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<TITLE>History of the People's Republic of China - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">History of the People's Republic of China</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<TBODY><TR>
<TH style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><A class="mw-selflink selflink">History of the People's<BR />
Republic of China (PRC)</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;padding-bottom:1.0em;"><A href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="image" title="National emblem of the People's Republic of China"><IMG alt="National emblem of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/150px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" width="150" height="163" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/225px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/300px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="982" /></A></TD>
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<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #707070;padding-top:0.2em;background:white;">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%9376)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–76)"><SPAN style="font-size:105%;">1949–1976</SPAN><BR />
Mao era</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<DIV class="hlist">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Revolution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mass_killings_of_landlords_under_Mao_Zedong" title="Mass killings of landlords under Mao Zedong">Killings of landlords</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Zhen Fan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Three-anti/five-anti_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-anti/five-anti campaigns">Three-anti/five-anti campaigns</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Campaign" title="Hundred Flowers Campaign">Hundred Flowers Campaign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</A></LI>
</UL>
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</A><BR />
<SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(<A href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</A>)</SPAN></DIV>
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</A>
<DIV class="hlist hlist-separated">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(<A href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN style="font-size:90%;"><A href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN style="font-size:90%;"><A href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Incident" title="Tiananmen Incident">Tiananmen Incident</A>)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
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<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #707070;padding-top:0.2em;background:white;">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%9389)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–89)"><SPAN style="font-size:105%;">1976–1989</SPAN><BR />
Restructuring</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<DIV class="hlist">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beijing_Spring" title="Beijing Spring">Beijing Spring</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anti-Spiritual_Pollution_Campaign" title="Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign">Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">Tiananmen protests</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #707070;padding-top:0.2em;background:white;">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)"><SPAN style="font-size:105%;">1989–2002</SPAN><BR />
Rising power</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</A>
<DIV class="hlist hlist-separated">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(<A href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong#Modern_Hong_Kong_under_China_(post-1997*–_present)" title="History of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN style="font-size:90%;"><A href="/wiki/History_of_Macau#Handover_to_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="History of Macau">Macau</A>)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait Unification">Chinese reunification</A></LI>
</UL>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #707070;padding-top:0.2em;background:white;">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)"><SPAN style="font-size:105%;">2002–<SPAN style="font-size:85%;">present </SPAN></SPAN><BR />
Recent history</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<DIV class="hlist">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">Sichuan earthquake</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">Beijing Olympics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Expo_2010" title="Expo 2010">Shanghai 2010 Expo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wang_Lijun_incident" title="Wang Lijun incident">Wang Lijun incident</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/2015_China_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2015 China Victory Day Parade">2015 China Victory Day Parade</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign<BR />
after the 18th Party Congress</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #707070;padding-top:0.2em;background:white;">History of</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<DIV class="hlist">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China">PRC constitution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Beijing" title="History of Beijing">Beijing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Shanghai" title="History of Shanghai">Shanghai</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em;border-top:1px solid #707070;padding-top:0.2em;background:white;"><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership" title="Generations of Chinese leadership">Generations of leadership</A></SPAN></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<DIV class="hlist nowrap">
<UL>
<LI>1. <A href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</A></LI>
<LI>2. <A href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng</A></LI>
<LI>3. <A href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang</A></LI>
<LI>4. <A href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu</A></LI>
<LI>5. <A href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;border-top:1px solid #707070;padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.5em;font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1px solid #707070;">
<DIV class="hlist">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Culture of the People's Republic of China">Culture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #707070;"><A href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="16" height="11" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></A> <A href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</A></TD>
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<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:History of the People's Republic of China"><ABBR title="View this template">v</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:History of the People's Republic of China"><ABBR title="Discuss this template">t</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template">e</ABBR></A></LI>
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<TH colspan="8" style="background:#FEC; border-bottom: 1px solid #777; padding:3px 3px 0px 3px; font-size: 110%">
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:History_of_China.png" class="image"><IMG alt="History of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/History_of_China.png/125px-History_of_China.png" width="125" height="66" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/History_of_China.png 1.5x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="84" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<A href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="text-align:center;line-height: 150%; color:#777; text-align:center;font-size: 100%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8"><B><SMALL>ANCIENT</SMALL></B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #c3c4db;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</A></B> c. 8500 – c. 2070 BCE</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #c3c4db;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</A></B> c. 2070 – c. 1600 BCE</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #c3c4db;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</A></B> c. 1600 – c. 1046 BCE</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</A></B> c. 1046 – 256 BCE</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8"> <B><A href="/wiki/Western_Zhou_period" title="Western Zhou period">Western Zhou</A></B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8"> <B><A href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou_period" title="Eastern Zhou period">Eastern Zhou</A></B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="line-height: 140%; font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8">   <A href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #666; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #eeffe8">   <A href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="text-align:center;line-height: 150%; color:#777;font-size: 100%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><B><SMALL>IMPERIAL</SMALL></B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</A></B> 221–206 BCE</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</A></B> 206 BCE – 220 CE</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9">  <B><A href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Western_Han" title="Han dynasty">Western Han</A></B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9">  <B><A href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty" title="Xin dynasty">Xin dynasty</A></B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9">  <B><A href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han</A></B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</A></B> 220–280</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 2px 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666">  <B><A href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</A></B>, <B><A href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu</A></B> and <B><A href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Wu</A></B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Jin dynasty</A></B> 265–420</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9">  <B><A href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Western Jin</A></B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="1" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9">  <B><A href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Eastern Jin</A></B></TD>
<TD colspan="7" style="font-size: 90%; border-top: 1px solid #dbd9c5; border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</A></B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 2px 5px 2px 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</A></B><BR />
420–589</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</A></B> 581–618</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</A></B> 618–907</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 0 5px 2px 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666">  (<A href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty_(690%E2%80%93705)" title="Zhou dynasty (690–705)">Second Zhou dynasty</A> 690–705)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="1" style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 150%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5; padding: 2px 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and<BR />
Ten Kingdoms</A></B><BR />
907–960</TD>
<TD colspan="7" style="font-size: 90%;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</A></B><BR />
907–1125</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="1" style="line-height: 150%; font-size: 90%;padding: 2px 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</A></B><BR />
960–1279</TD>
<TD colspan="7" style="font-size: 90%;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="1" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9">  <B><A href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Northern_Song,_960–1126" title="Song dynasty">Northern Song</A></B></TD>
<TD colspan="1" style="font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"></TD>
<TD colspan="6" style="font-size: 90%;border-top: 1px solid #dbd9c5;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><B><A href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</A></B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="1" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9">  <B><A href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</A></B></TD>
<TD colspan="1" style="font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"><B><A href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</A></B></TD>
<TD colspan="6" style="font-size: 90%;border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;border-left: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</A></B> 1271–1368</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</A></B> 1368–1644</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #666;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fffde9; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</A></B> 1644–1912</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="text-align:center;line-height: 150%; color:#777; font-size: 100%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff0f6"><B><SMALL>MODERN</SMALL></B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbd9c5;padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff0f6; color:#666"><B><A href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</A></B> 1912–1949</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff0f6; color:#666"><B><A class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Republic of China</A></B> 1949–present</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="8" class="plainlist" style="line-height: 150%; padding:0px 3px 2px 3px; background:#EEE; border-top: 1px solid #666; font-size: 90%;">
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Chinese historiography</A></LI>
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<P>The <B>history of the <A href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</A></B> details the history of <A href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</A> since October 1, 1949, when, after a near complete victory by the <A href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</A> (CCP) in the <A href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</A> proclaimed the People's Republic of China (PRC) from atop <A href="/wiki/Tiananmen" title="Tiananmen">Tiananmen</A>. The PRC has for several decades been synonymous with <A href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</A>, but it is only the most recent political entity to govern mainland China, preceded by the <A href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</A> (ROC) and thousands of years of <A href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">imperial dynasties</A>.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#1949–1976:_Socialist_transformation_under_Mao_Zedong"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">1949–1976: Socialist transformation under Mao Zedong</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#1976–1989:_Rise_of_Deng_Xiaoping_and_economic_reforms"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">1976–1989: Rise of Deng Xiaoping and economic reforms</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#1989–2002:_Economic_growth_under_the_third_generation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">1989–2002: Economic growth under the third generation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#2002–present"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">2002–present</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Historiography"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Historiography</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN id="1949.E2.80.931976:_Socialist_transformation_under_Mao_Zedong"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="1949–1976:_Socialist_transformation_under_Mao_Zedong">1949–1976: Socialist transformation under Mao Zedong</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1949–1976: Socialist transformation under Mao Zedong">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)</A></DIV>
<P>Following the <A href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</A> and the victory of <A href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</A>'s <A href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" title="Communist Party of China">Communist</A> forces over the <A href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</A> forces of Generalissimo <A href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</A>, who fled to <A href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</A>, Mao declared the founding of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949. Mao's first goal was a total overhaul of the land ownership system, and extensive land reforms. China's old system of <A href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlord</A> ownership of farmland and tenant peasants was replaced with a distribution system in favor of poor/landless peasants which significantly reduced <A href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</A>. Over a million landlords were executed.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> In Zhangzhuangcun, in the more thoroughly reformed north of the country, most "landlords" and "rich peasants" had lost all their land and often their lives or had fled. All formerly landless workers had received land, which eliminated this category altogether. As a result, "middling peasants," who now accounted for 90 percent of the village population, owned 90.8 percent of the land.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> Mao laid heavy theoretical emphasis on <A href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</A>, and in 1953 began various campaigns to persecute former landlords and merchants, including the execution of more powerful landlords. Drug trafficking in the country as well as foreign investment were largely wiped out.</P>
<P>Mao believed that <A href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</A> would eventually triumph over all other ideologies, and following the First Five-Year Plan based on a Soviet-style centrally controlled economy, Mao took on the ambitious project of the <A href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</A> in 1958, beginning an unprecedented process of collectivization in rural areas. Mao urged the use of communally organized iron smelters to increase steel production, pulling workers off of agricultural labor to the point that large amounts of crops rotted unharvested. Mao decided to continue to advocate these smelters despite a visit to a factory steel mill which proved to him that high quality steel could only be produced in a factory. He thought that ending the program would dampen peasant enthusiasm for his political mobilization, the Great Leap Forward.</P>
<P>The implementation of Maoist thought in China may have been responsible for over 40-70 million deaths including famine during peacetime<SUP id="cite_ref-Fenby_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Fenby-3">[3]</A></SUP>, with the <A href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</A>, <A href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</A> of 1957-58,<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP> and the <A href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</A>. Millions died from both executions and forced labour. Because of Mao's <A href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reforms</A> during the Great Leap Forward, which resulted in massive <A href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</A>, thirty million perished between 1958 and 1961. By the end of 1961 the birth rate was nearly cut in half because of malnutrition.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP> Active campaigns, including party purges and "reeducation" resulted in the imprisonment or execution of those deemed to hold views contrary to Maoist ideals.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP> Mao's failure with the Leap reduced his power in government, whose administrative duties fell to <A href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</A> and <A href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</A>.</P>
<P>To impose socialist orthodoxy and rid China of "old elements", and at the same time serving certain political goals, Mao began the <A href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</A> in May 1966. The campaign was far reaching into all aspects of Chinese life. <A href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Guards (China)">Red Guards</A> terrorized the streets as many ordinary citizens were deemed counter-revolutionaries. Education and public transportation came to a nearly complete halt. Daily life involved shouting slogans and reciting Mao quotations. Many prominent political leaders, including Liu and Deng, were purged and deemed "capitalist-roaders". The campaign would not come to a complete end until the death of Mao in 1976.</P>
<P>Supporters of the Maoist Era claim that under Mao, China's unity and <A href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</A> was assured for the first time in a century, and there was development of <A href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</A>, <A href="/wiki/Industry" title="Industry">industry</A>, <A href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</A>, <A href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</A> (only 20% of the population could read in 1949, compared to 65.5% thirty years later)<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP>, which raised <A href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</A> for the average Chinese. They also claimed that <A href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">campaigns</A> such as the <A href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</A> were essential in jumpstarting China's development and "purifying" its culture. Others<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><SPAN title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2014)">who?</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> claim that though the consequences of both these campaigns were economically and humanly disastrous, they left behind a "clean slate" on which later economic progress could be built. Supporters often also doubt statistics or accounts given for death tolls or other damages incurred by Mao's campaigns, attributing the high death toll to <A href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</A>, famine, or other consequences of political chaos during the rule of <A href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN id="1976.E2.80.931989:_Rise_of_Deng_Xiaoping_and_economic_reforms"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="1976–1989:_Rise_of_Deng_Xiaoping_and_economic_reforms">1976–1989: Rise of Deng Xiaoping and economic reforms</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1976–1989: Rise of Deng Xiaoping and economic reforms">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)</A></DIV>
<P>Mao Zedong's death was followed by a power struggle between the <A href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</A>, <A href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</A>, and eventually <A href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</A>. Deng would maneuver himself to the top of China's leadership by 1980. At the Third Plenum of the Eleventh National Party Congress Central Committee, Deng embarked China on the road to <A href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic Reforms and Openness</A> (改革开放 <I>Gaige Kaifang</I>), policies that began with the de-collectivization of the countryside, followed with industrial reforms aimed at decentralizing government controls in the industrial sector. A major document presented at the September 1979 Fourth Plenum, gave a "preliminary assessment" of the entire 30-year period of Communist rule. At the plenum, party Vice Chairman <A href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</A> declared the Cultural Revolution "an appalling catastrophe" and "the most severe setback to [the] socialist cause since [1949]."<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP> The Chinese government's condemnation of the Cultural Revolution culminated in the <I>Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China</I>, adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. This stated that "Comrade Mao Zedong was a great Marxist and a great proletarian revolutionary, strategist and theorist. It is true that he made gross mistakes during the "cultural revolution", but, if we judge his activities as a whole, his contributions to the Chinese revolution far outweigh his mistakes. His merits are primary and his errors secondary."<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<P>On the subject of Mao's legacy Deng coined the famous phrase "7 parts good, 3 parts bad" and avoided denouncing Mao altogether. Deng championed the idea of <A href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zones">Special Economic Zones</A> (SEZs), areas where foreign investment would be allowed to pour in without strict government restraint and regulations, running on a basically <A href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</A> system. Deng laid emphasis on <A href="/wiki/Light_industry" title="Light industry">light industry</A> as a stepping stone to the development of heavy industries.</P>
<P>Supporters of the economic reforms point to the rapid development of the <A href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumer</A> and <A href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</A> sectors of the economy, the creation of an urban <A href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</A> that now constitutes 15% of the population, higher living standards (which is shown via dramatic increases in <A href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP per capita</A>, consumer spending, <A href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</A>, <A href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</A>, and total grain output) and a much wider range of personal rights and freedoms for average Chinese as evidence of the success of the reforms.</P>
<P>Although standards of living improved significantly in the 1980s, Deng's reforms were not without criticism. Hard-liners asserted that Deng opened China once again to various social evils, and an overall increase in materialistic thinking, while liberals attacked Deng's unrelenting stance on political reform. Liberal forces began gathering in different forms to protest against the Party's authoritarian leadership. In 1989, the death of <A href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</A>, a liberal figure, triggered weeks of spontaneous protests in the <A href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">Tiananmen Square</A>. The government imposed martial law and sent in tanks and soldiers to suppress the demonstrations. Western countries and multilateral organizations briefly suspended their formal ties with China's government under Premier Li Peng's leadership, which was directly responsible for the military curfew and bloody crackdown.</P>
<P>Critics of the economic reforms, both in China and abroad, claim that the reforms have caused <A href="/wiki/Wealth_disparity" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth disparity">wealth disparity</A>, <A href="/wiki/Environmental_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental pollution">environmental pollution</A>, rampant <A href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</A>, widespread <A href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</A> associated with layoffs at inefficient <A href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprises</A>, and has introduced often unwelcome cultural influences. Consequently, they believe that China's culture has been corrupted, the poor have been reduced to a hopeless abject underclass, and that the social stability is threatened. They are also of the opinion that various political reforms, such as moves towards popular elections, have been unfairly nipped in the bud. Regardless of either view, today, the public perception of Mao has improved at least superficially; images of Mao and Mao related objects have become fashionable, commonly used on novelty items and even as talismans. However, the path of modernization and market-oriented economic reforms that China started since the early 1980s appears to be fundamentally unchallenged. Even critics of China's market reforms do not wish to see a backtrack of these two decades of reforms, but rather propose corrective measures to offset some of the social issues caused by existing reforms.</P>
<P>In 1979, the Chinese government instituted a <A href="/wiki/One_child_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One child policy">one child policy</A> to try to control its rapidly increasing population. The controversial policy resulted in a dramatic decrease in child poverty. The law currently applies to about a third of mainland Chinese, with plans in place to ease it to a two-child limit.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The achievements of <A href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</A> to create an economic superpower in <A href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">Singapore</A> had a profound effect on the Communist leadership in China. They made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping, to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship, and subtle suppression of dissent. Over 22,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN id="1989.E2.80.932002:_Economic_growth_under_the_third_generation"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="1989–2002:_Economic_growth_under_the_third_generation">1989–2002: Economic growth under the third generation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1989–2002: Economic growth under the third generation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)</A></DIV>
<P>After the events at Tiananmen, Deng Xiaoping retired from public view. While keeping ultimate control, power was passed onto the third generation of leadership led by <A href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</A>, who was hailed as its "core". Economic growth, despite foreign trade embargoes, returned to a fast pace by the mid-1990s. Jiang's macroeconomic reforms furthered Deng's vision for "Socialism with Chinese Characteristics". At the same time, Jiang's period saw a continued rise in social corruption in all areas of life. Unemployment skyrocketed as unprofitable SOE's were closed to make way for more competitive ventures, internally and abroad. The ill-equipped social welfare system was put on a serious test. Jiang also laid heavy emphasis on scientific and technological advancement in areas such as space exploration. To sustain vast human consumption, the <A href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</A> was built, attracting supporters and widespread criticism. Environmental pollution became a very serious problem as Beijing was frequently hit by <A href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">sandstorms</A> as a result of <A href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</A>.</P>
<P>The 1990s saw two foreign colonies returned to China, <A href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</A> from <A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</A> in 1997, and <A href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</A> from <A href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</A> in 1999. Hong Kong and Macau mostly continued their own governance, retaining independence in their economic, social, and judicial systems.</P>
<P>Jiang and President Clinton exchanged state visits, but <A href="/wiki/Sino-American_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-American relations">Sino-American relations</A> took very sour turns at the end of the decade. On May 7, 1999, during the <A href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</A>, <A href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">US aircraft bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade</A>. The U.S. government claimed the strike was due to bad intelligence and false target identification.</P>
<P>Inside the US, the <A href="/wiki/Cox_Report" title="Cox Report">Cox Report</A> stated that China had been stealing various top US military secrets.</P>
<P>In 2001, a US surveillance plane <A href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">collided</A> with a Chinese fighter jet over international waters near <A href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</A>, inciting further outrage with the Chinese public, already dissatisfied with the US.</P>
<P>On the political agenda, China was once again put on the spotlight for the banning of public <A href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</A> activity in 1999. Silent protesters from the spiritual movement sat outside of <A href="/wiki/Zhongnanhai" title="Zhongnanhai">Zhongnanhai</A>, asking for dialogue with China's leaders. Jiang saw it as threatening to the political situation and outlawed the group altogether, while using the mass media to denounce it as an evil <A href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</A>.</P>
<P>Conversely, Premier <A href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</A>'s economic policies held China's economy strong during the <A href="/wiki/Asian_Financial_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Financial Crisis">Asian Financial Crisis</A>. Economic growth averaged at 8% annually, pushed back by the <A href="/wiki/1998_Yangtze_River_Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Yangtze River Floods">1998 Yangtze River Floods</A>. After a decade of talks, China was finally admitted into the <A href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</A>. Standards of living improved significantly, although a wide urban-rural wealth gap was opened, as China saw the reappearance of the <A href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</A>. Wealth disparity between East and the Western hinterlands continued to widen by the day, prompting government programs to "develop the West", taking on such ambitious projects such as the <A href="/wiki/Qinghai-Tibet_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinghai-Tibet Railway">Qinghai-Tibet Railway</A>. The burden of education was greater than ever. Rampant corruption continued despite Premier Zhu's anti-corruption campaign that executed many officials.</P>
<H2><SPAN id="2002.E2.80.93present"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="2002–present">2002–present</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2002–present">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)</A></DIV>
<P>The first major issue faced by China in the 21st century as a new generation of leaders led by <A href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</A> after assuming power was the public health crisis involving <A href="/wiki/SARS" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS">SARS</A>, an illness that seemed to have originated out of <A href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</A> province. China's position in the <A href="/wiki/War_on_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on terror">war on terror</A> drew the country closer diplomatically to the United States. The economy continues to grow in double-digit numbers as the development of rural areas became the major focus of government policy. In gradual steps to consolidate his power, <A href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</A> removed Shanghai Party Chief <A href="/wiki/Chen_Liangyu" title="Chen Liangyu">Chen Liangyu</A> and other potential political opponents amidst the fight against corruption, and the ongoing struggle against once powerful <A href="/wiki/Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</A>. The assertion of the <A href="/wiki/Scientific_Development_Concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific Development Concept">Scientific Perspective</A> to create a <A href="/wiki/Socialist_Harmonious_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Harmonious Society">Socialist Harmonious Society</A> is the focus of the Hu-Wen administration, as some Jiang-era excesses are slowly reversed. In the years after Hu's rise to power, respect of basic <A href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">human rights in China</A> continue to be a source of concern.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">political status</A> and future of <A href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</A> remain uncertain, but steps have been taken to improving relations between the Communist Party and several of Taiwan's parties that hold a less antagonistic view towards China, notably former rival <A href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</A>.</P>
<P>The continued economic growth of the country as well as its sporting power status gained China the right to host the <A href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</A>. However, this also put Hu's administration under intense spotlight. While the 2008 Olympic was commonly understood to be a come-out party for People's Republic of China, in light of the March 2008 Tibet protests, the government received heavy scrutiny. The <A href="/wiki/Olympic_torch" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic torch">Olympic torch</A> was met with protest en route. Within the country these reactions were met with a fervent wave of <A href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</A> with accusations of Western bias against China.</P>
<P>In May 2008, a massive earthquake registering 8.0 on the Richter scale hit <A href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">Sichuan province</A> of China, exacting a death toll officially estimated at approximately 70,000. The government responded more quickly than it did with previous events, and has allowed foreign media access to the regions that were hit the hardest. The adequacy of the government response was generally praised, and the relief efforts extended to every corner of Chinese life. In May and June 2008, heavy rains in southern China caused <A href="/wiki/2008_South_China_floods" title="2008 South China floods">severe flooding</A> in the provinces of <A href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</A>, <A href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</A>, <A href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</A>, <A href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</A> and <A href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</A>, with dozens of fatalities and over a million people forced to evacuate. As of 2009 China has increased its <A href="/wiki/Internet_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet surveillance">internet monitoring</A> capabilities by adding hundreds of new monitoring stations.</P>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="History of the Republic of China">History of the Republic of China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">History of Hong Kong</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">History of Macau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese History">Dynasties in Chinese History</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economic_History_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic History of China">Economic History of China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Historiography_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of China">Historiography of China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chinese Art">History of Chinese Art</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Education_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Education in China">History of Education in China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Science_and_Technology_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Science and Technology in China">History of Science and Technology in China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Legal_History_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal History of China">Legal History of China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Linguistic_History_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic History of China">Linguistic History of China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history of China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Naval_History_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval History of China">Naval History of China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline of Chinese history</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Stephen Rosskamm Shalom. <I>Deaths in China Due to Communism.</I> Center for Asian Studies Arizona State University, 1984. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939252-11-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-939252-11-2">0-939252-11-2</A> pg 24</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century , Walter Scheidel, 2017</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Fenby-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Fenby_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Jonathan_Fenby" title="Jonathan Fenby">Fenby, J</A> (2008). <I>Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present</I>. <A href="/wiki/Ecco_Press" title="Ecco Press">Ecco Press</A>. p. 351. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-166116-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-166116-3">0-06-166116-3</A>. <Q>Mao's responsibility for the extinction of anywhere from 40 to 70 million lives brands him as a mass killer greater than Hitler or Stalin, his indifference to the suffering and the loss of humans breathtaking</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%3A+The+Fall+and+Rise+of+a+Great+Power%2C+1850+to+the+Present&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Ecco+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-06-166116-3&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Teiwes, Frederick C., and Warren Sun. 1999. <I>China's road to disaster: Mao, central politicians, and provincial leaders in the unfolding of the great leap forward, 1955-1959</I>. Contemporary China papers. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. pp 52-55.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">MacFarquhar, Roderick. 1974. The origins of the Cultural Revolution. London: Published for Royal Institute of International Affairs, East Asian Institute of Columbia University and Research Institute on Communist Affairs of Columbia by Oxford University Press. p 4.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Link, Perry (July 18, 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/17/AR2007071701486.html">"Legacy Of a Maoist Injustice"</A>. <I>The Washington Post</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Legacy+Of+a+Maoist+Injustice&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft.aulast=Link&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F07%2F17%2FAR2007071701486.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Galtung, Marte Kjær; Stenslie, Stig (2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqqDBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA189#v=onepage&q&f=false"><I>49 Myths about China</I></A>. <A href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</A>. p. 189. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442236226" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442236226">978-1442236226</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=49+Myths+about+China&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1442236226&rft.aulast=Galtung&rft.aufirst=Marte+Kj%C3%A6r&rft.au=Stenslie%2C+Stig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqqqDBQAAQBAJ%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DPA189%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Poon, Leon. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/prc4.html">"The People's Republic Of China: IV"</A>. <I>History of China</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">April 4,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+China&rft.atitle=The+People%27s+Republic+Of+China%3A+IV&rft.au=Poon%2C+Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-chaos.umd.edu%2Fhistory%2Fprc4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (June 27, 1981). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/maozedong/comments.htm">"Comrade Mao Zedong's Historical Role and Mao Zedong Thought --Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China (abridged)"</A>. Communist Party of China<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">April 14,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comrade+Mao+Zedong%27s+Historical+Role+and+Mao+Zedong+Thought+--Resolution+on+Certain+Questions+in+the+History+of+Our+Party+Since+the+Founding+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+%28abridged%29&rft.pub=Communist+Party+of+China&rft.date=1981-06-27&rft.au=Sixth+Plenary+Session+of+the+Eleventh+Central+Committee+of+the+Communist+Party+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idcpc.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Fmaozedong%2Fcomments.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Malcolm Moore (15 November 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10451767/China-to-ease-one-child-policy.html">"China to ease one-child policy"</A>. <I>Telegraph</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">26 December</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telegraph&rft.atitle=China+to+ease+one-child+policy&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft.au=Malcolm+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fchina%2F10451767%2FChina-to-ease-one-child-policy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/china/21677416-simply-allowing-people-have-more-children-does-not-mean-they-will-chinas-two-child-policy-will">"China's two-child policy will underwhelm"</A>. <I>The Economist</I>. 31 October 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">23 November</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=China%27s+two-child+policy+will+underwhelm&rft.date=2015-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2F21677416-simply-allowing-people-have-more-children-does-not-mean-they-will-chinas-two-child-policy-will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Chris Buckley, "In Lee Kuan Yew, China Saw a Leader to Emulate," <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/23/in-lee-kuan-yew-china-saw-a-leader-to-emulate/"><I>New York Times</I> March 23, 2015</A></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI>Lynch, Michael. <I>Access to History: Mao's China 1936-97</I> (3rd ed. Hachette UK, 2015)</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Historiography">Historiography</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<UL>
<LI>Eben V. Racknitz, Ines. "Repositioning History for the Future - Recent Academic Debates in China" <I>History Compass</I> (2014) 12#6 pp 465–472.</LI>
<LI>Finnane, Antonia. "Reinventing Modern China: Imagination and Authenticity in Chinese Historical Writing." <I>Asian Studies Review</I> 39#1 (2015): 163-164.</LI>
<LI>Longxi, Zhang. "Re-conceptualizing China in our Time: From a Chinese Perspective." <I>European Review</I> 23#2 (2015): 193-209.</LI>
<LI>Unger, Jonathan. <I>Using the Past to Serve the Present: Historiography and Politics in Contemporary China</I> (Routledge, 2015)</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/cold-war-international-history-project">Cold War International History Project: Document Collection on China in the Cold War</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monthlyreview.org/1105wu.htm">"Rethinking ‘Capitalist Restoration’ in China"</A> by Yiching Wu</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927141140/http://www.history-of-china.org/peoples-republic-of-china.html">Peoples Republic of China</A> by P.M. Calabrese</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.china-profile.com/history/hist_list_1.htm">China Timeline: A Chronology of Key Events in China</A> by Gerhard K. Heilig</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kqed/chinainside/">China from the Inside</A> - 2006 PBS documentary. KQED Public Television and Granada Television for PBS, Granada International and the BBC.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniatlas.com/maps/eastasia/19491001/">Map of situation in East Asia at the time of declaration of the People's Republic of China (omniatlas.com)</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient China</A> (<A href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_China" title="Outline of ancient China">outline</A>) <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(2070–221 BCE)</SPAN></LI>
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<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Republic of China−PRC</A>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%9376)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–76)">PRC 1949–76</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%9389)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–89)">PRC 1976–89</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">PRC 1989–2002</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">PRC since 2002</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of years in the People's Republic of China">Years in the PRC</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Natural environment</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Overviews</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Borders_of_China" title="Borders of China">Borders</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of China">Extreme points</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">Geology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China" title="Natural disasters in China">Natural disasters</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><A href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of China">Regions</A></TH>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northwest_China" title="Northwest China">Northwest</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southwest_China" title="Southwest China">Southwest</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
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<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Terrain</TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Bays_of_China" title="Category:Bays of China">Bays</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_China" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of China">Canyons</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_China" title="Category:Caves of China">Caves</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_China" title="Category:Deserts of China">Deserts</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_China" title="Category:Grasslands of China">Grasslands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Hills_of_China" title="Category:Hills of China">Hills</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China" title="List of islands of China">Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_China" title="Category:Mountains of China">Mountains</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">ranges</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_passes_of_China" title="Category:Mountain passes of China">passes</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_China" title="Category:Peninsulas of China">Peninsulas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast</A> / <A href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North</A> / <A href="/wiki/Central_Plain_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Plain (China)">Central Plains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_China" title="Category:Valleys of China">Valleys</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China" title="List of volcanoes in China">Volcanoes</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Water</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Canals_in_China" title="Category:Canals in China">Canals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_China" title="List of lakes of China">Lakes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Rivers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_China" title="Category:Waterfalls of China">Waterfalls</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_China" title="Category:Wetlands of China">Wetlands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Water_resources_of_China" title="Water resources of China">Water resources</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Seas</TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Reserves</TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China" title="List of protected areas of China">Protected areas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China" title="List of national parks of China">National parks</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_China" title="Category:Nature reserves in China">Nature reserves</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserves_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in China">UNESCO Biosphere Reserves</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><A href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_China" title="Wildlife of China">Wildlife</A></TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fauna_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of China">Fauna</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flora_of_China" title="Flora of China">Flora</A></LI>
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<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;">
<DIV id="GovernmentPoliticsEconomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">
<DIV class="hlist hlist-separated">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</A><BR />
and <A href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">politics</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Civil Service of the People's Republic of China">Civil service</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Constitution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">Military <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(People's Liberation Army)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties and movements</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" title="Communist Party of China">Communist Party</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of China">General Secretary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of China">Politburo</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_Front_(China)" title="United Front (China)">Democratic Parties</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_skepticism_of_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese skepticism of democracy">Anti-democratisation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" title="Chinese democracy movement">Pro-democratisation</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="President of the People's Republic of China">President</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the People's Republic of China">Vice President</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China">Vice Premier</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Administrative<BR />
divisions</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baselines_of_the_Chinese_territorial_sea" title="Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea">Baseline islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Border_crossings_of_China" title="Category:Border crossings of China">Border crossings</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Province-level subdivisions</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><A href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_China" title="Homosexuality in China">LGBT</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of China">Nationality law</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Petroleum industry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable energy</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese financial system">Finance system</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid received</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid program</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_China" title="International rankings of China">International rankings</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zones_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zones of China">Special Economic Zones (SEZs)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_China" title="List of airports in China">airports</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_China" title="Category:Ports and harbours of China">ports and harbors</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;">
<DIV id="PeopleSocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">
<DIV class="hlist hlist-separated">
<UL>
<LI>People</LI>
<LI>Society</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Culture</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">People</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">Statistics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Society</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">Anthem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Crime</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Emblem of the People's Republic of China">Emblem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_China" title="List of universities in China">universities</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag</A></LI>
<LI>"<A href="/wiki/China%27s_Generation_Y" class="mw-redirect" title="China's Generation Y">Generation Y</A>"</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Harmonious_Socialist_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonious Socialist Society">Harmonious Socialist Society</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism" title="Chinese intellectualism">Intellectualism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Public health</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">food safety</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">incidents</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">Public holidays</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">Rural life</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">Sexuality</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">Social issues</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_social_relations" title="Chinese social relations">Social relations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_social_structure" title="Chinese social structure">Social structure</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Social_welfare_in_China" title="Social welfare in China">Social welfare</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">Suicide</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">Terrorism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">Time zones</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Urban_society_in_China" title="Urban society in China">Urban life</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">Women</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Xiaokang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiaokang"><I>Xiaokang</I> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(middle-class)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><A href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Culture</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_China" title="Category:Archaeology of China">Archaeology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Art</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Cuisine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">Dance</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Gardens_in_China" title="Category:Gardens in China">Gardens</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Literature</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Media_of_China" title="Media of China">Media</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_China" title="List of newspapers in China">newspapers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Radio_in_China" title="Radio in China">radio</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">television</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Parks_in_China" title="Category:Parks in China">Parks</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Philosophy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">Sports</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Tea culture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_variety_art" title="Chinese variety art">Variety arts</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">
<DIV>
<DIV style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Index_of_China-related_articles" title="Index of China-related articles">Index</A></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Category</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">Portal</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Asia" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit" id="collapsibleTable1">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton1" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Template:History of Asia"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Asia" title="Template talk:History of Asia"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</ABBR></A></LI>
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</DIV>
<DIV id="History_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">History of Asia</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_East_Timor" title="History of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Iraq</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">Jordan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North Korea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South Korea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Kuwait</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">Lebanon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Oman</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">Philippines</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">Qatar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">Singapore</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Thailand</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</A></LI>
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question_text: who established the peoples republic of china in 1949