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<TITLE>North African Campaign - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">North African Campaign</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
				<DIV id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</DIV>				<DIV id="contentSub"></DIV>
				<DIV id="jump-to-nav"></DIV>				<A class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</A>
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the campaign during the First World War, see <A href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">Military operations in North Africa during World War I</A>.</DIV>
<DIV class="mw-stack mobile-float-reset" style="box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right">
<DIV style="overflow:hidden;margin:1px">
<TABLE class="infobox vevent" style="border-spacing:2px;;width:315px">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">North African Campaign</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <A href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East theatre</A> of <A href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><A href="/wiki/File:Crusadertankandgermantank.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Crusadertankandgermantank.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Crusadertankandgermantank.jpg/300px-Crusadertankandgermantank.jpg" width="300" height="297" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Crusadertankandgermantank.jpg/450px-Crusadertankandgermantank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Crusadertankandgermantank.jpg/600px-Crusadertankandgermantank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="793" /></A><BR />
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">A British <A href="/wiki/Crusader_tank" title="Crusader tank">Crusader tank</A> passes a burning German <A href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Pz.Kpfw.IV</A> tank during Operation <I>Crusader</I>, 27 November 1941.</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2">
<TABLE style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH style="padding-right:1em">Date</TH>
<TD>
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">10 June 1940 – 13 May 1943<BR />
<SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2 years, 11 months and 3 days)</SPAN></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding-right:1em">Location</TH>
<TD>
<DIV class="hlist hlist-separated">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="location"><A href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="location"><A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</A></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<SPAN class="location"><A href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</A> / <A href="/wiki/French_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="French Tunisia">Tunisia</A> / <A href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">Morocco</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding-right:1em">Result</TH>
<TD>
<P><A href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</A> victory</P>
<UL>
<LI>Fall of <A href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</A></LI>
<LI>Surrender of all <A href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</A> forces in North Africa</LI>
<LI>Eventual <A href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion</A> of <A href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</A></LI>
</UL>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<BR />
changes</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Libya)" title="British Military Administration (Libya)">Former Italian Libya placed under British military administration</A></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<P><SPAN style="font-size:110%;"><B><A href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</A></B></SPAN></P>
<DIV class="plainlist nowrap">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</A>
<DL>
<DD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</A></DD>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI>
<DL>
<DD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</A></DD>
<DD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</A></DD>
</DL>
</LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</A></DD>
<DD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</A></DD>
<DD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</A></DD>
<DD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928%E2%80%931982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928%E2%80%931982%29.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928%E2%80%931982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928%E2%80%931982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928%E2%80%931982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928%E2%80%931982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="396" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</A></DD>
</DL>
</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1000" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A><SUP id="cite_ref-1942–43_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1942–43-1">[nb 1]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
<HR />
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</A>
<DL>
<DD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</A><SUP id="cite_ref-1942–43_1-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1942–43-1">[nb 1]</A></SUP></DD>
<DD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunisia</A><SUP id="cite_ref-1942–43_1-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1942–43-1">[nb 1]</A></SUP></DD>
<DD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</A><SUP id="cite_ref-1942–43_1-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1942–43-1">[nb 1]</A></SUP></DD>
</DL>
</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">Poland</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak Legions</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<P><SPAN style="font-size:110%;"><B><A href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</A></B></SPAN></P>
<DIV class="plainlist nowrap">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</A>
<DL>
<DD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</A></DD>
</DL>
</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</A></LI>
</UL>
<HR />
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</A><SUP id="cite_ref-1940–42_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1940–42-2">[nb 2]</A></SUP>
<DL>
<DD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</A><SUP id="cite_ref-1942–43_1-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1942–43-1">[nb 1]</A></SUP></DD>
<DD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunisia</A><SUP id="cite_ref-1942–43_1-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1942–43-1">[nb 1]</A></SUP></DD>
<DD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</A><SUP id="cite_ref-1942–43_1-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1942–43-1">[nb 1]</A></SUP></DD>
</DL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<DIV class="plainlist nowrap">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><IMG alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Harold Alexander</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><IMG alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Claude Auchinleck</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><IMG alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Archibald Wavell</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><IMG alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><IMG alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><IMG alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France"><IMG alt="Free France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</A> <A href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><SPAN style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><B>†</B></SPAN></A><SUP id="cite_ref-darlan_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-darlan-3">[nb 3]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><IMG alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Anders" title="Władysław Anders">Władysław Anders</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<DIV class="plainlist nowrap">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><IMG alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Italo Balbo</A> <A href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><SPAN style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><B>†</B></SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><IMG alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Rodolfo Graziani</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><IMG alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Italo_Gariboldi" title="Italo Gariboldi">Italo Gariboldi</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><IMG alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Ugo_Cavallero" title="Ugo Cavallero">Ugo Cavallero</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><IMG alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Ettore_Bastico" title="Ettore Bastico">Ettore Bastico</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><IMG alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><IMG alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Giovanni_Messe" title="Giovanni Messe">Giovanni Messe</A> <A href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><IMG alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" width="14" height="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><IMG alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><IMG alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_von_Arnim" title="Hans-Jürgen von Arnim">Hans-J. von Arnim</A> <A href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><IMG alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" width="14" height="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><IMG alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</A>
<HR /></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/France" title="France"><IMG alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</A> <A href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><SPAN style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><B>†</B></SPAN></A><SUP id="cite_ref-darlan_3-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-darlan-3">[nb 3]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<DIV class="plainlist nowrap">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><IMG alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <B>British</B>
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.3em"><SPAN style="position:relative; bottom:0.3em;"><SPAN class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </SPAN><B>Commonwealth</B><BR />
Estimated 220,000 dead,<BR />
wounded, missing and<BR />
captured,<SUP id="cite_ref-Zabecki_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Zabecki-4">[1]</A></SUP> including<BR />
35,478 confirmed dead.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[2]</A></SUP></SPAN></DIV>
</LI>
<LI><SPAN style="position:relative; bottom:0.15em;"><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France"><IMG alt="Free France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></A></SPAN> <B>Free French</B></SPAN>
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.3em">16,000 killed, wounded<BR />
and missing.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[3]</A></SUP></DIV>
</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><IMG alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN> <B>United States</B>
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.3em">2,715 killed;<BR />
8,978 wounded;<BR />
6,528 missing.<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[4]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[5]</A></SUP></DIV>
</LI>
<LI>
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.3em"><B>Principal material losses</B><BR />
1,400 aircraft destroyed;<BR />
2,000 tanks destroyed.</DIV>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<DIV class="plainlist nowrap">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy"><IMG alt="Kingdom of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></A></SPAN> <B>Italy</B><BR />
22,341 dead or missing;<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[6]</A></SUP><BR />
250,000–350,000 captured.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[7]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[nb 4]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><IMG alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <B>Germany</B><SUP id="cite_ref-Carell596_13-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Carell596-13">[9]</A></SUP><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2016)">better source needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.3em">18,594 dead; 3,400 missing;<BR />
130,000 captured.</DIV>
</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/France" title="France"><IMG alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931976%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <B>Vichy France</B><SUP id="cite_ref-Torch_14-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Torch-14">[nb 5]</A></SUP>
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.3em"><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP><BR />
1,346 dead; 1,997 wounded.</DIV>
</LI>
<LI>
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.3em"><B>Principal material losses</B><SUP id="cite_ref-Barclay_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Barclay-15">[10]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[11]</A></SUP><BR />
8,000 aircraft destroyed;<BR />
6,200 guns, 2,550 tanks and<BR />
70,000 trucks destroyed<BR />
or captured.</DIV>
2,400,000 gross tons of supplies</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Adriatic_Campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Adriatic Campaign of World War II">Adriatic</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">North Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">Bahrain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Balkan_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkan Campaign (World War II)">Balkans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon Campaign">Syria–Lebanon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Palestine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian mainland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dodecanese_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanese Campaign">Dodecanese</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Liberation_of_Corsica_.28Operation_Vesuvius.29" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Corsica</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><I>Dragoon</I></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
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</DIV>
</DIV>
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<DIV id="North_African_Campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><SPAN style="line-height:1.6em"><A class="mw-selflink selflink"><SPAN class="wrap">North African Campaign</SPAN></A></SPAN></DIV>
</TH>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI>
<CENTER><B><A href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" title="Western Desert Campaign">Western Desert Campaign</A></B></CENTER>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">Invasion of Egypt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass"><I>Compass</I></A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Capuzzo" title="Fort Capuzzo">Fort Capuzzo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nibeiwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nibeiwa">Nibeiwa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Barrani" title="Battle of Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bardia" title="Battle of Bardia">Bardia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mechili" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mechili">Mechili</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beda_Fomm" title="Battle of Beda Fomm">Beda Fomm</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kufra" title="Capture of Kufra">Kufra</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Giarabub" title="Siege of Giarabub">Giarabub</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume" title="Operation Sonnenblume"><I>Sonnenblume</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Tobruk</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bardia_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardia raid">Bardia raid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twin_Pimples_raid" title="Twin Pimples raid">Twin Pimples</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Skorpion" title="Operation Skorpion"><I>Skorpion</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Brevity" title="Operation Brevity"><I>Brevity</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Battleaxe" title="Operation Battleaxe"><I>Battleaxe</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader"><I>Crusader</I></A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Flipper" title="Operation Flipper"><I>Flipper</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bir_el_Gubi" title="First Battle of Bir el Gubi">1st Bir el Gubi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Point_175" class="mw-redirect" title="Point 175">Point 175</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bir_el_Gubi" title="Second Battle of Bir el Gubi">2nd Bir el Gubi</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Gazala</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_Hakeim" title="Battle of Bir Hakeim">Bir Hakeim</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mersa_Matruh" title="Battle of Mersa Matruh">Mersa Matruh</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">1st Alamein</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alam_el_Halfa" title="Battle of Alam el Halfa">Alam Halfa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Agreement" title="Operation Agreement"><I>Agreement</I></A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Caravan" title="Operation Caravan"><I>Caravan</I></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Directorate" title="Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate">Camouflage</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Bertram" title="Operation Bertram"><I>Bertram</I></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Braganza" title="Operation Braganza"><I>Braganza</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">2nd Alamein</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Outpost_Snipe" title="Outpost Snipe">Outpost Snipe</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Agheila" title="Battle of El Agheila">El Agheila</A></LI>
</UL>
<HR />
<UL>
<LI>
<CENTER><B><A href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><I>Torch</I></A></B></CENTER>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Casablanca" title="Naval Battle of Casablanca">Casablanca</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Reservist" title="Operation Reservist"><I>Reservist</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Terminal" title="Operation Terminal"><I>Terminal</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Lyautey" title="Battle of Port Lyautey">Port Lyautey</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
<HR />
<UL>
<LI>
<CENTER><B><A href="/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia Campaign">Tunisia</A></B></CENTER>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Run_for_Tunis" title="Run for Tunis">Run for Tunis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Bou_Zid" title="Battle of Sidi Bou Zid">Sidi Bou Zid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasserine_Pass" title="Battle of Kasserine Pass">Kasserine Pass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Ochsenkopf" title="Operation Ochsenkopf"><I>Ochsenkopf</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medenine" title="Battle of Medenine">Medenine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line" title="Battle of the Mareth Line">Mareth Line</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Guettar" title="Battle of El Guettar">El Guettar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_Akarit" title="Battle of Wadi Akarit">Wadi Akarit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longstop_Hill_(1943)" title="Battle of Longstop Hill (1943)">Longstop Hill</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_609" title="Battle of Hill 609">Hill 609</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Vulcan" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vulcan"><I>Vulcan</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Flax" title="Operation Flax"><I>Flax</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1943)" title="Operation Retribution (1943)"><I>Retribution</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Strike"><I>Strike</I></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
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</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<P>The <B>North African Campaign</B> of the <A href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</A> took place in <A href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</A> from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943. It included campaigns fought in the <A href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</A> and <A href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</A> deserts (<A href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" title="Western Desert Campaign">Western Desert Campaign</A>, also known as the Desert War) and in <A href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</A> and <A href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</A> (<A href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</A>), as well as <A href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</A> (<A href="/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia Campaign">Tunisia Campaign</A>).</P>
<P>The campaign was fought between the <A href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</A>, many of whom had <A href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</A> interests in Africa dating from the late 19th century, and the <A href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[12]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[13]</A></SUP> The Allied war effort was dominated by the <A href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</A> and exiles from <A href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</A>. The United States officially entered the war in December 1941 and began direct military assistance in North Africa on 11 May 1942.</P>
<P>Fighting in North Africa started with the <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Italian</A> declaration of war on 10 June 1940. On 14 June, the <A href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</A>'s <A href="/wiki/11th_Hussars" title="11th Hussars">11th Hussars</A> (assisted by elements of the <A href="/wiki/1st_Royal_Tank_Regiment" title="1st Royal Tank Regiment">1st Royal Tank Regiment</A>, 1st RTR) crossed the border from Egypt into Libya and captured the Italian <A href="/wiki/Fort_Capuzzo" title="Fort Capuzzo">Fort Capuzzo</A>. This was followed by an Italian <A href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" title="Counter-offensive">counter-offensive</A> into Egypt and the capture of <A href="/wiki/Sidi_Barrani" title="Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</A> in September 1940 and again in December 1940 following a British Commonwealth counteroffensive, <A href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</A>. During Operation Compass, the <A href="/wiki/Tenth_Army_(Italy)" title="Tenth Army (Italy)">Italian 10th Army</A> was destroyed and the <A href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</A> <I><A href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</A></I>—commanded by <A href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</A>, who later became known as "The Desert Fox"—was dispatched to North Africa in February 1941 during <A href="/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume" title="Operation Sonnenblume">Operation <I>Sonnenblume</I></A> to reinforce Italian forces in order to prevent a complete Axis defeat.</P>
<P>A fluctuating series of battles for control of Libya and regions of Egypt followed, reaching a climax in the <A href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</A> in October 1942 when British Commonwealth forces under the command of <A href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant-General</A> <A href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</A> inflicted a decisive defeat on Rommel's Afrika Korps and forced its remnants into Tunisia. After the Anglo-American landings (<A href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</A>) in North-West Africa in November 1942, and subsequent battles against <A href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</A> forces (who then changed sides), the Allies encircled several thousand German and Italian personnel in northern Tunisia and finally forced their surrender in May 1943.</P>
<P>Operation Torch in November 1942 was a compromise operation that met the British objective of securing victory in North Africa while allowing <A href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">American armed forces</A> the opportunity to engage in the fight against Nazi Germany on a limited scale.<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[14]</A></SUP> In addition, as <A href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</A>, the leader of the <A href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</A>, had long been pleading for a second front to be opened to engage the <A href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</A> and relieve pressure on the <A href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</A>, it provided some degree of relief for the <A href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</A> on the <A href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</A> by diverting Axis forces to the North African theatre.</P>
<P>Information gleaned via British <A href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</A> code-breaking intelligence proved critical to Allied success in North Africa. Victory for the Allies in this campaign immediately led to the <A href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</A>, which culminated in the downfall of the fascist government in Italy and the elimination of Germany's main European ally.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Western_Desert_Campaign"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Western Desert Campaign</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Operation_Torch"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Operation Torch</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Tunisian_Campaign"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Tunisian Campaign</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#Intelligence"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Intelligence</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Axis"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Axis</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Allies"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Allies</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Aftermath"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Aftermath</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#Footnotes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Footnotes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#Citations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Citations</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Western_Desert_Campaign">Western Desert Campaign</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=North_African_Campaign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Western Desert Campaign">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" title="Western Desert Campaign">Western Desert Campaign</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Italian_empire_1942.PNG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Italian_empire_1942.PNG/220px-Italian_empire_1942.PNG" width="220" height="154" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Italian_empire_1942.PNG/330px-Italian_empire_1942.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/02/Italian_empire_1942.PNG 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="241" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Italian_empire_1942.PNG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The Italian Empire in November 1942.</DIV>
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<P>On 10 May 1940, the <A href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</A> had started the Battle of France (or <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France"><I>Westfeldzug</I></A>). One month later, it was plain to see that France would have to surrender within two weeks (the <A href="/wiki/Second_Armistice_at_Compi%C3%A8gne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Armistice at Compiègne">Armistice at Compiègne</A> took place on 22 June 1940).</P>
<P>On 10 June 1940, the <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Kingdom of Italy</A> aligned itself with <A href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</A> and declared war upon <A href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</A> and the <A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[15]</A></SUP> British forces (along with Indian and Rhodesian troop said under the empire) based in <A href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</A> were ordered to undertake defensive measures, but to act as non-provocatively as possible.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[16]</A></SUP> However, on 11 June they began a series of raids against Italian positions in Libya.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[17]</A></SUP> Following the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">defeat of France</A> on 25 June, Italian forces in <A href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Tripolitania</A>—facing French troops based in <A href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</A>—redeployed to <A href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</A> to reinforce the <A href="/wiki/Tenth_Army_(Italy)" title="Tenth Army (Italy)">Italian Tenth Army</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Macksey25_23-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Macksey25-23">[18]</A></SUP> This, coupled with the steadily degrading equipment of the British forces led General <A href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Wavell">Archibald Wavell</A> to order an end to raiding and placed the defence of the Egyptian border on a small screening force.<SUP id="cite_ref-Macksey38_24-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Macksey38-24">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Italian dictator <A href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</A> ordered the Tenth Army to <A href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">invade Egypt</A> by 8 August. Two days later, no invasion having been launched, Mussolini ordered Marshal <A href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Graziani</A> that, the moment German forces launched <A href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">Operation Sea Lion</A>, he was to attack.<SUP id="cite_ref-Macksey35_25-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Macksey35-25">[20]</A></SUP> On 8 September, the Italians—hampered by the lack of transport and enfeebled by the low level of training among officers and weakened by the state of its supporting arms<SUP id="cite_ref-Macksey25_23-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Macksey25-23">[18]</A></SUP> – were ordered to invade Egypt the following day. The battle plan was to advance along the coastal road, while limited armoured forces operated on the desert flank.<SUP id="cite_ref-Macksey38_24-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Macksey38-24">[19]</A></SUP> To counter the Italian advance, Wavell ordered his screening forces to harass the advancing Italians, falling back towards <A href="/wiki/Mersa_Matruh" title="Mersa Matruh">Mersa Matruh</A>, where the main British infantry force was based. Positioned on the desert flank was the <A href="/wiki/7th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">7th Armoured Division</A>, which would strike the flank of the Italian force.<SUP id="cite_ref-Macksey40_26-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Macksey40-26">[21]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[22]</A></SUP></P>
<P>By 16 September, the Italian force had advanced to <A href="/w/index.php?title=Maktila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maktila (page does not exist)">Maktila</A>, around 80 mi (130 km) west of Mersa Matruh, where they halted due to supply problems.<SUP id="cite_ref-Macksey47_28-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Macksey47-28">[23]</A></SUP> Despite Mussolini urging that the advance carry on, Graziani ordered his force to dig in around <A href="/wiki/Sidi_Barrani" title="Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</A>, and fortified camps were established in forward locations; additional troops were also positioned behind the main force.<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[24]</A></SUP> In response to the dispersed Italian camps, the British planned a limited five-day attack, <A href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</A>, to strike at these fortified camps one by one.<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[25]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[26]</A></SUP> The British Commonwealth force, totalling 36,000 men,<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[27]</A></SUP> attacked the forward elements of the 10-division-strong Italian army on 9 December.<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[28]</A></SUP> Following their initial success, the forces of Operation Compass<SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[29]</A></SUP> pursued the retreating Italian forces.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[30]</A></SUP> In January, the small port at <A href="/wiki/Bardia" title="Bardia">Bardia</A> was taken,<SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[31]</A></SUP> soon followed by the seizure of the fortified port of <A href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[32]</A></SUP> Some 40,000 Italians were captured in and around the two ports, with the remainder of the Tenth Army retreating along the coast road back to <A href="/wiki/El_Agheila" title="El Agheila">El Agheila</A>. <A href="/wiki/Richard_O%27Connor" title="Richard O'Connor">Richard O'Connor</A> sent the 7th Armoured Division across the desert, with a small reconnaissance group reaching <A href="/wiki/Beda_Fomm" title="Beda Fomm">Beda Fomm</A> some ninety minutes before the Italians, cutting off their retreat. Although desperate attempts were made to overcome the British force at the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beda_Fomm" title="Battle of Beda Fomm">Battle of Beda Fomm</A>, the Italians were unable to break through, and the remnants of the retreating army surrendered. Thus, over the course of 10 weeks Allied forces had destroyed the Italian Tenth Army and reached El Agheila, taking 130,000 prisoners of war in the process.<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[33]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[34]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Wav3268_40-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Wav3268-40">[35]</A></SUP></P>
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<P>Mussolini requested help from his German ally while the Italian Commando Supremo speedily sent several large motorized and armoured forces to protect their colonies in North Africa.<SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[36]</A></SUP> This greatly expanded reinforcement included the soon to be renowned <I>Ariete</I> Armoured division under General Ettore Baldassarre.<SUP id="cite_ref-Walkerp67_42-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Walkerp67-42">[37]</A></SUP> Meanwhile, the Germans hastily assembled a motorized force, whose lead elements arrived in Tripoli in February. This relatively small expeditionary force, termed the <I><A href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</A></I> by Hitler, was placed under the command of Erwin Rommel. His orders were to reinforce the Italians and block Allied attempts to drive them out of the region.<SUP id="cite_ref-Jentz82_43-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Jentz82-43">[38]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Rommel,_p._109_44-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Rommel,_p._109-44">[39]</A></SUP> However, the initial commitment of only one panzer division and subsequently, no more than two panzer and one motorized divisions, indicated the limited extent of German involvement and commitment in this theater of operations.<SUP id="cite_ref-Walkerp67_42-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Walkerp67-42">[37]</A></SUP> The bulk of the reinforcements were Italian and therefore it was up to the Italians to do the bulk of the fighting. The forward Allied force—now named <A href="/wiki/XIII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XIII Corps (United Kingdom)">XIII Corps</A>—adopted a defensive posture and over the coming months was built up, before having most of its veteran forces <A href="/wiki/Operation_Lustre" title="Operation Lustre">redeployed to Greece</A>. In addition, the 7th Armoured Division was withdrawn to the Nile delta.<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[40]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Play2_46-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Play2-46">[41]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Jentz85_47-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Jentz85-47">[42]</A></SUP> The veteran forces were replaced by inexperienced forces, ill-equipped to face German armour.<SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[43]</A></SUP></P>
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Italian generals Ugo Cavallero and Ettore Bastico discussing the war at an Italian air base in Libya 1942</DIV>
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British <A href="/wiki/Crusader_tank" title="Crusader tank">Crusader tanks</A> moving to forward positions during Operation Crusader, 26 November 1941</DIV>
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<P>Although Rommel had been ordered to simply hold the line, an armoured reconnaissance soon became a full-fledged offensive from El Agheila in March 1941.<SUP id="cite_ref-Jentz82_43-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Jentz82-43">[38]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Rommel,_p._109_44-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Rommel,_p._109-44">[39]</A></SUP> In March–April, the Allied forces were forced back <SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[44]</A></SUP> and leading general officers captured. The <A href="/wiki/9th_Division_(Australia)" title="9th Division (Australia)">Australian 9th Infantry Division</A> fell back to the fortress port of Tobruk,<SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[45]</A></SUP> and the remaining British and Commonwealth forces withdrew a further 100 mi (160 km) east to the Libyan–Egyptian border.<SUP id="cite_ref-playfair3335_51-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-playfair3335-51">[46]</A></SUP> With <A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Tobruk under siege</A> from the main Italian-German force, a small battlegroup continued to press eastwards. Capturing Fort Capuzzo and Bardia in passing, it then advanced into Egypt, and by the end of April had taken Sollum and the tactically important <A href="/wiki/Halfaya_Pass" title="Halfaya Pass">Halfaya Pass</A>. Rommel garrisoned these positions, reinforcing the battle-group and ordering it onto the defensive.<SUP id="cite_ref-P160_52-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-P160-52">[47]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[48]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Though isolated by land, Tobruk's garrison continued to receive supplies and replacements, delivered by the <A href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</A> at night. Rommel's forces did not have the strength or training to take the fortress. This created a supply problem for his forward units. His front-line positions at Sollum were at the end of an extended supply chain that stretched back to Tripoli and had to bypass the coast road at Tobruk. Further, he was constantly threatened by a breakout of the British forces at Tobruk.<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[49]</A></SUP> Without Tobruk in Axis hands, further advances into Egypt were impractical.<SUP id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-55">[50]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Jentz128_56-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Jentz128-56">[51]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The Allies soon launched a small-scale counter-attack called <A href="/wiki/Operation_Brevity" title="Operation Brevity">Operation Brevity</A>. This was an attempt to push the Axis forces off the key passes at the border, which gained some initial success, but the advanced position could not be held. <I>Brevity</I> was then followed up by a much larger-scale offensive, <A href="/wiki/Operation_Battleaxe" title="Operation Battleaxe">Operation Battleaxe</A>. Intended to relieve the siege at Tobruk, this operation also failed.</P>
<P>Following the failure of Operation <I>Battleaxe</I>, Archibald Wavell was relieved of command and replaced by <A href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Claude Auchinleck</A>. The Western Desert Force was reinforced with a second corps, XXX Corps, with the two corps forming the <A href="/wiki/British_Eighth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="British Eighth Army">Eighth Army</A>. Eighth Army was made up of army forces from the Commonwealth nations, including the British Army, the <A href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</A>, the <A href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</A>, the <A href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Army" title="New Zealand Army">New Zealand Army</A>, the <A href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">South African Army</A>, and the <A href="/wiki/Sudan_Defence_Force" title="Sudan Defence Force">Sudan Defence Force</A>. There was also a brigade of <A href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</A> under <A href="/wiki/Marie-Pierre_Koenig" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Pierre Koenig">Marie-Pierre Koenig</A>. The new formation launched a new offensive, <A href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Operation Crusader</A>, in November 1941. After a see-saw battle, the <A href="/wiki/70th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">70th Division</A> garrisoning Tobruk was relieved and the Axis forces were forced to fall back. By January 1942, the <A href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</A> was again at El Agheila.</P>
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German prisoners captured during the Second Battle of El Alamein, November 1942</DIV>
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<P>After receiving supplies and reinforcements from <A href="/wiki/Tripoli" title="Tripoli">Tripoli</A>, the Axis attacked again, defeating the Allies at <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Gazala</A> in June and capturing Tobruk. The Axis forces drove the Eighth Army back over the Egyptian border, but their advance was stopped in July only 90 mi (140 km) from <A href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</A> in the <A href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</A>.</P>
<P>Of great significance, on 29 June US reports from Egypt of British military operations stopped using the compromised <A href="/wiki/Black_(code)" title="Black (code)">"Black Code"</A> which the Axis were reading, so learning of British "strengths, positions, losses, reinforcements, supply, situation, plans, morale etc".</P>
<P>General Auchinleck, although he had checked Rommel's advance at the First Battle of El Alamein, was replaced by General <A href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Alexander">Harold Alexander</A>. Lieutenant-General <A href="/wiki/William_Gott" title="William Gott">William Gott</A> was promoted from <A href="/wiki/XIII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XIII Corps (United Kingdom)">XIII Corps</A> commander to take command of the entire Eighth Army, but he was killed when his aircraft was intercepted and shot down over Egypt. He was replaced by Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery.</P>
<P>At the end of June, the Axis forces made a second attempt to break through the Allied defences at El Alamein at <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alam_Halfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Alam Halfa">Alam Halfa</A>, but were unsuccessful. After a lengthy period of build-up and training, the Eighth Army launched a major offensive, decisively defeating the Italian-German army during the <A href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</A> in late October 1942, driving the Axis forces westward and capturing Tripoli in mid-January 1943. By February, the Eighth Army was facing the Italian-German <I>Panzer</I> Army near the <A href="/wiki/Mareth_Line" title="Mareth Line">Mareth Line</A> and came under command of General <A href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Alexander">Harold Alexander</A>'s <A href="/wiki/18th_Army_Group" title="18th Army Group">18th Army Group</A> for the concluding phase of the war in North Africa, the <A href="/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia Campaign">Tunisia Campaign</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Operation_Torch">Operation Torch</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=North_African_Campaign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operation Torch">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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American troops on board a <A href="/wiki/Landing_Craft_Assault" title="Landing Craft Assault">Landing Craft Assault</A> heading into Oran, November 1942</DIV>
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</A></DIV>
<P><B>Operation Torch</B> started on 8 November 1942, and finished on 11 November. In an attempt to pincer German and Italian forces, <A href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</A> forces (American and British Commonwealth), landed in <A href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy</A>-held <A href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</A> under the assumption that there would be little to no resistance. Nevertheless, Vichy French forces put up a strong and bloody resistance to the Allies in <A href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</A> and <A href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</A>, but not in <A href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</A>, where a <I><A href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</A></I> by the French resistance on 8 November succeeded in neutralizing the French XIX Corps before the landing and arresting the Vichy commanders. Consequently, the landings met no practical opposition in Algiers, and the city was captured on the first day along with the entire Vichy African command. After three days of talks and threats, Generals <A href="/wiki/Mark_W._Clark" title="Mark W. Clark">Mark Clark</A> and <A href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</A> compelled the Vichy Admiral <A href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Darlan" title="François Darlan">François Darlan</A> (and General <A href="/wiki/Alphonse_Juin" title="Alphonse Juin">Alphonse Juin</A>) to order the cessation of armed resistance in Oran and Morocco by French forces on 10–11 November with the provision that Darlan would be head of a Free French administration. During Operation <I>Torch</I>, American, Vichy French and German navy vessels fought the <A href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Casablanca" title="Naval Battle of Casablanca">Naval Battle of Casablanca</A>, ending in an American victory.</P>
<P>The Allied landings prompted the Axis occupation of Vichy France (<A href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">Case Anton</A>). In addition, the French fleet was captured at Toulon by the Italians, something which did them little good as the <A href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_French_fleet_in_Toulon" title="Scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon">main portion of the fleet had been scuttled</A> to prevent their use by the Axis. The Vichy army in North Africa joined the Allies (see <A href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Forces</A>).<SUP id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-57">[52]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Tunisian_Campaign">Tunisian Campaign</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=North_African_Campaign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tunisian Campaign">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia Campaign">Tunisia Campaign</A></DIV>
<P>Following the Operation <I>Torch</I> landings, (from early November 1942), the Germans and Italians initiated a buildup of troops in Tunisia to fill the vacuum left by Vichy troops which had withdrawn. During this period of weakness, the Allies decided against a rapid advance into Tunisia while they wrestled with the Vichy authorities. Many of the Allied soldiers were tied up in garrison duties because of the uncertain status and intentions of the Vichy forces.</P>
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Tiger 712 of the <A href="/wiki/501st_heavy_tank_battalion_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="501st heavy tank battalion (Germany)">501st heavy tank battalion</A> was surrendered to the US and subsequently transferred to the United States Army Armor & Cavalry Museum<SUP id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-58">[53]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<P>By mid-November, the Allies were able to advance into Tunisia but only in single division strength. By early December, the <B>Eastern Task Force</B>—which had been redesignated as the <A href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="First Army (United Kingdom)">British First Army</A> under <A href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant-General</A> <A href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arthur_Noel_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Arthur Noel Anderson">Kenneth Anderson</A>—was composed of the <A href="/wiki/78th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">British 78th Infantry Division</A>, <A href="/wiki/6th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="6th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">British 6th Armoured Division</A>, <A href="/wiki/1st_Parachute_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)">1st Parachute Brigade</A>, <A href="/wiki/No._6_Commando" title="No. 6 Commando">No. 6 Commando</A> and elements of <A href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Armored Division (United States)">US 1st Armored Division</A>. But by this time, one German and five Italian divisions had been shipped from Europe and the remoteness of Allied airfields from the front line gave the Axis clear air superiority over the battlefield. The Allies were halted and pushed back having advanced eastwards to within 30 kilometres (19 mi) of Tunis.</P>
<P>During the winter, there followed a period of stalemate during which time both sides continued to build up their forces. By the new year, the British First Army had one British, one US and one French Corps (a second British Corps headquarters was activated in April). In the second half of February, in eastern Tunisia, Rommel and von Arnim had some successes against the mainly inexperienced French and US troops, most notably in routing the <A href="/wiki/II_Corps_(United_States)" title="II Corps (United States)">US II Corps</A> commanded by <A href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</A> <A href="/wiki/Lloyd_Fredendall" title="Lloyd Fredendall">Lloyd Fredendall</A> at the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasserine_Pass" title="Battle of Kasserine Pass">Battle of Kasserine Pass</A>.</P>
<P>By the beginning of March, the <A href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">British Eighth Army</A>—advancing westward along the North African coast—had reached the Tunisian border. Rommel and von Arnim found themselves in an Allied "two army" pincer. They were outflanked, outmanned and outgunned. The British Eighth Army bypassed the Axis defence on the <A href="/wiki/Mareth_Line" title="Mareth Line">Mareth Line</A> in late March and First Army in central Tunisia launched their main offensive in mid-April to squeeze the Axis forces until their resistance in Africa collapsed. The Axis forces surrendered on 13 May 1943 yielding over 275,000 <A href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</A>. The last Axis force to surrender in North Africa was the 1st Italian Army.<SUP id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-59">[54]</A></SUP> This huge loss of experienced troops greatly reduced the military capacity of the Axis powers, although the largest percentage of Axis troops escaped Tunisia. This defeat in Africa led to all Italian colonies in Africa being captured.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Intelligence">Intelligence</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=North_African_Campaign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intelligence">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Axis">Axis</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=North_African_Campaign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Axis">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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A German Signals reception unit in the desert</DIV>
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<P>The Axis had considerable success in intelligence gathering through radio communication intercepts and monitoring unit radio traffic. The most important success came through intercepting the reports of Colonel <A href="/wiki/Bonner_Fellers" title="Bonner Fellers">Bonner Fellers</A>, the US military attaché in <A href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</A>. He had been tasked by General <A href="/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</A> with providing detailed reports on the military situation in Africa.<SUP id="cite_ref-Deac_60-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Deac-60">[55]</A></SUP> Fellers talked with British military and civilian headquarters personnel, read documents and visited the battlefront. Known to the Germans as "die gute Quelle" (the good source) or more jokingly as 'the little fellow', he transmitted his reports back to Washington using the "<A href="/wiki/Black_(code)" title="Black (code)">Black Code</A>" of the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US State Department</A>. However, in September 1941, the Italians had stolen a code book containing the Black Code, photographed it and returned it to the US embassy in Rome.<SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[56]</A></SUP> The Italians shared parts of their intercepts with their German allies. In addition the "Chiffrierabteilung" (German military cipher branch) were soon able to break the code. Fellers' reports were very detailed and played a significant role in informing the Germans of allied strength and intentions between January and June 1942.</P>
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An Italian M13/40 tank belonging to the Ariete Armoured Division</DIV>
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<P>In addition, the Italian <I>Servizio Informazioni Segrete</I> or SIS code-breakers were able to successfully intercept much radio encrypted signals intelligence (SIGINT) from British aircraft traffic as well as first-class ciphers from British vessels and land bases, providing <A href="/wiki/Supermarina" title="Supermarina">Supermarina</A> (Regia Marina) with timely warnings of Allied intentions in the Mediterranean.<SUP id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-62">[57]</A></SUP> Indeed, so successful was the Italian SIS in handling the bulk of Axis naval intelligence in the Mediterranean, that "Britain's offensive use of SIGINT was largely negated by Italy's defensive SIGINT."<SUP id="cite_ref-O’Hara_and_Cernuschi_2013_135_63-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-O’Hara_and_Cernuschi_2013_135-63">[58]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The Afrika Korps had the intelligence services of the 621st Signals Battalion mobile monitoring element which arrived in North Africa in late April 1941,<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty199897_and_148_64-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty199897_and_148-64">[59]</A></SUP> commanded by Hauptmann Alfred Seeböhm. The 621st Signals Battalion monitored radio communications among British units.<SUP id="cite_ref-Deac_60-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Deac-60">[55]</A></SUP> Unfortunately for the Allies, the British not only failed to change their codes with any frequency, they were also prone to poor radio discipline in combat. Their officers made frequent open, uncoded transmissions to their commands, allowing the Germans to more easily identify British units and deployments.<SUP id="cite_ref-Deac_60-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Deac-60">[55]</A></SUP> The situation changed after a counterattack during the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</A> resulted in the 621st Signals Battalion being overrun and destroyed, and a number of their documents captured, alerting British intelligence to the problem.<SUP id="cite_ref-Lewin_p._252_65-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Lewin_p._252-65">[60]</A></SUP> The British responded by instituting an improved call signal procedure, introducing radiotelephonic codes, imposing rigid wireless silence on reserve formations, padding out real messages with dummy traffic, tightening up on their radio discipline in combat and creating an entire fake signals network in the southern sector.<SUP id="cite_ref-Lewin_p._252_65-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Lewin_p._252-65">[60]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Allies">Allies</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=North_African_Campaign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Allies">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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Colossus Mark II computer at Bletchley Park</DIV>
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<P>Allied codebreakers read much enciphered German message traffic, especially that encrypted with the <A href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</A>. The Allies' <A href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</A> programme was initially of limited value, as it took too long to get the information to the commanders in the field, and at times provided information that was less than helpful.<SUP id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-66">[61]</A></SUP> In terms of anticipating the next move the Germans would make, reliance on Ultra sometimes backfired. Part of the reason the initial German attacks in March 1941 were so successful was that Ultra intercepts had informed Wavell that OKW had clearly directed Rommel not to take any offensive action, but to wait until he was further reinforced with the 15th Panzer Division in May.<SUP id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-67">[62]</A></SUP> Rommel received this information, but placed more value on his own assessment of the situation. Trusting that the Germans had no intention of taking major action, the British command did not respond until it was too late.<SUP id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-68">[63]</A></SUP> Furthermore, Rommel did not generally provide OKW or the Italian Comando Supremo details of his planned operations, for he thought the Italians too prone to leak the information. Thus on 21 January 1942, when Rommel struck out on his second offensive from El Agheila, Commando Supremo was just as surprised to learn of it as the British were.<SUP id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-69">[64]</A></SUP> Ultra intercepts provided the British with such information as the name of the new German commander, his time of arrival, and the numbers and condition of the Axis forces, but they might not correctly reveal Rommel's intentions.</P>
<P>The primary benefit of Ultra intercepts to the effort in North Africa was to aid in cutting the Axis supply line to Tunisia. Ultra intercepts provided valuable information about the times and routes of Axis supply shipments across the Mediterranean. This was critical in providing the British with the opportunity to intercept and destroy them. During the time when Malta was under heavy air attack, the ability to act on this information was limited, but as Allied air and naval strength improved, the information became instrumental to Allied success. It is estimated that 40% to 60% of Axis supply shipping was located and destroyed due to decrypted information.<SUP id="cite_ref-cl.cam.ac.uk_70-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-cl.cam.ac.uk-70">[65]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-71">[66]</A></SUP> However, this claim is strongly disputed by the authors Vincent P. O'Hara and Enrico Cernuschi (2013) who claim that authors like F.H. Hinsley have greatly exaggerated the effects of ULTRA. For example, they claim that intelligence provided by ULTRA had little impact in stopping Italian convoys reaching North Africa. Of the 2.67 million tons of materiel, fuel, and munitions shipped to Africa — nearly all in Italian vessels and under Italian escort — 2.24 million tons managed to arrive despite the best efforts of ULTRA and the British Navy to prevent it.<SUP id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-72">[67]</A></SUP> In effect, "Ultra did not deny the Axis armies the supplies they needed to reach the Nile." <SUP id="cite_ref-O’Hara_and_Cernuschi_2013_135_63-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-O’Hara_and_Cernuschi_2013_135-63">[58]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Heavy losses of German paratroopers in Crete, made possible by Ultra warnings of the drop times and locations, meant that Hitler hesitated in attacking Malta,<SUP id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-73">[68]</A></SUP> which aided the British in gaining control of the Mediterranean, as did the losses of the Italian Navy at the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Battle of Cape Matapan</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-74">[69]</A></SUP> To conceal the fact that German coded messages were being read, a fact critical to the overall Allied war effort, British command required a flyover mission be carried out before a convoy could be attacked in order to give the appearance that a reconnaissance flight had discovered the target.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Aftermath">Aftermath</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=North_African_Campaign&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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Wehrmacht fuel barrel in Tunisia, 2010</DIV>
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<P>After victory by the Allies in the North African Campaign, the stage was set for the <A href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</A> to begin. The <A href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">invasion of Sicily</A> followed two months later. Nearly 400,000 Axis and Allied troops were either lost, injured, or died of disease by the end of the North African Campaign.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=North_African_Campaign&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=North_African_Campaign&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=North_African_Campaign&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1942–43-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-1942–43_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-1942–43_1-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-1942–43_1-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-1942–43_1-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-1942–43_1-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-1942–43_1-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-1942–43_1-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">1942–43.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-1940–42-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1940–42_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">8–11 November 1942. Vichy officially pursued a policy of <A href="/wiki/Armed_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed neutrality">armed neutrality</A> and conducted military actions against armed incursions from Axis and Allied belligerents. The pledging of allegiance of the Vichy troops in French North Africa to the Allies convinced the Axis that Vichy could not be trusted to continue this policy, so they invaded and occupied the French rump state (<I><A href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">Case Anton</A></I>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-darlan-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-darlan_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-darlan_3-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Darlan joined the Allies in November 1942, ordering the French Army of Africa to cease fire and unite with the <A href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</A>, and became High Civilian and Military Commissioner in French North Africa. He was assassinated on 24 December 1942.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Historian Giorgio Rochat wrote:</SPAN>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P><SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Sono circa 400.000 i prigionieri fatti dagli inglesi in Etiopia e in Africa settentrionale, 125.000 presi dagli americani in Tunisia e in Sicilia, 40.000 lasciati ai francesi in Tunisia</I> ("There were about 400,000 prisoners made by the British in North Africa and in Ethiopia, 125,000 taken by the Americans in Tunisia and Sicily, 40,000 by the French in Tunisia")<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[8]</A></SUP></SPAN></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<SPAN class="reference-text">Considering that about 100,000 Italian prisoners were taken in East Africa and that prisoners taken by the Americans were mainly in Sicily, the total is around 340,000–350,000.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Torch-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Torch_14-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">During <A href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</A> only (8–16 November 1942).</SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=North_African_Campaign&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-Zabecki-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Zabecki_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Zabecki, North Africa</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Carell, p. 597</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Cartier, Raymond. <I>La Seconde Guerre Mondiale, vol4: 1943-Juin1944</I> [<I>The Second World War, vol4: 1943-June1944</I>]. Press Pocket. p. 40.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Seconde+Guerre+Mondiale%2C+vol4%3A+1943-Juin1944&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Press+Pocket&rft.aulast=Cartier&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair, Volume IV, p. 460. United States losses from 12 November 1942</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Atkinson, p. 536</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Roma: Instituto Centrale Statistica' <I>Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45</I> Roma 1957</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Colin F. Baxter. "The War in North Africa, 1940–1943: A Selected Bibliography". 1996. Page 38. 500,000 prisoners are listed as being taken in North Africa, East Africa, and Sicily; as 150,000 POWs were taken in the <A href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</A>, and about 100,000 in <A href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East Africa</A>, this would leave ~250,000 to be taken in North Africa; 130,000 during <A href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</A>, and 120,000 afterwards.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Rochat, Giorgio. <I>Le guerre italiane 1935–1943. Dall'impero d'Etiopia alla disfatta</I> [<I>The Italian Wars 1935–1943. From the Ethiopian Empire until defeat</I>]. Einaudi. p. 446.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+guerre+italiane+1935%E2%80%931943.+Dall%27impero+d%27Etiopia+alla+disfatta&rft.pages=446&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.aulast=Rochat&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Carell596-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Carell596_13-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Carell, p. 596</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Barclay-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Barclay_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Barclay, Mediterranean Operations</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Porch, Douglas: "The Path to Victory: The Mediterranean Theater in World War II", 2004, p. 415.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007301">"Military Operations in North Africa"</A>. <I>www.ushmm.org</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-05-25</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Military+Operations+in+North+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Boundless (2017-01-12). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/world-war-ii-1382/the-allies-gain-ground-1405/the-north-african-front-1407-17960/">"The North African Front"</A>. <I>Boundless</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boundless&rft.atitle=The+North+African+Front&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft.au=Boundless&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boundless.com%2Fworld-history%2Ftextbooks%2Fboundless-world-history-textbook%2Fworld-war-ii-1382%2Fthe-allies-gain-ground-1405%2Fthe-north-african-front-1407-17960%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Wilmott, H.P. p.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 109</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 41</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Churchill, p. 371</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Macksey25-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Macksey25_23-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Macksey25_23-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Macksey, p. 25</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Macksey38-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Macksey38_24-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Macksey38_24-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Macksey, p. 38</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Macksey35-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Macksey35_25-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Macksey, p. 35</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Macksey40-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Macksey40_26-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Macksey, p. 40</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair (2004), pp.209–210</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Macksey47-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Macksey47_28-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Macksey, p. 47</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Macksey, p. 68</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Wavell <CITE id="CITEREFGazette37628" class="citation magazine"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37628/supplement/3261">"No. 37628"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</A></I> (1st supplement). 25 June 1946. p. 3261.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No.+37628&rft.pages=3261&rft.date=1946-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37628%2Fsupplement%2F3261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair pp. 260–261, 264</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bauer (2000), p.95</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair p. 267</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Mead, p. 331</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair p 271</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair, pp. 286–287</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Dunn, Jimmy. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/wwii1.htm">"World War II's Opening Salvoes in North Africa"</A>. Tour Egypt.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II%27s+Opening+Salvoes+in+North+Africa&rft.pub=Tour+Egypt&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.touregypt.net%2Ffeaturestories%2Fwwii1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair, p. 358</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,851005,00.html">"Fall of Bengasi"</A>. <I>Time Magazine</I> (17 February 1941). 17 February 1941<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">17 December</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Fall+of+Bengasi&rft.issue=17+February+1941&rft.date=1941-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C851005%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Wav3268-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Wav3268_40-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Wavell in <CITE id="CITEREFGazette37628" class="citation magazine"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37628/supplement/3268">"No. 37628"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</A></I> (1st supplement). 25 June 1946. p. 3268.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No.+37628&rft.pages=3268&rft.date=1946-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F37628%2Fsupplement%2F3268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bauer, p.121</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Walkerp67-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Walkerp67_42-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Walkerp67_42-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Walker, Ian W. (2003). <I>Iron Hulls Iron Hearts</I>. Trowbridge: The Crowood Press. p. 67. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-646-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-646-0">978-1-86126-646-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Hulls+Iron+Hearts&rft.place=Trowbridge&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=The+Crowood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86126-646-0&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Jentz82-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Jentz82_43-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Jentz82_43-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Jentz, p. 82</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Rommel,_p._109-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Rommel,_p._109_44-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Rommel,_p._109_44-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Rommel, p. 109</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair (1954), p. 289</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Play2-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Play2_46-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair (1956), p. 2</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Jentz85-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Jentz85_47-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Jentz, p. 85</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair (1956), pp. 2–5</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair (1956), pp. 19–40</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Latimer, pp. 43–45</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-playfair3335-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-playfair3335_51-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair (1956), pp. 33–35</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-P160-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-P160_52-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair (1956), p. 160</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Jentz, pp. 128–129, 131</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Latimer, pp. 48–64</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-55"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Playfair (1956), p. 41</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Jentz128-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Jentz128_56-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Jentz, p. 128</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-57"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">See <A href="/wiki/Operation_Torch#Resistance_and_coup" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch#Resistance and coup</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-58"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armorfortheages.com/MilitaryVehicles/TigerI/TigerI.html">"AFTA Tiger I Page"</A>. <I>armorfortheages.com</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">28 September</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=armorfortheages.com&rft.atitle=AFTA+Tiger+I+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmorfortheages.com%2FMilitaryVehicles%2FTigerI%2FTigerI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-59"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Walker 2006, p. 193</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Deac-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Deac_60-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Deac_60-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Deac_60-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Wil Deac (12 June 2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/intercepted-communications-for-field-marshal-erwin-rommel.htm/1">"Intercepted Communications for Field Marshal Erwin Rommel"</A>. <I>World War II Magazine</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+War+II+Magazine&rft.atitle=Intercepted+Communications+for+Field+Marshal+Erwin+Rommel&rft.date=2006-06-12&rft.au=Wil+Deac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fintercepted-communications-for-field-marshal-erwin-rommel.htm%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lewin p. 251</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-62"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Vincent P. O'Hara and Enrico Cernuschi, 2013, p.119.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-O’Hara_and_Cernuschi_2013_135-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-O’Hara_and_Cernuschi_2013_135_63-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-O’Hara_and_Cernuschi_2013_135_63-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Vincent P. O'Hara and Enrico Cernuschi, 2013, p.135</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty199897_and_148-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty199897_and_148_64-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFForty1998">Forty 1998</A>, pp. 97 and 148.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Lewin_p._252-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Lewin_p._252_65-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Lewin_p._252_65-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lewin p. 252</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-66"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-66"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topedge.com/panels/ww2/na/intelligence.html">"Intelligence in North Africa"</A> Quote:Protection of the top secret Ultra source meant that the distribution of Ultra was extremely slow and by the time it had reached the relevant commander it was often out of date and therefore at best useless and at worst dangerously mis-leading.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-67"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-67"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsches-afrikakorps.de/html/verlauf_maerz_1941.html"><I>Verlauf März 1941</I></A>. In: <I>Der Feldzug in Afrika 1941–1943</I> (deutsches-afrikakorps.de). Abgerufen am 24. November 2009. Quote: Schuld an dieser Einschätzung sind die Enigma Berichte, aus denen Wavell ersehen kann, dass Rommel lediglich den Auftrag hat, die Syrte-Front zu stabilisieren, und dass sein wichtigster Verband, die 15. Panzerdivision, noch nicht in Afrika eingetroffen ist. Translated: The responsibility for this assessment are the Enigma reports, which can be seen from Wavell that Rommel only has a mandate to stabilize the Sirte front, and that his most important unit, the 15th Panzer Division, has not yet arrived in Africa.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-68"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-68"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lewin p. 33 Quote: On 30 March Wavell signalled, 'I do not believe he can make any big effort for another month.'</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-69"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-69"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lewin pp. 99–101 Quote from Rommel's diary: I had maintained secrecy over the Panzer Group's forthcoming attack eastwards from Mersa el Brega and informed neither the Italian nor the German High Command. We knew from experience that Italian Headquarters cannot keep things to themselves and that everything they wireless to Rome gets round to British ears. However, I had arranged with the Quartermaster for the Panzer Group's order to be posted in every <I>Cantoniera</I> in Tripolitinia on 21 January ...</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-cl.cam.ac.uk-70"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-cl.cam.ac.uk_70-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Kingsly, Sir Harry <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/Historical/hinsley.html">"The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War"</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622015407/http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/security/Historical/hinsley.html">Archived</A> 22 June 2011 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-71"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-71"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hinsley, Francis Harry (1993), British intelligence in the Second World War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44304-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44304-3">978-0-521-44304-3</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-72"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-72"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Vincent P. O'Hara and Enrico Cernuschi, 2013. p.118</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-73"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-73"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topedge.com/panels/ww2/na/intelligence.html">"<SPAN style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</SPAN>Intelligence in North Africa<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</SPAN>"</A>. <I>topedge.com</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">28 September</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=topedge.com&rft.atitle=%22Intelligence+in+North+Africa%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topedge.com%2Fpanels%2Fww2%2Fna%2Fintelligence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-74"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-74"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hinsley, F.H.; Stripp, Alan, eds. (1993), Codebreakers: The inside story of Bletchley Park (OU Press paperback ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280132-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280132-6">978-0-19-280132-6</A> p 3</SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=North_African_Campaign&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Atkinson, Rick (2004) [2002]. <I><A href="/wiki/An_Army_at_Dawn:_The_War_in_North_Africa,_1942%E2%80%931943" class="mw-redirect" title="An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943">An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943</A></I>. Abacus. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11636-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-11636-9">0-349-11636-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Army+at+Dawn%3A+The+War+in+North+Africa%2C+1942%E2%80%931943&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-349-11636-9&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation web">Barclay, Brigadier C. N. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970121012937/http://gi.grolier.com/wwii/wwii_8.html">"Mediterranean Operations"</A>. GI – World War II Commemoration. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gi.grolier.com/wwii/wwii_8.html">the original</A> on 21 January 1997<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 September</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+Operations&rft.pub=GI+%E2%80%93+World+War+II+Commemoration&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Brigadier+C.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgi.grolier.com%2Fwwii%2Fwwii_8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Bauer, Eddy (2000) [1984]. <I>The history of World War II</I> (Revised and updated ed.). Great Britain: Silverdale. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85605-552-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85605-552-9">978-1-85605-552-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.edition=Revised+and+updated&rft.pub=Silverdale&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85605-552-9&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Eddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Paul_Carell" title="Paul Carell">Carell, Paul</A> (1960). <I>Le volpi del deserto. 1941–1943: le armate italo-tedesche in Africa settentrionale</I> [<I>The wolves of the desert. 1941 – 1943: the Italo-German armies in North Africa</I>]. New York: Bantam.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+volpi+del+deserto.+1941%E2%80%931943%3A+le+armate+italo-tedesche+in+Africa+settentrionale&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Carell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFForty1998" class="citation book">Forty, George (1998). <I>The Armies of Rommel</I>. London: Arms and Armour Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-379-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-379-0">978-1-85409-379-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armies+of+Rommel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85409-379-0&rft.aulast=Forty&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Jentz, Thomas L. (1998). <I>Tank Combat In North Africa: The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 – June 1941</I>. Schiffer Publishing. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-0226-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7643-0226-4">0-7643-0226-4</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tank+Combat+In+North+Africa%3A+The+Opening+Rounds%2C+Operations+Sonnenblume%2C+Brevity%2C+Skorpion+and+Battleaxe%2C+February+1941+%E2%80%93+June+1941&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7643-0226-4&rft.aulast=Jentz&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</A> (2001). <I>Oxford Companion to World War II</I>. Oxford University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280666-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280666-1">0-19-280666-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Companion+to+World+War+II&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-280666-1&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Lewin, Ronald (1998) [1968]. <I>Rommel As Military Commander</I>. New York: B&N Books. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0861-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0861-3">978-0-7607-0861-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rommel+As+Military+Commander&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=B%26N+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-0861-3&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation journal">O'Hara, Vincent; Cernushi, Enrico (Summer 2013). "The Other Ultra: Signal Intelligence and the Battle to Supply Rommel's Attack toward Suez". <I>Naval War College Review,</I>. <B>66</B> (3): 117–138.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Review%2C&rft.atitle=The+Other+Ultra%3A+Signal+Intelligence+and+the+Battle+to+Supply+Rommel%27s+Attack+toward+Suez&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=117-138&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft.au=Cernushi%2C+Enrico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Ian_Stanley_Ord_Playfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Stanley Ord Playfair">Playfair, Major-General I.S.O.</A>; and Molony, Brigadier C.J.C.; with Flynn <A href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">R.N.</A>, Captain F.C. & Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. <A href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</A> 1966]. <A href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J.R.M</A>, ed. <I>The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume IV: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa</I>. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84574-068-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84574-068-8">1-84574-068-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%2C+Volume+IV%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Axis+Forces+in+Africa&rft.place=Uckfield%2C+UK&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84574-068-8&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=Major-General+I.S.O.&rft.au=and+Molony%2C+Brigadier+C.J.C.&rft.au=with+Flynn+R.N.%2C+Captain+F.C.&rft.au=Gleave%2C+Group+Captain+T.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Walker, Ian (2006). <I>Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa</I>. Ramsbury: Crowood. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-839-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86126-839-4">1-86126-839-4</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Hulls%2C+Iron+Hearts%3A+Mussolini%27s+Elite+Armoured+Divisions+in+North+Africa&rft.place=Ramsbury&rft.pub=Crowood&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-86126-839-4&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Willmott, H.P. (1984). <I>June, 1944</I>. Poole, Dorset: Blandford Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-1446-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7137-1446-8">0-7137-1446-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=June%2C+1944&rft.place=Poole%2C+Dorset&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-7137-1446-8&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation web">Zabecki, David T. (2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/thewar/detail_5211.htm">"North Africa (1940–1943)"</A>. <I>The War</I>. PBS<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 September</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+War&rft.atitle=North+Africa+%281940%E2%80%931943%29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Zabecki&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fthewar%2Fdetail_5211.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=North_African_Campaign&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <I><B><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/North_African_campaign" class="extiw" title="commons:North African campaign">North African campaign</A></B></I>.</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/newsletter/25/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki">The Jews of North Africa and the Holocaust</A> an e-Newsletter for Holocaust educators by <A href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_north_africa_campaign.shtml">BBC's flash video of the North African Campaign</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwar-2.net/timelines/war-in-the-desert/war-in-the-desert-index-1940.htm">Timeline of the North African Campaign</A></LI>
<LI>General sites on the North African Campaign
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/2WWdesert.htm">Spartacus Educational website: Desert War</A></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation web">John, Paul (1997). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topedge.com/panels/ww2/na/noframe.html">"World War II Study – Case Study North Africa"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Study+%E2%80%93+Case+Study+North+Africa&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topedge.com%2Fpanels%2Fww2%2Fna%2Fnoframe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation web">Zabecki, David T. (2000). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.military.com/Content/MoreContent?file=PRnafrica">"Battlefield North Africa: Rommel's Rise And Fall"</A>. <I>Military.com World War II</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Military.com+World+War+II&rft.atitle=Battlefield+North+Africa%3A+Rommel%27s+Rise+And+Fall&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Zabecki&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.military.com%2FContent%2FMoreContent%3Ffile%3DPRnafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+African+Campaign" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/operations/northafrican_e.shtml">Canadian World War 2 Online Newspaper Archives – The North African Campaigns, 1940–1943</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://desertwar.net/north-african-campaign.html">North African Campaign Desert War.net</A></LI>
</UL>
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<DIV id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;">
<DIV id="*_Asia_and_the_Pacific&#10;**China&#10;**South-East_Asia&#10;**North_and_Central_Pacific&#10;**South-West_Pacific&#10;*_Europe&#10;**Western&#10;**Eastern&#10;*_Mediterranean_and_Middle_East&#10;**_North_Africa&#10;**_East_Africa&#10;**_Italy&#10;*_West_Africa&#10;*_Atlantic&#10;*_North_America&#10;*_South_America&#10;&#10;*_Casualties&#10;*_Military_engagements&#10;*_Conferences&#10;*_Commanders">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific Theater">Asia and the Pacific</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</A>
<UL>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">North Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italy</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" title="American Theater (World War II)">North America</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">South America</A></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_II" title="List of military engagements of World War II">Military engagements</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</A><BR />
<SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(<A href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">leaders</A>)</SPAN></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Brazil#World_War_II" title="Military history of Brazil">Brazil</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Canada during World War II">Canada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</A> (from June 1940)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</A> (from September 1943)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Mexico#World_War_II" title="Military history of Mexico">Mexico</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" title="Norwegian Campaign">Norway</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</A> (Commonwealth)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1939–45)">Poland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">
<DIV style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis and<BR />
Axis-aligned</A><BR />
<SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(<A href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">leaders</A>)</SPAN></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%9343)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939–43)">Albania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China">Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Finland during World War II">Finland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Free India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</A> (until September 1943)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan#Late_Sh.C5.8Dwa_.281937.E2.80.931947.29_.E2.80.93_Expansionism" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</A> (Second Republic)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</A><BR /></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Armed_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed neutrality">Armed neutrality</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Albanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian resistance during World War II">Albania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austrian_Resistance" title="Austrian Resistance">Austria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Resistance_in_German-occupied_Czechoslovakia" title="Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia">Czech lands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%9344" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–44">Estonia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)#Ethiopian_irregular_forces" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">Ethiopia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" title="Greek Resistance">Greece</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Japanese_dissidence_during_the_early_Sh%C5%8Dwa_period" title="Japanese dissidence during the early Shōwa period">Japan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jewish</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%9345" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45">Latvia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Anti-communist</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Viet Minh">Vietnam</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Monarchists</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II" title="Timeline of World War II">Timeline</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Poland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">Changsha</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–40 Winter Offensive">China</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung"><I>Weserübung</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands" title="Battle of the Netherlands">Netherlands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium" title="Battle of Belgium">Belgium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">Armistice of 22 June 1940</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" title="Western Desert Campaign">North Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">North China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic States</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Moldova</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Greece</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass"><I>Compass</I></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Shanggao</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" title="Battle of Greece">Greece</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Soviet Union (<I>Barbarossa</I>)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon Campaign">Syria and Lebanon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Kiev</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Moscow</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%9342)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–42)">Sevastopol</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</A>
<UL>
<LI>The outbreak of the <A href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1941%E2%80%9342)" title="Philippines Campaign (1941–42)">Philippines</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Changsha</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" title="Malayan Campaign">Malaya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%9342)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–42)">Borneo (1941–42)</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Japanese_conquest_of_Burma" title="Japanese conquest of Burma">Burma</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1942)">Changsha</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Java Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Gazala</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Dutch Harbor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu">Attu (occupation)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_Summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, Summer 1942">Rzhev</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign" title="Guadalcanal Campaign">Guadalcanal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><I>Torch</I></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tunisian_Campaign" title="Tunisian Campaign">Tunisia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1943)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1943)">Smolensk</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Attu</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><I>Cottage</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Lower Dnieper</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Italy</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" title="Burma Campaign">Burma</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</A> / <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio"><I>Shingle</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy_Pocket" title="Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket">Korsun–Cherkassy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><I>Tempest</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><I>Ichi-Go</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><I>Overlord</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><I>Neptune</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" title="Invasion of Normandy">Normandy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><I>Bagration</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_Offensive" title="Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive">Western Ukraine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive" title="Jassy–Kishinev Offensive">Eastern Romania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive" title="Belgrade Offensive">Belgrade</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><I>Dragoon</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><I>Market Garden</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tallinn_Offensive" title="Tallinn Offensive">Estonia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><I>Crossbow</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><I>Pointblank</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Budapest_Offensive" title="Budapest Offensive">Hungary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><I>Bodenplatte</I></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign_1944%E2%80%9345" title="Burma Campaign 1944–45">Burma (1944–45)</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945–1991</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive" title="Vistula–Oder Offensive">Vistula–Oder</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Okinawa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945)" title="Borneo campaign (1945)">Borneo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prague_Offensive" title="Prague Offensive">Czechoslovakia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_Campaign" title="Second Guangxi Campaign">Guangxi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Manila</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945)" title="Borneo campaign (1945)">Borneo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taihoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Taihoku">Taipei</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Aspects</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;">General</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
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<TH id="Famines" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Famines</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%9343" title="Chinese famine of 1942–43">Chinese famine of 1942–43</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek Famine of 1941-1944</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%9345" title="Dutch famine of 1944–45">Dutch famine of 1944–45</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Famine_of_1945" title="Vietnamese Famine of 1945">Vietnamese Famine of 1945</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</A></LI>
</UL>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards of World War II">Military awards</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Category:Opposition to World War II">Opposition</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</A>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</A></TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)">Expulsion of Germans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation <I>Paperclip</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Operation <I>Osoaviakhim</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Operation <I>Keelhaul</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</A>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Hungarian_relations,_1945%E2%80%931991" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian–Hungarian relations, 1945–1991">Hungary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic States</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_popular_culture" title="World War II in popular culture">Popular culture</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</A>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German</A> (<A href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Forced labour</A>) / <A href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht"><I>Wehrmacht</I> war crimes</A>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Prosecution</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</A>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</A></LI>
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<LI>Croatian war crimes
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<LI><A href="/wiki/World_War_II_persecution_of_Serbs#Ustaše_persecution_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="World War II persecution of Serbs">against the Serbs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">against the Jews</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime<BR />
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Soviet prisoners of war in Finland</A></LI>
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style="display: none;"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanya_del_nord_d%27%C3%80frica" title="Campanya del nord d'Àfrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druh%C3%A1_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka_v_Africe" title="Druhá světová válka v Africe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymgyrch_Gogledd_Affrica" title="Ymgyrch Gogledd Affrica – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da" style="display: none;"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felttoget_i_Nordafrika" title="Felttoget i Nordafrika – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikafeldzug" title="Afrikafeldzug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el" style="display: none;"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Εκστρατεία της Βόρειας Αφρικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_en_%C3%81frica_del_Norte" title="Campaña en África del Norte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Afrika_kampanjo" title="Nord-Afrika kampanjo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iparraldeko_Afrikako_kanpaina" title="Iparraldeko Afrikako kanpaina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="نبرد شمال آفریقا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_d%27Afrique_du_Nord_(Seconde_Guerre_mondiale)" title="Campagne d'Afrique du Nord (Seconde Guerre mondiale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EC%A0%84%EC%97%AD" title="북아프리카 전역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjevernoafri%C4%8Dka_kampanja" title="Sjevernoafrička kampanja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanye_Afrika_Utara" title="Kampanye Afrika Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it" style="display: none;"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagna_del_Nordafrica" title="Campagna del Nordafrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he" style="display: none;"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="המערכה בצפון אפריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Северноафрикански поход – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempen_Afrika_Utara" title="Kempen Afrika Utara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Afrikaanse_veldtocht" title="Noord-Afrikaanse veldtocht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E6%88%A6%E7%B7%9A" title="北アフリカ戦線 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="display: none;"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felttoget_i_Nord-Afrika" title="Felttoget i Nord-Afrika – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_wojna_%C5%9Bwiatowa_w_Afryce" title="II wojna światowa w Afryce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_Norte-Africana" title="Campanha Norte-Africana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania_din_Africa_de_Nord_(al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial)" title="Campania din Africa de Nord (al Doilea Război Mondial) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Североафриканская кампания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="display: none;"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign" title="North African Campaign – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boje_v_severnej_Afrike_po%C4%8Das_druhej_svetovej_vojny" title="Boje v severnej Afrike počas druhej svetovej vojny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojna_v_severni_Afriki" title="Vojna v severni Afriki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Северноафрички фронт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnoafri%C4%8Dka_kampanja" title="Severnoafrička kampanja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjois-Afrikan_rintama_(toinen_maailmansota)" title="Pohjois-Afrikan rintama (toinen maailmansota) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4ltt%C3%A5get_i_Nordafrika" title="Fälttåget i Nordafrika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="வடக்கு ஆப்பிரிக்கப் போர்முனை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th" style="display: none;"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="การทัพแอฟริกาเหนือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzey_Afrika_Cephesi_(II._D%C3%BCnya_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1)" title="Kuzey Afrika Cephesi (II. Dünya Savaşı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Північно-Африканська кампанія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B7t_tr%E1%BA%ADn_B%E1%BA%AFc_Phi" title="Mặt trận Bắc Phi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%B0%E5%A0%B4" title="北非戰場 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				<BUTTON class="mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button" title="All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)">32 more</BUTTON></UL>
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document_title: North African Campaign

token: North

token: African

token: Campaign

token: wikipedia

token: For

token: the

token: campaign

token: during

token: First

token: World

token: War

token: see

token: Military

token: operations

token: Africa

token: I

token: <Table>

token: <Tr>

token: <Th colspan="2">

token: <Td colspan="2">

token: Part

token: of

token: Mediterranean

token: and

token: Middle

token: East

token: theatre

token: II

token: A

token: British

token: Crusader

token: tank

token: passes

token: a

token: burning

token: German

token: Pz.

token: Kpfw.

token: IV

token: Operation

token: November

token: <Th>

token: Date

token: <Td>

token: June

token: May

token: years

token: months

token: days

token: Location

token: <Ul>

token: <Li>

token: Italian

token: Libya

token: Kingdom

token: Egypt

token: French

token: Algeria

token: Tunisia

token: Morocco

token: Result

token: Allied

token: victory

token: српскохрватски

question_text: what was the benefit of allied forces taking control of north africa