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<TITLE>Punjab, India - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Punjab, India</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a <A href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state of India</A>. For a geographical region, see <A href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</A>. For other uses of the name, see <A href="/wiki/Punjab_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Punjab (disambiguation)">Punjab (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
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<DIV class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in India</DIV>
<TABLE class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;width:23em"><TBODY><TR><TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap"><SPAN class="fn org">Punjab</SPAN></TH></TR><TR><TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#cddeff; font-weight:bold;">
<SPAN class="category"><A href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</A></SPAN></TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<A href="/wiki/File:Sarovar_and_the_Golden_Temple.jpg" class="image" title="The only state in India with a majority Sikh population, Punjab contains the Golden Temple, amongst the most important sites in Sikhism"><IMG alt="The only state in India with a majority Sikh population, Punjab contains the Golden Temple, amongst the most important sites in Sikhism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sarovar_and_the_Golden_Temple.jpg/250px-Sarovar_and_the_Golden_Temple.jpg" width="250" height="188" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sarovar_and_the_Golden_Temple.jpg/375px-Sarovar_and_the_Golden_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sarovar_and_the_Golden_Temple.jpg/500px-Sarovar_and_the_Golden_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></A><DIV>The only state in India with a majority <A href="/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh">Sikh</A> population, Punjab contains the <A href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</A>, amongst the most important sites in Sikhism</DIV></TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TD colspan="2" class="maptable" style="text-align:center">
<TABLE style="width:100%; background:none;">
<TBODY><TR><TD style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;"><A href="/wiki/File:Emblem-Punjab-Protocol-Manual-page98-appendix12.svg" class="image" title="Official seal of Punjab"><IMG alt="Official seal of Punjab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Emblem-Punjab-Protocol-Manual-page98-appendix12.svg/100px-Emblem-Punjab-Protocol-Manual-page98-appendix12.svg.png" width="100" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Emblem-Punjab-Protocol-Manual-page98-appendix12.svg/150px-Emblem-Punjab-Protocol-Manual-page98-appendix12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Emblem-Punjab-Protocol-Manual-page98-appendix12.svg/200px-Emblem-Punjab-Protocol-Manual-page98-appendix12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="2250" /></A><BR /><SMALL>Seal</SMALL></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<A href="/wiki/File:IN-PB.svg" class="image" title="Location of Punjab in India"><IMG alt="Location of Punjab in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/IN-PB.svg/250px-IN-PB.svg.png" width="250" height="285" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/IN-PB.svg/375px-IN-PB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/IN-PB.svg/500px-IN-PB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1680" /></A><BR /><SMALL>Location of Punjab in India</SMALL></TD></TR><TR class="mergedbottomrow"><TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
Coordinates (Chandigarh): <SPAN class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><A class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Punjab,_India&params=30.79_N_75.84_E_region:IN-PB_type:adm1st"><SPAN class="geo-nondefault"><SPAN class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><SPAN class="latitude">30°47′N</SPAN> <SPAN class="longitude">75°50′E</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="geo-multi-punct"> / </SPAN><SPAN class="geo-default"><SPAN class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.79°N 75.84°E</SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> / <SPAN class="geo">30.79; 75.84</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: small;"><SPAN id="coordinates"><A href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</A>: <SPAN class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><A class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Punjab,_India&params=30.79_N_75.84_E_region:IN-PB_type:adm1st"><SPAN class="geo-nondefault"><SPAN class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><SPAN class="latitude">30°47′N</SPAN> <SPAN class="longitude">75°50′E</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="geo-multi-punct"> / </SPAN><SPAN class="geo-default"><SPAN class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.79°N 75.84°E</SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> / <SPAN class="geo">30.79; 75.84</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</A></TH><TD>
<SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</A></TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TH scope="row">Capital</TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</A><SUP class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_cap"><A href="#endnote_cap">†</A></SUP></TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row">Largest city</TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</A></TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian districts">Districts</A></TH><TD>
<B></B><A href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of districts of Punjab, India">22</A></TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Government<SPAN style="font-weight:normal"></SPAN></TH></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"> • <A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Punjab (India)">Governor</A></TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/Vijayendrapal_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayendrapal Singh">V P Singh Badnore</A></TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"> • <A href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Punjab_(India)" title="List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)">Chief Minister</A></TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/Captain_Amarinder_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Amarinder Singh">Captain Amarinder Singh</A> (<A href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</A>)</TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"> • <A href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Legislature</A></TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">Unicameral</A> (117 seats)</TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"> • <A href="/wiki/14th_Lok_Sabha" title="14th Lok Sabha">Parliamentary constituency</A></TH><TD>
13</TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"> • <A href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of India">High Court</A></TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/Punjab_and_Haryana_High_Court" title="Punjab and Haryana High Court">Punjab and Haryana High Court</A><SUP class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_cap"><A href="#endnote_cap">††</A></SUP></TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Area<SPAN style="font-weight:normal"></SPAN></TH></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"> • Total</TH><TD>
50,362 km<SUP>2</SUP> (19,445 sq mi)</TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row">Area rank</TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_India_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states and territories of India by area">20th</A></TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TH scope="row">Highest elevation<SPAN style="font-weight:normal"></SPAN></TH><TD>
551 m (1,808 ft)</TD></TR><TR class="mergedbottomrow"><TH scope="row">Lowest elevation<SPAN style="font-weight:normal"></SPAN></TH><TD>
150 m (490 ft)</TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Population <SPAN style="font-weight:normal">(2011)<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP></SPAN></TH></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"> • Total</TH><TD>
27,704,236</TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"> • Rank</TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">16th</A></TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"> • Density</TH><TD>
550/km<SUP>2</SUP> (1,400/sq mi)</TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</A></TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi</A></TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">GDP <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(2017–18)</SPAN><SPAN style="font-weight:normal"><SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-esopb_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-esopb-3">[3]</A></SUP></SPAN></TH></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"> • Total</TH><TD>
<SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">₹</SPAN>4.65 lakh crore</SPAN> (US$69 billion)</TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"> • Per capita</TH><TD>
<SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">₹</SPAN>142,958</SPAN> (US$2,100)</TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</A></TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</A> (<A href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</A>)</TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</A></TH><TD class="nickname">
<A href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN-PB</A></TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</A></TH><TD>
<IMG alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.6614 (<SPAN style="color:#fc0">medium</SPAN>)</TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row">HDI rank</TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index">5th</A> (2015)</TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official language</A></SPAN></TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</A><SUP id="cite_ref-2011lang_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2011lang-4">[4]</A></SUP></TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TH scope="row">Website</TH><TD>
<SPAN class="url"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://punjab.gov.in/">punjab<WBR />.gov<WBR />.in</A></SPAN></TD></TR><TR><TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left; font-size:smaller">
<P><SPAN class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_cap"><B><A href="#ref_cap">^†</A></B></SPAN> Joint Capital with Haryana.<BR /><SUP class="reference plainlinks nourlexpansion" id="ref_cap"><A href="#endnote_cap">††</A></SUP>Common for Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh.
</P>
</TD></TR><TR><TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #cddeff; font-weight: bold">
Symbols of Punjab</TD></TR><TR class="mergedtoprow"><TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Emblems_of_Indian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblems of Indian states">Emblem</A></TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Lion Capital of Ashoka</A> with Wheat stem (above) and Crossed Swords (below)</TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" title="Languages with official status in India">Language</A></TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</A></TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row">Dance</TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</A>, <A href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</A></TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</A></TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck</A></TD></TR><TR class="mergedrow"><TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</A></TH><TD>
<A href="/wiki/Northern_goshawk" title="Northern goshawk">Baaz</A><SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP> <I>(Accipiter gentilis)</I></TD></TR><TR style="display:none"><TD colspan="2">
</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P><B>Punjab</B> (<SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<SPAN style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><SPAN title="'p' in 'pie'">p</SPAN><SPAN title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</SPAN><SPAN title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</SPAN><SPAN title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</SPAN><SPAN title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</SPAN><SPAN title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</SPAN><SPAN title="'b' in 'buy'">b</SPAN></SPAN>/</A></SPAN><SMALL class="nowrap"> (<SPAN class="unicode haudio"><SPAN class="fn"><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="/wiki/File:Punjab.ogg" title="About this sound"><IMG alt="About this sound" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></A> </SPAN><A href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Punjab.ogg" class="internal" title="Punjab.ogg">listen</A></SPAN></SPAN>)</SMALL></SPAN>) is a <A href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</A> in northern <A href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</A>. Forming part of the larger <A href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</A> region, the state is bordered by the Indian states of <A href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</A> to the north, <A href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</A> to the east, <A href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</A> to the south and southeast, <A href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</A> to the southwest, and the Pakistani province of <A href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</A> to the west. The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres, 1.53% of India's total geographical area. It is <A href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">the 20th-largest Indian state</A> by area. With 27,704,236 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Punjab is <A href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">the 16th-largest state by population</A>, comprising 22 districts. <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</A> is the most widely spoken and official language of the state. The main ethnic group are the <A href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</A>, with Punjabi <A href="/wiki/Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</A> (57.7%) forming the demographic majority, followed by <A href="/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindus</A> (38.5%). The state capital is Chandigarh, a <A href="/wiki/Union_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Territory">Union Territory</A> and also the capital of the neighboring state of Haryana. The five rivers from which the region took its name were <A href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</A>, <A href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</A>, <A href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</A> and <A href="/wiki/Jhelum_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhelum river">Jhelum</A>; Sutlej, Ravi and Beas are part of the Indian Punjab.
</P><P>The Punjab region was home to the <A href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</A> until 1900 BCE. The Punjab was conquered by <A href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</A> in 330 BCE and was captured by <A href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</A>. The Punjab was home to the <A href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</A>, the empire of the <A href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</A>, the empire of <A href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</A>, and the <A href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</A>. Circa 1000, the Punjab was invaded by <A href="/wiki/Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims">Muslims</A> and was part of the <A href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</A> and <A href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</A>. <A href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</A> originated in Punjab and resulted in the formation of the <A href="/wiki/Sikh_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Confederacy">Sikh Confederacy</A> after the fall of the Mughal Empire. The confederacy was united into the <A href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</A> by Maharaja <A href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</A>. The entire Punjab region was annexed by the <A href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</A> from the <A href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</A> in <A href="/wiki/Anglo-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Sikh Wars">1849</A>. In 1947, the Punjab Province of British India was divided along religious lines into <A href="/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab">West Punjab</A> and <A href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">East Punjab</A>. The western part was assimilated into new country of Pakistan while the east stayed in India. The <A href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">Indian Punjab</A> as well as <A href="/wiki/PEPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="PEPSU">PEPSU</A> was divided into three parts on the basis of language in 1966. Haryanvi-speaking areas (a dialect of Hindi) were carved out as Haryana, while the hilly regions and Pahari-speaking areas formed Himachal Pradesh, alongside the current state of Punjab. The diverse cultures of the various rulers of Punjab have influenced <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Punjabi culture</A><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>. Punjab's government has three branches - executive, <A href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_India" title="Judiciary of India">judiciary</A> and <A href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">legislative</A>. Punjab follows the parliamentary system of government with the Chief Minister as the head of the state.
</P><P>Punjab is primarily agriculture-based due to the presence of abundant water sources and fertile soils.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP> Other major industries include the manufacturing of <A href="/wiki/Scientific_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific instruments">scientific instruments</A>, agricultural goods, electrical goods, <A href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</A>, <A href="/wiki/Machine_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine tools">machine tools</A>, <A href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sewing_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewing machines">sewing machines</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sports_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports goods">sports goods</A>, <A href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</A>, <A href="/wiki/Fertilisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilisers">fertilisers</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bicycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycles">bicycles</A>, <A href="/wiki/Garments" class="mw-redirect" title="Garments">garments</A>, and the processing of <A href="/wiki/Pine_oil" title="Pine oil">pine oil</A> and <A href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</A>. Minerals and energy resources also contribute to Punjab's economy to a much lesser extent. Punjab has the largest number of steel <A href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">rolling</A> mill plants in India, which are in "Steel Town"—<A href="/wiki/Mandi_Gobindgarh" title="Mandi Gobindgarh">Mandi Gobindgarh</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Fatehgarh_Sahib_district" title="Fatehgarh Sahib district">Fatehgarh Sahib district</A>.
</P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc"><DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><H2>Contents</H2><SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Etymology"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Etymology</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Ancient_history"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Ancient history</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Hindus_in_Punjab"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Hindus in Punjab</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Sikhs_in_Punjab"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Sikhs in Punjab</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Cis-Sutlej_states"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Cis-Sutlej states</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Sikh_Empire"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Sikh Empire</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Punjab_Province_(British_India)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Punjab Province (British India)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Independence_and_its_aftermath"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Independence and its aftermath</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#Geography"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Geography</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#Climate"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Climate</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#Seasons"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Seasons</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Summer"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Summer</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><A href="#Rainy_season"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Rainy season</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><A href="#Winter"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Winter</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><A href="#Post-Monsoon_transitional_season"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Post-Monsoon transitional season</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><A href="#Post-Winter_transitional_season"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Post-Winter transitional season</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><A href="#Rainfall"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Rainfall</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><A href="#Flora_and_fauna"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Flora and fauna</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><A href="#Animals_and_birds"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Animals and birds</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><A href="#Government_and_politics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Government and politics</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><A href="#Law_&_Order_Set-Up"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Law & Order Set-Up</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><A href="#Administrative_Set-Up"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Administrative Set-Up</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><A href="#Majha"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Majha</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><A href="#Doaba"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Doaba</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><A href="#Malwa"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Malwa</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><A href="#Poadh"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Poadh</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><A href="#Economy"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Economy</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><A href="#Transport"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Transport</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><A href="#Demographics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Demographics</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><A href="#Education"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Education</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><A href="#Media"><SPAN class="tocnumber">14</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Media</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><A href="#Digital_library"><SPAN class="tocnumber">15</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Digital library</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><A href="#Culture"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Culture</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><A href="#Bhangra"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Bhangra</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><A href="#Punjabi_folklore"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Punjabi folklore</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><A href="#Literature"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Literature</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><A href="#Music"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Music</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><A href="#Film_industry"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Film industry</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><A href="#Cuisine"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Cuisine</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><A href="#Festivals_and_traditions"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16.7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Festivals and traditions</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><A href="#Sports"><SPAN class="tocnumber">17</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Sports</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><A href="#Tourism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">18</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Tourism</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">19</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">20</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><A href="#Bibliography"><SPAN class="tocnumber">21</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Bibliography</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">22</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>

<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</SPAN></H2>
<P>The region was originally called <A href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-Anin1_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Anin1-7">[7]</A></SUP> the <A href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic</A> land of the seven rivers flowing into the ocean.<SUP id="cite_ref-curr1_8-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-curr1-8">[8]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</A> name for the region, as mentioned in the <A href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</A> and <A href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</A> for example, was <I>Panchanada</I> which means "Land of the Five Rivers", and was translated to Persian as <I>Punjab</I> after the Muslim conquests.<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP> The word <I>Punjab</I> is a compound of the <A href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</A> words <I>panj</I> (five) and <I>āb</I> (waters). Thus <I>Panjāb</I> roughly means "the land of five rivers". The five rivers are the <A href="/wiki/Sutlej_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutlej River">Sutlej</A>, <A href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</A>, <A href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</A> and <A href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jehlum</A> (also spelled Jhelum). Traditionally, in English, there used to be a definite article before the name, i.e. "The Punjab". The name is also sometimes spelled as "Panjab".
</P><P>The <A href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</A> called Punjab a <I>pentapotamia</I>, an inland delta of five converging rivers;<SUP id="cite_ref-zum.de_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-zum.de-11">[11]</A></SUP> the name <I>Punjab</I> was given to the region by the Central Asian <A href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</A> conquerors of <A href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</A>, and popularised by the Turco-Mongol <A href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN></H2>
<TABLE class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><TBODY><TR><TD class="mbox-image"><DIV style="width:52px"><A href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></A></DIV></TD><TD class="mbox-text"><DIV class="mbox-text-span">This section <B>needs additional citations for <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</A></B>.<SPAN class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit">improve this article</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</SPAN>  <SMALL><I>(January 2017)</I></SMALL><SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I> (<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" title="History of the Punjab">History of the Punjab</A></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Punjab_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (region)">Punjab (region)</A></DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</SPAN></H3>
<P>During the period when the epic <I><A href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</A></I> was written, around 800–400 BCE, Punjab was known as <A href="/wiki/Trigarta_Kingdom" title="Trigarta Kingdom">Trigarta</A> and ruled by <A href="/wiki/Katoch" title="Katoch">Katoch</A> kings.<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</A> spanned much of the Punjab region with cities such as <A href="/wiki/Rupar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupar">Ropar</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Vedic_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Civilization">Vedic Civilization</A> spread along the length of the <A href="/wiki/Sarasvati_River" title="Sarasvati River">Sarasvati River</A> to cover most of <A href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">northern India</A> including Punjab. This civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in the Indian subcontinent. The Punjab region was ruled by many ancient empires including the <A href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</A>, <A href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nandas</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mauryas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryas">Mauryas</A>, <A href="/wiki/Shungas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shungas">Shungas</A>, <A href="/wiki/Kushans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushans">Kushans</A>, <A href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Guptas</A>, <A href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Palas</A>, <A href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratiharas</A> and <A href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahi" title="Hindu Shahi">Hindu Shahis</A>. The furthest eastern extent of <A href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great's</A> exploration was along the Indus River. Agriculture flourished and trading cities such as <A href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sangrur" title="Sangrur">Sangrur</A> and <A href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</A> grew in wealth.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P><P>Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and influence from both west and east. Punjab faced invasions by the <A href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</A>, <A href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</A>, <A href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</A>, <A href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Afghans</A>. This resulted in the Punjab witnessing centuries of bitter bloodshed. Its culture combines <A href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Hindu</A>, <A href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">Buddhist</A>, <A href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islamic</A>, <A href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">Sikh</A> and <A href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</A> influences.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Hindus_in_Punjab">Hindus in Punjab</SPAN></H3>
<TABLE class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><TBODY><TR><TD class="mbox-image"><DIV style="width:52px"><A href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></A></DIV></TD><TD class="mbox-text"><DIV class="mbox-text-span">This section <B>does not <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</A> any <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</A></B>.<SPAN class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit">improve this section</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</A>.</SPAN>  <SMALL><I>(February 2017)</I></SMALL><SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I> (<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Vedic_India.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_Vedic_India.png/220px-Map_of_Vedic_India.png" width="220" height="158" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_Vedic_India.png/330px-Map_of_Vedic_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Map_of_Vedic_India.png/440px-Map_of_Vedic_India.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="489" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Vedic_India.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Map of early Iron Age Vedic India after Witzel (1989); realms or tribes are labelled black, foreign tribes mentioned in early Vedic texts purple, Vedic <A href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">shakhas</A> in green, rivers are labelled blue, the <A href="/wiki/Thar_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Thar desert">Thar desert</A> is marked orange.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>The original <A href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</A> is now divided into several units: <A href="/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab">West Punjab</A> (now in Pakistan), portions of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa such as the Gandharar region, the Indian states of <A href="/wiki/Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (India)">Punjab</A>, <A href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</A> and <A href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</A> and the Indian Union territory of <A href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</A>. The regions of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir and <A href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</A> have also been historically associated with the Punjab.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P><P>The Punjab is the '<A href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</A>' region mentioned in the <A href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</A>, the seven rivers are:
</P>
<OL><LI><A href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</A> (thought to be the present day <A href="/wiki/Ghaggar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaggar">Ghaggar</A>),</LI>
<LI>Satadru/Shutadri (<A href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</A>),</LI>
<LI>Vipasa (<A href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</A>),</LI>
<LI>Asikani, Chandrabhaga (<A href="/wiki/Chenab" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenab">Chenab</A>),</LI>
<LI>Iravati (<A href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</A>),</LI>
<LI>Vitasta/Vet (<A href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum</A>) and</LI>
<LI>Sindhu (<A href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</A>).</LI></OL>
<P>Among the classic books that were wholly or partly composed in this region are the following.
</P>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</A></LI>
<LI>Grammar of <A href="/wiki/Sakatayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakatayana">Sakatayana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ashtadhyayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtadhyayi">Ashtadhyayi</A> of <A href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</A> of Yaska</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</A> along with the <A href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brihatkatha" title="Brihatkatha">Brihatkatha</A> of Gunadya</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bakhshali_Manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhshali Manuscript">Bakhshali Manuscript</A></LI></UL>
<P>The world's oldest university <A href="/wiki/Takshashila" class="mw-redirect" title="Takshashila">Takshashila</A> flourished here, even before the <A href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</A>'s birth. The Brahmins of this region are called 'Saraswata' after the legendary Saraswati river region, once known for the ashramas of the rishis. <A href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</A> has been prevalent in <A href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</A> since historical times before the arrival of <A href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</A> and birth of <A href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</A> in Punjab. Some of the influential <A href="/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh">Sikh</A> figures such as <A href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</A>, <A href="/wiki/Guru_Angad_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Angad Dev">Guru Angad Dev</A>, <A href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</A>, <A href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</A>, <A href="/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur" title="Banda Singh Bahadur">Banda Singh Bahadur</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bhai_Mati_Das" title="Bhai Mati Das">Bhai Mati Das</A>, all originated from <A href="/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</A> families of Punjab. Many of <A href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</A>'s <A href="/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindus</A> converted to <A href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</A>.
</P><P>Punjabi Hindus can trace their roots from the time of the <A href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</A>. Many modern day cities in Indian Punjab and Pakistani Punjab are still named from that period like <A href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</A>, <A href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</A>, <A href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</A> and so on. Examples of Punjabi Hindus include the former Prime ministers of India I.K. Gujral and Gulzari Lal Nanda and former Indian cricketer <A href="/wiki/Kapil_Dev" title="Kapil Dev">Kapil Dev</A> and scientist Hargobind Khorana.
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Sikhs_in_Punjab">Sikhs in Punjab</SPAN></H3>
<TABLE class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><TBODY><TR><TD class="mbox-image"><DIV style="width:52px"><A href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></A></DIV></TD><TD class="mbox-text"><DIV class="mbox-text-span">This section <B>needs additional citations for <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</A></B>.<SPAN class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit">improve this article</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</SPAN>  <SMALL><I>(February 2017)</I></SMALL><SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I> (<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>Sikhism originated in the <A href="/wiki/Punjab_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab Region">Punjab Region</A> during the 15th century. Approximately 75% of the total Sikh population of the world lives in Punjab. Sikhism began at the time of the conquest of northern India by <A href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</A>. His grandson, <A href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</A>, supported religious freedom and after visiting the <A href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">langar</A> of <A href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</A> had a favourable impression of Sikhism. As a result of his visit he donated land to the langar and had a positive relationship with the <A href="/wiki/Sikh_Gurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Gurus">Sikh Gurus</A> until his death in 1605.<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP> His successor, <A href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</A>, saw the Sikhs as a political threat. He arrested <A href="/wiki/Guru_Arjun_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Arjun Dev">Guru Arjun Dev</A> because of Sikh support for <A href="/wiki/Khusrau_Mirza" title="Khusrau Mirza">Khusrau Mirza</A><SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP> and ordered him put to death by torture. Guru Arjan Dev's <A href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</A> led to the sixth Guru, <A href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Gobind" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Har Gobind">Guru Har Gobind</A>, declaring Sikh <A href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</A> in the creation of the <A href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</A> and the establishment of a fort to defend <A href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Jestice_2004_pages=345-346_18-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Jestice_2004_pages=345-346-18">[18]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Jahangir attempted to assert authority over the Sikhs by imprisoning Guru Har Gobind at <A href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</A>. He felt compelled to release him when he began to suffer premonitions of an early and gruesome death. The Guru refused to be released unless the dozens of Hindu princes imprisoned with him were also granted freedom, to which Jahangir agreed. Sikhism did not have any further issues with the <A href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</A> until Jahangir's death in 1627. His successor, <A href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</A>, "took offense" at Guru Har Gobind's sovereignty and after a series of assaults on Amritsar forced the Sikhs to retreat to the <A href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Jestice_2004_pages=345-346_18-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Jestice_2004_pages=345-346-18">[18]</A></SUP> Guru Har Gobind's successor, <A href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</A>, maintained the guruship in the Sivalik Hills by defeating local attempts to seize Sikh land and taking a neutral role in the power struggle between <A href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</A> and <A href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</A> for control of the <A href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</A>.
</P><P>The ninth Guru, <A href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</A>, moved the Sikh community to <A href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur</A> and travelled extensively to visit and preach in Sikh communities in defiance of Mughal rule. He aided <A href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Kashmiri Pandits</A> in avoiding <A href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion to Islam">conversion to Islam</A> and was arrested and confronted by Aurangzeb. When offered <A href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">a choice between conversion or death</A>, he chose to die and was executed.<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP>
</P><P><A href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</A> assumed the guruship in 1675 and to avoid battles with Sivalik Hill Rajas moved the guruship to <A href="/wiki/Paonta_Sahib" title="Paonta Sahib">Paunta</A>. He built a large fort to protect the city and garrisoned an army to protect it. The Sikh community's growing power alarmed Sivalik Hill Rajas, who attempted to attack the city, but the Guru's forces routed them at the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</A>. He moved on to Anandpur and established the <A href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</A>, a collective army of baptised Sikhs, on 30 March 1699. The establishment of the Khalsa united the Sikh community against various Mughal-backed claimants to the guruship.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP>
</P><P>In 1701, a combined army composed of the Sivalik Hill Rajas and the <A href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</A> army under Wazir Khan attacked Anandpur and, following a retreat by the Khalsa, was defeated by the Khalsa at the Battle of Muktsar. <A href="/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur" title="Banda Singh Bahadur">Banda Singh Bahadur</A> was an <A href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</A> who converted to Sikhism after meeting Guru Gobind Singh at <A href="/wiki/Nanded" title="Nanded">Nanded</A>. Shortly before his death, Guru Gobind Singh ordered him to uproot Mughal rule in Punjab and gave him a letter that commanded all Sikhs to join him. After two years of gaining supporters, Banda Singh Bahadur initiated an agrarian uprising by breaking up the large estates of <A href="/wiki/Zamindar#Mughal_Era" title="Zamindar">Zamindar families</A> and distributing the land to the poor Sikh and Hindu peasants who farmed the land.<SUP id="cite_ref-Singh_2008_pages=25-26_21-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Singh_2008_pages=25-26-21">[21]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Banda Singh Bahadur started his rebellion with the defeat of Mughal armies at <A href="/wiki/Samana,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Samana, India">Samana</A> and <A href="/wiki/Sadhaura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhaura">Sadhaura</A> and it culminated in the defeat of Sirhind. During the rebellion, Banda Singh Bahadur made a point of destroying the cities in which Mughals had been cruel to Sikhs, and executed Wazir Khan in revenge for the deaths of Guru Gobind Singh's sons, Baba Zorawar Singh and Baba Fateh Singh, after the Sikh victory at Sirhind.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP> He ruled the territory between the <A href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej River</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna River</A>, established a capital in the <A href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</A> at <A href="/wiki/Lohgarh" title="Lohgarh">Lohgarh</A>, and struck coinage in the names of <A href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</A> and Guru Gobind Singh.<SUP id="cite_ref-Singh_2008_pages=25-26_21-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Singh_2008_pages=25-26-21">[21]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Cis-Sutlej_states">Cis-Sutlej states</SPAN></H3>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Cis-Sutlej_states" title="Cis-Sutlej states">Cis-Sutlej states</A> were a group of states in modern Punjab and <A href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</A> states lying between the Sutlej River on the north, the Himalayas on the east, the Yamuna River and <A href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</A> District on the south, and <A href="/wiki/Sirsa_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirsa District">Sirsa District</A> on the west. These states were ruled by the <A href="/wiki/Scindhias" class="mw-redirect" title="Scindhias">Scindhia dynasty</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</A>. Various Sikh sardars and other Rajas of the Cis-Sutlej states paid tributes to the Marathas until the <A href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</A> of 1803-1805, after which the Marathas lost this territory to the British.<SUP id="cite_ref-Books.google.co.in_23-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Books.google.co.in-23">[23]</A></SUP> The Cis-Sutlej states included <A href="/wiki/Kaithal" title="Kaithal">Kaithal</A>, <A href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</A>, <A href="/wiki/Jind" title="Jind">Jind</A>, <A href="/wiki/Thanesar" title="Thanesar">Thanesar</A>, <A href="/wiki/Maler_Kotla" class="mw-redirect" title="Maler Kotla">Maler Kotla</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</A>.
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Sikh_Empire">Sikh Empire</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg/220px-Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg" width="220" height="180" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg/330px-Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg/440px-Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="655" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV><A href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</A></DIV></DIV></DIV><DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Darbar_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Darbar_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.jpg/220px-Darbar_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.jpg" width="220" height="121" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Darbar_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.jpg/330px-Darbar_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Darbar_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.jpg/440px-Darbar_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="705" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Darbar_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV><A href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">Darbar</A> of <A href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh, showing people of all religions</A></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tleft"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg/220px-Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg" width="220" height="134" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg/330px-Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg/440px-Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="559" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Maharaja Ranjit Singh listening to Granth Sahib being recited near the Golden Temple, Amritsar</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>The Sikh Empire (1801–1849) was forged by <A href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharajah Ranjit Singh</A> on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous Sikh misls, creating a unified political state. The empire extended from the <A href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</A> in the west, to <A href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu & Kashmir">Kashmir</A> in the north, to <A href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</A> in the south, and <A href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</A> in the east. The main geographical footprint of the empire was the Punjab region. The religious <A href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</A> of the Sikh Empire was Muslim (70%), Sikh (17%), Hindu (13%).<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP>
</P><P>After his proclamation in 1801 as Maharajah, Ranjit Singh began the modernisation of the <A href="/wiki/Punjab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab Army">Punjab Army</A>. All the <A href="/wiki/Misl" title="Misl">Misl</A> leaders who were affiliated with the Army had been nobility, usually with long and prestigious family histories in Punjab.<SUP id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892_25-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892-25">[25]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP> Ranjit Singh introduced several new commanders, some of them European, and a further 52,000 well-trained and equipped professional-grade irregulars with a significant multi-religious component. In addition, the army was equipped with <A href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</A>, turning it into a premier fighting force.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P><P>After Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the <A href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</A> to launch the <A href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">Anglo-Sikh Wars</A>. A series of betrayals of the Sikhs by some prominent leaders in the army led to its downfall. Maharaja <A href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</A> and Raja Dhian Singh were the top generals of the army.<SUP id="cite_ref-Grewal_27-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Grewal-27">[27]</A></SUP>
</P><P>The Sikh Empire was finally dissolved, after a series of wars with the British at the end of the <A href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</A> in 1849, into separate <A href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</A> and the British province of Punjab, which were granted statehood. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the <A href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</A>.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN id="Punjab_Province_.28British_India.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Punjab_Province_(British_India)">Punjab Province (British India)</SPAN></H3>
<TABLE class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><TBODY><TR><TD class="mbox-image"><DIV style="width:52px"><A href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></A></DIV></TD><TD class="mbox-text"><DIV class="mbox-text-span">This section <B>needs additional citations for <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</A></B>.<SPAN class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit">improve this article</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</SPAN>  <SMALL><I>(February 2017)</I></SMALL><SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I> (<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Punjab_1909.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punjab_1909.jpg/220px-Punjab_1909.jpg" width="220" height="181" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punjab_1909.jpg/330px-Punjab_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Punjab_1909.jpg/440px-Punjab_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="821" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Punjab_1909.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV><A href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">British Punjab Province</A>, before 1947</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>The Cis-Sutlej states, including <A href="/wiki/Kaithal" title="Kaithal">Kaithal</A>, <A href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</A>, <A href="/wiki/Jind" title="Jind">Jind</A>, <A href="/wiki/Thanesar" title="Thanesar">Thanesar</A>, <A href="/wiki/Maler_Kotla" class="mw-redirect" title="Maler Kotla">Maler Kotla</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</A>, were under the suzerainty of the Scindhia dynasty of the Maratha Empire, following the <A href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</A> of 1803-1805, when Marathas lost this territory to the British. During the war, some of the states in the region gave their allegiance to British General <A href="/wiki/Gerard_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Lake">Gerard Lake</A>. At the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Maratha War, an 1809 agreement with Ranjit Singh, ruler of the Sikh Empire west of the Sutlej, brought these states under formal British protection.<SUP id="cite_ref-Books.google.co.in_23-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Books.google.co.in-23">[23]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-http_28-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-http-28">[28]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_29-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-29">[29]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Ranjit Singh's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos, and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. By 1845 the British had moved 32,000 troops to the Sutlej frontier to secure their northernmost possessions against the succession struggles in the Punjab. In late 1845, British and Sikh troops engaged near <A href="/wiki/Firozpur" title="Firozpur">Firozpur</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP> beginning the <A href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</A>. The war ended the following year, and the territory between the Sutlej and the <A href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</A> was ceded to <A href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">British Company rule in India</A>, along with <A href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</A>, which was sold to <A href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</A> of Jammu, who ruled Kashmir as a British vassal.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P><P>As a condition of the peace treaty, some British troops, along with a resident political agent and other officials, were left in Punjab to oversee the regency of Maharaja Dhalip Singh, a minor. The Sikh army was reduced greatly in size. In 1848, out-of-work Sikh troops in <A href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</A> revolted, and a British official was killed. Within a few months, the unrest had spread throughout Punjab, and British troops once again invaded. The British prevailed in the <A href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</A>, and under the <A href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore</A> in 1849, Punjab was annexed by the <A href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</A>, and Dhalip Singh was pensioned off. <A href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</A> became a province of British India, although a number of small states, most notably <A href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</A>, Kapurthala, Faridkot, Nabha, and Jind, retained local rulers in <A href="/wiki/Subsidiary_alliance" title="Subsidiary alliance">subsidiary alliances</A> with the British, with the rulers retaining their own internal <A href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</A> but recognising British suzerainty.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P><P>The <A href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jallianwala Bagh Massacre">Jallianwala Bagh Massacre</A> of 1919 occurred in Amritsar. In 1930, the <A href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</A> proclaimed independence from Lahore.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> In March 1940, the All-India Muslim League passed the <A href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</A>, demanding the creation of a separate state from Muslim majority areas in India. This triggered bitter protests by the Sikhs in Punjab, who could not countenance living in a Muslim state.<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP>
</P><P>In 1946, massive communal tensions and violence erupted between Punjab's Muslim majority and the Hindu and Sikh minorities. The Muslim League attacked the government of Unionist Punjabi Muslims, Sikh Akalis and the Congress and led to its downfall.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> Unwilling to be cowed, Sikhs and Hindus counterattacked,<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> and the resulting bloodshed left the province in great disorder. Congress and League leaders agreed to partition Punjab along religious lines, a precursor to the wider partition of the country.<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Independence_and_its_aftermath">Independence and its aftermath</SPAN></H3>
<TABLE class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><TBODY><TR><TD class="mbox-image"><DIV style="width:52px"><A href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></A></DIV></TD><TD class="mbox-text"><DIV class="mbox-text-span">This section <B>needs additional citations for <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</A></B>.<SPAN class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit">improve this article</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</SPAN>  <SMALL><I>(February 2017)</I></SMALL><SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I> (<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>In 1947 the Punjab Province of <A href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</A> was <A href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partitioned</A> along religious lines into <A href="/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab">West Punjab</A> and <A href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">East Punjab</A>. Huge numbers of people were displaced, and there was much intercommunal violence. Following independence, several small Punjabi princely states, including Patiala, <A href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession" title="Instrument of Accession">acceded</A> to the Union of India and were united into the <A href="/wiki/PEPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="PEPSU">PEPSU</A>. In 1956 this was integrated with the state of East Punjab to create a new, enlarged Indian state called simply "Punjab".
</P><P>The undivided Punjab, of which <A href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Pakistani Punjab</A> forms a major region today, was home to a large minority population of Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs until 1947, apart from the Muslim majority.<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Immediately following independence in 1947, and due to the ensuing communal violence and fear, most Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus who found themselves in Pakistan migrated to India.<SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[34]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Punjabi Muslims were uprooted similarly from their homes in East Punjab, which now forms part of India.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP> More than seven million moved to Pakistan, and over six million settled in Punjab. In 1950, two new states were recognised by the Indian constitution: the Indian part of the former British province of Punjab became the state of East Punjab, while the princely states of the region were combined into the <A href="/wiki/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union">Patiala and East Punjab States Union</A> (PEPSU). <A href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</A> was later created as a union territory from several princely states in the hills.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</SPAN></H2>
<P>Punjab is in northwestern India and has a total area of 50,362 square kilometres (19,445 sq mi). Punjab is bounded by Pakistan on the west, <A href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</A> on the north, <A href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</A> on the northeast and <A href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</A> and <A href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</A> on the south.<SUP id="cite_ref-Borders_36-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Borders-36">[36]</A></SUP> Most of the Punjab lies in a fertile, alluvial plain with many rivers and an extensive irrigation canal system.<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_37-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-37">[37]</A></SUP> A belt of undulating hills extends along the northeastern part of the state at the foot of the Himalayas. Its average elevation is 300 metres (980 ft) above sea level, with a range from 180 metres (590 ft) in the southwest to more than 500 metres (1,600 ft) around the northeast border. The southwest of the state is semiarid, eventually merging into the <A href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Shiwalik_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiwalik Hills">Shiwalik Hills</A> extend along the northeastern part of the state at the foot of the Himalayas.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P><P>The soil characteristics are influenced to a limited extent by the topography, vegetation and parent rock. The variation in soil profile characteristics are much more pronounced because of the regional climatic differences.<SUP id="cite_ref-Soil_Types_38-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Soil_Types-38">[38]</A></SUP> Punjab is divided into three distinct regions on the basis of soil types: southwestern, central, and eastern. Punjab falls under <A href="/wiki/Earthquake_hazard_zoning_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquake hazard zoning of India">seismic zones</A> II, III, and IV. Zone II is considered a low-damage risk zone; zone III is considered a moderate-damage risk zone; and zone IV is considered a high-damage risk zone.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Punjab_Monsoon.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Punjab_Monsoon.jpg/220px-Punjab_Monsoon.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Punjab_Monsoon.jpg/330px-Punjab_Monsoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Punjab_Monsoon.jpg/440px-Punjab_Monsoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Punjab_Monsoon.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Agricultural fields of Punjab during the monsoon</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>The geography and <A href="/wiki/Subtropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropic">subtropical</A> latitudinal location of Punjab lead to large variations in temperature from month to month. Even though only limited regions experience temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F), ground frost is commonly found in the majority of Punjab during the winter season. The temperature rises gradually with high <A href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</A> and overcast skies. However, the rise in temperature is steep when the sky is clear and humidity is low.<SUP id="cite_ref-auto_40-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</A></SUP>
</P><P>The maximum temperatures usually occur in mid-May and June. The temperature remains above 40 °C (104 °F) in the entire region during this period. Ludhiana recorded the highest maximum temperature at 46.1 °C (115.0 °F) with Patiala and Amritsar recording 45.5 °C (113.9 °F). The maximum temperature during the summer in Ludhiana remains above 41 °C (106 °F) for a duration of one and a half months. These areas experience the lowest temperatures in January. The sun rays are oblique during these months and the cold winds control the temperature at daytime.<SUP id="cite_ref-auto_40-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Punjab experiences its minimum temperature from December to February. The lowest temperature was recorded at Amritsar (0.2 °C (32.4 °F)) and Ludhiana stood second with 0.5 °C (32.9 °F). The minimum temperature of the region remains below 5 °C (41 °F) for almost two months during the winter season. The highest minimum temperature of these regions in June is more than the daytime maximum temperatures experienced in January and February. Ludhiana experiences minimum temperatures above 27 °C (81 °F) for more than two months. The annual average temperature in the entire state is approximately 21 °C (70 °F). Further, the mean monthly temperature range varies between 9 °C (48 °F) in July to approximately 18 °C (64 °F) in November.<SUP id="cite_ref-auto_40-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Seasons">Seasons</SPAN></H2>
<P>Punjab experiences three main seasons. They are:
</P>
<UL><LI>Hot Season (mid-April to the end of June)</LI>
<LI>Rainy Season (early July to the end of September)</LI>
<LI>Cold Season (early December to the end of February).<SUP id="cite_ref-auto_40-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</A></SUP></LI></UL>
<P>Apart from these three, the state experiences transitional seasons like:
</P>
<UL><LI>Pre-summer season (March to mid-April): This is the period of transition between winter and summer.</LI>
<LI>Post-<A href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</A> season (September to end of November): This is the period of transition between monsoon and winter seasons.<SUP id="cite_ref-auto_40-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</A></SUP></LI></UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Summer">Summer</SPAN></H3>
<P>Punjab starts experiencing mildly hot temperatures in February. However, the actual summer season commences in mid-April. The area experiences pressure variations during the summer months. The atmospheric pressure of the region remains around 987 millibar during February and it reaches 970 millibar in June.<SUP id="cite_ref-auto_40-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Rainy_season">Rainy season</SPAN></H3>
<P>The monsoon brings joy to the agricultural sector as farmers become very busy. Punjab's rainy season begins in first week of July as monsoon currents generated in the <A href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</A> bring rain to the region.<SUP id="cite_ref-auto_40-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Winter">Winter</SPAN></H3>
<P>Temperature variation is minimal in January. The mean night and day temperatures fall to 5 °C (41 °F) and 12 °C (54 °F), respectively.<SUP id="cite_ref-auto_40-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Post-Monsoon_transitional_season">Post-Monsoon transitional season</SPAN></H3>
<P>The monsoon begins to reduce by the second week of September. This brings a gradual change in climate and temperature. The time between October and November is the transitional period between monsoon and winter seasons. Weather during this period is generally fair and dry.<SUP id="cite_ref-auto_40-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Post-Winter_transitional_season">Post-Winter transitional season</SPAN></H3>
<P>The effects of winter diminish by the first week of March. The hot summer season commences in mid-April. This period is marked by occasional showers with <A href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</A> storms and squalls that cause extensive damage to crops. The winds remain dry and warm during the last week of March, commencing the harvest period.<SUP id="cite_ref-auto_40-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Rainfall">Rainfall</SPAN></H2>
<UL><LI>Monsoon Rainfall</LI></UL>
<P>Monsoon season provides most of the rainfall for the region. Punjab receives rainfall from the monsoon current of the Bay of Bengal. This monsoon current enters the state from the southeast in the first week of July.<SUP id="cite_ref-auto_40-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</A></SUP>
</P>
<UL><LI>Winter Rainfall</LI></UL>
<P>The winter season remains very cool with temperatures falling below freezing at some places. Winter also brings in some western disturbances.<SUP id="cite_ref-auto_40-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</A></SUP> Rainfall in the winter provides relief to the farmers as some of the winter crops in the region of Shivalik Hills are entirely dependent on this rainfall. As per meteorological statistics, the sub-Shivalik area receives more than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) of rainfall in the winter months.<SUP id="cite_ref-auto_40-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</SPAN></H2>
<TABLE class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><TBODY><TR><TD class="mbox-image"><DIV style="width:52px"><A href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></A></DIV></TD><TD class="mbox-text"><DIV class="mbox-text-span">This section <B>needs additional citations for <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</A></B>.<SPAN class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit">improve this article</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</SPAN>  <SMALL><I>(February 2017)</I></SMALL><SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I> (<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg/220px-Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg/330px-Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg/440px-Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Agriculture in Punjab</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>The plains of Punjab do not have any thick forests. The only available flora are patches of grass, small bushes, and shrubs. In the southeastern part of Punjab and the areas of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Multan, <A href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mangoes</A> are grown. Other varieties of fruit grown in abundance are <A href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</A>, <A href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</A>, <A href="/wiki/Common_fig" title="Common fig">figs</A>, <A href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quinces</A>, <A href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</A>, <A href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</A>, <A href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</A>, <A href="/wiki/Morus_(plant)" title="Morus (plant)">mulberries</A>, <A href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</A> and <A href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</A>.
</P><P>Major cultivation of rich flora and fauna can be seen in the Shivalik ranges. Due its rich flora and fauna, it has been termed a micro-<A href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</A> zone of India. There is a wide variety of <A href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</A> in the area, including 355 types of herbs, 70 types of trees, 70 types of shrubs of all sizes, 19 types of <A href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">climbers</A>, and 21 types of twines. Besides angiosperms, the region is home to 31 kinds of <A href="/wiki/Pteridophyte" title="Pteridophyte">pteridophytes</A> and 27 kinds of <A href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</A>, while a special species of <A href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperm</A> named <A href="/wiki/Pinus_roxburghii" title="Pinus roxburghii">Pinus roxburghii</A> can be seen in the ranges of Punjab.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P><P>The fauna of the area is rich, with 396 types of birds, 214 kinds of <A href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</A>, 55 varieties of fish, 20 types of reptiles, and 19 kinds of mammals. The state of Punjab has large wetland areas, bird sanctuaries that house numerous species of birds, and many zoological parks. Wetlands include the national wetland <A href="/wiki/Harike_Wetland" title="Harike Wetland">Hari-Ke-Pattan</A>, the wetland of <A href="/wiki/Kanjli_Wetland" title="Kanjli Wetland">Kanjli</A>, and the wetlands of Kapurthala Sutlej. Wildlife sanctuaries include the Harike in the district of Tarn Taran Sahib, the Zoological Park in Rupnagar, Chhatbir Bansar Garden in Sangrur, <A href="/wiki/Aam_Khas_Bagh" title="Aam Khas Bagh">Aam Khas Bagh</A> in Sirhind, Amritsar's famous <A href="/wiki/Ram_Bagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Bagh">Ram Bagh</A>, Shalimar Garden in Kapurthala, and the famous Baradari Garden in the city of Patiala.<SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[41]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Animals_and_birds">Animals and birds</SPAN></H3>
<P>A few of the rivers in Punjab have dangerous species of crocodiles. The extraction of silk from silkworms is another industry that flourishes in the state. Production of bee honey is done in some parts of Punjab. The southern plains are desert land; hence, camels can be seen. <A href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Buffaloes</A> graze around the banks of rivers. The northeastern part is home to animals like horses. Wildlife sanctuaries have many more species of wild animals like the otter, wild boar, wildcat, fruit bat, hog deer, flying fox, squirrel and mongoose. Naturally formed forests can be seen in the Shivalik ranges in the districts of Ropar, Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur. Patiala is home to the Bir forest while the wetlands area in Punjab is home to the famous Mand forest.<SUP id="cite_ref-auto1_42-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-auto1-42">[42]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Botanical gardens exist throughout Punjab. There is a zoological park and a tiger safari park, as well as three parks dedicated to deer.<SUP id="cite_ref-auto1_42-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-auto1-42">[42]</A></SUP>
</P><P>The state bird is the <A href="/wiki/Northern_goshawk" title="Northern goshawk">baz (northern goshawk)</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[43]</A></SUP> (<I>Melierax poliopterus</I>), the state animal is the <A href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">blackbuck</A> (<I>Antilope cervicapra</I>), and the state tree is the shisham (<I><A href="/wiki/Dalbergia_sissoo" title="Dalbergia sissoo">Dalbergia sissoo</A></I>).<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_37-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-37">[37]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</SPAN></H2>
<TABLE class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><TBODY><TR><TD class="mbox-image"><DIV style="width:52px"><A href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></A></DIV></TD><TD class="mbox-text"><DIV class="mbox-text-span">This section <B>needs additional citations for <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</A></B>.<SPAN class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit">improve this article</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</SPAN>  <SMALL><I>(February 2017)</I></SMALL><SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I> (<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Punjab_vidhansabha.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Punjab_vidhansabha.jpg/220px-Punjab_vidhansabha.jpg" width="220" height="132" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Punjab_vidhansabha.jpg/330px-Punjab_vidhansabha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Punjab_vidhansabha.jpg/440px-Punjab_vidhansabha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="289" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Punjab_vidhansabha.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV><A href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Punjab Legislative Assembly</A> building</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Politics_of_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Punjab (India)">Politics of Punjab (India)</A>, <A href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Punjab (India)">Government of Punjab (India)</A>, <A href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Punjab Legislative Assembly</A>, and <A href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of Punjab (India)">List of districts of Punjab (India)</A></DIV>
<P>Punjab is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy. Each of the states of India possesses a parliamentary system of government, with a ceremonial state <A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Punjab (India)">Governor</A>, appointed by the <A href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</A> on the advice of the central government. The head of government is an indirectly elected <A href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Punjab_(India)" title="List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)">Chief Minister</A> who is vested with most of the executive powers. The term length of the government is five years. The state legislature, the <A href="/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha" title="Vidhan Sabha">Vidhan Sabha</A>, is the unicameral <A href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Punjab Legislative Assembly</A>, with 117 members elected from single-seat constituencies. The current Government was elected in the 2017 Assembly elections as Congress won 77 out of 117 Assembly seats and <A href="/wiki/Amarinder_Singh" title="Amarinder Singh">Amarinder Singh</A> is the current Chief Minister. The state of Punjab is divided into five administrative divisions and twenty-two districts.
</P><P>The capital of Punjab is <A href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</A>, which also serves as the capital of <A href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</A> and is thus administered separately as a <A href="/wiki/Union_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Territory">Union Territory</A> of India. The judicial branch of the state government is provided by the <A href="/wiki/Punjab_and_Haryana_High_Court" title="Punjab and Haryana High Court">Punjab and Haryana High Court</A> in Chandigarh.<SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[44]</A></SUP>
</P><P>The main players in the <A href="/wiki/Politics_of_Punjab,_India" title="Politics of Punjab, India">politics of the state</A> are the <A href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</A> (with alliance <A href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</A>).  The present government is headed by <A href="/wiki/Amarinder_Singh" title="Amarinder Singh">Amarinder Singh</A>. <A href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">President's rule</A> has been imposed in Punjab 8 times so far, since 1950, for different reasons. In terms of the absolute number of days, Punjab was under President’s rule for 3510 days, which is about 10 years. Much of this was in the 80s during the height of militancy in Punjab. Punjab was under President’s rule for 5 continuous years from 1987 to 1992.
</P>
<H2><SPAN id="Law_.26_Order_Set-Up"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Law_&_Order_Set-Up">Law & Order Set-Up</SPAN></H2>
<P>Punjab state law and order is maintained by <A href="/wiki/Punjab_Police_(India)" title="Punjab Police (India)">Punjab Police</A>. Punjab police is headed by its DGP, <A href="/wiki/Suresh_Arora" title="Suresh Arora">Suresh Arora</A>, and has 70,000 employees. It manages state affairs through 22 district heads known as SSP.
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_Set-Up">Administrative Set-Up</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Punjab_district_map.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Punjab_district_map.png/220px-Punjab_district_map.png" width="220" height="171" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Punjab_district_map.png/330px-Punjab_district_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Punjab_district_map.png/440px-Punjab_district_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="848" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Punjab_district_map.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Districts of Punjab along with their headquarters, before 2007</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>Punjab has 22 districts which are geographically classified into <A href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</A>, <A href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</A>, <A href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</A> and <A href="/wiki/Poadh" title="Poadh">Poadh</A> regions. They are officially divided among 5 divisions: Patiala, Rupnagar, Jalandhar, Faridkot and Firozepur.<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[45]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Majha"><A href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</A></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_district" title="Tarn Taran district">Tarn Taran</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pathankot_district" title="Pathankot district">Pathankot</A></LI></UL>
</DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Doaba"><A href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</A></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kapurthala_district" title="Kapurthala district">Kapurthala</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shahid_Bhagat_Singh_Nagar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar district">Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar</A> (<A href="/wiki/Nawanshahr" title="Nawanshahr">Nawanshahr</A>)</LI></UL>
</DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Malwa"><A href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</A></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Barnala_district" title="Barnala district">Barnala</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bathinda_district" title="Bathinda district">Bathinda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ferozepur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferozepur district">Ferozepur</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fazilka_district" title="Fazilka district">Fazilka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Faridkot_district" title="Faridkot district">Faridkot</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Moga_district" title="Moga district">Moga</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mansa_district,_Punjab" title="Mansa district, Punjab">Mansa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Muktsar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Muktsar district">Muktsar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Patiala_district" title="Patiala district">Patiala</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sangrur_district" title="Sangrur district">Sangrur</A></LI></UL>
</DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Poadh"><A href="/wiki/Poadh" title="Poadh">Poadh</A></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Ajit_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district">SAS Nagar (Mohali)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rupnagar_district" title="Rupnagar district">Rupnagar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fatehgarh_Sahib_district" title="Fatehgarh Sahib district">Fatehgarh Sahib</A></LI></UL>
</DIV>
<P>Each district under the administrative control of a District Collector. The districts are subdivided into 79 <A href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsils</A>, which have fiscal and administrative powers over settlements within their borders, including maintenance of local land records comes under the administrative control of a <A href="/wiki/Tehsildar" title="Tehsildar">Tehsildar</A>. Each Tehsil consists of blocks which are total 143 in number. The blocks consist of revenue villages. There are total number of revenue villages in the state is 12,278. There are 22 Zila Parishads, 136 Municipal Committees and 22 Improvement Trusts looking after 143 towns and 14 cities of Punjab. Majitha is newly created tehsil, which was formed in September 2016. Zirakpur is the latest sub-tehsil, in the district of Mohali.
</P><P>The capital and largest city of the state is <A href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</A>. Out of total population of Punjab, 37.48% people live in urban regions. The absolute urban population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by 37.48 percent. The major cities are <A href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</A>, <A href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</A>, <A href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</A>, <A href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sangrur" title="Sangrur">Sangrur</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Mohali" title="Mohali">SAS Nagar (Mohali)</A>.
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Punjab (India)">Economy of Punjab (India)</A></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Measurement_of_land_in_Punjab" title="Measurement of land in Punjab">Measurement of land in Punjab</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:NP_India_burning_48_(6315309342).jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/NP_India_burning_48_%286315309342%29.jpg/220px-NP_India_burning_48_%286315309342%29.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/NP_India_burning_48_%286315309342%29.jpg/330px-NP_India_burning_48_%286315309342%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/NP_India_burning_48_%286315309342%29.jpg/440px-NP_India_burning_48_%286315309342%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="850" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:NP_India_burning_48_(6315309342).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Burning of <A href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</A> residues after harvest to quickly prepare the land for <A href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</A> planting, around <A href="/wiki/Sangrur" title="Sangrur">Sangrur</A>, Punjab</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>Punjab's <A href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</A> is <A href="/wiki/%E2%82%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="₹">₹</A>3.17 <A href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system#lakh_crore" title="Indian numbering system">lakh crore</A> (US$47 billion). Punjab is one of the most fertile regions in India. The region is ideal for wheat-growing. <A href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</A>, sugar cane, <A href="/wiki/Fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits">fruits</A> and <A href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</A> are also grown. Indian Punjab is called the "Granary of India" or "India's bread-basket".<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-46">[46]</A></SUP> It produces 10.26% of India's cotton, 19.5% of India's wheat, and 11% of India's rice. The <A href="/wiki/Firozpur" title="Firozpur">Firozpur</A> and <A href="/wiki/Fazilka" title="Fazilka">Fazilka</A> Districts are the largest producers of wheat and rice in the state. In worldwide terms, Indian Punjab produces 2% of the world's cotton, 2% of its wheat and 1% of its rice.<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-46">[46]</A></SUP>
</P><P>The largest cultivated crop is <A href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</A>. Other important crops are <A href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</A>, <A href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</A>, <A href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</A>, <A href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</A>, <A href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</A> and <A href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</A>. Rice and wheat are doublecropped in Punjab with rice stalks being burned off over millions of acres prior to the planting of wheat. This widespread practice is polluting and wasteful.<SUP id="cite_ref-Guardian12712_47-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Guardian12712-47">[47]</A></SUP>
</P><P>In Punjab the consumption of fertiliser per hectare is 223.46 kg as compared to 90 kg nationally. The state has been awarded the National Productivity Award for agriculture extension services for ten years, from 1991–92 to 1998–99 and from 2001 to 2003–04. In recent years a drop in productivity has been observed, mainly due to falling fertility of the soil. This is believed to be due to excessive use of fertilisers and pesticides over the years. Another worry is the rapidly falling water table on which almost 90% of the agriculture depends; alarming drops have been witnessed in recent years. By some estimates, groundwater is falling by a meter or more per year.<SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[48]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[49]</A></SUP>
</P><P>According to the India State Hunger Index, Punjab has the lowest level of hunger in India.<SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[50]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Transport">Transport</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Punjab_Roadways" title="Punjab Roadways">Punjab Roadways</A> and <A href="/wiki/PEPSU_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="PEPSU Road Transport Corporation">PEPSU Road Transport Corporation</A></DIV>
<P>Public transport in Punjab is provided by buses, <A href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">auto rickshaws</A>, Indian railways and an international rail connection to Pakistan (<A href="/wiki/Samjhauta_Express" title="Samjhauta Express">Samjhauta Express</A>). The state has a large network of multi modal transportation systems.
</P><P>Punjab has six civil airports including two international airports: <A href="/wiki/Sri_Guru_Ram_Dass_Jee_International_Airport" title="Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport">Amritsar International Airport</A> and <A href="/wiki/Chandigarh_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandigarh International Airport">Chandigarh International Airport</A>; and four domestic airports: <A href="/wiki/Bathinda_Airport" title="Bathinda Airport">Bathinda Airport</A>, <A href="/wiki/Pathankot_Airport" title="Pathankot Airport">Pathankot Airport</A>, <A href="/wiki/Patiala_Airport" title="Patiala Airport">Patiala Airport</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sahnewal_Airport" title="Sahnewal Airport">Sahnewal Airport</A>.
</P>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:India_Train.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/India_Train.jpg/220px-India_Train.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/India_Train.jpg/330px-India_Train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/India_Train.jpg/440px-India_Train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:India_Train.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>A <A href="/wiki/Diesel_Multiple_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel Multiple Unit">DMU</A> Train in <A href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</A></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</A>' <A href="/wiki/Northern_Railway_Zone_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Railway Zone (India)">Northern Railway</A> line runs through the state connecting most of the major towns and cities. The railway network in the state is controlled by Northern Railway zone divisional headquarter: <A href="/wiki/Firozpur_railway_division" title="Firozpur railway division">Firozpur railway division</A> and <A href="/wiki/Ambala_railway_division" title="Ambala railway division">Ambala railway division</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Shatabdi_Express" title="Shatabdi Express">Shatabdi Express</A>, India's fastest series of train connects Amritsar to New Delhi covering total distance of 449 km. <A href="/wiki/Bathinda_Junction_railway_station" title="Bathinda Junction railway station">Bathinda Junction</A> is the largest railway station in the state. Punjab's major railway stations are <A href="/wiki/Ludhiana_Junction_railway_station" title="Ludhiana Junction railway station">Ludhiana Junction</A> (LDH), <A href="/wiki/Jalandhar_Cantonment_Junction_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalandhar Cantonment Junction railway station">Jalandhar Cantonment</A> (JRC), <A href="/wiki/Firozpur_Cantonment_railway_station" title="Firozpur Cantonment railway station">Firozpur Cantonment</A> (FZR), <A href="/wiki/Jalandhar_City_Junction_railway_station" title="Jalandhar City Junction railway station">Jalandhar City Junction</A> (JUC), <A href="/wiki/Pathankot_Junction_railway_station" title="Pathankot Junction railway station">Pathankot Junction</A> (PTK), <A href="/wiki/Amritsar_Junction_railway_station" title="Amritsar Junction railway station">Amritsar Junction</A> (ASR), <A href="/wiki/Patiala_railway_station" title="Patiala railway station">Patiala railway station</A> (PTA), <A href="/wiki/SAS_Nagar_Mohali_railway_station" title="SAS Nagar Mohali railway station">SAS Nagar Mohali</A> (SASN), <A href="/wiki/Moga_railway_station" title="Moga railway station">Moga railway station</A> (MOGA), <A href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_railway_station" title="Gurdaspur railway station">Gurdaspur railway station</A> (GSP), and <A href="/wiki/Phagwara_railway_station" title="Phagwara railway station">Phagwara railway station</A> (PGW). The railway stations of Amritsar is included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world-class railway stations.<SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[51]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Samjhauta_Express" title="Samjhauta Express">Samjhauta Express</A> is a joint venture between <A href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</A> and <A href="/wiki/Pakistan_Railways" title="Pakistan Railways">Pakistan Railways</A> and runs from <A href="/wiki/Attari" title="Attari">Attari</A> railway station near <A href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</A> in India to <A href="/wiki/Lahore_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Railway Station">Lahore Railway Station</A> in <A href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</A>.
</P><P>All the cities and towns of Punjab are connected by four-lane <A href="/wiki/National_Highway_(India)" title="National Highway (India)">national highways</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</A>, also known as "NH1", connects <A href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</A> to <A href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</A>, passing through <A href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</A> and Amritsar. Another major national highway connects Punjab to <A href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</A>, passing through <A href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur" title="Hoshiarpur">Hoshiarpur</A> and <A href="/wiki/Pathankot" title="Pathankot">Pathankot</A>.
National highways passing through the state are ranked the best in the country<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><SPAN title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2014)">by whom?</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> with widespread road networks that serve isolated towns as well as the border region. Ludhiana and Amritsar are among several Indian cities that have the highest accident rates in India.<SUP id="cite_ref-Dipak_K_DashDipak_K_Dash_2015_52-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Dipak_K_DashDipak_K_Dash_2015-52">[52]</A></SUP>
</P><P>There are also a <A href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</A> system <A href="/wiki/Amritsar_BRTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritsar BRTS">Amritsar BRTS</A> in the holy city of Amritsar, popularly known as 'Amritsar MetroBus'<SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[53]</A></SUP> The following national highways connect major towns, cities and villages:
</P>
<DIV class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/National_Highway_1_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 1 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 1</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Highway_10_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 10 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 10</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Highway_15_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 15 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 15</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Highway_1A_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 1A (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 1A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Highway_20_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 20 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 20</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Highway_21_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 21 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 21</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Highway_22_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 22 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 22</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Highway_64_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 64 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 64</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Highway_70_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 70 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 70</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Highway_71_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 71 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 71</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Highway_95_(India)(old_numbering)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway 95 (India)(old numbering)">National Highway 95</A></LI></UL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Punjab (India)">Demographics of Punjab (India)</A> and <A href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Punjab_and_Chandigarh_by_population" title="List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh by population">List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh by population</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tleft"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Golden_Temple_reflecting_in_the_Sarovar,_Amritsar.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Golden_Temple_reflecting_in_the_Sarovar%2C_Amritsar.jpg/220px-Golden_Temple_reflecting_in_the_Sarovar%2C_Amritsar.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Golden_Temple_reflecting_in_the_Sarovar%2C_Amritsar.jpg/330px-Golden_Temple_reflecting_in_the_Sarovar%2C_Amritsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Golden_Temple_reflecting_in_the_Sarovar%2C_Amritsar.jpg/440px-Golden_Temple_reflecting_in_the_Sarovar%2C_Amritsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Golden_Temple_reflecting_in_the_Sarovar,_Amritsar.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Located in <A href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</A>, <A href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</A> is the holiest shrine of Sikhism.</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<TABLE class="infobox collapsible collapsed mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible" style="float: right; padding: 1px; border-spacing: 0; text-align:right">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH colspan="4" style="padding-right: 3px; padding-left: 3px; text-align: center; font-size: 110%;"><SPAN class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0"><A class="mw-collapsible-text">show</A></SPAN>Population Growth </TH></TR>
<TR style="font-size: 95%; display: none;">
<TH style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #000">Census</TH><TH style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black">Pop.</TH><TH style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black"> </TH><TH style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black">%±</TH></TR>
<TR style="display: none;"><TD style="text-align:center"><B>1951</B></TD><TD style="padding-left:8px">9,161,000</TD><TD></TD><TD style="padding-left:8px"><DIV class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">—</DIV></TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD style="text-align:center"><B>1961</B></TD><TD style="padding-left:8px">11,135,000</TD><TD></TD><TD style="padding-left:8px">21.5%</TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD style="text-align:center"><B>1971</B></TD><TD style="padding-left:8px">13,551,000</TD><TD></TD><TD style="padding-left:8px">21.7%</TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD style="text-align:center"><B>1981</B></TD><TD style="padding-left:8px">16,788,915</TD><TD></TD><TD style="padding-left:8px">23.9%</TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD style="text-align:center"><B>1991</B></TD><TD style="padding-left:8px">20,281,969</TD><TD></TD><TD style="padding-left:8px">20.8%</TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD style="text-align:center"><B>2001</B></TD><TD style="padding-left:8px">24,289,296</TD><TD></TD><TD style="padding-left:8px">19.8%</TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD style="text-align:center"><B>2011</B></TD><TD style="padding-left:8px">27,704,236</TD><TD></TD><TD style="padding-left:8px">14.1%</TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD colspan="4" style="border-top:1px solid black; font-size:85%; text-align:left">source:Census of India<SUP id="cite_ref-Demographic_Trends_54-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Demographic_Trends-54">[54]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Census_Population_55-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Census_Population-55">[55]</A></SUP></TD></TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright" style=""><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:200px">
<DIV style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black">
<DIV class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3616.2362167406px; border-left-color:Black"></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></DIV><DIV class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2240.1316989391px; border-left-color:Orange"></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></DIV><DIV class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 173.79300473337px; border-left-color:Blue"></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<P>Languages of Punjab (2001)<SUP id="cite_ref-Linguistic_Minorities_56-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Linguistic_Minorities-56">[56]</A></SUP>
</P>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Blue; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Punjabi (91.69%)</DIV><DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Orange; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Hindi (7.60%)</DIV><DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Black; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Tamil and Others (0.27%)</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV></DIV>
<P>Punjab is home to 2.30% of India's population; with a density of 551 persons per km<SUP>2</SUP>. According to the provisional results of the <A href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" title="2011 Census of India">2011 national census</A>, Punjab has a population of 27,704,236, making it the <A href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">16th</A> most populated state in India. Of which male and female are 14,639,465 and 13,103,873 respectively. In the state, the rate of population growth is 13.89 percent (2011), lower than national average. Out of total population, 37.48% people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by 37.48 percent. <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</A> is the sole official language of Punjab and is spoken by the majority of the population (91.69%). <A href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</A> is spoken by 7.6% of the population.<SUP id="cite_ref-2011lang_4-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2011lang-4">[4]</A></SUP> The 2011 census found <A href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">OBC</A> and <A href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Castes">Scheduled Castes</A> to account for 22% and 31% of the population respectively. The <A href="/wiki/Forward_caste" title="Forward caste">Forward caste</A> (includes Jat Sikhs - 21%, Brahmins, Khatris, Arains, Banias, Thakurs/Rajputs) constitutes 41% of the total population of Punjab.
</P><P>There has been a constant decline in the sex ratio of the state. The sex ratio in Punjab was 895 females per 1000 males, which was below the national average of 940. The literacy rate rose to 75.84 percent as per 2011 population census. Of that, male literacy stands at 80.44 percent while female literacy is at 70.73 percent. In actual numbers, total literates in Punjab stands at 18,707,137 of which males were 10,436,056 and females were 8,271,081.
</P><P>Punjab has the largest population of <A href="/wiki/Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</A> in India and is the only state where Sikhs form a majority with approximately 57.69 percent of the state population practicing <A href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</A> as of 2011.<SUP id="cite_ref-census2011_57-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-census2011-57">[57]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</A> is second most popular religion in state of Punjab with 38.49% following it. <A href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</A> is followed by 1.93%, <A href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</A> by 1.26%, <A href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</A> by 0.16%, <A href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</A> by 0.12%. Around 0.04% stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.32% stated <A href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">No Particular Religion</A>. Sikhs form a majority in 18 districts out of the 22. Hindus constitute the majority in 4 districts: complete majority in <A href="/wiki/Jalandhar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalandhar District">Jalandhar</A>, <A href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoshiarpur District">Hoshiarpur</A>, <A href="/wiki/Nawanshahr_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawanshahr District">Nawanshahr</A> districts and a marginal majority in the <A href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurdaspur District">Gurdaspur District</A>. <A href="/wiki/Malerkotla" title="Malerkotla">Malerkotla</A> is the only city in Punjab with a Muslim majority.
</P>
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<P>Religion in Punjab (2011)<SUP id="cite_ref-census2011_57-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-census2011-57">[57]</A></SUP>
</P>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFFF00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</A> (57.69%)</DIV><DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:orange; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</A> (38.49%)</DIV><DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Green; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</A> (1.93%)</DIV><DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</A> (1.26%)</DIV><DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Brown; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</A> (0.16%)</DIV><DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Khaki; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</A> (0.12%)</DIV><DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:Black; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Other or not religious (0.36%)</DIV>
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<P>The <A href="/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh">Sikh</A> shrine, <A href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</A> (<A href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</A>), is in the city of Amritsar, which houses the <A href="/wiki/SGPC" class="mw-redirect" title="SGPC">SGPC</A>, the top most Sikh religious body. The <A href="/wiki/Sri_Akal_Takht_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Akal Takht Sahib">Sri Akal Takht Sahib</A>, which is within the Golden Temple complex, is the highest temporal seat of Sikhs. Of the five Takhts (Temporal Seats of religious authority) of <A href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</A>, three are in Punjab. These are Sri Akal Takht Sahib, <A href="/wiki/Damdama_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</A> and <A href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</A>. At least one Sikh <A href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</A> can be found in almost every village in the state, as well as in the towns and cities (in various architectural styles and sizes). Before the advent of <A href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</A>, and later birth of <A href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</A>, <A href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</A> was the main religion practised by the <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi people</A>. Due to non-exclusive nature of their religion, a segment of Punjabis who are categorised as <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindus</A> continue heterogeneous religious practices in spiritual kinship with Sikhism. This not only includes veneration of the Sikh Gurus in private practice but also visits to Sikh Gurdwaras in addition to Hindu temples.
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</SPAN></H2>
<TABLE class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><TBODY><TR><TD class="mbox-image"><DIV style="width:52px"><A href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></A></DIV></TD><TD class="mbox-text"><DIV class="mbox-text-span">This section <B>needs additional citations for <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</A></B>.<SPAN class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab,_India&action=edit">improve this article</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</SPAN>  <SMALL><I>(January 2017)</I></SMALL><SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I> (<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Niper_research_block.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Niper_research_block.jpg/220px-Niper_research_block.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Niper_research_block.jpg/330px-Niper_research_block.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Niper_research_block.jpg/440px-Niper_research_block.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Niper_research_block.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Guru_Nanak_Dev_University3.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Guru_Nanak_Dev_University3.jpg/220px-Guru_Nanak_Dev_University3.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Guru_Nanak_Dev_University3.jpg/330px-Guru_Nanak_Dev_University3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Guru_Nanak_Dev_University3.jpg/440px-Guru_Nanak_Dev_University3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Guru_Nanak_Dev_University3.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>The <A href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</A> Block at <A href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev_University" title="Guru Nanak Dev University">Guru Nanak Dev University</A></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:PUP_GGSB.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/PUP_GGSB.jpg/220px-PUP_GGSB.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/PUP_GGSB.jpg/330px-PUP_GGSB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e5/PUP_GGSB.jpg/440px-PUP_GGSB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:PUP_GGSB.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV><A href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</A> Bhawan at <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_University" title="Punjabi University">Punjabi University</A></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Education_in_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Punjab (India)">Education in Punjab (India)</A></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Punjab_School_Education_Board" title="Punjab School Education Board">Punjab School Education Board</A>, <A href="/wiki/Punjab_State_Board_of_Technical_Education_and_Industrial_Training" title="Punjab State Board of Technical Education and Industrial Training">Punjab State Board of Technical Education and Industrial Training</A>, and <A href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="List of institutions of higher education in Punjab">List of institutions of higher education in Punjab</A></DIV>
<P>Primary and Secondary education is mainly affiliated to <A href="/wiki/Punjab_School_Education_Board" title="Punjab School Education Board">Punjab School Education Board</A>. Punjab is served by several institutions of <A href="/wiki/Higher_education" title="Higher education">higher education</A>, including 23 universities that provide undergraduate and postgraduate courses in all the major arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, veterinary science, and business. <A href="/wiki/Punjab_Agricultural_University" title="Punjab Agricultural University">Punjab Agricultural University</A> is a leading institution globally for the study of agriculture and played a significant role in Punjab's <A href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</A> in the 1960s–70s. Alumni of the <A href="/wiki/Panjab_University,_Chandigarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjab University, Chandigarh">Panjab University, Chandigarh</A> include <A href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</A>, the former <A href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</A>, and Dr. <A href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</A>, a <A href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</A> <A href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">nobel laureate</A>.
</P><P>One of the oldest institutions of medical education is the <A href="/wiki/Christian_Medical_College,_Ludhiana" title="Christian Medical College, Ludhiana">Christian Medical College, Ludhiana</A>, which has existed since 1894.<SUP id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-58">[58]</A></SUP> There is an existing gap in education between men and women, particularly in rural areas of Punjab. Of a total of 1 million 300 thousand students enrolled in grades five to eight, only 44% are women.<SUP id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-59">[59]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Punjab has 23 universities, of which 10 are private, 9 are state, 1 is central and 3 are <A href="/wiki/Deemed_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deemed universities">deemed universities</A>. Punjab has 1.04 <A href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</A> (104,000) engineering seats.<SUP id="cite_ref-Service2_60-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Service2-60">[60]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Punjab also putting step in education of Yoga and Naturopathy.Its slowly being papular and student adopting these as their career . Board of Naturopathy and yoga science (B.N.Y.S.)<SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[61]</A></SUP> Regional College Dinanagar is very first college opened in Dinanagar Town with the help of <B>Dr Jawahar lal Raina and Dr Abhishek Gaur</B><SUP id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-62">[62]</A></SUP>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_media" title="List of Punjabi media">List of Punjabi media</A> and <A href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi-language_newspapers" title="List of Punjabi-language newspapers">List of Punjabi-language newspapers</A></DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Daily_Ajit" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Ajit">Daily Ajit</A>, <A href="/wiki/Jagbani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagbani">Jagbani</A>, <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_Tribune" title="Punjabi Tribune">Punjabi Tribune</A> and <A href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)" title="The Tribune (Chandigarh)">The Tribune</A> are the largest-selling Punjabi and English newspapers respectively. A vast number of weekly, biweekly and monthly magazines are under publication in Punjabi. Other main newspapers are <I><A href="/wiki/Daily_Punjab_Times" title="Daily Punjab Times">Daily Punjab Times</A>, <A href="/wiki/Rozana_Spokesman" title="Rozana Spokesman">Rozana Spokesman</A>, <A href="/wiki/Nawan_Zamana" title="Nawan Zamana">Nawan Zamana</A></I>, etc.
</P><P><A href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</A> is the broadcaster of the <A href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</A> and its channel <A href="/wiki/DD_Punjabi" title="DD Punjabi">DD Punjabi</A> is dedicated to Punjabi. Prominent <A href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi-language_television_channels" title="List of Punjabi-language television channels">Punjabi channels</A> include news channels like <A href="/wiki/ABP_Sanjha" title="ABP Sanjha">ABP Sanjha</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-63">[63]</A></SUP> <A href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Punjab_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Punjab TV (page does not exist)">Global Punjab TV</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-Punjabi_news_64-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Punjabi_news-64">[64]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Zee_Punjabi" title="Zee Punjabi">Zee Punjab Haryana Himachal</A>, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414191154/http://www.dayandnightnews.com/">Day & Night News</A> and entertainment channels like <A href="/wiki/ATN_GET_Punjabi" class="mw-redirect" title="ATN GET Punjabi">GET Punjabi</A>, <A href="/wiki/ATN_Alpha_ETC_Punjabi" title="ATN Alpha ETC Punjabi">Zee ETC Punjabi</A>, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timetvindia.com">Chardikla Time TV</A>, <A href="/wiki/PTC_Punjabi" title="PTC Punjabi">PTC Punjabi</A>, <A href="/wiki/ATN_JUS_Punjabi" class="mw-redirect" title="ATN JUS Punjabi">JUS Punjabi</A> <A href="/wiki/ATN_MH_1" class="mw-redirect" title="ATN MH 1">MH1</A> and <A href="/wiki/9x_Tashan" class="mw-redirect" title="9x Tashan">9x Tashan</A>.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P><P>Punjab has witnessed a growth in FM radio channels, mainly in the cities of Jalandhar, Patiala and Amritsar, which has become hugely popular. There are govt. radio channels like <A href="/wiki/Akashvani_(radio_broadcaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashvani (radio broadcaster)">All India Radio, Jalandhar</A>, <A href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</A> and <A href="/wiki/AIR_FM_Gold" title="AIR FM Gold">FM Gold Ludhiana</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-65">[65]</A></SUP> Private radio channels include <A href="/wiki/Radio_Mirchi" title="Radio Mirchi">Radio Mirchi</A>, <A href="/wiki/BIG_FM_92.7" title="BIG FM 92.7">BIG FM 92.7</A>, 94.3 My FM, <A href="/wiki/Radio_Mantra" title="Radio Mantra">Radio Mantra</A> and many more.
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Digital_library">Digital library</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Sikh_Reference_Library" title="Sikh Reference Library">Sikh Reference Library</A></DIV>
<P>Launched in 2003 under Nanakshahi Trust, the <A href="/wiki/Punjab_Digital_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab Digital Library">Punjab Digital Library</A> was a result of the early phase of the digital revolution in Punjab. While most saw the Nanakshahi as a small digitisation organisation, or as an assemblage of some unknown youth working towards capturing some manuscripts on their digital cameras, its founders saw it as a cornerstone of a fundamentally new approach to preserving Punjab's heritage for future generations. In the shadow of search engines, a <A href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</A> approach conceived in the early 2003 reached maturity in 2006. This was when the organisation planned to expand its operations from a mere three-employee organisation to one of the leading NGOs working in the field of digital preservation all over India.<SUP id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-66">[66]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-67">[67]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Digitised collections include manuscripts held by the Punjab Languages Department, items from the <A href="/wiki/Government_Museum_and_Art_Gallery,_Chandigarh" title="Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh">Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh</A>, <A href="/wiki/Chief_Khalsa_Diwan" title="Chief Khalsa Diwan">Chief Khalsa Diwan</A>, <A href="/wiki/SGPC" class="mw-redirect" title="SGPC">SGPC</A>, <A href="/wiki/Delhi_Sikh_Gurdwara_Management_Committee" title="Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee">DSGMC</A> and manuscripts in the Jawahr Lal Nehru Library of <A href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_University" title="Kurukshetra University">Kurukshetra University</A>. Hundreds of personal collections are also included. With over 5 million pages digitised, it is the biggest repository of digital data on Punjab.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Punjabi culture</A>, <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi people</A>, <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Punjabi festivals</A>, <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_clothing" title="Punjabi clothing">Punjabi clothing</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_Tamba_and_Kurta" title="Punjabi Tamba and Kurta">Punjabi Tamba and Kurta</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Apr_21_ontario_place_punjabi_virsa_miss_brampton.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Apr_21_ontario_place_punjabi_virsa_miss_brampton.JPG/220px-Apr_21_ontario_place_punjabi_virsa_miss_brampton.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Apr_21_ontario_place_punjabi_virsa_miss_brampton.JPG/330px-Apr_21_ontario_place_punjabi_virsa_miss_brampton.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Apr_21_ontario_place_punjabi_virsa_miss_brampton.JPG/440px-Apr_21_ontario_place_punjabi_virsa_miss_brampton.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Apr_21_ontario_place_punjabi_virsa_miss_brampton.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Women at cultural event</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>The culture of Punjab has many elements including <A href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">music</A> such as <A href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">bhangra</A>, an extensive religious and non-religious <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dance">dance tradition</A>, a long <A href="/wiki/List_of_Punjabi_language_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Punjabi language poets">history of poetry</A> in the Punjabi language, a significant <A href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Punjab">Punjabi film industry</A> that dates back to before Partition, a vast range of <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">cuisine</A>, which has become widely popular abroad, and a number of seasonal and harvest festivals such as <A href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-68">[68]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Basant_Kite_Festival_(Punjab)" title="Basant Kite Festival (Punjab)">Basant</A>, <A href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</A> and <A href="/wiki/Teeyan" title="Teeyan">Teeyan</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-69">[69]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-70">[70]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-71">[71]</A></SUP> all of which are celebrated in addition to the religious festivals of India.
</P>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_kalchar.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4b/Punjabi_kalchar.jpg/220px-Punjabi_kalchar.jpg" width="220" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4b/Punjabi_kalchar.jpg/330px-Punjabi_kalchar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4b/Punjabi_kalchar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="291" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_kalchar.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Women using Charkha</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>A <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_Kisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Kisse">kissa</A> is a Punjabi language oral story-telling tradition that has a mixture of origins ranging from the Arabian peninsula to Iran and Afghanistan.<SUP id="cite_ref-CITEREFFarinaMir_72-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CITEREFFarinaMir-72">[72]</A></SUP>
</P>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_jutti_at_Dilli_Haat.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Punjabi_jutti_at_Dilli_Haat.jpg/220px-Punjabi_jutti_at_Dilli_Haat.jpg" width="220" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Punjabi_jutti_at_Dilli_Haat.jpg/330px-Punjabi_jutti_at_Dilli_Haat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Punjabi_jutti_at_Dilli_Haat.jpg/440px-Punjabi_jutti_at_Dilli_Haat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="2251" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_jutti_at_Dilli_Haat.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Punjabi jutti</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_wedding_traditions" title="Punjabi wedding traditions">Punjabi wedding traditions</A> and ceremonies are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. Marriage ceremonies are known for their rich rituals, songs, dances, food and dresses, which have evolved over many centuries.<SUP id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-73">[73]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-74">[74]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Bhangra">Bhangra</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Folk dances of Punjab</A></DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</A> (<A href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</A>: <SPAN lang="pa">ਭੰਗੜਾ  <SMALL>(<A href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</A>)</SMALL></SPAN>; pronounced <SMALL></SMALL><SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">[pɑ̀ŋɡɾɑ̀ː]</A></SPAN>) and <A href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</A> are forms of dance and music that originated in the <A href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Royal_Book_Company_75-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Royal_Book_Company-75">[75]</A></SUP>
</P><P><I>Bhangra</I> dance began as a folk dance conducted by <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi</A> farmers to celebrate the coming of the harvest season. The specific moves of <I>Bhangra</I> reflect the manner in which villagers farmed their land. This hybrid dance became <I>Bhangra</I>. The <A href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">folk dance</A> has been popularised in the western world by <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">Punjabis</A> in England, Canada and the USA where competitions are held.<SUP id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-76">[76]</A></SUP> It is seen in the West as an expression of <A href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</A> culture as a whole.<SUP id="cite_ref-Ashgate_77-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Ashgate-77">[77]</A></SUP> Today, <I>Bhangra</I> dance survives in different forms and styles all over the globe – including pop music, film <A href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtracks</A>, collegiate competitions and cultural shows.
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Punjabi_folklore">Punjabi folklore</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Punjabi folklore</A> and <A href="/wiki/Folk_instruments_of_Punjab" title="Folk instruments of Punjab">Folk instruments of Punjab</A></DIV>
<P>The folk heritage of the Punjab reflects its thousands of years of history. While <A href="/wiki/Majhi_dialect" title="Majhi dialect">Majhi</A> and <A href="/wiki/Doabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doabi">Doabi</A> are considered to be the standard dialect of <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</A>, there are a number of local dialects through which the people communicate. These include <A href="/wiki/Malwai_dialect" title="Malwai dialect">Malwai</A> and <A href="/wiki/Pwadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwadhi">Pwadhi</A>. The songs, ballads, epics and romances are generally written and sung in these dialects.
</P><P>There are a number of folk tales that are popular in Punjab. These are the folk tales of <A href="/wiki/Mirza_Sahiban" title="Mirza Sahiban">Mirza Sahiban</A>, <A href="/wiki/Heer_Ranjha" title="Heer Ranjha">Heer Ranjha</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sohni_Mahiwal" title="Sohni Mahiwal">Sohni Mahiwal</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sassi_Punnun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassi Punnun">Sassi Punnun</A>, <A href="/wiki/Jagga_Jatt" title="Jagga Jatt">Jagga Jatt</A>, <A href="/wiki/Dulla_Bhatti" title="Dulla Bhatti">Dulla Bhatti</A>, <A href="/wiki/Puran_Bhagat" title="Puran Bhagat">Puran Bhagat</A>, <A href="/wiki/Jatt_Jeona_Morh" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatt Jeona Morh">Jeona Maud</A> etc.
The mystic folk songs and religious songs include the <I>Shalooks</I> of <A href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</A>, <A href="/wiki/Baba_Farid" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Farid">Baba Farid</A> and others.<SUP id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-78">[78]</A></SUP>
</P><P>The most famous of the romantic love songs are <I>Mayhiah</I>, <I>Dhola</I> and <I>Boliyan</I>. Punjabi romantic dances include <A href="/wiki/Dhamaal" title="Dhamaal">Dhamaal</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</A>, <A href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</A>, <A href="/w/index.php?title=Dhola_(dance)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhola (dance) (page does not exist)">Dhola</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Sammi_(dance)" title="Sammi (dance)">Sammi</A> and some other local folk dances.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_culture.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Punjabi culture.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Punjabi_culture.jpg/220px-Punjabi_culture.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Punjabi_culture.jpg/330px-Punjabi_culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a5/Punjabi_culture.jpg/440px-Punjabi_culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Punjabi_culture.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Punjabi culture</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Punjabi literature</A></DIV>
<P>Most early Punjabi literary works are in verse form, with prose not becoming more common until later periods. Throughout its history, <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Punjabi literature</A> has sought to inform and inspire, educate and entertain. The Punjabi language is written in several different scripts, of which the <A href="/wiki/Shahmukhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahmukhi">Shahmukhi</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī">Gurmukhī</A> scripts are the most commonly used.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music of Punjab</A>, <A href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Punjab" title="Folk music of Punjab">Folk music of Punjab</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra (music)</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Bhangra_Dance_punjab.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bhangra_Dance_punjab.jpg/220px-Bhangra_Dance_punjab.jpg" width="220" height="120" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bhangra_Dance_punjab.jpg/330px-Bhangra_Dance_punjab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bhangra_Dance_punjab.jpg/440px-Bhangra_Dance_punjab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="877" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Bhangra_Dance_punjab.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Bhangra Dance</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Punjab" title="Folk music of Punjab">Punjabi Folk Music</A> is the traditional music on the traditional musical instruments of Punjab region.<SUP id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-79">[79]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-80">[80]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-81">[81]</A></SUP>
</P><P><A href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra music of Punjab</A> is famous throughout the world.<SUP id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-82">[82]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-83">[83]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Punjabi music has a diverse style of <A href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</A>, ranging from folk and Sufi to classical, notably the <A href="/wiki/Punjab_gharana" title="Punjab gharana">Punjab gharana</A> and <A href="/wiki/Patiala_gharana" title="Patiala gharana">Patiala gharana</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-84">[84]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-85">[85]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Film_industry">Film industry</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Punjab">Cinema of Punjab</A></DIV>
<P>Punjab is home to the <A href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Punjab">Punjabi film industry</A>, often colloquially referred to as 'Pollywood'.<SUP id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-86">[86]</A></SUP> It is known for being the <I>fastest growing</I> film industry in India. It is based mainly around <A href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</A> city.<SUP id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-87">[87]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-88">[88]</A></SUP>
</P><P>The first Punjabi film was made in 1936. Since the 2000s Punjabi cinema has seen a revival with more releases every year with bigger budgets, homegrown stars, and Bollywood actors of Punjabi descent taking part.<SUP id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-89">[89]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi cuisine</A> and <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_dhabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi dhabha">Punjabi dhabha</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Veg_Punjabi_Thaali.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Veg_Punjabi_Thaali.jpg/220px-Veg_Punjabi_Thaali.jpg" width="220" height="160" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Veg_Punjabi_Thaali.jpg/330px-Veg_Punjabi_Thaali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Veg_Punjabi_Thaali.jpg/440px-Veg_Punjabi_Thaali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="707" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Veg_Punjabi_Thaali.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>Vegetarian Punjabi Thaali</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>One of the main features of Punjabi cuisine is its diverse range of dishes.<SUP id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-90">[90]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-91">[91]</A></SUP> Home cooked and restaurant cuisine sometimes vary in taste. Restaurant style uses large amounts of <A href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</A>. Some food items are eaten on a daily basis while some delicacies are cooked only on special occasions.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P><P>There are many regional dishes that are famous in some regions only. Many dishes are exclusive to Punjab, including <A href="/wiki/Sarson_Da_Saag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarson Da Saag">sarson da saag</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tandoori_chicken" title="Tandoori chicken">Tandoori chicken</A>, <A href="/wiki/Shami_kebab" title="Shami kebab">Shami kebab</A>, <A href="/wiki/Makki_di_roti" title="Makki di roti">makki di roti</A>, etc.<SUP id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-92">[92]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Festivals_and_traditions">Festivals and traditions</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/List_of_Sikh_festivals" title="List of Sikh festivals">List of Sikh festivals</A> and <A href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Punjabi festivals</A></DIV>
<P>Punjabis celebrate a number of festivals, which have taken a semi-secular meaning and are regarded as cultural festivals by people of all religions. Some of the festivals are <A href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas (Diwali)</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-93">[93]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-94">[94]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-95">[95]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-96">[96]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-97">[97]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Rakhri</A>, <A href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</A>, <A href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</A>, <A href="/wiki/Teeyan" title="Teeyan">Teeyan</A> and <A href="/wiki/Basant_Kite_Festival_(Punjab)" title="Basant Kite Festival (Punjab)">Basant</A>.
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Sports_in_Punjab,_India" title="Sports in Punjab, India">Sports in Punjab, India</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tleft"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Kabaddi.....JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kabaddi.....JPG/220px-Kabaddi.....JPG" width="220" height="112" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kabaddi.....JPG/330px-Kabaddi.....JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kabaddi.....JPG/440px-Kabaddi.....JPG 2x" data-file-width="3381" data-file-height="1726" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Kabaddi.....JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_Kabaddi" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Kabaddi">Kabbadi (Circle Style)</A></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:LightsMohali.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LightsMohali.png/220px-LightsMohali.png" width="220" height="157" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LightsMohali.png/330px-LightsMohali.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/LightsMohali.png/440px-LightsMohali.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="750" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:LightsMohali.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>PCA Stadium under lights at Mohali</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_Kabaddi" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Kabaddi">Kabbadi (Circle Style)</A>, a team contact sport originated in rural Punjab is recognised as the state game.<SUP id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-98">[98]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-99">[99]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</A> is also a popular sport in the state.<SUP id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-100">[100]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Kila_Raipur_Sports_Festival" title="Kila Raipur Sports Festival">Kila Raipur Sports Festival</A>, popularly known as the Rural Olympics, is held annually in <A href="/wiki/Kila_Raipur" title="Kila Raipur">Kila Raipur</A> (near <A href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</A>). Competition is held for major Punjabi rural sports, include cart-race, rope pulling. <A href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_India" title="Government of Punjab, India">Punjab government</A> organises <A href="/wiki/World_Kabaddi_League" title="World Kabaddi League">World Kabaddi League</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-101">[101]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-102">[102]</A></SUP>
</P><P><A href="/wiki/Punjab_Games" title="Punjab Games">Punjab Games</A> and annual <A href="/wiki/2014_Kabaddi_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Kabaddi World Cup">Kabaddi World Cup</A> for Circle Style Kabbadi in which teams from countries like <A href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</A>, <A href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</A>, <A href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</A>, <A href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</A>, <A href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</A>, <A href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</A>, <A href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</A>, <A href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</A>, <A href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</A>, <A href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</A> and <A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A> participated.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Punjab">List of Monuments of National Importance in Punjab</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tleft"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:MotiBaghPalace.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MotiBaghPalace.jpg/220px-MotiBaghPalace.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MotiBaghPalace.jpg/330px-MotiBaghPalace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MotiBaghPalace.jpg/440px-MotiBaghPalace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:MotiBaghPalace.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV><A href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</A> in <A href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</A></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright"><DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Harminder_sahib5.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Harminder_sahib5.jpg/220px-Harminder_sahib5.jpg" width="220" height="164" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Harminder_sahib5.jpg/330px-Harminder_sahib5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Harminder_sahib5.jpg/440px-Harminder_sahib5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="1500" /></A>  <DIV class="thumbcaption"><DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Harminder_sahib5.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV><A href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</A> in <A href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</A> is a major tourist destination in Punjab</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<P>Tourism in Indian Punjab centres around the historic palaces, battle sites, and the great <A href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh architecture</A> of the state and the surrounding region.<SUP id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-103">[103]</A></SUP> Examples include various sites of the <A href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</A>, the ancient fort of <A href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</A>, the architectural monuments of <A href="/wiki/Kapurthala" title="Kapurthala">Kapurthala</A>, <A href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</A>, the modern capital designed by <A href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-104">[104]</A></SUP>
The <A href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Golden Temple</A> in <A href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</A> is one of the major tourist destinations of Punjab and indeed <A href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</A>, attracting more visitors than the <A href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</A>, <A href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</A> Bluelist 2008 has voted the Harmandir Sahib as one of the world’s best spiritual sites.<SUP id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-105">[105]</A></SUP> Moreover, there is a rapidly expanding array of international hotels in the holy city that can be booked for overnight stays.
<A href="/wiki/Devi_Talab_Mandir" title="Devi Talab Mandir">Devi Talab Mandir</A> is a <A href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</A> located in <A href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</A>. This temple is devoted to <A href="/wiki/Goddess_Durga" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddess Durga">Goddess Durga</A><SUP id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-106">[106]</A></SUP> and is believed to be at least 200 years old.
Another main tourist destination is religious and historic city of Sri <A href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur Sahib</A> where large number of tourists come to see the <A href="/wiki/Virasat-e-Khalsa" title="Virasat-e-Khalsa">Virasat-e-Khalsa</A> (Khalsa Heritage Memorial Complex) and also take part in <A href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</A> festival. <A href="/wiki/Kila_Raipur_Sports_Festival" title="Kila Raipur Sports Festival">Kila Raipur Sports Festival</A> is also popular tourist attraction in <A href="/wiki/Kila_Raipur" title="Kila Raipur">Kila Raipur</A> near <A href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-107">[107]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-108">[108]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-109">[109]</A></SUP> Shahpur kandi fort, Ranjit sagar lake and Muktsar Temple also popular attractions in <A href="/wiki/Pathankot" title="Pathankot">Pathankot</A>.
Punjab also has the world's first museum based on the Indian Partition of 1947, in Amritsar, called the <A href="/wiki/Partition_Museum" title="Partition Museum">Partition Museum</A>.
</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN></H2>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist"><UL style="font-weight: bold">
<LI><A href="/wiki/Book:India" title="Book:India">Book: India</A></LI>
</UL></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 22em; -webkit-column-width: 22em; column-width: 22em;">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people from Punjab (India)">List of people from Punjab (India)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjab_Regiment_(India)" title="Punjab Regiment (India)">Punjab Regiment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Punjabi culture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab (Pakistan)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Punjabi folklore</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Provinces_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of India">Provinces of India</A> (British)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</A></LI></UL></DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
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<LI id="cite_note-zum.de-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-zum.de_11-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/india/xwpunjab.html">"WHKMLA : History of West Punjab"</A>. <I>zum.de</I>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316050345/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/india/xwpunjab.html">Archived</A> from the original on 16 March 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 February</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zum.de&rft.atitle=WHKMLA+%3A+History+of+West+Punjab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zum.de%2Fwhkmla%2Fregion%2Findia%2Fxwpunjab.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Canfield, Robert L. (1991). <I>Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective</I>. <A href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</A>, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 1 ("Origins"). <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52291-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52291-9">0-521-52291-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turko-Persia+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=1+%28%22Origins%22%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-521-52291-9&rft.aulast=Canfield&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Shimmel, Annemarie (2004). <I>The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture</I>. London, UK: Reaktion Books Ltd. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86189-1857" title="Special:BookSources/1-86189-1857">1-86189-1857</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Great+Mughals%3A+History%2C+Art+and+Culture&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-86189-1857&rft.aulast=Shimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Bombay (India: State) (1896). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0bkMAAAAIAAJ"><I>Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ...</I></A> Government Central Press. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511223518/http://books.google.com/books?id=0bkMAAAAIAAJ">Archived</A> from the original on 11 May 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 January</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Bombay+Presidency+...&rft.pub=Government+Central+Press&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Bombay+%28India%3A+State%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0bkMAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ..., Volume 1, Part 1-page-11</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFKalsi2005">Kalsi 2005</A>, pp. 106–107</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFMarkovits2004">Markovits 2004</A>, p. 98</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Jestice_2004_pages=345-346-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Jestice_2004_pages=345-346_18-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Jestice_2004_pages=345-346_18-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFJestice2004">Jestice 2004</A>, pp. 345–346</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFJohar1975">Johar 1975</A>, pp. 192–210</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFJestice2004">Jestice 2004</A>, pp. 312–13</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Singh_2008_pages=25-26-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Singh_2008_pages=25-26_21-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Singh_2008_pages=25-26_21-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFSingh2008">Singh 2008</A>, pp. 25–26</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFNesbitt2005">Nesbitt 2005</A>, p. 61</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Books.google.co.in-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Books.google.co.in_23-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Books.google.co.in_23-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA334"><I>A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century</I></A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505233754/https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA334">Archived</A> from the original on 5 May 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822">"Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign"</A>. Exotic India Art. 1 February 2009. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617232755/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/">Archived</A> from the original on 17 June 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 August</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranjit+Singh%3A+A+Secular+Sikh+Sovereign&rft.pub=Exotic+India+Art&rft.date=2009-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exoticindiaart.com%2Fbook%2Fdetails%2FIDE822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892_25-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (Volume V22, Date: 1910-1911), p. 892.</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/PYR_RAY/RANJIT_SINGH_MAHARAJA_178o_1839.html">"MAHARAJAH RANJIT SINGH ... – Online Information article about MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH"</A>. Encyclopaedia.jrank.org. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110171151/http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/PYR_RAY/RANJIT_SINGH_MAHARAJA_178o_1839.html">Archived</A> from the original on 10 January 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 August</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MAHARAJAH+RANJIT+SINGH+...+%E2%80%93+Online+Information+article+about+MAHARAJA+RANJIT+SINGH&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia.jrank.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.jrank.org%2FPYR_RAY%2FRANJIT_SINGH_MAHARAJA_178o_1839.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Grewal-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Grewal_27-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">J. S. Grewal (1998). <I>The Sikhs of the Punjab</I>. Cambridge University Press.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.au=J.+S.+Grewal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-http-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-http_28-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Chaurasia, R.S. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&pg=PA13"><I>History Of The Marathas</I></A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106011630/https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&pg=PA13">Archived</A> from the original on 6 January 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">26 May</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+The+Marathas&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=R.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD_v3Y7hns8QC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-ReferenceC-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_29-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&pg=PA379"><I>Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the...</I></A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&pg=PA379">Archived</A> from the original on 28 January 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 March</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+India%27s+International+Relations%2C+1700+to+2000%3A+South+Asia+and+the...&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNyk6oA2nOlgC%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Smith, Sir Harry George Wakelyn (1903).  Smith, George Charles Moore, ed. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/57094/57094-h/57094-h.htm"><I>The Autobiography of Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith Baronet of Aliwal on the Sutlej G.C.B.</I></A> John Murray.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Lieutenant-General+Sir+Harry+Smith+Baronet+of+Aliwal+on+the+Sutlej+G.C.B.&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Sir+Harry+George+Wakelyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F57094%2F57094-h%2F57094-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><SPAN title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2018)">page needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Tan_Tai_Yong" title="Tan Tai Yong">Tan, Tai Yong</A>; <A href="/wiki/Gyanesh_Kudaisya" title="Gyanesh Kudaisya">Kudaisya, Gyanesh</A> (2005) [First published in 2000]. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O5zEtBxk72wC&pg=PA100"><I>The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia</I></A>. Routledge. p. 100. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28908-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28908-4">0-415-28908-4</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/https://books.google.com/books?id=O5zEtBxk72wC&pg=PA100">Archived</A> from the original on 28 January 2016. <Q>In March 1930 the All-India Muslim League passed its famous Lahore Resolution, demanding the creation of a separate state from Muslim majority areas in India ... [it] sparked off an enormous furore amongst the Sikhs in the Punjab ... the professed intention of the Muslim League to impose a Muslim state on the Punjab (a Muslim majority province) was anathema to the Sikhs ... Sikhs launched a virulent campaign against the Lahore Resolution.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aftermath+of+Partition+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-28908-4&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Tai+Yong&rft.au=Kudaisya%2C+Gyanesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO5zEtBxk72wC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012063918/https://infocus.asiaportal.info/2012/09/14/ethnic-cleansing-and-genocidal-massacres-65-years-ago-by-ishtiaq-ahmed/">"Ethnic cleansing and genocidal massacres 65 years ago by Ishtiaq Ahmed"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infocus.asiaportal.info/2012/09/14/ethnic-cleansing-and-genocidal-massacres-65-years-ago-by-ishtiaq-ahmed">the original</A> on 12 October 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 January</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+cleansing+and+genocidal+massacres+65+years+ago+by+Ishtiaq+Ahmed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfocus.asiaportal.info%2F2012%2F09%2F14%2Fethnic-cleansing-and-genocidal-massacres-65-years-ago-by-ishtiaq-ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>The Punjab in 1920s – A Case study of Muslims, Zarina Salamat</I>, Royal Book Company, <A href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</A>, 1997. table 45, p. 136; <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-407-230-1" title="Special:BookSources/969-407-230-1">969-407-230-1</A></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sasnet.lu.se/panelabstracts/33.html">Panel 33</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716101534/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/panelabstracts/33.html">Archived</A> 16 July 2011 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>. <I>European Association for South Asian Studies</I>; accessed 3 January 2017.</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Pakistan: a modern history, Ian Talbot, St Martin's Press, 1999; <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-21606-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-21606-8">0-312-21606-8</A></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Borders-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Borders_36-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/Annexure-VI.pdf">"Border Area Development Programmes in Punjab"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Department of Planning Punjab. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910030353/http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/annexure-vi.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 10 September 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">22 March</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Border+Area+Development+Programmes+in+Punjab&rft.pub=Department+of+Planning+Punjab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpbplanning.gov.in%2Fpdf%2FAnnexure-VI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-ReferenceB-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_37-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_37-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111106125012/http://punjabgovt.gov.in/StateProfile.aspx">"State Profile – About Punjab"</A>. Punjab Government. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://punjabgovt.gov.in/StateProfile.aspx">the original</A> on 6 November 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 July</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Profile+%E2%80%93+About+Punjab&rft.pub=Punjab+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpunjabgovt.gov.in%2FStateProfile.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Soil_Types-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Soil_Types_38-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://punenvis.nic.in/index2.aspx?slid=205&sublinkid=1127&langid=1&mid=1">"Status of Environment & Related Issues"</A>. ENVIS Centre : Punjab<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">22 March</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+Environment+%26+Related+Issues&rft.pub=ENVIS+Centre+%3A+Punjab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpunenvis.nic.in%2Findex2.aspx%3Fslid%3D205%26sublinkid%3D1127%26langid%3D1%26mid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Pragati Infosoft Pvt. Ltd. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018152516/http://punjabonline.in/Profile/Geography/">"Punjab Geography, Geography of Punjab, Punjab Location, Punjab Climate"</A>. Punjabonline.in. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://punjabonline.in/Profile/Geography">the original</A> on 18 October 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 July</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punjab+Geography%2C+Geography+of+Punjab%2C+Punjab+Location%2C+Punjab+Climate&rft.pub=Punjabonline.in&rft.au=Pragati+Infosoft+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpunjabonline.in%2FProfile%2FGeography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-auto-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-auto_40-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-auto_40-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-auto_40-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-auto_40-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-auto_40-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-auto_40-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-auto_40-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-auto_40-7"><SUP><I><B>h</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-auto_40-8"><SUP><I><B>i</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-auto_40-9"><SUP><I><B>j</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-auto_40-10"><SUP><I><B>k</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-auto_40-11"><SUP><I><B>l</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-auto_40-12"><SUP><I><B>m</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoveredindia.com/punjab/the-green-granary-of-india/seasons.htm">"Weather & Climate Of Punjab"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105133815/http://www.discoveredindia.com/punjab/the-green-granary-of-india/seasons.htm">Archived</A> from the original on 5 January 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">27 October</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+%26+Climate+Of+Punjab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoveredindia.com%2Fpunjab%2Fthe-green-granary-of-india%2Fseasons.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoveredindia.com/punjab/the-green-granary-of-india/flora-and-fauna-of-punjab.htm">"Flora And Fauna Of Punjab"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210182308/http://www.discoveredindia.com/punjab/the-green-granary-of-india/flora-and-fauna-of-punjab.htm">Archived</A> from the original on 10 December 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">27 October</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flora+And+Fauna+Of+Punjab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoveredindia.com%2Fpunjab%2Fthe-green-granary-of-india%2Fflora-and-fauna-of-punjab.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-auto1-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-auto1_42-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-auto1_42-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoveredindia.com/punjab/the-green-granary-of-india/flora-and-fauna-of-punjab.htm">"Animals and Birds in Punjab"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210182308/http://www.discoveredindia.com/punjab/the-green-granary-of-india/flora-and-fauna-of-punjab.htm">Archived</A> from the original on 10 December 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">27 October</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Animals+and+Birds+in+Punjab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoveredindia.com%2Fpunjab%2Fthe-green-granary-of-india%2Fflora-and-fauna-of-punjab.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punjabtourism.in/geninfo.html">"Panjab Tourism, General Information"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126233343/http://www.punjabtourism.in/geninfo.html">Archived</A> from the original on 26 November 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 November</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panjab+Tourism%2C+General+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.punjabtourism.in%2Fgeninfo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/hcourts.htm">"Jurisdiction and Seats of Indian High Courts"</A>. Eastern Book Company. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510190512/http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/hcourts.htm">Archived</A> from the original on 10 May 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">12 May</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jurisdiction+and+Seats+of+Indian+High+Courts&rft.pub=Eastern+Book+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebc-india.com%2Flawyer%2Fhcourts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/punjab/punjab-district.htm">Punjab District Map</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613164514/http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/punjab/punjab-district.htm">Archived</A> 13 June 2017 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-ReferenceA-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_46-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://punjabgovt.nic.in/punjabataglance/LeadingbyExample.htm">Welcome to Official Web site of Punjab, India</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070417122227/http://punjabgovt.nic.in/punjabataglance/LeadingbyExample.htm">Archived</A> 17 April 2007 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Guardian12712-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Guardian12712_47-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/gallery/2012/dec/07/farming-sustainable-india-in-pictures">"Fields on fire: making farming more sustainable in India – in pictures"</A>. <I>The Guardian</I>. London. 7 December 2012. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502042059/http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/gallery/2012/dec/07/farming-sustainable-india-in-pictures">Archived</A> from the original on 2 May 2014<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fields+on+fire%3A+making+farming+more+sustainable+in+India+%E2%80%93+in+pictures&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2Fgallery%2F2012%2Fdec%2F07%2Ffarming-sustainable-india-in-pictures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">J. Carl Ganter. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2010/world/qa-upmanu-lall-gives-insight-to-indias-nexus-of-energy-food-and-water">"Q&A: Upmanu Lall on India's Nexus of Energy, Food and Water"</A>. <A href="/w/index.php?title=Circle_of_Blue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circle of Blue (page does not exist)">Circle of Blue</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608030444/http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2010/world/qa-upmanu-lall-gives-insight-to-indias-nexus-of-energy-food-and-water/">Archived</A> from the original on 8 June 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 June</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q%26A%3A+Upmanu+Lall+on+India%27s+Nexus+of+Energy%2C+Food+and+Water&rft.pub=Circle+of+Blue&rft.au=J.+Carl+Ganter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circleofblue.org%2Fwaternews%2F2010%2Fworld%2Fqa-upmanu-lall-gives-insight-to-indias-nexus-of-energy-food-and-water&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Upmanu Lall. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2009/07/28/punjab-a-tale-of-prosperity-and-decline">"Punjab: A tale of prosperity and decline"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Columbia_Water_Center" title="Columbia Water Center">Columbia Water Center</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101008034020/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2009/07/28/punjab-a-tale-of-prosperity-and-decline/">Archived</A> from the original on 8 October 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">11 September</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punjab%3A+A+tale+of+prosperity+and+decline&rft.pub=Columbia+Water+Center&rft.au=Upmanu+Lall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.ei.columbia.edu%2F2009%2F07%2F28%2Fpunjab-a-tale-of-prosperity-and-decline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India_fares_badly_on_global_hunger_index/rssarticleshow/3596818.cms">"India fares badly on global hunger index"</A>. <I>The Times of India</I>. 15 October 2008. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511162245/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India_fares_badly_on_global_hunger_index/rssarticleshow/3596818.cms">Archived</A> from the original on 11 May 2011.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=India+fares+badly+on+global+hunger+index&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FIndia%2FIndia_fares_badly_on_global_hunger_index%2Frssarticleshow%2F3596818.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/land_amen/PASSNG_AMENT/ID_207.PDF">"List of 50 world-class railway stations"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.indianrailways.gov.in">http://www.indianrailways.gov.in</A></I>. Indian Railways. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403082516/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/land_amen/PASSNG_AMENT/ID_207.PDF">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 3 April 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 October</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianrailways.gov.in&rft.atitle=List+of+50+world-class+railway+stations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianrailways.gov.in%2Frailwayboard%2Fuploads%2Fdirectorate%2Fland_amen%2FPASSNG_AMENT%2FID_207.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">External link in <CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|website=</CODE> (<A href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</A>)</SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Dipak_K_DashDipak_K_Dash_2015-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Dipak_K_DashDipak_K_Dash_2015_52-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Dipak K Dash (3 September 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Road-crash-severity-highest-in-Ludhiana-3rd-in-Amritsar/articleshow/48784433.cms">"Road crash severity highest in Ludhiana, 3rd in Amritsar"</A>. <I>The Times of India</I>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906143359/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Road-crash-severity-highest-in-Ludhiana-3rd-in-Amritsar/articleshow/48784433.cms">Archived</A> from the original on 6 September 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 September</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Road+crash+severity+highest+in+Ludhiana%2C+3rd+in+Amritsar&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft.au=Dipak+K+Dash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchandigarh%2FRoad-crash-severity-highest-in-Ludhiana-3rd-in-Amritsar%2Farticleshow%2F48784433.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/brts-project-for-amritsar-ludhiana-28121.html">"BRTS project planned for Amritsar and Ludhiana was the world's most preferred transport system"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031200844/http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/brts-project-for-amritsar-ludhiana-28121.html">Archived</A> from the original on 31 October 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BRTS+project+planned+for+Amritsar+and+Ludhiana+was+the+world%E2%80%99s+most+preferred+transport+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatvnews.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fbrts-project-for-amritsar-ludhiana-28121.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Demographic_Trends-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Demographic_Trends_54-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410054318/http://punenvis.nic.in/demo_trends.htm">"Demographic Trends"</A>. <I>Census of India</I>. www.punenvis.nic.in. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punenvis.nic.in/demo_trends.htm">the original</A> on 10 April 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 June</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India&rft.atitle=Demographic+Trends&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.punenvis.nic.in%2Fdemo_trends.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Census_Population-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Census_Population_55-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf">"Census Population"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Census of India</I>. Ministry of Finance India. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/61DkVpeV7?url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 26 August 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India&rft.atitle=Census+Population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiabudget.nic.in%2Fes2006-07%2Fchapt2007%2Ftab97.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Linguistic_Minorities-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Linguistic_Minorities_56-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf">"50th REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 8 July 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 October</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50th+REPORT+OF+THE+COMMISSIONER+FOR+LINGUISTIC+MINORITIES+IN+INDIA&rft.pub=Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM50thReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-census2011-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-census2011_57-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-census2011_57-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230423/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"Population by religion community – 2011"</A>. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW03C-01%20MDDS.XLS">the original</A> on 23 September 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+religion+community+%E2%80%93+2011&rft.pub=The+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW03C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-58"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050815/asp/knowhow/story_5105265.asp">An Indian doctor's triumph</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513120742/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050815/asp/knowhow/story_5105265.asp">Archived</A> 13 May 2011 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>. <I>The Telegraph</I>, 15 August 2005</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-59"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mhrd.gov.in/rashtriya_madhyamik_shiksha_abhiyan">Ministry of Human Resource Development, G. o. (29 August 2013). Department of School Education and Literacy</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140213091235/http://mhrd.gov.in/rashtriya_madhyamik_shiksha_abhiyan">Archived</A> 13 February 2014 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>., mhrd.gov.in; acccessed 9 December 2016.</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Service2-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Service2_60-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/education/nil-admission-in-mca-at-ptu/118336.html">"Nil admission in MCA at PTU"</A>. <I>Tribune India</I>. 11 August 2015. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150813213836/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/education/nil-admission-in-mca-at-ptu/118336.html">Archived</A> from the original on 13 August 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">11 August</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribune+India&rft.atitle=Nil+admission+in+MCA+at+PTU&rft.date=2015-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fpunjab%2Feducation%2Fnil-admission-in-mca-at-ptu%2F118336.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnys.online">"BNYS ONLINE"</A>. <I>www.bnys.online</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2018-01-10</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bnys.online&rft.atitle=BNYS+ONLINE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnys.online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-62"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exam.herci.in/">"Herci"</A>. <I>exam.herci.in</I>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180107234141/http://exam.herci.in/">Archived</A> from the original on 7 January 2018<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 January</SPAN> 2018</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=exam.herci.in&rft.atitle=Herci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexam.herci.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-63"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164657/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/mccs-awaits-licence-to-launch-punjabi-news-channel-abp-sanjha/">"Abp sanjha"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.televisionpost.com/television/mccs-awaits-licence-to-launch-punjabi-news-channel-abp-sanjha">the original</A> on 14 July 2014.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Abp+sanjha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.televisionpost.com%2Ftelevision%2Fmccs-awaits-licence-to-launch-punjabi-news-channel-abp-sanjha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Punjabi_news-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Punjabi_news_64-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225163130/http://www.globalpunjabtv.com/Default/AboutUs">"About Us"</A>. Punjabi News. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpunjabtv.com/Default/AboutUs">the original</A> on 25 December 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">30 December</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Punjabi+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpunjabtv.com%2FDefault%2FAboutUs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-65"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/ludhiana-becomes-first-city-punjab-get-fm-radio-channel">"FM Gold Ludhiana"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121234744/http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/ludhiana-becomes-first-city-punjab-get-fm-radio-channel">Archived</A> from the original on 21 January 2017<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FM+Gold+Ludhiana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioandmusic.com%2Fcontent%2Feditorial%2Fnews%2Fludhiana-becomes-first-city-punjab-get-fm-radio-channel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-66"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-66"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Digital-touch-for-Punjab-heritage/articleshow/36978644.cms">"Digital touch for Punjab heritage"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Digital-touch-for-Punjab-heritage/articleshow/36978644.cms">Archived</A> from the original on 28 January 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Digital+touch+for+Punjab+heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchandigarh%2FDigital-touch-for-Punjab-heritage%2Farticleshow%2F36978644.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-67"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-67"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voiceonline.com/panjab-digital-library-canada-announces-2014-2015-fundraising-campaign">"Panjab Digital Library Canada Announces 2014-2015 Fundraising Campaign"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322214918/http://www.voiceonline.com/panjab-digital-library-canada-announces-2014-2015-fundraising-campaign/">Archived</A> from the original on 22 March 2017<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Panjab+Digital+Library+Canada+Announces+2014-2015+Fundraising+Campaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voiceonline.com%2Fpanjab-digital-library-canada-announces-2014-2015-fundraising-campaign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-68"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-68"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lohrifestival.org/harvest-festival-of-punjab.html">"Harvest Festival of Punjab, Harvest Festival Lohri, Cultural Festival of India, Harvest Festival in India"</A>. Lohrifestival.org. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709202800/http://www.lohrifestival.org/harvest-festival-of-punjab.html">Archived</A> from the original on 9 July 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 July</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harvest+Festival+of+Punjab%2C+Harvest+Festival+Lohri%2C+Cultural+Festival+of+India%2C+Harvest+Festival+in+India&rft.pub=Lohrifestival.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lohrifestival.org%2Fharvest-festival-of-punjab.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-69"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-69"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brantnews.com/news-story/5680153-sikh-festival-celebrates-women-and-girls">"Sikh festival celebrates women and girls"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170714102644/https://www.brantnews.com/news-story/5680153-sikh-festival-celebrates-women-and-girls/">Archived</A> from the original on 14 July 2017<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sikh+festival+celebrates+women+and+girls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brantnews.com%2Fnews-story%2F5680153-sikh-festival-celebrates-women-and-girls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-70"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-70"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamloopsthisweek.com/celebrate-mothers-again">"Celebrate mothers again"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://www.kamloopsthisweek.com/celebrate-mothers-again/">Archived</A> from the original on 28 January 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Celebrate+mothers+again&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamloopsthisweek.com%2Fcelebrate-mothers-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-71"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-71"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appeal-democrat.com/news/girl-power-on-display-at-teeyan-da-mela-festival/article_cdc6df48-319f-11e4-aee5-0017a43b2370.html">"Girl power on display at Teeyan da Mela festival"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Girl+power+on+display+at+Teeyan+da+Mela+festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appeal-democrat.com%2Fnews%2Fgirl-power-on-display-at-teeyan-da-mela-festival%2Farticle_cdc6df48-319f-11e4-aee5-0017a43b2370.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-CITEREFFarinaMir-72"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CITEREFFarinaMir_72-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Mir, Farina. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/depts/cdeisi/abstracts.html">"Representations of Piety and Community in Late-nineteenth-century Punjabi Qisse"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070812143426/http://www.unc.edu/depts/cdeisi/abstracts.html">Archived</A> from the original on 12 August 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 July</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Representations+of+Piety+and+Community+in+Late-nineteenth-century+Punjabi+Qisse&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.aulast=Mir&rft.aufirst=Farina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2Fdepts%2Fcdeisi%2Fabstracts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-73"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-73"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/was-it-a-sikh-wedding-for-shahid-kapoor-and-mira-rajput-view-pic">"was-it-a-sikh-wedding"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224234905/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/was-it-a-sikh-wedding-for-shahid-kapoor-and-mira-rajput-view-pic/">Archived</A> from the original on 24 February 2017<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=was-it-a-sikh-wedding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bollywoodlife.com%2Fnews-gossip%2Fwas-it-a-sikh-wedding-for-shahid-kapoor-and-mira-rajput-view-pic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-74"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-74"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/sikh-groom-thrown-from-horse-during-wedding-procession-in-surrey-1.3162639">"Sikh groom thrown from horse during wedding procession in Surrey"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226230027/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/sikh-groom-thrown-from-horse-during-wedding-procession-in-surrey-1.3162639">Archived</A> from the original on 26 December 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sikh+groom+thrown+from+horse+during+wedding+procession+in+Surrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fsikh-groom-thrown-from-horse-during-wedding-procession-in-surrey-1.3162639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Royal_Book_Company-75"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Royal_Book_Company_75-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rRYZAQAAIAAJ&q=bhangra+pakistan&dq=bhangra+pakistan&lr=&cd=1"><I>Pakistan almanac, Volumes 2001–2002</I></A>. Royal Book Company. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511203833/http://books.google.com/books?id=rRYZAQAAIAAJ&q=bhangra+pakistan&dq=bhangra+pakistan&lr=&cd=1">Archived</A> from the original on 11 May 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>. <Q>Bhangra refers to both a traditional dance and a form of music invented in the 1980s. Bhangra, the Punjabi folk dance that has become popular all over the world. Punjabi folk songs have been integral part of fertile provinces</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+almanac%2C+Volumes+2001%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=Royal+Book+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrRYZAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbhangra%2Bpakistan%26dq%3Dbhangra%2Bpakistan%26lr%3D%26cd%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-76"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-76"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhangra.org/about/bhangra-history/">Bhangra History</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101217192946/http://www.bhangra.org/about/bhangra-history/">Archived</A> 17 December 2010 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. Bhangra.org. Retrieved on 18 January 2012.</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-Ashgate-77"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Ashgate_77-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sMnZAAAAMAAJ&q=bhangra+pakistan&dq=bhangra+pakistan&lr=&cd=12"><I>Social control and deviance: a South Asian community in Scotland</I></A>. Ashgate. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511203826/http://books.google.com/books?id=sMnZAAAAMAAJ&q=bhangra+pakistan&dq=bhangra+pakistan&lr=&cd=12">Archived</A> from the original on 11 May 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>. <Q>The whole institution of the Bhangra and its related processes are clearly an expression of Indian/Pakistan culture in a Western setting.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+control+and+deviance%3A+a+South+Asian+community+in+Scotland&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsMnZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbhangra%2Bpakistan%26dq%3Dbhangra%2Bpakistan%26lr%3D%26cd%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-78"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-78"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080920082514/http://www.punjabilok.com/pakistan/pak_punjab.htm">Pakistan Punjab</A>, Punjabilok.com; retrieved 18 January 2012.</SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-79"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-79"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/content/489064/punjabi-folk-mingles-age-music.html">"Punjabi folk mingles with new-age music"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/489064/punjabi-folk-mingles-age-music.html">Archived</A> from the original on 28 January 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Punjabi+folk+mingles+with+new-age+music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F489064%2Fpunjabi-folk-mingles-age-music.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-80"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-80"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/923357/revisiting-punjabi-classics">"Revisiting Punjabi classics"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150728033156/http://tribune.com.pk/story/923357/revisiting-punjabi-classics/">Archived</A> from the original on 28 July 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Punjabi+classics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F923357%2Frevisiting-punjabi-classics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-81"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-81"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065550/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/10-Jul-2015/tappa-gift-to-punjab-s-classical-music">"Tappa — gift to Punjab's classical music"</A>. 10 July 2015. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/10-Jul-2015/tappa-gift-to-punjab-s-classical-music">the original</A> on 4 March 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 January</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tappa+%E2%80%94+gift+to+Punjab%E2%80%99s+classical+music&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fentertainment%2F10-Jul-2015%2Ftappa-gift-to-punjab-s-classical-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-82"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-82"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desiblitz.com/content/globalisation-bhangra-music">"The Globalisation of Bhangra Music"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910160719/http://www.desiblitz.com/content/globalisation-bhangra-music">Archived</A> from the original on 10 September 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Globalisation+of+Bhangra+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desiblitz.com%2Fcontent%2Fglobalisation-bhangra-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-83"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-83"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/The-Bhangra-Breakdown-June-2014-Edition/articleshow/38063724.cms">"The Bhangra Breakdown – June 2014 Edition"</A>. June 2014. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/The-Bhangra-Breakdown-June-2014-Edition/articleshow/38063724.cms">Archived</A> from the original on 28 January 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 January</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Bhangra+Breakdown+%E2%80%93+June+2014+Edition&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fpunjabi%2Fmusic%2FThe-Bhangra-Breakdown-June-2014-Edition%2Farticleshow%2F38063724.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-84"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-84"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/punjab-s-forgotten-notes-of-history/61985.html">"Strange as it may sound, all art forms need political support to grow. The communal upheaval that engulfed the Punjab region in 1947 forced migration of the well-established Muslim artistes from this region. This resulted in i mpoverishment of the rich traditions of classical music"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711175704/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/punjab-s-forgotten-notes-of-history/61985.html">Archived</A> from the original on 11 July 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Strange+as+it+may+sound%2C+all+art+forms+need+political+support+to+grow.+The+communal+upheaval+that+engulfed+the+Punjab+region+in+1947+forced+migration+of+the+well-established+Muslim+artistes+from+this+region.+This+resulted+in+i+mpoverishment+of+the+rich+traditions+of+classical+music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fcomment%2Fpunjab-s-forgotten-notes-of-history%2F61985.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-85"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-85"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/A-Classical-Rendition-you-Cannot-Miss/2015/07/17/article2923952.ece">"A Classical Rendition you Cannot Miss"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505114133/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/A-Classical-Rendition-you-Cannot-Miss/2015/07/17/article2923952.ece">Archived</A> from the original on 5 May 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Classical+Rendition+you+Cannot+Miss&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fhyderabad%2FA-Classical-Rendition-you-Cannot-Miss%2F2015%2F07%2F17%2Farticle2923952.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-86"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-86"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/trying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher-114082500941_1.html">"<SPAN style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</SPAN>Pollywood Directory". The directory has the contact and other details of those related to Punjabi film industry. It is an initiative to organise Punjabi Cinema"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141113120346/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/trying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher-114082500941_1.html">Archived</A> from the original on 13 November 2014.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Pollywood+Directory%22.+The+directory+has+the+contact+and+other+details+of+those+related+to+Punjabi+film+industry.+It+is+an+initiative+to+organise+Punjabi+Cinema.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fpti-stories%2Ftrying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher-114082500941_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-87"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-87"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/trying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher_160718.html">"Punjabi film industry has come a long way and in recent times there has been a boom in the region`s film industry"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031081944/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/trying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher_160718.html">Archived</A> from the original on 31 October 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Punjabi+film+industry+has+come+a+long+way+and+in+recent+times+there+has+been+a+boom+in+the+region%60s+film+industry.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fentertainment%2Fcelebrity%2Ftrying-to-get-film-city-for-chandigarh-soon-kirron-kher_160718.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-88"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-88"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yespunjab.com/punjabi-cinema/item/66243-chandigarh-woman-architect-annu-bains-produces-punjabi-movie-qissa-panjab">"chandigarh-woman-architect-annu-bains-produces-punjabi-movie-qissa-panjab"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 January</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=chandigarh-woman-architect-annu-bains-produces-punjabi-movie-qissa-panjab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yespunjab.com%2Fpunjabi-cinema%2Fitem%2F66243-chandigarh-woman-architect-annu-bains-produces-punjabi-movie-qissa-panjab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-89"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-89"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2754099/WEEKEND-ENTERTAINMENT-Why-Bollywood-stars-making-way-regional-cinema.html">"Akshay's journey begun with the Punjabi film Bhaji In Problem"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2754099/WEEKEND-ENTERTAINMENT-Why-Bollywood-stars-making-way-regional-cinema.html">Archived</A> from the original on 28 January 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Akshay%27s+journey+begun+with+the+Punjabi+film+Bhaji+In+Problem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Findiahome%2Findianews%2Farticle-2754099%2FWEEKEND-ENTERTAINMENT-Why-Bollywood-stars-making-way-regional-cinema.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-90"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-90"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/food/20150531_LaBan_review_Dana_MandiI_Punjabi_cuisine.html">"Inside humble trappings, vivid expressions of Punjabi cuisine"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907183449/http://www.philly.com/philly/food/20150531_LaBan_review_Dana_MandiI_Punjabi_cuisine.html">Archived</A> from the original on 7 September 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inside+humble+trappings%2C+vivid+expressions+of+Punjabi+cuisine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Ffood%2F20150531_LaBan_review_Dana_MandiI_Punjabi_cuisine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-91"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-91"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://food.ndtv.com/lists/10-best-punjabi-recipes-724174">"10 Best Punjabi Recipes"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624133927/http://food.ndtv.com/lists/10-best-punjabi-recipes-724174">Archived</A> from the original on 24 June 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=10+Best+Punjabi+Recipes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffood.ndtv.com%2Flists%2F10-best-punjabi-recipes-724174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-92"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-92"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/sarson-da-saag-on-the-menu/article4873153.ece">"Eating Out Park Plaza brings you the hearty Punjabi flavours at its ongoing food festival"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/sarson-da-saag-on-the-menu/article4873153.ece">Archived</A> from the original on 28 January 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eating+Out+Park+Plaza+brings+you+the+hearty+Punjabi+flavours+at+its+ongoing+food+festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fmetroplus%2FFood%2Fsarson-da-saag-on-the-menu%2Farticle4873153.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-93"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-93"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rupinder-mohan-singh/reflecting-on-bandi-chhor_b_2123876.html?ir=India&adsSiteOverride=in">"Bandi Chhor Divas Reflection: A Lesson In Selflessness"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rupinder-mohan-singh/reflecting-on-bandi-chhor_b_2123876.html?ir=India&adsSiteOverride=in">Archived</A> from the original on 28 January 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bandi+Chhor+Divas+Reflection%3A+A+Lesson+In+Selflessness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Frupinder-mohan-singh%2Freflecting-on-bandi-chhor_b_2123876.html%3Fir%3DIndia%26adsSiteOverride%3Din&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-94"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-94"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilfordrecorder.co.uk/news/sikhs_celebrate_diwali_and_bandi_chhor_divas_at_ilford_gurdwara_1_3820255">"Sikhs celebrate Diwali and Bandi Chhor Divas at Ilford gurdwara"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029114756/http://www.ilfordrecorder.co.uk/news/sikhs_celebrate_diwali_and_bandi_chhor_divas_at_ilford_gurdwara_1_3820255">Archived</A> from the original on 29 October 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sikhs+celebrate+Diwali+and+Bandi+Chhor+Divas+at+Ilford+gurdwara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilfordrecorder.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fsikhs_celebrate_diwali_and_bandi_chhor_divas_at_ilford_gurdwara_1_3820255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-95"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-95"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/bathinda/maghi-mela-four-political-parties-erect-stages-to-hold-conferences/article1-1306444.aspx">"Maghi Mela: Four political parties erect stages to hold conferences"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721032248/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bathinda/maghi-mela-four-political-parties-erect-stages-to-hold-conferences/article1-1306444.aspx">Archived</A> from the original on 21 July 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maghi+Mela%3A+Four+political+parties+erect+stages+to+hold+conferences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fbathinda%2Fmaghi-mela-four-political-parties-erect-stages-to-hold-conferences%2Farticle1-1306444.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-96"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-96"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/hola-mohalla-2015-facts-history-rituals-surrounding-sikh-festival-photos-1838872">"Hola Mohalla 2015: Facts, History, Rituals Surrounding The Sikh Festival"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150824233011/http://www.ibtimes.com/hola-mohalla-2015-facts-history-rituals-surrounding-sikh-festival-photos-1838872">Archived</A> from the original on 24 August 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hola+Mohalla+2015%3A+Facts%2C+History%2C+Rituals+Surrounding+The+Sikh+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fhola-mohalla-2015-facts-history-rituals-surrounding-sikh-festival-photos-1838872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-97"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-97"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeenews.india.com/news/punjab/thousands-converge-in-punjab-for-hola-mohalla_1557293.html">"Thousands converge in Punjab for <I>Hola Mohalla</I>"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150731185007/http://zeenews.india.com/news/punjab/thousands-converge-in-punjab-for-hola-mohalla_1557293.html">Archived</A> from the original on 31 July 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Thousands+converge+in+Punjab+for+Hola+Mohalla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fnews%2Fpunjab%2Fthousands-converge-in-punjab-for-hola-mohalla_1557293.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-98"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-98"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/?id=57212_Circle+Style+Kabaddi+in+a+new+avatar+-+World-wide+Kabaddi+League">"Circle Style Kabaddi in a new avatar - World-wide Kabaddi League"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://www.afaqs.com/news/company_briefs/?id=57212_Circle+Style+Kabaddi+in+a+new+avatar+-+World-wide+Kabaddi+League">Archived</A> from the original on 28 January 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Circle+Style+Kabaddi+in+a+new+avatar+-+World-wide+Kabaddi+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afaqs.com%2Fnews%2Fcompany_briefs%2F%3Fid%3D57212_Circle%2BStyle%2BKabaddi%2Bin%2Ba%2Bnew%2Bavatar%2B-%2BWorld-wide%2BKabaddi%2BLeague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-99"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-99"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sport/kabaddi-player-alleges-punjab-police-pushed-him-into-drugs/99617.html">"Kabaddi player alleges Punjab Police pushed him into drugs"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150819071519/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sport/kabaddi-player-alleges-punjab-police-pushed-him-into-drugs/99617.html">Archived</A> from the original on 19 August 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kabaddi+player+alleges+Punjab+Police+pushed+him+into+drugs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fsport%2Fkabaddi-player-alleges-punjab-police-pushed-him-into-drugs%2F99617.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-100"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-100"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/punjab-women-enter-semifinals-of-national-hockey-championship/article1-1343137.aspx">"Punjab women enter semifinals of National Hockey Championship"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502230214/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/punjab-women-enter-semifinals-of-national-hockey-championship/article1-1343137.aspx">Archived</A> from the original on 2 May 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Punjab+women+enter+semifinals+of+National+Hockey+Championship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fchandigarh%2Fpunjab-women-enter-semifinals-of-national-hockey-championship%2Farticle1-1343137.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
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<LI id="cite_note-101"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-101"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstpost.com/sports/world-kabaddi-league-announces-team-franchise-names-logos-1634393.html">"World Kabaddi League announces team franchise names and logos"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140729025216/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/world-kabaddi-league-announces-team-franchise-names-logos-1634393.html">Archived</A> from the original on 29 July 2014.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Kabaddi+League+announces+team+franchise+names+and+logos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fsports%2Fworld-kabaddi-league-announces-team-franchise-names-logos-1634393.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-102"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-102"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/world-kabaddi-league-launched/article6246251.ece">"the World Kabaddi League (WKL) was launched with the promoters — Punjab Deputy Chief Minister Sukhbir Singh Badal is the president of the league while former India hockey captain Pargat Singh is the league commissioner — unveiling the eight teams, their owners and marquee players"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/world-kabaddi-league-launched/article6246251.ece">Archived</A> from the original on 28 January 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=the+World+Kabaddi+League+%28WKL%29+was+launched+with+the+promoters+%E2%80%94+Punjab+Deputy+Chief+Minister+Sukhbir+Singh+Badal+is+the+president+of+the+league+while+former+India+hockey+captain+Pargat+Singh+is+the+league+commissioner+%E2%80%94+unveiling+the+eight+teams%2C+their+owners+and+marquee+players.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsport%2Fother-sports%2Fworld-kabaddi-league-launched%2Farticle6246251.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-103"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-103"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/world-heritage-day-places-to-visit-in-punjab/article1-1338517.aspx">"World Heritage Day: 8 places to visit in Punjab"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717101812/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/world-heritage-day-places-to-visit-in-punjab/article1-1338517.aspx">Archived</A> from the original on 17 July 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Heritage+Day%3A+8+places+to+visit+in+Punjab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fchandigarh%2Fworld-heritage-day-places-to-visit-in-punjab%2Farticle1-1338517.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-104"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-104"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapsofindia.com/stateprofiles/punjab/">Punjab</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408204307/http://www.mapsofindia.com/stateprofiles/punjab/">Archived</A> 8 April 2010 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. Mapsofindia.com; retrieved 18 January 2012.</SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-105"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-105"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202051110/http://www.ptinews.com/pti/ptisite.nsf/0/03d3a18aa4bdceae6525738e00199bff?OpenDocument">Lonely Planet tips Mumbai as a must-see destination in 2008</A>. ptinews.com, 9 November 2007</SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-106"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-106"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhaskar.com/news/PUN-JAL-OMC-story-on-devi-talab-mandir-5139654-PHO.html">"Archived copy"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914170402/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/PUN-JAL-OMC-story-on-devi-talab-mandir-5139654-PHO.html">Archived</A> from the original on 14 September 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 August</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhaskar.com%2Fnews%2FPUN-JAL-OMC-story-on-devi-talab-mandir-5139654-PHO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-107"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-107"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/ludhiana/pictures-displayed-at-media-centre-attract-visitors-to-kila-raipur-games/article1-1179480.aspx">"Pictures displayed at media centre attract visitors to 'Kila Raipur' games"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pictures+displayed+at+media+centre+attract+visitors+to+%27Kila+Raipur%27+games&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fludhiana%2Fpictures-displayed-at-media-centre-attract-visitors-to-kila-raipur-games%2Farticle1-1179480.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-108"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-108"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/kila-raipur-sports-festival-begins-today/">"Kila Raipur sports festival begins today"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020001021/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/kila-raipur-sports-festival-begins-today/">Archived</A> from the original on 20 October 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kila+Raipur+sports+festival+begins+today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fludhiana%2Fkila-raipur-sports-festival-begins-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-109"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-109"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/kila-raipur-sports-festival-concludes/36826.html">"Kila Raipur sports festival concludes"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128115331/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/kila-raipur-sports-festival-concludes/36826.html">Archived</A> from the original on 28 January 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kila+Raipur+sports+festival+concludes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fpunjab%2Fcommunity%2Fkila-raipur-sports-festival-concludes%2F36826.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
</LI>
</OL></DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em;">
<UL><LI>Radhika Chopra. <I>Militant and Migrant: The Politics and Social History of Punjab</I> (2011)</LI>
<LI>Harnik Deol. <I>Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab</I> (Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia) (2000)</LI>
<LI>Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, <I>Encyclopedia of Jalandhar</I>, Sikh University Press, Brussels, Belgium (2005)</LI>
<LI>Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, <I>SIKH HISTORY in 10 volumes</I>, Sikh University Press, Brussels, Belgium (2010–11)</LI>
<LI>J. S. Grewal. <I>The Sikhs of the Punjab</I> (<A href="/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_History_of_India" title="The New Cambridge History of India">The New Cambridge History of India</A>) (1998)</LI>
<LI>J. S. Grewal. <I>Social and Cultural History of the Punjab: Prehistoric, Ancient and Early Medieval</I> (2004)</LI>
<LI>Nazer Singh. <I>Delhi and Punjab: Essays in history and historiography</I> (1995)</LI>
<LI>Tai Yong Tan. <I>The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849–1947</I> (Sage Series in Modern Indian History) (2005)</LI>
<LI>J. C. Aggarwal and S. P. Agrawal, eds. <I>Modern History of Punjab: Relevant Select Documents</I> (1992)</LI>
<LI>R. M. Chopra, <I>The Legacy of The Punjab</I>, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.</LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFZuhair_KashmeriBrian_McAndrew2005" class="citation">Zuhair Kashmeri; Brian McAndrew (6 September 2005), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nCgC4o3eoIC"><I>Soft Target: The Real Story Behind the Air India Disaster - Second Edition</I></A>, James Lorimer & Company, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55-028904-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55-028904-6">978-1-55-028904-6</A></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soft+Target%3A+The+Real+Story+Behind+the+Air+India+Disaster+-+Second+Edition&rft.pub=James+Lorimer+%26+Company&rft.date=2005-09-06&rft.isbn=978-1-55-028904-6&rft.au=Zuhair+Kashmeri&rft.au=Brian+McAndrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4nCgC4o3eoIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APunjab%2C+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI></UL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;">
    <DIV style="padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;">Find more about<B style="display:block;">Punjab, India</B>at Wikipedia's <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><SPAN id="sister-projects">sister projects</SPAN></A>
    </DIV>
    <UL style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;">
        <LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Punjab,_India" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Punjab, India">Definitions</A> from Wiktionary</SPAN>
            </LI><LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Punjab,_India" class="extiw" title="c:Special:Search/Punjab, India">Media</A> from Wikimedia Commons</SPAN>
            </LI><LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Punjab,_India" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Punjab, India">News</A> from Wikinews</SPAN>
            </LI><LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Punjab,_India" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Punjab, India">Quotations</A> from Wikiquote</SPAN>
            </LI><LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="26" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Punjab,_India" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Punjab, India">Texts</A> from Wikisource</SPAN>
            </LI><LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Punjab,_India" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Punjab, India">Textbooks</A> from Wikibooks</SPAN>
            </LI><LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)#Q22424" class="extiw" title="voy:Punjab (India)">Travel guide</A> from Wikivoyage</SPAN>
            </LI><LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="27" height="24" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/41px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/54px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Punjab,_India" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Punjab, India">Learning resources</A> from Wikiversity</SPAN>
            </LI>
    </UL>
</DIV>
<DL><DT>Government</DT></DL>
<UL><LI><SPAN class="official-website"><SPAN class="url"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punjabgovt.gov.in/">Official website</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punjabtourism.gov.in/">Official Tourism Site of Punjab, India</A></LI></UL>
<DL><DT>General information</DT></DL>
<UL><LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Punjab-state-India">Punjab, India</A> <I>Encyclopædia Britannica</I> entry</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/India/Punjab/">Punjab, India</A> at Curlie (based on <A href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</A>)</LI>
<LI><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1942686">Punjab, India</A> at <A href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</A></LI></UL>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Punjab,_India" style="padding:3px"><TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><TBODY><TR><TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0"><A class="mw-collapsible-text">show</A></SPAN><DIV id="Places_adjacent_to_Punjab,_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Punjab, India</DIV></TH></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"><TABLE role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><TBODY><TR>
<TD></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</A></TD>
</TR><TR>
<TD style="width:33%"><A href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</A></TD>
<TD style="width:33%;">
<DIV><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" title="North" width="14" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="595" /></DIV>
<DIV style="white-space:nowrap;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" title="West" width="17" height="14" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/33px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="501" /><B style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Punjab</B><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" title="East" width="17" height="14" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/33px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="501" /></DIV>
<DIV><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" title="South" width="14" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="595" /></DIV>
</TD>
<TD style="width:33%"><A href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</A>, capital</TD>
</TR><TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</A></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x16px&#124;Emblem_of_Punjab,_India_State_of_Punjab,_India" style="padding:3px"><TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><TBODY><TR><TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><SPAN class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0"><A class="mw-collapsible-text">show</A></SPAN><DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><UL><LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Punjab,_India" title="Template:Punjab, India"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI><LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:Punjab,_India" title="Template talk:Punjab, India"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</ABBR></A></LI><LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Punjab,_India&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</ABBR></A></LI></UL></DIV><DIV id="x16px&#124;Emblem_of_Punjab,_India_State_of_Punjab,_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Punjab.svg" class="image" title="Emblem of Punjab, India"><IMG alt="Emblem of Punjab, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Seal_of_Punjab.svg/13px-Seal_of_Punjab.svg.png" width="13" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Seal_of_Punjab.svg/20px-Seal_of_Punjab.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Seal_of_Punjab.svg/27px-Seal_of_Punjab.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="1510" /></A> <A href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">State</A> of <A class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjab, India</A></DIV></TH></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><DIV id="Capital:_Chandigarh"><A href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</A>: <B><A href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</A></B></DIV></TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Category:Punjab,_India" title="Category:Punjab, India">Topics</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Demographics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Economy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Education_in_Punjab,_India" title="Education in Punjab, India">Education</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" title="History of the Punjab">History</A>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/King_Porus" class="mw-redirect" title="King Porus">King Porus</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi people">People</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Punjab,_India" title="Tourism in Punjab, India">Tourism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD><TD class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><DIV><A href="/wiki/File:Punjab_in_India.png" class="image"><IMG alt="Punjab in India.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India.png/50px-Punjab_in_India.png" width="50" height="61" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India.png/75px-Punjab_in_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India.png/100px-Punjab_in_India.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="426" /></A></DIV></TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Administration</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_India" title="Government of Punjab, India">Government</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly" title="Punjab Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Punjab_(India)" title="List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (India)">Chief Ministers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Punjab_(India)" title="List of governors of Punjab (India)">Governors</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan_(Punjab)" title="Raj Bhavan (Punjab)">Raj Bhavan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjab_Police_(India)" title="Punjab Police (India)">Police</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_culture" title="Punjabi culture">Culture</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Punjab">Cinema</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Cuisine</A>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Folk dances</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aawat_pauni" title="Aawat pauni">Aawat pauni</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_folklore" title="Punjabi folklore">Folklore</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_folk_religion" title="Punjabi folk religion">Punjabi folk religion</A>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Sanjhi" title="Sanjhi">Sanjhi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gugga" class="mw-redirect" title="Gugga">Gugga</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chhapar_Mela" title="Chhapar Mela">Chhapar Mela</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sakhi_Sarwar_Saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakhi Sarwar Saint">Sakhi Sarwar Saint</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_fasts" title="Punjabi fasts">Punjabi fasts</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bhangala" title="Bhangala">Bhangala</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Language</A>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī alphabet">Gurmukhī</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Music_of_Punjab" title="Music of Punjab">Music</A>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">Bhangra</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Punjab" title="Folk music of Punjab">Folk music</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI>Dress
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Salwar_(Punjabi)_Suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Salwar (Punjabi) Suit">Salwar (Punjabi) Suit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_ghagra" title="Punjabi ghagra">Punjabi ghagra</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Patiala_salwar" title="Patiala salwar">Patiala salwar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_Tamba_and_Kurta" title="Punjabi Tamba and Kurta">Punjabi Tamba and Kurta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phulkari" title="Phulkari">Phulkari</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jutti" title="Jutti">Jutti</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI>Calendars
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi calendar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bikrami_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikrami calendar">Bikrami calendar</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fairs_and_Festival_of_Punjab_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairs and Festival of Punjab India">Fairs and Festival of Punjab India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_festivals" title="Punjabi festivals">Punjabi festivals</A>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Lohri" title="Lohri">Lohri</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Basant_Kite_Festival_(Punjab)" title="Basant Kite Festival (Punjab)">Basant Kite Festival (Punjab)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Holi,_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Holi, Punjab">Holi, Punjab</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Teeyan" title="Teeyan">Teeyan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rakhri" title="Rakhri">Rakhri</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI>Religious festivals
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Hindu_Punjabi_Festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Punjabi Festivals">Hindu Punjabi Festivals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Sikh_festivals" title="List of Sikh festivals">Sikh festivals</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sports_in_Punjab,_India" title="Sports in Punjab, India">Sports</A>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kabaddi_in_India" title="Kabaddi in India">Kabaddi in India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kila_Raipur_Sports_Festival" title="Kila Raipur Sports Festival">Kila Raipur Sports Festival</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_Kabaddi" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Kabaddi">Punjabi Kabaddi</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba_movement" title="Punjabi Suba movement">Punjabi Suba movement</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Regions_of_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Punjab">Regions</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Majha" title="Majha">Majha</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Malwa_(Punjab)" title="Malwa (Punjab)">Malwa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Doaba</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Powadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Powadh">Powadh</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Punjab,_India" title="List of districts of Punjab, India">Districts</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Mohali_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohali district">SAS Nagar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Sri Amritsar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Barnala_district" title="Barnala district">Barnala</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bathinda_district" title="Bathinda district">Bathinda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Faridkot_district" title="Faridkot district">Faridkot </A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fatehgarh_Sahib_district" title="Fatehgarh Sahib district">Fatehgarh Sahib</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fazilka_district" title="Fazilka district">Fazilka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur </A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kapurthala_district" title="Kapurthala district">Kapurthala </A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mansa_district,_Punjab" title="Mansa district, Punjab">Mansa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Moga_district" title="Moga district">Moga</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pathankot_district" title="Pathankot district">Pathankot</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Patiala_district" title="Patiala district">Patiala</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sri_Muktsar_Sahib_district" title="Sri Muktsar Sahib district">Sri Muktsar Sahib</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rupnagar_district" title="Rupnagar district">Rupnagar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sangrur_district" title="Sangrur district">Sangrur</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shahid_Bhagat_Singh_Nagar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar district">Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_district" title="Tarn Taran district">Tarn Taran Sahib</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Punjab_and_Chandigarh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Punjab and Chandigarh">Major Cities</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur" title="Hoshiarpur">Hoshiarpur</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mohali" title="Mohali">Mohali</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Batala" title="Batala">Batala</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pathankot" title="Pathankot">Pathankot</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Moga,_Punjab" title="Moga, Punjab">Moga</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_union_territories_of_India" style="padding:3px"><TABLE class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><TBODY><TR><TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" tabindex="0"><A class="mw-collapsible-text">show</A></SPAN><DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><UL><LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:States_and_Union_Territories_of_India" title="Template:States and Union Territories of India"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI><LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_Union_Territories_of_India" title="Template talk:States and Union Territories of India"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</ABBR></A></LI><LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:States_and_Union_Territories_of_India&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</ABBR></A></LI></UL></DIV><DIV id="States_and_union_territories_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories of India</A></DIV></TH></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Punjab</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</A></LI>
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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Achinese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am" style="display: none;"><A href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%90%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%83%E1%89%A5%E1%8D%A3_%E1%88%95%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ፐንጃብ፣ ሕንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="بنجاب (الهند) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as" style="display: none;"><A href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC,_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="পঞ্জাব, ভাৰত – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyab_(India)" title="Panyab (India) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az" style="display: none;"><A href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%99ncab_%C5%9Ftat%C4%B1" title="Pəncab ştatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="پنجاب (هند) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC,_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="পাঞ্জাব, ভারত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(%C3%8Cn-t%C5%8D%CD%98)" title="Punjab (Ìn-tō͘) – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be" style="display: none;"><A href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Пенджаб (штат) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old" style="display: none;"><A href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Панджаб (Індыя) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पंजाब – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Пенджаб (Индия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="པན་ཇབ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br" style="display: none;"><A href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab_(India)" title="Panjab (India) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab_(%C3%8Dndia)" title="Panjab (Índia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Punjab" title="State of Punjab – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%88d%C5%BE%C3%A1b_(indick%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t)" title="Paňdžáb (indický stát) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da" style="display: none;"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indien)" title="Punjab (Indien) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de" style="display: none;"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indien)" title="Punjab (Indien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%96%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AA_(%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7)" title="ޕަންޖާބު (އިންޑިޔާ) – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et" style="display: none;"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEab_(India)" title="Pandžab (India) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el" style="display: none;"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80_(%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Παντζάμπ (Ινδία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyab_(India)" title="Panyab (India) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%9Dabo_(Barato)" title="Panĝabo (Barato) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="پنجاب (هند) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendjab_(Inde)" title="Pendjab (Inde) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AC,_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4" title="પંજાબ, ભારત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom" style="display: none;"><A href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पंजाब – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%80%EC%9E%90%EB%B8%8C_%EC%A3%BC_(%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84)" title="펀자브 주 (인도) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A2_(%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3)" title="Փենջաբ (նահանգ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" title="पंजाब (भारत) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(indijska_dr%C5%BEava)" title="Punjab (indijska država) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC_(%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4)" title="পাঞ্জাব (ভারত) – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_Punjab" title="Stato Punjab – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is" style="display: none;"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAnjab_(Indlandi)" title="Púnjab (Indlandi) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it" style="display: none;"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he" style="display: none;"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%91" title="פנג'אב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪಂಜಾಬ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პენჯაბის შტატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="پنجاب – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Uhindi)" title="Punjab (Uhindi) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lrc" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lrc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A6%D9%88" title="پأنجئو – Northern Luri" lang="lrc" hreflang="lrc" class="interlanguage-link-target">لۊری شومالی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la" style="display: none;"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengabum_(India)" title="Pengabum (India) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pend%C5%BE%C4%81ba_(Indija)" title="Pendžāba (Indija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEabas_(Indija)" title="Pandžabas (Indija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandzs%C3%A1b_(India)" title="Pandzsáb (India) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="पञ्जाब, भारत – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Пенџаб (Индија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D,_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="പഞ്ചാബ്, ഇന്ത്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पंजाब – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf" style="display: none;"><A href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პენჯაბიშ შტატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B3)" title="Панжаб (Энэтхэг) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" title="पञ्जाब (भारत) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new" style="display: none;"><A href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="पञ्जाब राज्य, भारत – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E5%B7%9E_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89)" title="パンジャーブ州 (インド) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8)" title="Пенджаб (ХӀинди) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indien)" title="Punjab (Indien) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="display: none;"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab_i_India" title="Panjab i India – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc" style="display: none;"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab_(%C3%8Dndia)" title="Panjab (Índia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or" style="display: none;"><A href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC,_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4" title="ପଞ୍ଜାବ, ଭାରତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjob_(shtat)" title="Panjob (shtat) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><A href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC,_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਪੰਜਾਬ, ਭਾਰਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA)" title="پنجاب (بھارت) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پنجاب، هند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pend%C5%BCab_(stan_w_Indiach)" title="Pendżab (stan w Indiach) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(%C3%8Dndia)" title="Punjab (Índia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Пенджаб (Индия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="पञ्जाबराज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indie" title="Punjab, Indie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="display: none;"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%8C_%DA%80%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="پنجاب، ڀارت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BE%C3%A1b_(indick%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Pandžáb (indický štát) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پەنجاب، ھیند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Панџаб (Индија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indija)" title="Punjab (Indija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Intia)" title="Punjab (Intia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indien)" title="Punjab (Indien) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE)" title="பஞ்சாப் (இந்தியா) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te" style="display: none;"><A href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D" title="పంజాబ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th" style="display: none;"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A" title="รัฐปัญจาบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1_(%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Панҷоб (Ҳиндустон) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪಂಜಾಬ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencap,_Hindistan" title="Pencap, Hindistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Пенджаб (штат Індії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><A href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%8C_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="پنجاب، بھارت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99)" title="Punjab (Ấn Độ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war" style="display: none;"><A href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indya)" title="Punjab (Indya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E9%82%A6" title="旁遮普邦 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E9%82%A6" title="旁遮普邦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty" style="display: none;"><A href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" title="पञ्जाब (भारत) – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</A></LI>				<BUTTON class="mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button" title="All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)">95 more</BUTTON></UL>
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document_title: Punjab, India

token: Punjab

token: India

token: Wikipedia

token: This

token: article

token: is

token: about

token: a

token: state

token: For

token: geographical

token: region

token: see

token: other

token: uses

token: the

token: name

token: disambiguation

token: State

token: <Table>

token: <Tr>

token: <Th colspan="2">

token: <Td colspan="2">

token: The

token: only

token: with

token: majority

token: Sikh

token: population

token: contains

token: Golden

token: Temple

token: amongst

token: most

token: important

token: sites

token: Sikhism

token: <Td>

token: Seal

token: </Table>

token: Location

token: Coordinates

token: Chandigarh

token: N

token: E

token: <Th>

token: Country

token: Capital

token: বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া

token: српскохрватски

question_text: how many district in punjab and also write its name