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<TITLE>Animal migration tracking - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Animal migration tracking</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<DIV class="mbox-text-span">This article <B>needs additional citations for <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</A></B>. <SPAN class="hide-when-compact">Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration_tracking&action=edit">improve this article</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</SPAN> <SMALL><I>(June 2014)</I></SMALL> <SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I>(<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_with_radio_collar.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Canis_lupus_with_radio_collar.jpg/220px-Canis_lupus_with_radio_collar.jpg" width="220" height="152" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Canis_lupus_with_radio_collar.jpg/330px-Canis_lupus_with_radio_collar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Canis_lupus_with_radio_collar.jpg/440px-Canis_lupus_with_radio_collar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2077" /></A>
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Radio-collared wolf in <A href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</A></DIV>
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<P>For years <A href="/wiki/Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">scientists</A> have been <A href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">tracking</A> animals and the ways they <A href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">migrate</A>. One of the many goals of animal migration research has been to determine where the animals are going; however, researchers also want to know why they are going "there". Researchers not only look at the animals' migration but also what is between point a and point b to determine if a species is moving to new locations based on food density, a change in water temperature, and the animal's ability to adapt to these changes.</P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
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<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Technologies_for_tracking"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Technologies for tracking</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Radio_tracking"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Radio tracking</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Satellite_tracking"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Satellite tracking</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#Importance"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Importance</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Technologies_for_tracking">Technologies for tracking</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration_tracking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technologies for tracking">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg/220px-Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg/330px-Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg/440px-Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Tagged_Closeup_3008px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></A>
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A <A href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch butterfly</A> shortly after tagging at the <A href="/wiki/Cape_May_Bird_Observatory" title="Cape May Bird Observatory">Cape May Bird Observatory</A>. The Observatory is one of the organisation that has a monarch identification tagging program. Plastic stickers are placed on the wing of the insect with identification information. Tracking information is used to study the migration patterns of monarchs, including how far and where they fly.</DIV>
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<P>In the fall of 1803, American Naturalist <A href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</A> wondered whether migrating birds returned to the same place each year. So he tied a string around the leg of a bird before it flew south. The following spring, Audubon saw the bird had indeed come back.</P>
<P>Scientists today still attach tags, such as metal bands, to track movement of animals. Metal bands require the re-capture of animals for the scientists to gather data; the data is thus limited to the animal's release and destination points.</P>
<P>Recent technologies have helped solve this problem. Some electronic tags give off repeating signals that are picked up by radio devices or <A href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</A> while other electronic tags could include archival tags (or data loggers). Scientists can track the locations and movement of the tagged animals without recapturing them using this <A href="/wiki/RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</A> technology or satellites. These electronic tags can provide a great deal of data.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Radio_tracking">Radio tracking</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration_tracking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Radio tracking">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">Telemetry</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Petrogale_penicillata_with_radio_tracking_collar_-_journal.pone.0063017.g001A.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Petrogale_penicillata_with_radio_tracking_collar_-_journal.pone.0063017.g001A.png/220px-Petrogale_penicillata_with_radio_tracking_collar_-_journal.pone.0063017.g001A.png" width="220" height="156" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Petrogale_penicillata_with_radio_tracking_collar_-_journal.pone.0063017.g001A.png/330px-Petrogale_penicillata_with_radio_tracking_collar_-_journal.pone.0063017.g001A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Petrogale_penicillata_with_radio_tracking_collar_-_journal.pone.0063017.g001A.png/440px-Petrogale_penicillata_with_radio_tracking_collar_-_journal.pone.0063017.g001A.png 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1278" /></A>
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The right one of these two <A href="/wiki/Petrogale_penicillata" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrogale penicillata">brush-tailed rock-wallabies</A> is wearing a radio tracking collar.</DIV>
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<P><A href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">Tracking</A> an animal by radio telemetry involves two devices. <A href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">Telemetry</A>, in general, involves the use of a <A href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</A> that is attached to an animal and sends out a signal in the form of <A href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</A>, just as a <A href="/wiki/Radio_station" title="Radio station">radio station</A> does.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</A></SUP> A scientist might place the transmitter around an animal's <A href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankle</A>, <A href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</A>, <A href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wing</A>, <A href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</A>, or <A href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</A>. Alternatively, they may surgically implant it as internal radio transmitters have the advantage of remaining intact and functioning longer than traditional attachments, being protected from environmental variables and wear.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> A <A href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</A> receiver picks up the signal, just like a home radio picks up a station's signal. The receiver is usually in a <A href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">truck</A>, an <A href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">ATV</A>, or an <A href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</A></SUP> To keep track of the signal, the scientist follows the animal using the receiver. This approach of using radio tracking can be used to track the animal manually but is also used when animals are equipped with other payloads. The receiver is used to home in on the animal to get the payload back.</P>
<P>Another form of radio tracking that can be utilized, especially in the case of small bird migration, is the use of <A href="/wiki/Geolocation" title="Geolocation">geolocators</A> or "geologgers".<SUP id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</A></SUP> This technology utilizes a light sensor that tracks the <A href="/wiki/Light_level_geolocator" title="Light level geolocator">light-level data</A> during regular intervals in order to determine a location based on the length of the day and the time of solar noon.<SUP id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</A></SUP>While there are benefits and challenges with using this method of tracking, it is one of the only practical means of tracking small birds over long distances during migration.<SUP id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Passive_Integrated_Transponder" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive Integrated Transponder">Passive integrated transponders</A> (PIT) are another method of telemetry used to track the movements of a species <SUP id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</A></SUP> Passive integrated transponders, or "PIT tags", are electronic tags that allow researchers to collect data from a specimen without the need to recapture and handle the animal.<SUP id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</A></SUP> Data is captured and monitored via electronic interrogation antennae, which records the time and location of the individual.<SUP id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:2-5">[5]</A></SUP> Pit tags are a humane method of tracking that has little risk of infection or mortality due to the limited contact necessary to monitor the specimens. They are also cost-efficient in that they can be used repeatedly should the need arise to remove the tag from the animal.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Satellite_tracking">Satellite tracking</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration_tracking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Satellite tracking">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/GPS_wildlife_tracking" title="GPS wildlife tracking">GPS wildlife tracking</A></DIV>
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A <A href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">saltwater crocodile</A> with GPS-based satellite <A href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</A> for migration tracking</DIV>
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<P>Receivers can be placed in <A href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</A>-<A href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbiting</A> satellites such as <A href="/wiki/Argos_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Argos System">ARGOS</A>. Networks, or groups, of satellites are used to track animals. Each satellite in a network picks up electronic signals from a transmitter on an animal. Together, the signals from all satellites determine the precise <A href="/wiki/Location_(geography)" title="Location (geography)">location</A> of the animal. The satellites also track the animal's path as it moves. Satellite-received transmitters fitted to animals can also provide information about the animals' physiological characteristics (e.g. temperature) and habitat use.<SUP id="cite_ref-Gavashelishvili8_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Gavashelishvili8-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Gavashelishvili19_8-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Gavashelishvili19-8">[8]</A></SUP> Satellite tracking is especially useful because the scientists do not have to follow after the animal nor do they have to recover the tag to get the data on where the animal is going or has gone. Satellite networks have tracked the migration and territorial movements of <A href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sea_turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea turtles">sea turtles</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Whales">whales</A>, <A href="/wiki/Great_white_sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Great white sharks">great white sharks</A>, <A href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</A>, <A href="/wiki/Elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephants">elephants</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bald_eagles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bald eagles">bald eagles</A>, <A href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">ospreys</A> and <A href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vultures</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Gavashelishvili8_7-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Gavashelishvili8-7">[7]</A></SUP> Additionally <A href="/wiki/Pop-up_satellite_archival_tag" title="Pop-up satellite archival tag">Pop-up satellite archival tags</A> are used on marine mammals and various species of fish. There are two main systems, the above-mentioned Argos and the <A href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-baldibis_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-baldibis-10">[10]</A></SUP> Thanks to these systems, conservationists can find the key sites for migratory species.<SUP id="cite_ref-baldibis_10-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-baldibis-10">[10]</A></SUP> Another form of satellite tracking would be the use of <A href="/wiki/Acoustic_tag" title="Acoustic tag">acoustic telemetry</A>. This involves the use of electronic tags that emit sound in order for the researchers to track and monitor an animal within three dimensions, which is helpful in instances when large quantities of a species are being tracked at a time.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Importance">Importance</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration_tracking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Importance">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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SeaTag-GEO on a turtle carrier platform for turtle tagging</DIV>
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<P>Electronic tags are giving scientists a complete, accurate picture of migration <A href="/wiki/Patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Patterns">patterns</A>. For example, when scientists used radio transmitters to track one <A href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">herd</A> of <A href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou</A>, they learned two important things. First, they learned that the herd moves much more than previously thought. Second, they learned that each year the herd returns to about the same place to give <A href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">birth</A>. This information would have been difficult or impossible to obtain with "low tech" tags.</P>
<P>Tracking migrations is an important tool to better understand and protect <A href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</A>. For example, <A href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</A> <A href="/wiki/Manatees" class="mw-redirect" title="Manatees">manatees</A> are an <A href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</A>, and therefore they need protection. Radio tracking showed that Florida manatees may travel as far as Rhode Island when they migrate. This information suggests that the manatees may need protection along much of the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Previously, protection efforts focused mainly in the Florida area.</P>
<P>In the wake of the <A href="/wiki/BP_oil_spill" class="mw-redirect" title="BP oil spill">BP oil spill</A>, efforts in tracking animals has increased in the Gulf. Most researchers who use electronic tags have only a few options: pop-up satellite tags, archival tags, or satellite tags. Historically these tags were generally expensive and could cost several thousands of dollars per tag. However, with current advancements in technology prices are now allowing researchers to tag more animals. With this increase in the number of species and individuals that can be tagged it is important to record and acknowledge the potential negative effects these devices might have. <SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP> <SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP></P>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration_tracking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Acoustic_tag" title="Acoustic tag">Acoustic tag</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bird_ringing" title="Bird ringing">Bird ringing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Data_storage_tag" title="Data storage tag">Data storage tag</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Light_level_geolocator" title="Light level geolocator">Light level geolocator</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pop-up_satellite_archival_tag" title="Pop-up satellite archival tag">Pop-up satellite archival tag</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tracking_collar" title="Tracking collar">Tracking collar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coded_wire_tag" title="Coded wire tag">Coded wire tag</A></LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration_tracking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<LI id="cite_note-:0-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/programs/im/satellite_gps_telemetry/wildlifetrackingtelementry.htm">"Technology and Development at the USDA Forest Service, Satellite/GPS Telemetry for Monitoring Lesser Prairie Chickens"</A>. <I>www.fs.fed.us</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-03-02</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fs.fed.us&rft.atitle=Technology+and+Development+at+the+USDA+Forest+Service%2C+Satellite%2FGPS+Telemetry+for+Monitoring+Lesser+Prairie+Chickens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Ft-d%2Fprograms%2Fim%2Fsatellite_gps_telemetry%2Fwildlifetrackingtelementry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration+tracking" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Original text (in public domain):"Internal radio transmitters have the advantage of remaining intact and functioning longer than traditional attachments. Implanted transmitters also are protected from extrinsic variables such as environmental elements and wear (Eagle et al. 1984)." (Lander et al. 2005) <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1191&context=usdeptcommercepub">http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1191&context=usdeptcommercepub</A> (accessed 29 November 2012)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-:1-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animalmigration.org/geolocation/index.htm">"Animal Migration Research, Jeff Kelly Lab"</A>. <I>www.animalmigration.org</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-03-02</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.animalmigration.org&rft.atitle=Animal+Migration+Research%2C+Jeff+Kelly+Lab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalmigration.org%2Fgeolocation%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration+tracking" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Stutchbury, Bridget J. M.; Tarof, Scott A.; Done, Tyler; Gow, Elizabeth; Kramer, Patrick M.; Tautin, John; Fox, James W.; Afanasyev, Vsevolod (2009-02-13). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/323/5916/896">"Tracking Long-Distance Songbird Migration by Using Geolocators"</A>. <I>Science</I>. <B>323</B> (5916): 896–896. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1166664">10.1126/science.1166664</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19213909">19213909</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Tracking+Long-Distance+Songbird+Migration+by+Using+Geolocators&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=5916&rft.pages=896-896&rft.date=2009-02-13&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19213909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1166664&rft.aulast=Stutchbury&rft.aufirst=Bridget+J.+M.&rft.au=Tarof%2C+Scott+A.&rft.au=Done%2C+Tyler&rft.au=Gow%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Patrick+M.&rft.au=Tautin%2C+John&rft.au=Fox%2C+James+W.&rft.au=Afanasyev%2C+Vsevolod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F323%2F5916%2F896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration+tracking" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-:2-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psmfc.org/program/pit-tag-information-systems-ptagis">"PIT Tag Information Systems (PTAGIS) | Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission"</A>. <I>www.psmfc.org</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-03-02</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.psmfc.org&rft.atitle=PIT+Tag+Information+Systems+%28PTAGIS%29+%7C+Pacific+States+Marine+Fisheries+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psmfc.org%2Fprogram%2Fpit-tag-information-systems-ptagis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration+tracking" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/passive-integrated-transponder-pit-tags-in-the-101289287">"Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) Tags in the Study of Animal Movement | Learn Science at Scitable"</A>. <I>www.nature.com</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-03-02</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nature.com&rft.atitle=Passive+Integrated+Transponder+%28PIT%29+Tags+in+the+Study+of+Animal+Movement+%7C+Learn+Science+at+Scitable&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fscitable%2Fknowledge%2Flibrary%2Fpassive-integrated-transponder-pit-tags-in-the-101289287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration+tracking" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Gavashelishvili8-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Gavashelishvili8_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Gavashelishvili8_7-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Gavashelishvili, A.; McGrady, M. J. (2007). "Radio-satellite telemetry of a territorial Bearded Vulture <I>Gypaetus barbatus</I> in the Caucasus". <I>Vulture News</I>. <B>56</B>: 4–13.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vulture+News&rft.atitle=Radio-satellite+telemetry+of+a+territorial+Bearded+Vulture+Gypaetus+barbatus+in+the+Caucasus&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=4-13&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Gavashelishvili%2C+A.&rft.au=McGrady%2C+M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration+tracking" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Gavashelishvili19-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Gavashelishvili19_8-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Gavashelishvili, A.; McGrady, M.; Ghasabian, M.; Bildstein, K. L. (2012). "Movements and habitat use by immature Cinereous Vultures (<I>Aegypius monachus</I>) from the Caucasus". <I>Bird Study</I>. iFirst: 1–14. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1080%2F00063657.2012.728194">10.1080/00063657.2012.728194</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bird+Study&rft.atitle=Movements+and+habitat+use+by+immature+Cinereous+Vultures+%28Aegypius+monachus%29+from+the+Caucasus&rft.volume=iFirst&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00063657.2012.728194&rft.au=Gavashelishvili%2C+A.&rft.au=McGrady%2C+M.&rft.au=Ghasabian%2C+M.&rft.au=Bildstein%2C+K.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration+tracking" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<LI id="cite_note-baldibis-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-baldibis_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-baldibis_10-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://northernbaldibis.blogspot.com/2011/10/it-has-been-mentioned-in-previous-posts.html">Northern Bald Ibis Project</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.htisonar.com/what_are_acoustic_tags.htm">"Acoustic Telemetry Fisheries Research"</A>. <I>www.htisonar.com</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-03-02</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.htisonar.com&rft.atitle=Acoustic+Telemetry+Fisheries+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.htisonar.com%2Fwhat_are_acoustic_tags.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration+tracking" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Bell, S. C.; El Harouchi, M.; Hewson, C. M.; Burgess, M. D. (2017). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ibi.12493/full">"No short- or long-term effects of geolocator attachment detected in Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca"</A>. <I>Ibis</I>. <B>159</B> (4): 734–743. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fibi.12493">10.1111/ibi.12493</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ibis&rft.atitle=No+short-+or+long-term+effects+of+geolocator+attachment+detected+in+Pied+Flycatchers+Ficedula+hypoleuca&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=734-743&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fibi.12493&rft.au=Bell%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=El+Harouchi%2C+M.&rft.au=Hewson%2C+C.+M.&rft.au=Burgess%2C+M.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fibi.12493%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration+tracking" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Weiser, E. L.; et al. (2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movementecologyjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40462-016-0077-6">"Effects of geolocators on hatching success, return rates, breeding movements, and change in body mass in 16 species of Arctic-breeding shorebirds"</A>. <I>Movement Ecology</I>. <B>4</B> (12). <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fibi.12493">10.1111/ibi.12493</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Movement+Ecology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+geolocators+on+hatching+success%2C+return+rates%2C+breeding+movements%2C+and+change+in+body+mass+in+16+species+of+Arctic-breeding+shorebirds&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fibi.12493&rft.au=Weiser%2C+E.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovementecologyjournal.biomedcentral.com%2Farticles%2F10.1186%2Fs40462-016-0077-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+migration+tracking" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_migration_tracking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacetoday.org/Satellites/Tracking/Animals/PorcupineCaribou.html">"Satellite Tracking."</A> <I>Space Today</I>.</LI>
<LI>Tomkiewicz, Jr, Stanley. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telonics.com/technotes/tracking.html">"Tracking animal Wild life."</A> telonics.</LI>
<LI>Zanoni, Mary. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klamathbasincrisis.org/regulations/animalID/info021506.htm">"Animal ID."</A> Klamath Basin.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audubon.org/nas/jja.html">"John James Audubon."</A> Audubon. National Audubon Society, Inc.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.werc.usgs.gov/sattrack/">"Satellite Tracking Migratory Birds."</A> Western Ecological Research Center.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909045226/http://spacetoday.org/Satellites/Tracking/Animals/WestIndianManatees.html">"Satellite Tracking Threatened Manatees."</A> <I>Space Today</I>.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savethemanatee.org/tracking_manatees.htm">"Tracking Manatee Movement."</A> Save The Manatee Club.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learner.org/jnorth/spring1998/critters/manatee/Update020498.html#Satellite">"Manatee Migration Updates."</A> Journey North. Learner.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLNlFbqKh38">Radio interview</A> Robert and Kirk Miner remember their grandfather, Jack Miner, and talk about the Jack Miner Migratory Bird Sanctuary. Originally aired February 1, 2008.</LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Population_dynamics_of_fisheries" title="Population dynamics of fisheries">Population dynamics of fisheries</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Data_storage_tag" title="Data storage tag">Data storage tag</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Otolith_microchemical_analysis" title="Otolith microchemical analysis">Otolith microchemical analysis</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/EcoSCOPE" title="EcoSCOPE">EcoSCOPE</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Ecopath" title="Ecopath">Ecopath</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ocean_Surface_Topography_Mission" title="Ocean Surface Topography Mission">OSTM</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_databases" title="Category:Fisheries databases">Fisheries databases</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_and_aquaculture_research_institutes" title="Category:Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes">Institutes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fisheries_science#Notable_contributors" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries scientists</A></LI>
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<DIV><A href="/wiki/File:Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Great Barracuda off the Netherland Antilles.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/140px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" width="140" height="105" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/210px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/280px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></A></DIV>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eel_life_history" title="Eel life history">Eel fisheries</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fisheries</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kelp#Kelp_in_history_and_culture" title="Kelp">Kelp fisheries</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fisheries</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eel_ladder" title="Eel ladder">Eel ladder</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fish_screen" title="Fish screen">Fish screen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migration</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marine_habitats" title="Marine habitats">Marine habitats</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt current</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal blooms</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zones</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.3em">Management</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Monitoring_control_and_surveillance" title="Monitoring control and surveillance">Monitoring control and surveillance</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vessel_monitoring_system" title="Vessel monitoring system">Vessel monitoring system</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fishery_Resources_Monitoring_System" title="Fishery Resources Monitoring System">Fishery Resources Monitoring System</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Catch_reporting" title="Catch reporting">Catch reporting</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fisheries_observer" title="Fisheries observer">Fisheries observer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson–Stevens Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pulse_fishing" title="Pulse fishing">Pulse fishing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_organizations" title="Category:Fisheries organizations">Fisheries organizations</A></LI>
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<DIV><A href="/wiki/File:Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Yellowfin tuna nurp.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/140px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" width="140" height="99" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/210px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/280px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1106" /></A></DIV>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Catch_share" title="Catch share">Catch share</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Minimum_landing_size" title="Minimum landing size">Minimum landing size</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Slot_limit" title="Slot limit">Slot limit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Discards" title="Discards">Discards</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Incidental_catch" title="Incidental catch">Incidental catch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cetacean_bycatch" title="Cetacean bycatch">Cetacean bycatch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Turtle_excluder_device" title="Turtle excluder device">Turtle excluder device</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shrimp-Turtle_Case" title="Shrimp-Turtle Case"><I>Shrimp-Turtle</I> case</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">EU quotas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/European_Fishery_MLS" title="European Fishery MLS">EU MLS</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.3em">Sustainability</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sustainable_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable fisheries">Sustainable fisheries</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">Maximum sustainable yield</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of fishing">Environmental effects of fishing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">Fishing down the food web</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">Destructive fishing practices</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Future_of_Marine_Animal_Populations" title="Future of Marine Animal Populations">Future of Marine Animal Populations</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Sunken_Billions" title="The Sunken Billions">The Sunken Billions</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Line:_How_Overfishing_Is_Changing_the_World_and_What_We_Eat" title="The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat">The End of the Line</A></I></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.3em">Conservation</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marine_Protected_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Protected Area">Marine Protected Area</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">Marine reserve</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Salmon conservation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark_conservation" title="Grey nurse shark conservation">Grey nurse shark conservation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shark_sanctuary" title="Shark sanctuary">Shark sanctuary</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.3em">Organisations</TH>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Black_Fish" title="The Black Fish">The Black Fish</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aquaculture_Stewardship_Council" title="Aquaculture Stewardship Council">Aquaculture Stewardship Council</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Friend_of_the_Sea" title="Friend of the Sea">Friend of the Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/SeaChoice" title="SeaChoice">SeaChoice</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ocean_Conservancy" title="Ocean Conservancy">Ocean Conservancy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ocean_Outcomes" title="Ocean Outcomes">Ocean Outcomes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group)" title="Oceana (non-profit group)">Oceana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_Around_Us_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Around Us Project">Sea Around Us Project</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/WorldFish_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldFish Center">WorldFish Center</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Defying_Ocean%27s_End" title="Defying Ocean's End">Defying Ocean's End</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/PROFISH" title="PROFISH">PROFISH</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_Seafood_Sustainability_Foundation" title="International Seafood Sustainability Foundation">International Seafood Sustainability Foundation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.3em">Related issues</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/CalCOFI" title="CalCOFI">CalCOFI</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">Threatened sharks</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">Threatened rays</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">List of fishing topics by subject</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index of fishing articles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of fisheries">Fisheries glossary</A></LI>
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<DIV id="Swarming" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarming</A></DIV>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour#Biological_swarming" title="Swarm behaviour">Biological swarming</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology" title="Agent-based model in biology">Agent-based model in biology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bait_ball" title="Bait ball">Bait ball</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Collective_animal_behavior" title="Collective animal behavior">Collective animal behavior</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Feeding_frenzy" title="Feeding frenzy">Feeding frenzy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flock_(birds)" title="Flock (birds)">Flock</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flocking_(behavior)" title="Flocking (behavior)">Flocking</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">Herd</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">Herd behavior</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mixed-species_foraging_flock" title="Mixed-species foraging flock">Mixed-species foraging flock</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mobbing_(animal_behavior)" title="Mobbing (animal behavior)">Mobbing behavior</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pack_(canine)" title="Pack (canine)">Pack</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pack_hunter" title="Pack hunter">Pack hunter</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Patterns_of_self-organization_in_ants" title="Patterns of self-organization in ants">Patterns of self-organization in ants</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sort_sol" title="Sort sol">Sort sol</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Symmetry_breaking_of_escaping_ants" title="Symmetry breaking of escaping ants">Symmetry breaking of escaping ants</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarming behaviour</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swarming_(honey_bee)" title="Swarming (honey bee)">Swarming (honey bee)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swarming_motility" title="Swarming motility">Swarming motility</A></LI>
</UL>
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</TD>
<TD class="navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<DIV><A href="/wiki/File:Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Auklet flock Shumagins 1986.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg/140px-Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg" width="140" height="95" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg/210px-Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg/280px-Auklet_flock_Shumagins_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3756" data-file-height="2561" /></A></DIV>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">Animal migration</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">Animal migration</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Altitudinal_migration" title="Altitudinal migration">altitudinal</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">tracking</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coded_wire_tag" title="Coded wire tag">coded wire tag</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">Bird migration</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Bird_migration_flyways" title="Category:Bird migration flyways">flyways</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reverse_migration_(birds)" title="Reverse migration (birds)">reverse migration</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cell_migration" title="Cell migration">Cell migration</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Fish migration</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">diel vertical</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lessepsian_migration" title="Lessepsian migration">lessepsian</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon run</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">sardine run</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Homing_(biology)" title="Homing (biology)">Homing</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Natal_homing" title="Natal homing">natal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Philopatry" title="Philopatry">philopatry</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Insect_migration" title="Insect migration">Insect migration</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lepidoptera_migration" title="Lepidoptera migration">butterflies</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly_migration" title="Monarch butterfly migration">monarch</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_turtle_migration" title="Sea turtle migration">Sea turtle migration</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour#Models" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm algorithms</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">Agent-based models</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ant_colony_optimization_algorithms" title="Ant colony optimization algorithms">Ant colony optimization</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Artificial_ants" title="Artificial ants">Artificial ants</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Boids" title="Boids">Boids</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd simulation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Particle_swarm_optimization" title="Particle swarm optimization">Particle swarm optimization</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swarm_intelligence" title="Swarm intelligence">Swarm intelligence</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swarm_(simulation)" title="Swarm (simulation)">Swarm (simulation)</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Collective_motion" title="Collective motion">Collective motion</A></TH>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Active_matter" title="Active matter">Active matter</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Collective_motion" title="Collective motion">Collective motion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Self-propelled_particles" title="Self-propelled particles">Self-propelled particles</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Clustering_of_self-propelled_particles" title="Clustering of self-propelled particles">clustering</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Vicsek_model" title="Vicsek model">Vicsek model</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ant_robotics" title="Ant robotics">Ant robotics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Intelligent_Small_World_Autonomous_Robots_for_Micro-manipulation" title="Intelligent Small World Autonomous Robots for Micro-manipulation">I-Swarm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm robotics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Symbrion" title="Symbrion">Symbrion</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</TH>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Allee_effect" title="Allee effect">Allee effect</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Animal_navigation" title="Animal navigation">Animal navigation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Decentralised_system" title="Decentralised system">Decentralised system</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eusociality" title="Eusociality">Eusociality</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Group_size_measures" title="Group size measures">Group size measures</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Microbial_intelligence" title="Microbial intelligence">Microbial intelligence</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Predator_satiation" title="Predator satiation">Predator satiation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quorum_sensing" title="Quorum sensing">Quorum sensing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spatial_organization" title="Spatial organization">Spatial organization</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stigmergy" title="Stigmergy">Stigmergy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Military swarming</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Task_allocation_and_partitioning_of_social_insects" title="Task allocation and partitioning of social insects">Task allocation and partitioning of social insects</A></LI>
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document_title: Animal migration tracking

token: Animal

token: migration

token: tracking

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question_text: match each animal with the best description of their migratory behavior