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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Muckraker</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:McCluresCoverJan1901.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/McCluresCoverJan1901.jpg/220px-McCluresCoverJan1901.jpg" width="220" height="316" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/McCluresCoverJan1901.jpg/330px-McCluresCoverJan1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/McCluresCoverJan1901.jpg/440px-McCluresCoverJan1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="948" /></A>
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<I><A href="/wiki/McClure%27s" title="McClure's">McClure's</A></I> (cover, January 1901) published many early muckraker articles.</DIV>
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<TH style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><A href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">Index of journalism articles</A></LI>
</UL>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em">Areas</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Data-driven_journalism" title="Data-driven journalism">Data</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Trade_journalism" title="Trade journalism">Trade</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</A></LI>
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</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em">Genres</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Creative_nonfiction" title="Creative nonfiction">Literary</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Muckraking</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</A></LI>
<LI>"<A href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</A>"</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Online_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Online journalism">Online</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scientific_journalism" title="Scientific journalism">Scientific</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</A></LI>
</UL>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em">Social impact</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Press_service" title="Press service">Press service</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</A></LI>
</UL>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em"><A href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</A></LI>
</UL>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em">Roles</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">Journalists <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(reporters)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Meteorologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</A></LI>
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<P>The term <B>muckraker</B> was used in the <A href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</A> to characterize reform-minded American journalists who attacked established institutions and leaders as corrupt. They typically had large audiences in some popular magazines. In the US, the modern term is <A href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">investigative journalism</A> — it has different and more pejorative connotations in British English — and investigative journalists in the USA today are often informally called 'muckrakers'.</P>
<P>The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era period, 1890s–1920s.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> Muckraking magazines—notably <I><A href="/wiki/McClure%27s" title="McClure's">McClure's</A></I> of the publisher <A href="/wiki/S._S._McClure" title="S. S. McClure">S. S. McClure</A>—took on corporate monopolies and <A href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machines</A> while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, and <A href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In contemporary American use, the term describes either a journalist who writes in the adversarial or alternative tradition, or a non-journalist whose purpose in publication is to advocate reform and change.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> Investigative journalists view the muckrakers as early influences and a continuation of <A href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">watchdog journalism</A>. In British English the term muckraker is more likely to mean a journalist (often on a tabloid newspaper) who specialises in scandal and malicious gossip about celebrities or well-known personalities and is generally used in a derogatory sense.</P>
<P>The term is a reference to a character in <A href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</A>'s classic <I><A href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim's Progress">Pilgrim's Progress</A></I>, "the Man with the Muck-rake", who rejected salvation to focus on filth. It became popular after President <A href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</A> referred to the character in a <A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Muck_Rake" class="extiw" title="s:The Man with the Muck Rake">1906 speech</A>; Roosevelt acknowledged that "the men with the muck rakes are often indispensable to the well being of society; but only if they know when to stop raking the muck..."</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><A href="#Changes_in_journalism_prior_to_1903"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Changes in journalism prior to 1903</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><A href="#Other_works_that_predate_the_muckrakers"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Other works that predate the muckrakers</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Magazines"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Magazines</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Origin_of_the_term,_Theodore_Roosevelt"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Origin of the term, Theodore Roosevelt</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Early_20th_century_muckraking"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Early 20th century muckraking</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Muckrakers_and_their_works"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Muckrakers and their works</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#Disappearance"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Disappearance</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#Impact"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Impact</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#Since_1945"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Since 1945</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>While a literature of reform had already appeared by the mid-19th century, the kind of reporting that would come to be called "muckraking" began to appear around 1900.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegier195749_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegier195749-4">[4]</A></SUP> By the 1900s, magazines such as <I><A href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Collier's Weekly">Collier's Weekly</A></I>, <I><A href="/wiki/Munsey%27s_Magazine" title="Munsey's Magazine">Munsey's Magazine</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/McClure%27s_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="McClure's Magazine">McClure's Magazine</A></I> were already in wide circulation and read avidly by the growing middle class.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Brinkley21_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Brinkley21-6">[6]</A></SUP> The January 1903 issue of <I>McClure's</I> is considered to be the official beginning of muckraking journalism,<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinbergWeinberg19642_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinbergWeinberg19642-7">[7]</A></SUP> although the muckrakers would get their label later. <A href="/wiki/Ida_M._Tarbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida M. Tarbell">Ida M. Tarbell</A> ("The History of Standard Oil"), <A href="/wiki/Lincoln_Steffens" title="Lincoln Steffens">Lincoln Steffens</A> ("The Shame of Minneapolis") and <A href="/wiki/Ray_Stannard_Baker" title="Ray Stannard Baker">Ray Stannard Baker</A> ("The Right to Work"), simultaneously published famous works in that single issue. Claude H. Wetmore and Lincoln Steffens' previous article "Tweed Days in St. Louis" in <I>McClure's</I> October 1902 issue was called the first muckraking article.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Changes_in_journalism_prior_to_1903">Changes in journalism prior to 1903</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Changes in journalism prior to 1903">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:102px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Julius_Chambers_1872.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Julius_Chambers_1872.jpg/100px-Julius_Chambers_1872.jpg" width="100" height="134" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Julius_Chambers_1872.jpg/150px-Julius_Chambers_1872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Julius_Chambers_1872.jpg/200px-Julius_Chambers_1872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="1185" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Julius_Chambers_1872.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Julius_Chambers" title="Julius Chambers">Julius Chambers</A></DIV>
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</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:102px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Nellie_Bly_2.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nellie_Bly_2.jpg/100px-Nellie_Bly_2.jpg" width="100" height="158" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nellie_Bly_2.jpg/150px-Nellie_Bly_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nellie_Bly_2.jpg/200px-Nellie_Bly_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1500" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Nellie_Bly_2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</A></DIV>
</DIV>
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<P>The muckrakers would become known for their investigative journalism, evolving from the eras of "personal journalism"—a term historians Emery and Emery used in <I>The Press and America</I> (6th ed.) to describe the 19th century newspapers that were steered by strong leaders with an editorial voice (p. 173)—and <A href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</A>.</P>
<P>One of the biggest urban scandals of the post-Civil War era was the corruption and bribery case of Tammany boss <A href="/wiki/William_M._Tweed" title="William M. Tweed">William M. Tweed</A> in 1871 that was uncovered by newspapers. In his first muckraking article "Tweed Days in St. Louis," Lincoln Steffens exposed the <A href="/wiki/Graft_(politics)" title="Graft (politics)">graft</A>, a system of political corruption, that was ingrained in St. Louis. While some muckrakers had already worked for reform newspapers of the personal journalism variety, such as Steffens who was a reporter for the <I><A href="/wiki/New_York_Evening_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Evening Post">New York Evening Post</A></I> under <A href="/wiki/Edwin_Lawrence_Godkin" title="Edwin Lawrence Godkin">Edwin Lawrence Godkin</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP> other muckrakers had worked for yellow journals before moving on to magazines around 1900, such as <A href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Russell" title="Charles Edward Russell">Charles Edward Russell</A> who was a journalist and editor of <A href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer" title="Joseph Pulitzer">Joseph Pulitzer</A>'s <I><A href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</A></I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP> Publishers of yellow journals, such as Joseph Pulitzer and <A href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</A>, were more intent on increasing circulation through scandal, crime, entertainment and sensationalism.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Just as the muckrakers became well known for their crusades, journalists from the eras of "personal journalism" and "yellow journalism" had gained fame through their investigative articles, including articles that exposed wrongdoing. Note that in <I>yellow journalism</I>, the idea was to stir up the public with sensationalism, and thus sell more papers. If, in the process, a social wrong was exposed that the average man could get indignant about, that was fine, but it was not the intent (to correct social wrongs) as it was with true investigative journalists and muckrakers.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Julius_Chambers" title="Julius Chambers">Julius Chambers</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Tribune">New York Tribune</A></I>, could be considered to be the original muckraker. Chambers undertook a journalistic investigation of <A href="/wiki/Bloomingdale_Insane_Asylum" title="Bloomingdale Insane Asylum">Bloomingdale Asylum</A> in 1872, having himself committed with the help of some of his friends and his newspaper's city editor. His intent was to obtain information about alleged abuse of inmates. When articles and accounts of the experience were published in the <I>Tribune</I>, it led to the release of twelve patients who were not mentally ill, a reorganization of the staff and administration of the institution and, eventually, to a change in the lunacy laws.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP> This later led to the publication of the book <I>A Mad World and Its Inhabitants</I> (1876). From this time onward, Chambers was frequently invited to speak on the rights of the mentally ill and the need for proper facilities for their accommodation, care and treatment.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</A>, another yellow journalist, used the undercover technique of investigation in reporting <I><A href="/wiki/Ten_Days_in_a_Mad-House" title="Ten Days in a Mad-House">Ten Days in a Mad-House</A></I>, her 1887 exposé on <A href="/wiki/Patient_abuse" title="Patient abuse">patient abuse</A> at Bellevue Mental Hospital, first published as a series of articles in <I><A href="/wiki/The_World" class="mw-redirect" title="The World">The World</A></I> newspaper and then as a book.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP> Nellie would go on to write more articles on corrupt politicians, sweat-shop working conditions and other societal injustices.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Other_works_that_predate_the_muckrakers">Other works that predate the muckrakers</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other works that predate the muckrakers">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Helen_Hunt_Jackson" title="Helen Hunt Jackson">Helen Hunt Jackson</A> (1831–1885) –<I>A Century of Dishonor,</I> U.S. policy regarding Native Americans.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Henry_Demarest_Lloyd" title="Henry Demarest Lloyd">Henry Demarest Lloyd</A> (1847–1903) – <I>Wealth Against Commonwealth,</I> exposed the corruption within the Standard Oil Company.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</A> (1862–1931) – an author of a series of articles concerning Jim Crow laws and the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad in 1884, and co-owned the newspaper <I>The Free Speech</I> in Memphis in which she began an anti-lynching campaign.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce" title="Ambrose Bierce">Ambrose Bierce</A> (1842–1913(?)) – author of a long-running series of articles published from 1883 through 1896 in <I>The Wasp</I> and the <I>San Francisco Examiner</I> attacking the Big Four and the Central Pacific Railroad for political corruption.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/B._O._Flower" title="B. O. Flower">B. O. Flower</A> (1858-1918) - author of articles in <I>The Arena</I> from 1889 through 1909 advocating for prison reform and prohibition of alcohol.</LI>
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<P>The muckrakers appeared at a moment when journalism was undergoing changes in style and practice.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> In response to <A href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</A>, which had exaggerated facts, objective journalism, as exemplified by <I><A href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</A></I> under <A href="/wiki/Adolph_Ochs" title="Adolph Ochs">Adolph Ochs</A> after 1896, turned away from sensationalism and reported facts with the intention of being impartial and a newspaper of record.<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP> The growth of wire services had also contributed to the spread of the objective reporting style. Muckraking publishers like <A href="/wiki/Samuel_S._McClure" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel S. McClure">Samuel S. McClure</A>, also emphasized factual reporting,<SUP id="cite_ref-MUCKRACKERS_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MUCKRACKERS-15">[15]</A></SUP> but he also wanted what historian <A href="/wiki/Michael_Schudson" title="Michael Schudson">Michael Schudson</A> had identified as one of the preferred qualities of journalism at the time, namely, the mixture of "reliability and sparkle" to interest a mass audience.<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP> In contrast with objective reporting, the journalists, whom Roosevelt dubbed "muckrakers", saw themselves primarily as reformers and were politically engaged.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP> Journalists of the previous eras were not linked to a single political, populist movement as the muckrakers were associated with Progressive reforms. While the muckrakers continued the investigative exposures and sensational traditions of yellow journalism, they wrote to change society. Their work reached a mass audience as circulation figures of the magazines rose on account of visibility and public interest.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Magazines">Magazines</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Magazines">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><A href="/wiki/File:W.T._Stead_19th_Precinct_1st_Ward_Chicago_1894_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1115_01.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/W.T._Stead_19th_Precinct_1st_Ward_Chicago_1894_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1115_01.jpg/150px-W.T._Stead_19th_Precinct_1st_Ward_Chicago_1894_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1115_01.jpg" width="150" height="107" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/W.T._Stead_19th_Precinct_1st_Ward_Chicago_1894_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1115_01.jpg/225px-W.T._Stead_19th_Precinct_1st_Ward_Chicago_1894_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1115_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/W.T._Stead_19th_Precinct_1st_Ward_Chicago_1894_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1115_01.jpg/300px-W.T._Stead_19th_Precinct_1st_Ward_Chicago_1894_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1115_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3166" data-file-height="2252" /></A>
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A map from 1894 by W. T. Stead, pioneer journalist of the “new journalism”, which paved the way for the modern tabloid.</DIV>
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<P>Magazines were the leading outlets for muckraking journalism. Samuel S. McClure and <A href="/wiki/John_Sanborn_Phillips" title="John Sanborn Phillips">John Sanborn Phillips</A> started <I>McClure's Magazine</I> in May 1893. McClure led the magazine industry by cutting the price of an issue to 15 cents, attracting advertisers, giving audiences illustrations and well-written content and then raising ad rates after increased sales, with <I>Munsey's</I> and <I>Cosmopolitan</I> following suit.<SUP id="cite_ref-MCCLURES_18-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MCCLURES-18">[18]</A></SUP></P>
<P>McClure sought out and hired talented writers, like the then unknown Ida M. Tarbell or the seasoned journalist and editor Lincoln Steffens. The magazine's pool of writers were associated with the muckraker movement, such as Ray Stannard Baker, <A href="/wiki/Burton_J._Hendrick" title="Burton J. Hendrick">Burton J. Hendrick</A>, <A href="/wiki/George_Kennan_(explorer)" title="George Kennan (explorer)">George Kennan (explorer)</A>, <A href="/wiki/John_Moody_(financial_analyst)" title="John Moody (financial analyst)">John Moody (financial analyst)</A>, <A href="/wiki/Henry_Reuterdahl" title="Henry Reuterdahl">Henry Reuterdahl</A>, <A href="/w/index.php?title=George_Kibbe_Turner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Kibbe Turner (page does not exist)">George Kibbe Turner</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Judson_C._Welliver" class="mw-redirect" title="Judson C. Welliver">Judson C. Welliver</A>, and their names adorned the front covers. The other magazines associated with muckraking journalism were <I>American Magazine</I> (Lincoln Steffens), <I>Arena</I> (<A href="/w/index.php?title=G._W._Galvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. W. Galvin (page does not exist)">G. W. Galvin</A> and John Moody), <I><A href="/wiki/Collier%27s" title="Collier's">Collier's</A> Weekly</I> (<A href="/wiki/Samuel_Hopkins_Adams" title="Samuel Hopkins Adams">Samuel Hopkins Adams</A>, <A href="/wiki/C.P._Connolly" class="mw-redirect" title="C.P. Connolly">C.P. Connolly</A>, <A href="/w/index.php?title=L._R._Glavis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. R. Glavis (page does not exist)">L. R. Glavis</A>, <A href="/wiki/Will_Irwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Will Irwin">Will Irwin</A>, <A href="/wiki/John_Milton_Oskison" title="John Milton Oskison">J. M. Oskison</A>, <A href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</A>), <I>Cosmopolitan</I> (<A href="/wiki/Josiah_Flynt" title="Josiah Flynt">Josiah Flynt</A>, <A href="/wiki/Alfred_Henry_Lewis" title="Alfred Henry Lewis">Alfred Henry Lewis</A>, <A href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</A>, <A href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_P._Norcross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles P. Norcross (page does not exist)">Charles P. Norcross</A>, Charles Edward Russell), <I>Everybody's Magazine</I> (<A href="/w/index.php?title=William_Hard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Hard (page does not exist)">William Hard</A>, <A href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Lawson_(businessman)" title="Thomas W. Lawson (businessman)">Thomas William Lawson</A>, <A href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_B._Lindsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin B. Lindsey (page does not exist)">Benjamin B. Lindsey</A>, <A href="/wiki/Frank_Norris" title="Frank Norris">Frank Norris</A>, <A href="/wiki/David_Graham_Phillips" title="David Graham Phillips">David Graham Phillips</A>, Charles Edward Russell, Upton Sinclair, Lincoln Steffens, <A href="/w/index.php?title=Merrill_A._Teague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merrill A. Teague (page does not exist)">Merrill A. Teague</A>, Bessie and <A href="/wiki/Marie_Van_Vorst" title="Marie Van Vorst">Marie Van Vorst</A>), <I>Hampton's</I> (<A href="/wiki/Rheta_Childe_Dorr" title="Rheta Childe Dorr">Rheta Childe Dorr</A>, <A href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_B._Hampton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin B. Hampton (page does not exist)">Benjamin B. Hampton</A>, <A href="/w/index.php?title=John_L._Mathews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John L. Mathews (page does not exist)">John L. Mathews</A>, Charles Edward Russell, and Judson C. Welliver), <I>The Independent</I> (<A href="/wiki/George_Walbridge_Perkins" title="George Walbridge Perkins">George Walbridge Perkins, Sr.</A>), <I>Outlook</I> (William Hard), <I><A href="/wiki/Pearson%27s_Magazine" title="Pearson's Magazine">Pearson's Magazine</A></I> (Alfred Henry Lewis, Charles Edward Russell), <I>Twentieth Century</I> (George French), and <I>World's Work</I> (<A href="/wiki/Clement_Melville_Keys" title="Clement Melville Keys">C.M. Keys</A> and Q.P.).<SUP id="cite_ref-MUCKRAKERS_19-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MUCKRAKERS-19">[19]</A></SUP> Other titles of interest include <I>Chatauquan</I>, <I>Dial</I>, <I>St. Nicholas</I>. In addition, Theodore Roosevelt wrote for <I><A href="/wiki/Scribner%27s_Magazine" title="Scribner's Magazine">Scribner's Magazine</A></I> after leaving office.</P>
<H3><SPAN id="Origin_of_the_term.2C_Theodore_Roosevelt"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Origin_of_the_term,_Theodore_Roosevelt">Origin of the term, Theodore Roosevelt</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origin of the term, Theodore Roosevelt">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<A href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:102px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Pilgrim%27s_Progress_first_edition_1678.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pilgrim%27s_Progress_first_edition_1678.jpg/100px-Pilgrim%27s_Progress_first_edition_1678.jpg" width="100" height="171" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pilgrim%27s_Progress_first_edition_1678.jpg/150px-Pilgrim%27s_Progress_first_edition_1678.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pilgrim%27s_Progress_first_edition_1678.jpg/200px-Pilgrim%27s_Progress_first_edition_1678.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="2399" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim's Progress">Pilgrim's Progress</A>, a first edition</DIV>
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<P>After President Theodore Roosevelt took office in 1901, he began to manage the press corps. To do so, he elevated his press secretary to cabinet status and initiated press conferences. The muckraking journalists who emerged around 1900, like Lincoln Steffens, were not as easy for Roosevelt to manage as the objective journalists, and the President gave Steffens access to the White House and interviews to steer stories his way.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteffens1958347–59_21-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteffens1958347–59-21">[21]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Roosevelt used the press very effectively to promote discussion and support for his <A href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</A> policies among his base in the middle-class electorate. When journalists went after different topics, he complained about their wallowing in the mud.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP> In a speech on April 14, 1906 on the occasion of dedicating the House of Representatives office building, he drew on a character from John Bunyan's 1678 classic, <I><A href="/wiki/Pilgrim%27s_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim's Progress">Pilgrim's Progress</A></I>, saying:</P>
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<P>...you may recall the description of the Man with the Muck-rake, the man who could look no way but downward with the muck-rake in his hands; who was offered a celestial crown for his muck-rake, but who would neither look up nor regard the crown he was offered, but continued to rake to himself the filth of the floor.<SUP id="cite_ref-Charles_Scribner's_Sons_23-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Charles_Scribner's_Sons-23">[23]</A></SUP></P>
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<P>While cautioning about possible pitfalls of keeping one's attention ever trained downward, "on the muck," Roosevelt emphasized the social benefit of investigative muckraking reporting, saying:</P>
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<P>There are, in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man whether politician or business man, every evil practice, whether in politics, in business, or in social life. I hail as a benefactor every writer or speaker, every man who, on the platform, or in book, magazine, or newspaper, with merciless severity makes such attack, provided always that he in his turn remembers that the attack is of use only if it is absolutely truthful.</P>
<DIV class="templatequotecite"><I>— <CITE><A href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</A><SUP id="cite_ref-Charles_Scribner's_Sons_23-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Charles_Scribner's_Sons-23">[23]</A></SUP></CITE></I></DIV>
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<P>Most of these journalists detested being called muckrakers. They felt betrayed that Roosevelt would coin them with such a term after they had helped him with his election. Muckraker <A href="/wiki/David_Graham_Phillips" title="David Graham Phillips">David Graham Philips</A> believed that the tag of muckraker brought about the end of the movement as it was easier to group and attack the journalists.<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The term eventually came to be used in reference to <A href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">investigative journalists</A><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> who reported about and exposed such issues as crime, fraud, waste, public health and safety, graft, illegal financial practices. A muckraker's reporting may span businesses and government.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Early_20th_century_muckraking">Early 20th century muckraking</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early 20th century muckraking">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Ray_Stannard_Baker.jpg" class="image" title="Ray Stannard Baker"><IMG alt="Ray Stannard Baker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ray_Stannard_Baker.jpg/130px-Ray_Stannard_Baker.jpg" width="130" height="180" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ray_Stannard_Baker.jpg/196px-Ray_Stannard_Baker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ray_Stannard_Baker.jpg/261px-Ray_Stannard_Baker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="625" /></A></DIV>
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<CENTER><A href="/wiki/Ray_Stannard_Baker" title="Ray Stannard Baker">Ray Stannard Baker</A></CENTER>
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<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Steffens.jpg" class="image" title="Lincoln Steffens"><IMG alt="Lincoln Steffens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lincoln_Steffens.jpg/116px-Lincoln_Steffens.jpg" width="116" height="180" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lincoln_Steffens.jpg/174px-Lincoln_Steffens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lincoln_Steffens.jpg/232px-Lincoln_Steffens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="1158" /></A></DIV>
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<CENTER><A href="/wiki/Lincoln_Steffens" title="Lincoln Steffens">Lincoln Steffens</A></CENTER>
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<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Ida_M_Tarbell_crop.jpg" class="image" title="Ida M Tarbell"><IMG alt="Ida M Tarbell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ida_M_Tarbell_crop.jpg/139px-Ida_M_Tarbell_crop.jpg" width="139" height="180" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ida_M_Tarbell_crop.jpg/209px-Ida_M_Tarbell_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ida_M_Tarbell_crop.jpg/278px-Ida_M_Tarbell_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="1094" /></A></DIV>
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<CENTER><A href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida M Tarbell</A></CENTER>
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<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Upton_Beall_Sinclair_Jr.jpg" class="image" title="Upton Sinclair"><IMG alt="Upton Sinclair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Upton_Beall_Sinclair_Jr.jpg/133px-Upton_Beall_Sinclair_Jr.jpg" width="133" height="180" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Upton_Beall_Sinclair_Jr.jpg/200px-Upton_Beall_Sinclair_Jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Upton_Beall_Sinclair_Jr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="291" /></A></DIV>
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<CENTER><A href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</A></CENTER>
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<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Will_Irwin1904-6.jpg" class="image" title="Will Irwin"><IMG alt="Will Irwin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Will_Irwin1904-6.jpg/144px-Will_Irwin1904-6.jpg" width="144" height="180" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Will_Irwin1904-6.jpg/216px-Will_Irwin1904-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Will_Irwin1904-6.jpg/287px-Will_Irwin1904-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="457" /></A></DIV>
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<CENTER><A href="/wiki/Will_Irwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Will Irwin">Will Irwin</A></CENTER>
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<P>Some of the key documents that came to define the work of the muckrakers were:</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Ray_Stannard_Baker" title="Ray Stannard Baker">Ray Stannard Baker</A> published "The Right to Work" in <I>McClure's Magazine</I> in 1903, about coal mine conditions, a coal strike, and the situation of non-striking workers (or scabs). Many of the non-striking workers had no special training or knowledge in mining, since they were simply farmers looking for work. His investigative work portrayed the dangerous conditions in which these people worked in the mines, and the dangers they faced from union members who did not want them to work.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Lincoln_Steffens" title="Lincoln Steffens">Lincoln Steffens</A> published "Tweed Days in St. Louis", in which he profiled corrupt leaders in St. Louis, in October 1902, in <I>McClure's Magazine</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher200613_25-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher200613-25">[25]</A></SUP> The prominence of the article helped lawyer <A href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Folk#St._Louis_career" title="Joseph W. Folk">Joseph Folk</A> to lead an investigation of the corrupt political ring in St. Louis.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</A> published <I>The Rise of the Standard Oil Company</I> in 1902, providing insight into the manipulation of trusts. One trust they manipulated was with Christopher Dunn Co. She followed that work with <I><A href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Standard_Oil_Company" title="The History of the Standard Oil Company">The History of The Standard Oil Company: the Oil War of 1872</A></I>, which appeared in <I>McClure's Magazine</I> in 1908. She condemned Rockefeller's immoral and ruthless business tactics and emphasized “our national life is on every side distinctly poorer, uglier, meaner, for the kind of influence he exercises.” Her book generated enough public anger that it led to the splitting up of Standard Oil under the Sherman Anti Trust Act.<SUP id="cite_ref-Smithosonianmag.com_26-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Smithosonianmag.com-26">[26]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</A> published <I><A href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</A></I> in 1906, which revealed conditions in the meat packing industry in the United States and was a major factor in the establishment of the <A href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</A> and <A href="/wiki/Meat_Inspection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat Inspection Act">Meat Inspection Act</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-ushistory.org_27-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ushistory.org-27">[27]</A></SUP> Sinclair wrote the book with the intent of addressing unsafe working conditions in that industry, not food safety.<SUP id="cite_ref-ushistory.org_27-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ushistory.org-27">[27]</A></SUP> Sinclair was not a professional journalist but his story was first serialized before being published in book form. Sinclair considered himself to be a muckraker.</P>
<P>"<A href="/wiki/The_Treason_of_the_Senate" title="The Treason of the Senate">The Treason of the Senate: Aldrich, the Head of it All</A>", by <A href="/wiki/David_Graham_Phillips" title="David Graham Phillips">David Graham Phillips</A>, published as a series of articles in <I><A href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)" title="Cosmopolitan (magazine)">Cosmopolitan</A></I> magazine in February 1906, described corruption in the U.S. Senate. This work was a keystone in the creation of the <A href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventeenth Amendment</A> which established the election of Senators through popular vote.</P>
<P><I><A href="/wiki/The_Great_American_Fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great American Fraud">The Great American Fraud</A></I> (1905) by <A href="/wiki/Samuel_Hopkins_Adams" title="Samuel Hopkins Adams">Samuel Hopkins Adams</A> revealed fraudulent claims and endorsements of patent medicines in America. This article shed light on the many false claims that pharmaceutical companies and other manufactures would make as to the potency of their medicines, drugs and tonics. This exposure contributed heavily to the creation of the <A href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</A> alongside Upton Sinclair's work. Using the example of <A href="/wiki/Peruna" title="Peruna">Peruna</A> in his article, Adams described how this tonic, which was made of seven compound drugs and alcohol,<SUP id="cite_ref-The_Muckrackers_28-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-The_Muckrackers-28">[28]</A></SUP> did not have "any great potency".<SUP id="cite_ref-The_Muckrackers_28-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-The_Muckrackers-28">[28]</A></SUP> Manufacturers sold it at an obscene price and hence made immense profits. His work forced a crackdown on a number of other patents and fraudulent schemes of medicinal companies.</P>
<P>Many other works by muckrakers brought to light a variety of issues in America during the Progressive era.<SUP id="cite_ref-The_Muckrackers_28-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-The_Muckrackers-28">[28]</A></SUP> These writers focused on a wide range of issues including the monopoly of <A href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</A>; cattle processing and <A href="/wiki/Meat_packing" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat packing">meat packing</A>; patent medicines; <A href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</A>; and wages, <A href="/wiki/Wage_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage labor">labor</A>, and working conditions in industry and agriculture. In a number of instances, the revelations of muckraking journalists led to public outcry, governmental and legal investigations, and, in some cases, legislation was enacted to address the issues the writers' identified, such as harmful social conditions; pollution; food and product safety standards; sexual harassment; unfair labor practices; fraud; and other matters. The work of the muckrakers in the early years, and those today, span a wide array of legal, social, ethical and <A href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</A> concerns.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Muckrakers_and_their_works">Muckrakers and their works</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Muckrakers and their works">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Samuel_Hopkins_Adams" title="Samuel Hopkins Adams">Samuel Hopkins Adams</A> (1871–1958) – <I>The Great American Fraud</I> (1905), exposed false claims about <A href="/wiki/Patent_medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent medicines">patent medicines</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Paul_Y._Anderson" title="Paul Y. Anderson">Paul Y. Anderson</A> (August 29, 1893 – December 6, 1938) is best known for his reporting of a race riot and the Teapot Dome scandal.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ray_Stannard_Baker" title="Ray Stannard Baker">Ray Stannard Baker</A> (1870–1946) – of <I><A href="/wiki/McClure%27s" title="McClure's">McClure's</A></I> & <I><A href="/wiki/The_American_Magazine" title="The American Magazine">The American Magazine</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Louis_D._Brandeis" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis D. Brandeis">Louis D. Brandeis</A> (1856–1941) – published his combined findings of the monopolies of big banks and big business in his 1914 book <I><A href="/wiki/Other_People%27s_Money_And_How_the_Bankers_Use_It" class="mw-redirect" title="Other People's Money And How the Bankers Use It">Other People's Money And How the Bankers Use It</A></I>, Subsequently, appointed to the Supreme Court (1916)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Burton_J._Hendrick" title="Burton J. Hendrick">Burton J. Hendrick</A> (1870–1949) – "The Story of Life Insurance" May – November 1906 <I><A href="/wiki/McClure%27s" title="McClure's">McClure's</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frances_Kellor" title="Frances Kellor">Frances Kellor</A> (1873–1952) – studied chronic unemployment in her book <I>Out of Work</I> (1904)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Lawson_(businessman)" title="Thomas W. Lawson (businessman)">Thomas William Lawson</A> (1857–1924) <I>Frenzied Finance</I> (1906) on Amalgamated Copper stock scandal</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Edwin_Markham" title="Edwin Markham">Edwin Markham</A> (1852–1940) – published an exposé of child labor in <I>Children in Bondage</I> (1914)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gustavus_Myers" title="Gustavus Myers">Gustavus Myers</A> (1872–1942) – documented corruption in his first book "The History of Tammany Hall" (1901) unpublished, Revised edition, Boni and Liveright, 1917. His second book (in three volumes) related a "History of the Great American Fortunes" Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1909–10; Single volume Modern Library edition, New York, 1936. Other works include "History of The Supreme Court of the United States" Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1912. "A History of Canadian Wealth" Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1914. "History of Bigotry in the United States" New York: Random House, 1943 Published posthumously.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frank_Norris" title="Frank Norris">Frank Norris</A> (1870–1902) <I><A href="/wiki/The_Octopus_(Frank_Norris)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Octopus (Frank Norris)">The Octopus</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fremont_Older" title="Fremont Older">Fremont Older</A> (1856–1935) – wrote on San Francisco corruption and on the case of <A href="/wiki/Thomas_Mooney" title="Thomas Mooney">Tom Mooney</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Drew_Pearson_(journalist)" title="Drew Pearson (journalist)">Drew Pearson</A> (1897–1969) – wrote syndicated newspaper column "Washington Merry-Go-Round".</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jacob_Riis" title="Jacob Riis">Jacob Riis</A> (1849–1914) – <I><A href="/wiki/How_the_Other_Half_Lives" title="How the Other Half Lives">How the Other Half Lives</A>,</I> the slums</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Russell" title="Charles Edward Russell">Charles Edward Russell</A> (1860–1941) – investigated Beef Trust, Georgia's prison</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</A> (1878–1968) – <I><A href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</A></I> (1906), US meat-packing industry, and the books in the "Dead Hand" series that critique the institutions (journalism, education, etc.) that could but did not prevent these abuses.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_Spargo" title="John Spargo">John Spargo</A> (1876–1966) – American reformer and author, <I><A href="/wiki/The_Bitter_Cry_of_Children" title="The Bitter Cry of Children">The Bitter Cry of Children</A></I> (child labor)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lincoln_Steffens" title="Lincoln Steffens">Lincoln Steffens</A> (1866–1936) <A href="/wiki/The_Shame_of_the_Cities" title="The Shame of the Cities">The Shame of the Cities</A> (1904) - uncovered the corruption of several political machines in major cities.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ida_M._Tarbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida M. Tarbell">Ida M. Tarbell</A> (1857–1944) exposé, <I><A href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Standard_Oil_Company" title="The History of the Standard Oil Company">The History of the Standard Oil Company</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Turner" title="John Kenneth Turner">John Kenneth Turner</A> (1879–1948) - author of <I>Barbarous Mexico</I> (1910), an account of the exploitative debt-peonage system used in Mexico under <A href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</A>.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</A> (1862-1931) - <I>The Free Speech</I> (1892) condemned the flaws in the United States justice system that allowed lynching to happen.<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Disappearance">Disappearance</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Disappearance">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The influence of the muckrakers began to fade during the more conservative presidency of <A href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</A>. Corporations and political leaders were also more successful in silencing these journalists as advertiser boycotts forced some magazines to go bankrupt. The most significant factor in the disappearance of the muckrakers was their success. Through their exposés, the nation was changed by reforms in cities, business, politics, and more. Monopolies such as Standard Oil were broken up and political machines fell apart; the problems uncovered by muckrakers were resolved and thus muckrakers were needed no longer.<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Impact">Impact</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>According to Fred J. Cook, the muckrakers' journalism resulted in litigation or legislation that had a lasting impact, such as the end of <A href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</A>'s monopoly over the oil industry, the establishment of the <A href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</A> of 1906, the creation of the first <A href="/wiki/Child_labor_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child labor laws in the United States">child labor laws in the United States</A> around 1916. Their reports exposed bribery and corruption at the city and state level, as well as in Congress, that led to reforms and changes in election results.</P>
<P>"The effect on the soul of the nation was profound. It can hardly be considered an accident that the heyday of the muckrakers coincided with one of America's most yeasty and vigorous periods of ferment. The people of the country were aroused by the corruptions and wrongs of the age – and it was the muckrakers who informed and aroused them. The results showed in the great wave of progressivism and reform cresting in the remarkable spate of legislation that marked the first administration of Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1917. For this, the muckrakers had paved the way."<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Other changes that resulted from muckraker articles include the reorganization of the U.S. Navy (after Henry Reuterdahl published a controversial article in McClure's). Articles like David Graham Phillip's "Treason of the Senate" were used to change the way Senators were elected by the Seventeenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Since_1945">Since 1945</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Since 1945">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Some today use "investigative journalism" as a synonym for muckraking.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> <A href="/wiki/Carey_McWilliams_(journalist)" title="Carey McWilliams (journalist)">Carey McWilliams</A>, editor of the <I>Nation</I>, assumed in 1970 that investigative journalism, and reform journalism, or muckraking, were the same type of journalism.<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP> Journalism textbooks point out that McClure's muckraking standards, "Have become integral to the character of modern investigative journalism."<SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[34]</A></SUP> Furthermore, the successes of the early muckrakers have continued to inspire journalists.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[36]</A></SUP> Moreover, muckraking has become an integral part of journalism in American History. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein exposed the workings of the Nixon Administration in Watergate which led to Nixon's impeachment. More recently, Edward Snowden disclosed the activities of governmental spying, albeit illegally, which gave the public knowledge of the extent of the infringements on their privacy.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Filler, Louis (1976). <I>The Muckrakers: New and Enlarged Edition of Crusaders for American Liberalism</I>. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 361, 367–68, 372. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01212-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-01212-9">0-271-01212-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muckrakers%3A+New+and+Enlarged+Edition+of+Crusaders+for+American+Liberalism&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pages=361%2C+367-68%2C+372&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-271-01212-9&rft.aulast=Filler&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Herbert Shapiro, ed., <I>The muckrakers and American society</I> (Heath, 1968), contains representative samples as well as academic commentary.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lapsansky-Werner, Emma J. <I>United States History: Modern America</I>, Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions, 2011, p. 102.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERegier195749-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegier195749_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFRegier1957">Regier 1957</A>, p. 49.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><I>American epoch: a history of the United States since the 1890's</I> (1st ed.). <A href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</A>: <A href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</A>. 1955. p. 62.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+epoch%3A+a+history+of+the+United+States+since+the+1890%27s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=62&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Brinkley21-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Brinkley21_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Brinkley, Alan. "Chapter 21: Rise of Progressivism". In Barrosse, Emily. <I>American History, A Survey</I> (twelfth ed.). <A href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles</A>, <A href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</A>, US: <A href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw Hill">McGraw Hill</A>. pp. 566–67. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-325718-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-325718-1">978-0-07-325718-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+21%3A+Rise+of+Progressivism&rft.btitle=American+History%2C+A+Survey&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA%2C+US&rft.pages=566-67&rft.edition=twelfth&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.isbn=978-0-07-325718-1&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinbergWeinberg19642-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinbergWeinberg19642_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFWeinbergWeinberg1964">Weinberg & Weinberg 1964</A>, p. 2.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Steffens, Lincoln (1958). <I>The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens, abridged</I>. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. p. 145.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Lincoln+Steffens%2C+abridged&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Steffens&rft.aufirst=Lincoln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Cook, Fred J. (1972). <I>The Muckrakers: Crusading Journalists who Changed America</I>. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. p. 131.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muckrakers%3A+Crusading+Journalists+who+Changed+America&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Fred+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_journalism.html">"Crucible Of Empire : The Spanish-American War – PBS Online"</A>. Pbs.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 4,</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crucible+Of+Empire+%3A+The+Spanish-American+War+%E2%80%93+PBS+Online&rft.pub=Pbs.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fcrucible%2Fframes%2F_journalism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"A New Hospital for the Insane" (Dec. 1876) <I>Brooklyn Daily Eagle</I></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9807E5DD163EE73BBC4B51DFB467838D669FDE">"An Insane Hospital for Brooklyn"</A>. New York Times. December 23, 1876<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 4,</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Insane+Hospital+for+Brooklyn&rft.pub=New+York+Times&rft.date=1876-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fmem%2Farchive-free%2Fpdf%3Fres%3D9807E5DD163EE73BBC4B51DFB467838D669FDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.biography.com/people/nellie-bly-9216680?page=2">http://www.biography.com/people/nellie-bly-9216680?page=2</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Walker, Martin (1983). <I>Powers of the Press: Twelve of the World's Influential Newspapers</I>. New York: Adama Books. pp. 215–217. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915361-10-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-915361-10-8">0-915361-10-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Powers+of+the+Press%3A+Twelve+of+the+World%27s+Influential+Newspapers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=215-217&rft.pub=Adama+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-915361-10-8&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-MUCKRACKERS-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-MUCKRACKERS_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Weinberg, p. 2</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Schudson, Michael (1978). <I>Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers</I>. New York: BasicBooks. p. 79.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+the+News%3A+A+Social+History+of+American+Newspapers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=BasicBooks&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Schudson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Chalmers, David Mark (1964). <I>The Social and Political Ideas of Muckrakers</I>. New York: Citadel Press. pp. 105–08.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+and+Political+Ideas+of+Muckrakers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=105-08&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=David+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-MCCLURES-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-MCCLURES_18-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Wilson, p. 63</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-MUCKRAKERS-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-MUCKRAKERS_19-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Weinberg, p. 441-443</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Rivers, William L (1970). <I>The Adversaries: Politics and the Press</I>. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. 16–20.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adversaries%3A+Politics+and+the+Press&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=16-20&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Rivers&rft.aufirst=William+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteffens1958347–59-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteffens1958347–59_21-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFSteffens1958">Steffens 1958</A>, pp. 347–59.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Stephen E. Lucas, "Theodore Roosevelt's 'the man with the muck‐rake': A reinterpretation." <I>Quarterly Journal of Speech</I> 59#4 (1973): 452-462.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Charles_Scribner's_Sons-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Charles_Scribner's_Sons_23-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Charles_Scribner's_Sons_23-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Roosevelt, Theodore (1958) [1913]. Andrews, Wayne, ed. <I>The Autobiography, Condensed from the Original Edition, Supplemented by Letters, Speeches, and Other Writings</I> (1st ed.). <A href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</A>: <A href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</A>. pp. 246–47.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography%2C+Condensed+from+the+Original+Edition%2C+Supplemented+by+Letters%2C+Speeches%2C+and+Other+Writings&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=246-47&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">SpartacusEducational.com. "Muckraking Journalism." (1997) Spartacus Educational. <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://spartacus-educational.com/Jmuckraking.htm">http://spartacus-educational.com/Jmuckraking.htm</A>. Retrieved May 18, 2017.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher200613-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher200613_25-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFGallagher2006">Gallagher 2006</A>, p. 13.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Smithosonianmag.com-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Smithosonianmag.com_26-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">smithosonianmag.com "The Woman Who Took On a Tycoon." <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-woman-who-took-on-the-tycoon-651396/">http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-woman-who-took-on-the-tycoon-651396/</A>. Retrieved May 17, 2017.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ushistory.org-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ushistory.org_27-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ushistory.org_27-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Ushistory.org. “Muckrakers.” (2014). U.S. History Online Textbook. <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ushistory.org/us/42b.asp">http://www.ushistory.org/us/42b.asp</A>. Retrieved January 21, 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-The_Muckrackers-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-The_Muckrackers_28-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-The_Muckrackers_28-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-The_Muckrackers_28-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Weinberg, p. 195</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lee D. Baker. "Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Her Passion for Justice." (1996) Duke University. <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://people.duke.edu/~ldbaker/classes/AAIH/caaih/ibwells/ibwbkgrd.html">http://people.duke.edu/~ldbaker/classes/AAIH/caaih/ibwells/ibwbkgrd.html</A>. Retrieved May 17, 2017.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Biography.com. "Ida B. Wells." (2017) Biography. <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.biography.com/people/ida-b-wells-9527635">http://www.biography.com/people/ida-b-wells-9527635</A>. Retrieved May 17, 2017.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Encyclopedia.com. "Muckrakers." (2003) Online Encyclopedia. <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/social-reform/muckrakers">http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/sociology-and-social-reform/social-reform/muckrakers</A>. Retrieved May 17, 2017.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Cook, Fred J. (1972). <I>The Muckrakers: Crusading Journalists who Changed America</I>. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. p. 179.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muckrakers%3A+Crusading+Journalists+who+Changed+America&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Fred+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">James L. Aucoin, <I>The Evolution of American Investigative Journalism</I> (University of Missouri Press, 2007) p. 90.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">W. David Sloan; Lisa Mullikin Parcell (2002). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOItkXKZ-3EC&pg=PA212"><I>American Journalism: History, Principles, Practices</I></A>. McFarland. pp. 211–213.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Journalism%3A+History%2C+Principles%2C+Practices&rft.pages=211-213&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002&rft.au=W.+David+Sloan&rft.au=Lisa+Mullikin+Parcell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOItkXKZ-3EC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cecelia Tichi, <I>Exposés and excess: Muckraking in America, 1900/2000</I> (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Stephen Hess, <I>Whatever Happened to the Washington Reporters, 1978-2012</I> (2012)</SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI>Applegate, Edd. <I>Muckrakers: A Biographical Dictionary of Writers and Editors</I> (Scarecrow Press, 2008); 50 entries, mostly American <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Muckrakers-Biographical-Dictionary-Writers-Editors/dp/0810861070/">contents</A></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFCook1972" class="citation">Cook, Fred J (1972), <I>The Muckrakers</I>, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muckrakers&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Co&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Fred+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.</LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFGallagher2006" class="citation">Gallagher, Aileen (2006), <I>The Muckrakers, American Journalism During the Age of Reform</I>, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muckrakers%2C+American+Journalism+During+the+Age+of+Reform&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Aileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.</LI>
<LI>Lucas, Stephen E. "Theodore Roosevelt's 'the man with the muck‐rake': A reinterpretation." <I>Quarterly Journal of Speech</I> 59#4 (1973): 452-462.</LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFRegier1957" class="citation">Regier, CC (1957), <I>The Era of the Muckrakers</I>, Gloucester, <A href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">MA</A>: Peter Smith</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Era+of+the+Muckrakers&rft.place=Gloucester%2C+MA&rft.pub=Peter+Smith&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Regier&rft.aufirst=CC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.</LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFSteffens1958" class="citation">Steffens, Lincoln (1958), <I>The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens</I> (abridged ed.), New York: Harcourt, Brace & World</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Lincoln+Steffens&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=abridged&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Steffens&rft.aufirst=Lincoln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFSwados1962" class="citation">Swados, Harvey, ed. (1962), <I>Years of Conscience: The Muckrakers</I>, Cleveland: World Publishing Co</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Years+of+Conscience%3A+The+Muckrakers&rft.place=Cleveland&rft.pub=World+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.</LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFWeinbergWeinberg1964" class="citation">Weinberg, Arthur; Weinberg, Lila, eds. (1964), <I>The Muckrackers: The Era in Journalism that Moved America to Reform, the Most Significant Magazine Articles of 1902–1912</I>, New York: Capricon Books</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muckrackers%3A+The+Era+in+Journalism+that+Moved+America+to+Reform%2C+the+Most+Significant+Magazine+Articles+of+1902%E2%80%931912&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Capricon+Books&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuckraker" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.</LI>
<LI>Wilson, Harold S. (1970). <I>McClure's Magazine and the Muckrakers</I>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069104600X" title="Special:BookSources/069104600X">069104600X</A>.</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Muckraker&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></A> The dictionary definition of <A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/muckraker" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/muckraker">muckraker</A> at Wiktionary</LI>
<LI>Original Nellie Bly articles at <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nellieblyonline.com/">Nellie Bly Online</A></LI>
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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckraking" title="Muckraking – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckrakers" title="Muckrakers – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="سرگین‌کاوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demaskatorzy" title="Demaskatorzy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Разоблачительная журналистика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muckrakers" title="Muckrakers – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Макрейкери – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%99%E7%B2%AA%E8%AE%B0%E8%80%85" title="耙粪记者 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				</UL>
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