed earth, stones, and wood. During the Ming, however, bricks were heavily used in many areas of the wall, as were materials such as tiles, <A href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</A>, and stone. The size and weight of the bricks made them easier to work with than earth and stone, so construction quickened. Additionally, bricks could bear more weight and endure better than rammed earth. Stone can hold under its own weight better than brick, but is more difficult to use. Consequently, stones cut in rectangular shapes were used for the foundation, inner and outer <A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brim" class="extiw" title="wikt:brim">brims</A>, and gateways of the wall. <A href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">Battlements</A> line the uppermost portion of the vast majority of the wall, with defensive gaps a little over 30 cm (12 in) tall, and about 23 cm (9.1 in) wide. From the parapets, guards could survey the surrounding land.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull200729_56-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull200729-56">[56]</A></SUP> Communication between the army units along the length of the Great Wall, including the ability to call reinforcements and warn <A href="/wiki/Garrisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Garrisons">garrisons</A> of enemy movements, was of high importance. Signal towers were built upon hill tops or other high points along the wall for their visibility. Wooden gates could be used as a trap against those going through. Barracks, stables, and armories were built near the wall's inner surface.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull200729_56-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull200729-56">[56]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Condition">Condition</SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg/220px-A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg/330px-A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg/440px-A_long_stretch_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></A>
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A more rural portion of the Great Wall that stretches throughout the mountains, here seen in slight disrepair</DIV>
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A view of the Great Wall ranging across a mountain, from another part of the Great Wall, near Beijing.</DIV>
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<P>While portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many other locations the Wall is in disrepair. Those parts might serve as a village playground or a source of stones to rebuild houses and roads.<SUP id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-57">[57]</A></SUP> Sections of the Wall are also prone to <A href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</A> and <A href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</A>, while inscribed bricks were pilfered and sold on the market for up to 50 <A href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">renminbi</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-30percent_58-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30percent-58">[58]</A></SUP> Parts have been destroyed because the Wall is in the way of construction.<SUP id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-59">[59]</A></SUP> A 2012 report by the <A href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Cultural_Heritage" title="State Administration of Cultural Heritage">State Administration of Cultural Heritage</A> states that 22% of the Ming Great Wall has disappeared, while 1,961 km (1,219 mi) of wall have vanished.<SUP id="cite_ref-30percent_58-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30percent-58">[58]</A></SUP> More than 60 km (37 mi) of the wall in <A href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</A> province may disappear in the next 20 years, due to erosion from <A href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">sandstorms</A>. In some places, the height of the wall has been reduced from more than 5 m (16 ft 5 in) to less than 2 m (6 ft 7 in). Various square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappeared. Many western sections of the wall are <A href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">constructed from mud</A>, rather than brick and stone, and thus are more susceptible to erosion.<SUP id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-60">[60]</A></SUP> In 2014 a portion of the wall near the border of Liaoning and Hebei province was repaired with concrete. The work has been much criticized.<SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[61]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Visibility_from_space">Visibility from space</SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="From_the_Moon">From the Moon</SPAN></H3>
<P>One of the earliest known references to the myth that the Great Wall can be seen from the <A href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</A> appears in a letter written in 1754 by the English antiquary <A href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">William Stukeley</A>. Stukeley wrote that, "This <A href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrian's wall">mighty wall</A> of four score miles [130 km] in length is only exceeded by the Chinese Wall, which makes a considerable figure upon the <A href="/wiki/Terrestrial_globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial globe">terrestrial globe</A>, and may be discerned at the Moon."<SUP id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-62">[62]</A></SUP> The claim was also mentioned by <A href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Norman,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet">Henry Norman</A> in 1895 where he states "besides its age it enjoys the reputation of being the only work of human hands on the globe visible from the Moon."<SUP id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-63">[63]</A></SUP> The issue of <A href="/wiki/Martian_canal" title="Martian canal">"canals" on Mars</A> was prominent in the late 19th century and may have led to the belief that long, thin objects were visible from space. The claim that the Great Wall is visible from the moon also appears in 1932's <I><A href="/wiki/Ripley%27s_Believe_It_or_Not!" title="Ripley's Believe It or Not!">Ripley's Believe It or Not!</A></I> strip<SUP id="cite_ref-Ripley_64-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Ripley-64">[64]</A></SUP> and in <A href="/wiki/Richard_Halliburton" title="Richard Halliburton">Richard Halliburton</A>'s 1938 book <I>Second Book of Marvels</I>.</P>
<P>The claim the Great Wall is visible from the moon has been debunked many times,<SUP id="cite_ref-Debunked_65-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Debunked-65">[65]</A></SUP> but is still ingrained in popular culture.<SUP id="cite_ref-Times_66-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Times-66">[66]</A></SUP> The wall is a maximum 9.1 m (29 ft 10 in) wide, and is about the same color as the soil surrounding it. Based on the optics of resolving power (distance versus the width of the iris: a few millimeters for the human eye, meters for large telescopes) only an object of reasonable contrast to its surroundings which is 110 km (70 mi) or more in diameter (1 arc-minute) would be visible to the unaided eye from the Moon, whose average distance from Earth is 384,393 km (238,851 mi). The apparent width of the Great Wall from the Moon is the same as that of a human hair viewed from 3 km (2 mi) away. To see the wall from the Moon would require spatial resolution 17,000 times better than normal (20/20) vision.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL.C3.B3pez-Gil20083.E2.80.934_67-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL.C3.B3pez-Gil20083.E2.80.934-67">[67]</A></SUP> Unsurprisingly, no lunar astronaut has ever claimed to have seen the Great Wall from the Moon.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="From_low_Earth_orbit">From low Earth orbit</SPAN></H3>
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A satellite image of a section of the Great Wall in northern Shanxi, running diagonally from lower left to upper right and not to be confused with the more prominent river running from upper left to lower right. The region pictured is 12 km × 12 km (7 mi × 7 mi).</DIV>
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<P>A more controversial question is whether the Wall is visible from <A href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</A> (an altitude of as little as 160 km (100 mi)). <A href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</A> claims that it is barely visible, and only under nearly perfect conditions; it is no more conspicuous than many other man-made objects.<SUP id="cite_ref-nasa_68-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-nasa-68">[68]</A></SUP> Other authors have argued that due to limitations of the optics of the eye and the spacing of <A href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptors</A> on the <A href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</A>, it is impossible to see the wall with the naked eye, even from low orbit, and would require <A href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">visual acuity</A> of 20/3 (7.7 times better than normal).<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL.C3.B3pez-Gil20083.E2.80.934_67-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL.C3.B3pez-Gil20083.E2.80.934-67">[67]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Astronaut <A href="/wiki/William_Pogue" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pogue">William Pogue</A> thought he had seen it from <A href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</A> but discovered he was actually looking at the <A href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of China">Grand Canal of China</A> near Beijing. He spotted the Great Wall with binoculars, but said that "it wasn't visible to the unaided eye." U.S. Senator <A href="/wiki/Jake_Garn" title="Jake Garn">Jake Garn</A> claimed to be able to see the Great Wall with the naked eye from a <A href="/wiki/Space_shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Space shuttle">space shuttle</A> orbit in the early 1980s, but his claim has been disputed by several U.S. astronauts. Veteran U.S. astronaut <A href="/wiki/Eugene_Cernan" title="Eugene Cernan">Gene Cernan</A> has stated: "At Earth orbit of 100 to 200 miles [160 to 320 km] high, the Great Wall of China is, indeed, visible to the naked eye." <A href="/wiki/Ed_Lu" title="Ed Lu">Ed Lu</A>, <A href="/wiki/Expedition_7" title="Expedition 7">Expedition 7</A> Science Officer aboard the <A href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</A>, adds that, "it's less visible than a lot of other objects. And you have to know where to look."</P>
<P>In 2001, <A href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</A> stated about the view from <A href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</A>: "I do not believe that, at least with my eyes, there would be any man-made object that I could see. I have not yet found somebody who has told me they've seen the Wall of China from Earth orbit. ... I've asked various people, particularly Shuttle guys, that have been many orbits around China in the daytime, and the ones I've talked to didn't see it."<SUP id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-69">[69]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In October 2003, Chinese astronaut <A href="/wiki/Yang_Liwei" title="Yang Liwei">Yang Liwei</A> stated that he had not been able to see the Great Wall of China. In response, the <A href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</A> (ESA) issued a press release reporting that from an orbit between 160 and 320 km (100 and 200 mi), the Great Wall is visible to the naked eye, even though the ISS is in low Earth orbit, not space. In an attempt to further clarify things, the ESA published a picture of a part of the "Great Wall" photographed from low orbit. However, in a press release a week later, they acknowledged that the "Great Wall" in the picture was actually a river.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL.C3.B3pez-Gil20083.E2.80.934_67-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL.C3.B3pez-Gil20083.E2.80.934-67">[67]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Leroy_Chiao" title="Leroy Chiao">Leroy Chiao</A>, a Chinese-American astronaut, took a photograph from the <A href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</A> that shows the wall. It was so indistinct that the photographer was not certain he had actually captured it. Based on the photograph, the <I><A href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</A></I> later reported that the Great Wall can be seen from 'space' with the naked eye, under favorable viewing conditions, if one knows exactly where to look.<SUP id="cite_ref-Francis_70-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Francis-70">[70]</A></SUP> However, the resolution of a camera can be much higher than the human visual system, and the optics much better, rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL.C3.B3pez-Gil20083.E2.80.934_67-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEL.C3.B3pez-Gil20083.E2.80.934-67">[67]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</SPAN></H2>
<UL class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover center">
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px;">
<DIV style="width: 162px;">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 160px;">
<DIV style="margin: 0px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:%22The_First_Mound%22--the_west_end_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%22The_First_Mound%22--the_west_end_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg/240px-%22The_First_Mound%22--the_west_end_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%22The_First_Mound%22--the_west_end_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg/361px-%22The_First_Mound%22--the_west_end_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%22The_First_Mound%22--the_west_end_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg/481px-%22The_First_Mound%22--the_west_end_of_the_Great_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="714" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 140px;">
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>"The First Mound" – at <A href="/wiki/Jiayuguan_(pass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiayuguan (pass)">Jiayuguan</A>, the western terminus</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px;">
<DIV style="width: 162px;">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 160px;">
<DIV style="margin: 0px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg/240px-GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg/360px-GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg/480px-GreatWall_2004_Summer_1A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 140px;">
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>The Great Wall of China at <A href="/wiki/Badaling" title="Badaling">Badaling</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px;">
<DIV style="width: 162px;">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 160px;">
<DIV style="margin: 0px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Great_Wall_at_Simatai_overlooking_gorge.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Great_Wall_at_Simatai_overlooking_gorge.jpg/240px-Great_Wall_at_Simatai_overlooking_gorge.jpg" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Great_Wall_at_Simatai_overlooking_gorge.jpg/360px-Great_Wall_at_Simatai_overlooking_gorge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Great_Wall_at_Simatai_overlooking_gorge.jpg/480px-Great_Wall_at_Simatai_overlooking_gorge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 140px;">
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>A portion of the Great Wall of China at <A href="/wiki/Simatai" title="Simatai">Simatai</A>, overlooking the gorge</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px;">
<DIV style="width: 162px;">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 160px;">
<DIV style="margin: 0px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:MutianyuGreatWallWildSection.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/MutianyuGreatWallWildSection.JPG/240px-MutianyuGreatWallWildSection.JPG" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/MutianyuGreatWallWildSection.JPG/360px-MutianyuGreatWallWildSection.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/MutianyuGreatWallWildSection.JPG/480px-MutianyuGreatWallWildSection.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 140px;">
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Mutianyu" title="Mutianyu">Mutianyu</A> Great Wall, China. This is atop the wall on a section that has not been restored</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px;">
<DIV style="width: 162px;">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 160px;">
<DIV style="margin: 0px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg/240px-Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg/360px-Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg/480px-Great_wall_stops_in_see.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 140px;">
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>The Old Dragon Head, the Great Wall where it meets the sea in the vicinity of <A href="/wiki/Shanhaiguan_District" title="Shanhaiguan District">Shanhaiguan</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px;">
<DIV style="width: 162px;">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 160px;">
<DIV style="margin: 0px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Great_Wall_of_China_at_Dandong.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Great_Wall_of_China_at_Dandong.jpg/240px-Great_Wall_of_China_at_Dandong.jpg" width="160" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Great_Wall_of_China_at_Dandong.jpg/360px-Great_Wall_of_China_at_Dandong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Great_Wall_of_China_at_Dandong.jpg/480px-Great_Wall_of_China_at_Dandong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 140px;">
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>Great Wall at <A href="/wiki/Dandong" title="Dandong">Dandong</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Great_Wall" title="Defense of the Great Wall">Defense of the Great Wall</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gates_of_Alexander" title="Gates of Alexander">Gates of Alexander</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Wall_Marathon" title="Great Wall Marathon">Great Wall Marathon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China_hoax" title="Great Wall of China hoax">Great Wall of China hoax</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Qi" title="Great Wall of Qi">Great Wall of Qi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Huangya_Pass" title="Huangya Pass">Huangya Pass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jiankou" title="Jiankou">Jiankou</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">List of World Heritage Sites in China</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-05/china-s-great-wall-found-to-measure-more-than-20-000-kilometers.html">"China's Great Wall Found To Measure More Than 20,000 Kilometers"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</A>. June 5, 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">June 6,</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.btitle=China%27s+Great+Wall+Found+To+Measure+More+Than+20%2C000+Kilometers&rft.date=2012-06-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2012-06-05%2Fchina-s-great-wall-found-to-measure-more-than-20-000-kilometers.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-nyt-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-nyt_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><I><A href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</A></I> with introduction by <A href="/wiki/Sam_Tanenhaus" title="Sam Tanenhaus">Sam Tanenhaus</A> (2011). <I>The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge: A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind</I>. <A href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</A> of <A href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</A>. p. 1131. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-64302-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-64302-7">978-0-312-64302-7</A>. <Q>Beginning as separate sections of fortification around the 7th century B.C.E and unified during the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century B.C.E, this wall, built of earth and rubble with a facing of brick or stone, runs from east to west across China for over 4,000 miles.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.au=%27%27The+New+York+Times%27%27+with+introduction+by+Sam+Tanenhaus&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Guide+to+Essential+Knowledge%3A+A+Desk+Reference+for+the+Curious+Mind&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-312-64302-7&rft.pages=1131&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press+of+Macmillan+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Brit-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Brit_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243863/Great-Wall-of-China">"Great Wall of China"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</A></I>. <Q>Large parts of the fortification system date from the 7th through the 4th century BC. In the 3rd century BC Shihuangdi (Qin Shi Huang), the first emperor of a united China (under the Qin dynasty), connected a number of existing defensive walls into a single system. Traditionally, the eastern terminus of the wall was considered to be Shanhai Pass (Shanhaiguan) in eastern Hebei province along the coast of the Bo Hai (Gulf of Chihli), and the wall's length—without its branches and other secondary sections—was thought to extend for some 6,690 km (4,160 mi).</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.btitle=Great+Wall+of+China&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F243863%2FGreat-Wall-of-China&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Great_Wall_of_China_.27even_longer.27-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Great_Wall_of_China_.27even_longer.27_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Great_Wall_of_China_.27even_longer.27_4-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8008108.stm">"Great Wall of China 'even longer<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. BBC. April 20, 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">April 20,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.atitle=Great+Wall+of+China+%27even+longer%27&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F8008108.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/offbeat/story/2012/06/06/china-great-wall-longer.html">"Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</A>. June 6, 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">June 6,</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.btitle=Great+Wall+of+China+even+longer+than+previously+thought&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Foffbeat%2Fstory%2F2012%2F06%2F06%2Fchina-great-wall-longer.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Great_Wall_of_China-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Great_Wall_of_China_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/great-wall-of-china">"Great Wall of China"</A>. History. April 20, 2009.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.atitle=Great+Wall+of+China&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fgreat-wall-of-china&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983650-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983650_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFWaldron1983">Waldron 1983</A>, p. 650.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Baxter, William H. & al. (20 September 2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf">"Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction, Version 1.1"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">22 January</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=William+H.+%26+al.&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.btitle=Baxter%E2%80%93Sagart+Old+Chinese+Reconstruction%2C+Version+1.1&rft.date=2014-09-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu%2FBaxterSagartOCbyMandarinMC2014-09-20.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">See Lovell 2006, p. 25</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990202-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990202_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFWaldron1990">Waldron 1990</A>, p. 202. Tan Daoji's exact quote: "So you would destroy your Great Wall of Ten Thousand <I>Li</I>!" (乃復壞汝萬里之長城) Note the use of the <A href="/wiki/Chinese_particles" title="Chinese particles">particle</A> <A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:之">之</A> <I>zhi</I> that differentiates the quote from the modern name.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Winborn1994-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Winborn1994_11-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Byron R. Winborn (1994). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TD-x0Heq0uEC&pg=PA63"><I>Wen Bon: a Naval Air Intelligence Officer behind Japanese lines in China</I></A>. University of North Texas Press. p. 63. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929398-77-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929398-77-8">978-0-929398-77-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.au=Byron+R.+Winborn&rft.btitle=Wen+Bon%3A+a+Naval+Air+Intelligence+Officer+behind+Japanese+lines+in+China&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-929398-77-8&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=University+of+North+Texas+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTD-x0Heq0uEC%26pg%3DPA63&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-roc30-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-roc30_12-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140425025351/http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01926/0192618020200.htm">"The Weights and Measures Act (1929)"</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">Republic of China</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01926/0192618020200.htm">the original</A> on 2014-04-25.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.btitle=The+Weights+and+Measures+Act+%281929%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Legislative+Yuan+of+the+Republic+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flis.ly.gov.tw%2Flghtml%2Flawstat%2Fversion2%2F01926%2F0192618020200.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-lindy-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-lindy_13-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-lindy_13-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Lindesay, William (2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9p2JgBPMBwC&pg=PA21"><I>The Great Wall Revisited: From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon's Head</I></A>. Beijing: Wuzhou Publishing. p. 21. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5085-1032-1" title="Special:BookSources/7-5085-1032-1">7-5085-1032-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Lindesay&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+Revisited%3A+From+the+Jade+Gate+to+Old+Dragon%27s+Head&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-5085-1032-1&rft.pages=21&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Wuzhou+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY9p2JgBPMBwC%26pg%3DPA21&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983651-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983651_14-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983651_14-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFWaldron1983">Waldron 1983</A>, p. 651.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELovell200615-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovell200615_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovell200615_15-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovell200615_15-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFLovell2006">Lovell 2006</A>, p. 15.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron199049-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron199049_16-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFWaldron1990">Waldron 1990</A>, p. 49.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron199021-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron199021_17-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFWaldron1990">Waldron 1990</A>, p. 21.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron198869-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron198869_18-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFWaldron1988">Waldron 1988</A>, p. 69.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessler200759-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessler200759_19-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessler200759_19-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessler200759_19-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFHessler2007">Hessler 2007</A>, p. 59.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chiculture.net/1203/html/1203b04_01.html"><BDI lang="zh">歷代王朝修長城</BDI></A> (in Chinese). Chiculture.net<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 24,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.btitle=%E6%AD%B7%E4%BB%A3%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E4%BF%AE%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Chiculture.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiculture.net%2F1203%2Fhtml%2F1203b04_01.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsmth.net/bbsanc.php?path=%2Fgroups%2Fsci.faq%2FGeography%2F11%2FGeneral%2FM.1186373252.W0"><BDI lang="zh">古代长城 – 战争与和平的纽带</BDI></A> (in Chinese). Newsmth.net<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 24,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E+%E2%80%93+%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E4%B8%8E%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%BD%E5%B8%A6&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Newsmth.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsmth.net%2Fbbsanc.php%3Fpath%3D%252Fgroups%252Fsci.faq%252FGeography%252F11%252FGeneral%252FM.1186373252.W0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsmth.net/bbsanc.php?path=%2Fgroups%2Fsci.faq%2FGeography%2F11%2FGeneral%2FM.1186373660.W0"><BDI lang="zh">万里长城</BDI></A> (in Chinese). Newsmth.net<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 24,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%87%E9%87%8C%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Newsmth.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsmth.net%2Fbbsanc.php%3Fpath%3D%252Fgroups%252Fsci.faq%252FGeography%252F11%252FGeneral%252FM.1186373660.W0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicekMitchellMatray200535-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlavicekMitchellMatray200535_23-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFSlavicekMitchellMatray2005">Slavicek, Mitchell & Matray 2005</A>, p. 35.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans20063-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans20063_24-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFEvans2006">Evans 2006</A>, p. 3.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Tourism/history-Great-Wall-3-defense.html">"Defense and Cost of The Great Wall – page 3"</A>. Paul and Bernice Noll's Window on the World<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 26,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.btitle=Defense+and+Cost+of+The+Great+Wall+%E2%80%93+page+3&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Paul+and+Bernice+Noll%27s+Window+on+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulnoll.com%2FChina%2FTourism%2Fhistory-Great-Wall-3-defense.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-mongolia-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-mongolia_26-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Coonan, Clifford (February 27, 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2012/0227/1224312436539.html">"British researcher discovers piece of Great Wall 'marooned outside China<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">February 28,</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft.aulast=Coonan&rft.btitle=British+researcher+discovers+piece+of+Great+Wall+%27marooned+outside+China%27&rft.date=2012-02-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27The+Irish+Times%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Fworld%2F2012%2F0227%2F1224312436539.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983653-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983653_27-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983653_27-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFWaldron1983">Waldron 1983</A>, p. 653.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983654Haw200652.E2.80.9354-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1983654Haw200652.E2.80.9354_28-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFWaldron1983">Waldron 1983</A>, p. 654; <A href="#CITEREFHaw2006">Haw 2006</A>, pp. 52–54.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarnow2008192-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarnow2008192_29-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFKarnow2008">Karnow 2008</A>, p. 192.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzab.C3.B3D.C3.A1vidLoczy2010220-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzab.C3.B3D.C3.A1vidLoczy2010220_30-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFSzab.C3.B3D.C3.A1vidLoczy2010">Szabó, Dávid & Loczy 2010</A>, p. 220.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2006177-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2006177_31-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFEvans2006">Evans 2006</A>, p. 177.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309091217/http://great-wall.org/mutianyu.htm">"Great Wall at Mutianyu"</A>. Great Wall of China. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://great-wall.org/mutianyu.htm">the original</A> on March 9, 2013.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.btitle=Great+Wall+at+Mutianyu&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Great+Wall+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreat-wall.org%2Fmutianyu.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds198538.E2.80.9340-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmonds198538.E2.80.9340_33-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFEdmonds1985">Edmonds 1985</A>, pp. 38–40.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELovell2006254-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovell2006254_34-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFLovell2006">Lovell 2006</A>, p. 254.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElliott20011.E2.80.932-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElliott20011.E2.80.932_35-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFElliott2001">Elliott 2001</A>, pp. 1–2.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Juvenile1853-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Juvenile1853_36-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil19socigoog">"Part of the Great Wall of China"</A>. <I>The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering: A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons</I>. Wesleyan Missionary Society. <B>X</B>: 41. April 1853<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 February</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.atitle=Part+of+the+Great+Wall+of+China&rft.date=1853-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wesleyan+Juvenile+Offering%3A+A+Miscellany+of+Missionary+Information+for+Young+Persons&rft.pages=41&rft.volume=X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesleyanjuvenil19socigoog&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Ruysbroek, Willem van (1900) [1255]. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeywilliamr01ruysgoog"><I>The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253–55, as Narrated by Himself, with Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine</I></A>. Translated from the Latin by William Woodville Rockhill. London: The Hakluyt Society.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=Willem+van&rft.aulast=Ruysbroek&rft.btitle=The+Journey+of+William+of+Rubruck+to+the+Eastern+Parts+of+the+World%2C+1253%E2%80%9355%2C+as+Narrated+by+Himself%2C+with+Two+Accounts+of+the+Earlier+Journey+of+John+of+Pian+de+Carpine&rft.date=1900&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Hakluyt+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjourneywilliamr01ruysgoog&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw200653.E2.80.9354-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaw200653.E2.80.9354_38-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFHaw2006">Haw 2006</A>, pp. 53–54.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw200654.E2.80.9355-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaw200654.E2.80.9355_39-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFHaw2006">Haw 2006</A>, pp. 54–55.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</A></I>, XVIII: "The Cave". English translations hosted at <A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:Main Page">Wikisource</A> include <A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Holy_Qur%27an_(Maulana_Muhammad_Ali)/18._The_Cave" class="extiw" title="s:The Holy Qur'an (Maulana Muhammad Ali)/18. The Cave">Maulana Muhammad Ali</A>'s, <A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Qur%27an_(Palmer)/Kahf" class="extiw" title="s:The Qur'an (Palmer)/Kahf">E.H. Palmer</A>'s, and the <A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Quran_(Progressive_Muslims_Organization)/18" class="extiw" title="s:Quran (Progressive Muslims Organization)/18">Progressive Muslims Organization</A>'s.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw200653.E2.80.9355-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaw200653.E2.80.9355_41-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFHaw2006">Haw 2006</A>, pp. 53–55.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Barros, João de (1777) [1563]. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433082328869;seq=232"><I>Ásia de João de Barros: Dos feitos que os portugueses fizeram no descobrimento dos mares e terras do Oriente</I></A>. <B>V</B>. Lisbon. <I>3a Década</I>, pp. 186–204 (originally Vol. II, Ch. vii).</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o+de&rft.aulast=Barros&rft.btitle=%C3%81sia+de+Jo%C3%A3o+de+Barros%3A+Dos+feitos+que+os+portugueses+fizeram+no+descobrimento+dos+mares+e+terras+do+Oriente&rft.date=1777&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=%27%273a+D%C3%A9cada%27%27%2C+pp.-186-204+%28originally+Vol.+II%2C+Ch.+vii%29&rft.place=Lisbon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnyp.33433082328869%3Bseq%3D232&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990204.E2.80.9305-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990204.E2.80.9305_43-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990204.E2.80.9305_43-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFWaldron1990">Waldron 1990</A>, pp. 204–05.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYule1866579-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYule1866579_44-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFYule1866">Yule 1866</A>, p. 579This section is the report of Góis's travel, as reported by <A href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</A> in <I><A href="/wiki/De_Christiana_expeditione_apud_Sinas" title="De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas">De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas</A></I> (published 1615), annotated by <A href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Henry Yule</A>).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron19902.E2.80.934-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron19902.E2.80.934_45-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFWaldron1990">Waldron 1990</A>, pp. 2–4.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990206-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990206_46-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990206_46-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFWaldron1990">Waldron 1990</A>, p. 206.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990209-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990209_47-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFWaldron1990">Waldron 1990</A>, p. 209.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990214-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1990214_48-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFWaldron1990">Waldron 1990</A>, p. 214.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessler200760-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessler200760_49-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFHessler2007">Hessler 2007</A>, p. 60.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERojas2010140-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERojas2010140_50-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFRojas2010">Rojas 2010</A>, p. 140.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindesay2008212-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindesay2008212_51-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFLindesay2008">Lindesay 2008</A>, p. 212.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-52"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/scene/hebei/jiaoshan.htm">"Jiaoshan Great Wall"</A>. <I>TravelChinaGuide.com</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">September 15,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>. <Q>Jiaoshan Great Wall is located about 3 km (2 mi) from Shanhaiguan ancient city. It is named after Jiaoshan Mountain, which is the highest peak to the north of Shanhai Pass and also the first mountain the Great Wall climbs up after Shanhai Pass. Therefore Jiaoshan Mountain is noted as "The first mountain of the Great Wall".</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.atitle=Jiaoshan+Great+Wall&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TravelChinaGuide.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelchinaguide.com%2Fchina_great_wall%2Fscene%2Fhebei%2Fjiaoshan.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onestop.globaltimes.cn/the-great-wall-liaoning-province/">"The Great Wall: Liaoning Province"</A>. Global Times. October 14, 2014<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 4,</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall%3A+Liaoning+Province&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Global+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonestop.globaltimes.cn%2Fthe-great-wall-liaoning-province%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/apr/20/great-wall-china-discovery">"Great Wall of China longer than believed as 180 missing miles found"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</A></I>. 20 April 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 April</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.atitle=Great+Wall+of+China+longer+than+believed+as+180+missing+miles+found&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fapr%2F20%2Fgreat-wall-china-discovery&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-55"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2015-04/15/content_20441982.htm">"Newly-discovered remains redraw path of Great Wall"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</A></I>. 15 April 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 April</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.atitle=Newly-discovered+remains+redraw+path+of+Great+Wall&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusa.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fculture%2F2015-04%2F15%2Fcontent_20441982.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull200729-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull200729_56-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull200729_56-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFTurnbull2007">Turnbull 2007</A>, p. 29.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-57"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Ford, Peter (November 30, 2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1130/p07s02-woap.html">New law to keep China's Wall looking great</A>. Christian Science Monitor, Asia Pacific section. Retrieved March 17, 2007.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30percent-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-30percent_58-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-30percent_58-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Wong, Edward (29 June 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/06/29/disappearance-of-chinas-great-wall-prompts-concerns/">"China Fears Loss of Great Wall, Brick by Brick"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">1 July</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.atitle=China+Fears+Loss+of+Great+Wall%2C+Brick+by+Brick&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F29%2Fdisappearance-of-chinas-great-wall-prompts-concerns%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-59"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=001_greatwall.inc&issue=001">Bruce G. Doar: <I>The Great Wall of China: Tangible, Intangible and Destructible.</I></A> China Heritage Newsletter, China Heritage Project, <A href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-60"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSPEK274699">"China's Wall becoming less and less Great"</A>. Reuters. August 29, 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">August 30,</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.atitle=China%27s+Wall+becoming+less+and+less+Great&rft.date=2007-08-29&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FlatestCrisis%2FidUSPEK274699&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">CNN, Ben Westcott and Serenitie Wang. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/21/asia/great-wall-china-cement-repair/index.html">"China's Great Wall covered in cement"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=Ben+Westcott+and+Serenitie+Wang&rft.aulast=CNN&rft.btitle=China%27s+Great+Wall+covered+in+cement&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F09%2F21%2Fasia%2Fgreat-wall-china-cement-repair%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-62"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>The Family Memoirs of the Rev. William Stukeley</I> (1887) Vol. 3, p. 142. (1754).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-63"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Norman, Henry, <I>The Peoples and Politics of the Far East</I>, p. 215. (1895).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Ripley-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Ripley_64-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/blog/space/uploaded_images/great-wall-ripleys-775778.jpg">The Great Wall of China</A>, Ripley's Believe It or Not, 1932.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Debunked-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Debunked_65-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urbanlegends.about.com/b/2003/10/08/whats-visible-from-outer-space.htm">Urban Legends.com website</A>. Accessed May 12, 2010.<BR />
"<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geography.about.com/library/faq/blqzgreatwall.htm">Can you see the Great Wall of China from the moon or outer space?</A>", Answers.com. Accessed May 12, 2010.<BR />
<A href="/wiki/Cecil_Adams" title="Cecil Adams">Cecil Adams</A>, "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/417/is-the-great-wall-of-china-the-only-manmade-object-you-can-see-from-space">Is the Great wall of China the only manmade object byou can see from space?</A>", <I>The Straight Dope</I>. Accessed May 12, 2010.<BR />
Snopes, "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/science/greatwall.asp">Great wall from space</A>", last updated July 21, 2007. Accessed May 12, 2010.<BR />
"<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=is-chinas-great-wall-visible-from-space">Is China's Great Wall Visible from Space?</A>", <I>Scientific American</I>, February 21, 2008. "... the wall is only visible from low orbit under a specific set of weather and lighting conditions. And many other structures that are less spectacular from an earthly vantage point—desert roads, for example—appear more prominent from an orbital perspective."</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Times-66"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Times_66-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"Metro Tescos", <I><A href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</A></I> (London), April 26, 2010. Found at <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/leading_article/article7107871.ece">The Times website</A>. Accessed May 12, 2010.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEL.C3.B3pez-Gil20083.E2.80.934-67"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL.C3.B3pez-Gil20083.E2.80.934_67-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL.C3.B3pez-Gil20083.E2.80.934_67-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL.C3.B3pez-Gil20083.E2.80.934_67-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEL.C3.B3pez-Gil20083.E2.80.934_67-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFL.C3.B3pez-Gil2008">López-Gil 2008</A>, pp. 3–4.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-nasa-68"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-nasa_68-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/workinginspace/great_wall.html">"NASA – Great Wall of China"</A>. Nasa.gov<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 31,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.btitle=NASA+%E2%80%93+Great+Wall+of+China&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nasa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fvision%2Fspace%2Fworkinginspace%2Fgreat_wall.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-69"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-69"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. Ambrose">Dr. Stephen E. Ambrose</A>; <A href="/wiki/Douglas_Brinkley" title="Douglas Brinkley">Dr. Douglas Brinkley</A> (September 19, 2001). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a11/ArmstrongNA_9-19-01.pdf">"Johnson Space Center Oral History Project Oral History Transcript – Neil Armstrong"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 31,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.au=Dr.+Douglas+Brinkley&rft.au=Dr.+Stephen+E.+Ambrose&rft.btitle=Johnson+Space+Center+Oral+History+Project+Oral+History+Transcript+%E2%80%93+Neil+Armstrong&rft.date=2001-09-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fpao%2FHistory%2Falsj%2Fa11%2FArmstrongNA_9-19-01.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Francis-70"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Francis_70-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Markus, Francis. (2005, April 19). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4459311.stm">Great Wall visible in space photo</A>. BBC News, Asia-Pacific section. Retrieved March 17, 2007.</SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFEdmonds1985" class="citation book">Edmonds, Richard Louis (1985). <I>Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy</I>. University of Chicago, Department of Geography; Research Paper No. 213. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89065-118-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89065-118-3">0-89065-118-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=Richard+Louis&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.btitle=Northern+Frontiers+of+Qing+China+and+Tokugawa+Japan%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Frontier+Policy&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-89065-118-3&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago%2C+Department+of+Geography%3B+Research+Paper+No.+213&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFElliott2001" class="citation book">Elliott, Mark C. (2001). <I>The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China</I>. Stanford University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4684-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4684-7">978-0-8047-4684-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.btitle=The+Manchu+Way%3A+The+Eight+Banners+and+Ethnic+Identity+in+Late+Imperial+China&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4684-7&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFEvans2006" class="citation book">Evans, Thammy (2006). <I>Great Wall of China: Beijing & Northern China</I>. Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 3. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84162-158-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84162-158-7">1-84162-158-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=Thammy&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.btitle=Great+Wall+of+China%3A+Beijing+%26+Northern+China&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-84162-158-7&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.series=Bradt+Travel+Guide&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFHaw2006" class="citation book">Haw, Stephen G. (2006). <I>Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan</I>. Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia. Psychology Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34850-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34850-1">0-415-34850-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft.aulast=Haw&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo%27s+China%3A+a+Venetian+in+the+realm+of+Khubilai+Khan&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-415-34850-1&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.series=Volume+3+of+Routledge+studies+in+the+early+history+of+Asia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFHessler2007" class="citation journal"><A href="/wiki/Peter_Hessler" title="Peter Hessler">Hessler, Peter</A> (2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/05/21/070521fa_fact_hessler">"Letter from China: Walking the Wall"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</A></I> (May 21, 2007): 58–67.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.atitle=Letter+from+China%3A+Walking+the+Wall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Hessler&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=May+21%2C+2007&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.pages=58-67&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2007%2F05%2F21%2F070521fa_fact_hessler&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFKarnow2008" class="citation book">Karnow, Mooney, Paul and Catherine (2008). <I>National Geographic Traveler: Beijing</I>. National Geographic Books. p. 192. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4262-0231-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4262-0231-8">1-4262-0231-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=Mooney%2C+Paul+and+Catherine&rft.aulast=Karnow&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Traveler%3A+Beijing&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-4262-0231-8&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFLindesay2008" class="citation book">Lindesay, William (2008). <I>The Great Wall Revisited: From the Jade Gate to Old Dragon's Head</I>. Harvard University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03149-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03149-4">978-0-674-03149-4</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Lindesay&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+Revisited%3A+From+the+Jade+Gate+to+Old+Dragon%27s+Head&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03149-4&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFL.C3.B3pez-Gil2008" class="citation journal">López-Gil, Norberto (2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910214156/http://www.journalofoptometry.org/Archive/vol1/pdf/02%20Vol1-n1%20Letter%20to%20the%20Editor.pdf">"Is it Really Possible to See the Great Wall of China from Space with a Naked Eye?"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Journal of Optometry</I>. <B>1</B> (1): 3–4. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.3921%2Fjoptom.2008.3">10.3921/joptom.2008.3</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalofoptometry.org/Archive/vol1/pdf/02%20Vol1-n1%20Letter%20to%20the%20Editor.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 2008-09-10.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.atitle=Is+it+Really+Possible+to+See+the+Great+Wall+of+China+from+Space+with+a+Naked+Eye%3F&rft.aufirst=Norberto&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez-Gil&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Optometry&rft.pages=3-4&rft.volume=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofoptometry.org%2FArchive%2Fvol1%2Fpdf%2F02%2520Vol1-n1%2520Letter%2520to%2520the%2520Editor.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3921%2Fjoptom.2008.3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFLovell2006" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Julia_Lovell" title="Julia Lovell">Lovell, Julia</A> (2006). <I>The Great Wall : China against the world 1000 BC – AD 2000</I>. Sydney: Picador Pan Macmillan. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-42241-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-42241-3">978-0-330-42241-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+%3A+China+against+the+world+1000+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+2000&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-330-42241-3&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Picador+Pan+Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFRojas2010" class="citation book">Rojas, Carlos (2010). <I>The Great Wall : a cultural history</I>. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04787-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04787-7">978-0-674-04787-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.aulast=Rojas&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+%3A+a+cultural+history&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04787-7&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFSlavicekMitchellMatray2005" class="citation book">Slavicek, Louise Chipley; Mitchell, George J.; Matray, James I. (2005). <I>The Great Wall of China</I>. Infobase Publishing. p. 35. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-8019-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-8019-6">0-7910-8019-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.au=Matray%2C+James+I.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+George+J.&rft.aufirst=Louise+Chipley&rft.aulast=Slavicek&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+of+China&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7910-8019-6&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFSzab.C3.B3D.C3.A1vidLoczy2010" class="citation book">Szabó, József; Dávid, Lóránt; Loczy, Denes, eds. (2010). <I>Anthropogenic Geomorphology: A Guide to Man-made Landforms</I>. <A href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3057-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3057-3">978-90-481-3057-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.btitle=Anthropogenic+Geomorphology%3A+A+Guide+to+Man-made+Landforms&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-481-3057-3&rft.pub=Springer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFTurnbull2007" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Stephen_Turnbull_(historian)" title="Stephen Turnbull (historian)">Turnbull, Stephen R</A> (January 2007). <I>The Great Wall of China 221 BC–AD 1644</I>. Osprey Publishing. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-004-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-004-8">978-1-84603-004-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+of+China+221+BC%E2%80%93AD+1644&rft.date=2007-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-004-8&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFWaldron1983" class="citation journal"><A href="/wiki/Arthur_Waldron" title="Arthur Waldron">Waldron, Arthur</A> (1983). "The Problem of The Great Wall of China". <I><A href="/wiki/Harvard_Journal_of_Asiatic_Studies" title="Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies">Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</A></I>. Harvard-Yenching Institute. <B>43</B> (2): 643–63. <A href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2719110">2719110</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+The+Great+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.pages=643-63&rft.volume=43&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2719110&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFWaldron1988" class="citation journal"><A href="/wiki/Arthur_Waldron" title="Arthur Waldron">Waldron, Arthur</A> (1988). "The Great Wall Myth: Its Origins and Role in Modern China". <I><A href="/wiki/The_Yale_Journal_of_Criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="The Yale Journal of Criticism">The Yale Journal of Criticism</A></I>. <A href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</A>. <B>2</B> (1): 67–104.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.atitle=The+Great+Wall+Myth%3A+Its+Origins+and+Role+in+Modern+China&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Journal+of+Criticism&rft.pages=67-104&rft.volume=2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFWaldron1990" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Arthur_Waldron" title="Arthur Waldron">Waldron, Arthur</A> (1990). <I>The Great Wall of China : from history to myth</I>. Cambridge England New York: Cambridge University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42707-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42707-4">978-0-521-42707-4</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+of+China+%3A+from+history+to+myth&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42707-4&rft.place=Cambridge+England+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFYule1866" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Yule, Sir Henry</A>, ed. (1866). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KzEMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA579#v=onepage&q&f=false"><I>Cathay and the way thither: being a collection of medieval notices of China</I></A>. Issues 36–37 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society. Printed for the Hakluyt society.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.btitle=Cathay+and+the+way+thither%3A+being+a+collection+of+medieval+notices+of+China&rft.date=1866&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Hakluyt+society&rft.series=Issues+36%E2%80%9337+of+Works+issued+by+the+Hakluyt+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKzEMAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA579%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="refbegin references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<UL>
<LI>Arnold, H.J.P, "The Great Wall: Is It or Isn't It?" <I>Astronomy Now</I>, 1995.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</A> (2009): <I>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</I>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2">978-0-691-13589-2</A>.</LI>
<LI>Luo, Zewen, et al. and Baker, David, ed. (1981). <I>The Great Wall</I>. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Book Company (UK). <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-070745-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-070745-6">0-07-070745-6</A></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Man, John. (2008). <I>The Great Wall</I>. London: Bantam Press. 335 pages. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05574-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05574-8">978-0-593-05574-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.au=Man%2C+John.&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-593-05574-8&rft.pages=335+pages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI>Michaud, Roland and Sabrina (photographers), & Michel Jan, <I>The Great Wall of China</I>. Abbeville Press, 2001. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7892-0736-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7892-0736-2">0-7892-0736-2</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Edward_H._Schafer" title="Edward H. Schafer">Schafer, Edward H.</A> (1985) <I>The Golden Peaches of Samarkand</I>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05462-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05462-2">978-0-520-05462-2</A>.</LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Yamashita, Michael; Lindesay, William (2007). <I>The Great Wall – From Beginning to End</I>. New York: Sterling. 160 pages. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3160-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-3160-0">978-1-4027-3160-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Wall+of+China&rft.au=Lindesay%2C+William&rft.au=Yamashita%2C+Michael&rft.btitle=The+Great+Wall+%E2%80%93+From+Beginning+to+End&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-3160-0&rft.pages=160+pages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;">
<DIV style="padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;">Find more about<B style="display:block;">Great Wall of China</B>at Wikipedia's <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><SPAN id="sister-projects">sister projects</SPAN></A></DIV>
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<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Great_Wall_of_China" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Great Wall of China">Definitions</A> from Wiktionary</SPAN></LI>
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<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Great_Wall_of_China" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Great Wall of China">Quotations</A> from Wikiquote</SPAN></LI>
<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="26" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Great_Wall_of_China" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Great Wall of China">Texts</A> from Wikisource</SPAN></LI>
<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Great_Wall_of_China" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Great Wall of China">Textbooks</A> from Wikibooks</SPAN></LI>
<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China#Q12501" class="extiw" title="voy:Great Wall of China">Travel guide</A> from Wikivoyage</SPAN></LI>
<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="27" height="24" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/41px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/54px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Great_Wall_of_China" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Great Wall of China">Learning resources</A> from Wikiversity</SPAN></LI>
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</DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendsofgreatwall.org/">International Friends of the Great Wall</A> – organization focused on conservation</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/438">UNESCO World Heritage Centre profile</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegreatwall.com.cn/">Enthusiast/scholar website</A> <SPAN class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</SPAN></LI>
<LI class="mw-empty-elt"></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00s3h3w">Great Wall of China</A> on <A href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)"><I>In Our Time</I></A> at the <A href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</A>.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuriositas.com/2012/07/the-great-wall-of-china-diverse.html">Photoset of lesser visited areas of the Great Wall</A></LI>
<LI><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/318110">Great Wall of China</A> at <A href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</A></LI>
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<DIV id="Great_Wall_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Wall of China</A></DIV>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Yumen_Pass" title="Yumen Pass">Yumen Pass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yang_Pass" title="Yang Pass">Yang Pass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jiayu_Pass" title="Jiayu Pass">Jiayu Pass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yanmen_Pass" title="Yanmen Pass">Yanmen Pass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jumenbu" title="Jumenbu">Jumenbu</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Niangzi_Pass" title="Niangzi Pass">Niangzi Pass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pingxing_Pass" title="Pingxing Pass">Pingxing Pass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dajingmen" title="Dajingmen">Dajingmen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Badaling" title="Badaling">Badaling</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Juyong_Pass" title="Juyong Pass">Juyong Pass</A> <SMALL>(<A href="/wiki/Cloud_Platform_at_Juyong_Pass" title="Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass">Cloud Platform</A>)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Huanghuacheng" title="Huanghuacheng">Huanghuacheng</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jiankou" title="Jiankou">Jiankou</A> <SMALL>(<A href="/wiki/Beijing_Knot" title="Beijing Knot">Beijing Knot</A>)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mutianyu" title="Mutianyu">Mutianyu</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baimaguan_Fort" title="Baimaguan Fort">Baimaguan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gubeikou" title="Gubeikou">Gubeikou</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jinshanling" title="Jinshanling">Jinshanling</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Simatai" title="Simatai">Simatai</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Huangya_Pass" title="Huangya Pass">Huangya Pass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shanhai_Pass" title="Shanhai Pass">Shanhai Pass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hushan_Great_Wall" title="Hushan Great Wall">Hushan</A></LI>
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<DIV><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China" title="History of the Great Wall of China">History of the Great Wall of China</A> <SMALL>(<A href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Qi" title="Great Wall of Qi">Qi</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ming_Great_Wall" title="Ming Great Wall">Ming</A>)</SMALL></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Classical_Gardens_of_Suzhou" title="Classical Gardens of Suzhou">Classical Gardens of Suzhou</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fujian_Tulou" title="Fujian Tulou">Fujian Tulou</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mount_Lu" title="Mount Lu">Lushan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Huangshan" title="Huangshan">Huangshan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mount_Sanqing" title="Mount Sanqing">Mount Sanqing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mount_Tai" title="Mount Tai">Mount Tai</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wuyi_Mountains" title="Wuyi Mountains">Wuyi Mountains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu" title="Temple of Confucius, Qufu">Temple</A> and <A href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Cemetery of Confucius</A> and Kong Family Mansion in Qufu</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Xidi" title="Xidi">Xidi</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Hongcun" title="Hongcun">Hongcun</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/West_Lake" title="West Lake">West Lake</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulangyu" title="Gulangyu">Kulangsu</A></LI>
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<DIV><A href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg" class="image" title="Chinese version of UNESCO World Heritage logo"><IMG alt="Chinese version of UNESCO World Heritage logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg/64px-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg.png" width="64" height="64" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg/96px-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg/128px-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></A></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</A></TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI>Ancient Building Complex in the <A href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Macau" title="Historic Centre of Macau">Historic Centre of Macau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shennongjia" title="Shennongjia">Shennongjia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Diaolou" title="Diaolou">Kaiping Diaolou and Villages</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Longmen_Grottoes" title="Longmen Grottoes">Longmen Grottoes</A></LI>
<LI>Historic Monuments of <A href="/wiki/Dengfeng" title="Dengfeng">Dengfeng</A>, <SPAN class="wrap">including the <A href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</A> and <A href="/wiki/Gaocheng_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory">Gaocheng Observatory</A></SPAN></LI>
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						<LI class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Wall_of_China" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</A></LI><LI class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><A href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</A></LI>					</UL>
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			<H3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</H3>

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						<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><A href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot_Muur_van_China" title="Groot Muur van China – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><A href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Mauer" title="Chinesische Mauer – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85" title="سور الصين العظيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><A href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Muralla_Chinesa" title="Gran Muralla Chinesa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><A href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Muralla_China" title="Gran Muralla China – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn"><A href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoraha_Guasu_Chinagua" title="Mongoraha Guasu Chinagua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><A href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_%C3%87in_s%C9%99ddi" title="Böyük Çin səddi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb"><A href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="چین دیواری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><A href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0" title="চীনের মহাপ্রাচীর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><A href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tn%CC%82g-si%C3%A2%E2%81%BF" title="Tn̂g-siâⁿ – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><A href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бөйөк Ҡытай диуары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><A href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вялікая Кітайская сцяна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><A href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вялікая кітайская сьцяна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Велика китайска стена – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><A href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%95%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྕགས་རི་རིང་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><A href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_kineski_zid" title="Veliki kineski zid – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><A href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moger_Vras_Sina" title="Moger Vras Sina – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Muralla_Xinesa" title="Gran Muralla Xinesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><A href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D3%B3%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Аслă китай хӳми – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A1_%C4%8D%C3%ADnsk%C3%A1_ze%C4%8F" title="Velká čínská zeď – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><A href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandi_Muraglia_Chinesa" title="Grandi Muraglia Chinesa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_Mawr_Tsieina" title="Mur Mawr Tsieina – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Kinesiske_Mur" title="Den Kinesiske Mur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Mauer" title="Chinesische Mauer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv"><A href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%97%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A7%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%84%DE%AE%DE%91%DE%AA_%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ޗައިނާގެ ބޮޑު ފާރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_Hiina_m%C3%BC%C3%BCr" title="Suur Hiina müür – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μέγα Σινικό Τείχος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Muralla_China" title="Gran Muralla China – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_%C4%88ina_Muro" title="Granda Ĉina Muro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinako_Harresi_Handia" title="Txinako Harresi Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دیوار بزرگ چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><A href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><A href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiski_m%C3%BArurin" title="Kinesiski múrurin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Muraille" title="Grande Muraille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><A href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sineeske_Muorre" title="Sineeske Muorre – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><A href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balla_M%C3%B3r_na_S%C3%ADne" title="Balla Mór na Síne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><A href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balla_M%C3%B2r_Sh%C3%ACona" title="Balla Mòr Shìona – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Muralla_Chinesa" title="Gran Muralla Chinesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><A href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" title="長城 – Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><A href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%96%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2" title="ચીનની વિખ્યાત દીવાલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><A href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van-l%C3%AE_Tsh%C3%B2ng-s%C3%A0ng" title="Van-lî Tshòng-sàng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%9E%A5%EC%84%B1" title="만리장성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BA" title="Չինական մեծ պարիսպ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="चीन की विशाल दीवार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_zid" title="Kineski zid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><A href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_china_muro" title="Granda china muro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembok_Besar_Tiongkok" title="Tembok Besar Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnam%C3%BArinn" title="Kínamúrinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_muraglia_cinese" title="Grande muraglia cinese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="החומה הגדולה של סין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><A href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9mbok_Raseksa_Cina" title="Témbok Raseksa Cina – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><A href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86" title="ಚೀನಾದ ಮಹಾ ಗೋಡೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჩინეთის დიდი კედელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><A href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ұлы Қытай қорғаны – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><A href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuta_wa_China" title="Ukuta wa China – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><A href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedena_%C3%87%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Bedena Çînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><A href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Улуу Кытай сепили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><A href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B3%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ກຳແພງເມືອງຈີນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murus_Sinicus" title="Murus Sinicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielais_%C4%B6%C4%ABnas_m%C5%ABris" title="Lielais Ķīnas mūris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><A href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesesch_Mauer" title="Chinesesch Mauer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did%C5%BEioji_kin%C5%B3_siena" title="Didžioji kinų siena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><A href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jungo_ke_banli_bitmu" title="jungo ke banli bitmu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_nagy_fal" title="Kínai nagy fal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><A href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="चीनक विशाल दिवार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><A href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%85%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Кинески Ѕид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="ചൈനയിലെ വന്മതിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><A href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="चीनची भिंत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><A href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ჩინეთიშ დიდი კიდალა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><A href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85" title="سور الصين العظيم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><A href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="چین گت دیوار – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembok_Besar_China" title="Tembok Besar China – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><A href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B2ng-si%C3%A0ng" title="Diòng-siàng – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><A href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Цагаан хэрэм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><A href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE_%E1%80%99%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="တရုတ်ပြည်မှ မဟာရံတံတိုင်းကြီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Muur" title="Chinese Muur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><A href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinese_muur" title="Sinese muur – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><A href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="चीनको विशाल पर्खाल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><A href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनयागु तधंगु पखा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E9%87%8C%E3%81%AE%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" title="万里の長城 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><A href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Боккха Китайн пен – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_kinesiske_mur" title="Den kinesiske mur – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_kinesiske_muren" title="Den kinesiske muren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><A href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graund-mur%C3%A2le" title="Graund-murâle – Norman" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Muralha_de_China" title="Granda Muralha de China – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><A href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyuk_Xitoy_devori" title="Buyuk Xitoy devori – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><A href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਚੀਨ ਦੀ ਮਹਾਨ ਦੀਵਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><A href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="چین دی کندھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><A href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muraya_Grandi_di_China" title="Muraya Grandi di China – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><A href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="د چین لوی دیوال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam"><A href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griet_Waal_a_Chaina" title="Griet Waal a Chaina – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_Mur_Chi%C5%84ski" title="Wielki Mur Chiński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muralha_da_China" title="Muralha da China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marele_Zid_Chinezesc" title="Marele Zid Chinezesc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><A href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunwa_Hatun_Pirqa" title="Chunwa Hatun Pirqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Великая Китайская стена – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><A href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Кытай улуу эркинэ – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Waw_o_Cheenae" title="Great Waw o Cheenae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><A href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesiske_Muure" title="Chinesiske Muure – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><A href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muri_i_Madh_Kinez" title="Muri i Madh Kinez – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><A href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granni_Muragghia_Cinisi" title="Granni Muragghia Cinisi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><A href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="චීන මහා ප්‍රාකාරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsky_m%C3%BAr" title="Čínsky múr – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitajski_zid" title="Kitajski zid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><A href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidaarka_Shiinaha" title="Gidaarka Shiinaha – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><A href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دیواری چین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Кинески зид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_kineski_zid" title="Veliki kineski zid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><A href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9mbok_Ged%C3%A9_Cina" title="Témbok Gedé Cina – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Sunda</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_muuri" title="Kiinan muuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiska_muren" title="Kinesiska muren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><A href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabang_Muog_ng_Tsina" title="Mahabang Muog ng Tsina – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சீனப் பெருஞ் சுவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><A href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Бөек Кытай дивары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><A href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="చైనా మహా కుడ్యము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="กำแพงเมืองจีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><A href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Девори Бузурги Чин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Seddi" title="Çin Seddi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw"><A href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80" title="Великий китайський мур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><A href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دیوار چین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><A href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedichin_S%C3%A9pili" title="Sedichin Sépili – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep"><A href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitain_sur%27_sein" title="Kitain sur' sein – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%A1n_L%C3%BD_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Vạn Lý Trường Thành – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><A href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_m%C3%BC%C3%BCr" title="Hiina müür – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><A href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" title="長城 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><A href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dako_nga_Pader_han_Tsina" title="Dako nga Pader han Tsina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><A href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" title="长城 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><A href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98" title="כינעזער וואנט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E9%87%8C%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E" title="萬里長城 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><A href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend%C3%AA_%C3%87ini" title="Bendê Çini – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><A href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%97dl%C4%ABs%C4%97s_K%C4%97n%C4%97j%C4%97s_robe%C5%BEios" title="Dėdlīsės Kėnėjės robežios – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%9F%8E" title="长城 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty"><A href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="चीनको विशाल पर्खाल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp"><A href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siini_Kolo%C5%8Ba_S%C9%94s%C9%94%C9%94" title="Siini Koloŋa Sɔsɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</A></LI>					</UL>
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document_title: Great Wall of China

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token: Wall

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token: China

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token: 萬里

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