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<TITLE>List of wealthiest historical figures - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">List of wealthiest historical figures</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<A href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</A> is often considered the wealthiest person in modern history.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<P>The <B>list of the wealthiest historical figures</B> gathers published estimates as to the (<A href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)" title="Real versus nominal value (economics)">inflation-adjusted</A>) net-worth and fortunes of the wealthiest <A href="/wiki/Historical_figure" title="Historical figure">historical figures</A> in comparison. Due to problems arising from different definitions of wealth, ways of measuring it, various economic models throughout history, as well as multiple other reasons—this article discusses the wealthiest people in the following separate historical periods: <A href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Antiquity</A>, <A href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</A> and <A href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">modern period</A>. Accordingly—because of the previously mentioned difficulties—it is not possible to determine the single richest person in all of history.</P>
<P>For the <A href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">modern period</A>, wealth can be measured more or less objectively via <A href="/wiki/Inflation_adjustment" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation adjustment">inflation adjustment</A>, e.g. comparing the <A href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">nominal GDP of the United States</A> of the respective periods, and then converting it into contemporary United States dollars. For the medieval and ancient history, comparison of wealth becomes more problematic, on one hand due to the inaccuracy or unreliability of records, on the other due to the difficulty of comparing a pre-industrial economy to a modern one, and especially in the presence of <A href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</A>, where an entire kingdom or empire is considered the ruler's personal property (this is also an issue in early modern to modern period, e.g. Davidson (2015) lists <A href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</A> among <I>The 10 Richest People of All Time</I> for his "complete control of a nation with 9.6% of global GDP").<SUP id="cite_ref-time.com_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-time.com-3">[3]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Excluding <A href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarchs</A> and <A href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocrats</A>, the wealthiest private individual in the history of <A href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</A> is variously identified as <A href="/wiki/Jakob_Fugger" title="Jakob Fugger">Jakob Fugger</A> (died 1525), of the early modern <A href="/wiki/Fugger" title="Fugger">Fugger</A> family of merchants and bankers,<SUP id="cite_ref-Fugger_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Fugger-4">[4]</A></SUP> and early 20th-century American entrepreneurs <A href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</A> (died 1919)<SUP id="cite_ref-Carnegie_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Carnegie-5">[5]</A></SUP> and <A href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</A> (died 1937). Frequently, one of these few people is considered to be the richest person of all time, depending on source.</P>
<P>While the <A href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild family</A> rose to the status of the <A href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_families" title="List of wealthiest families">wealthiest family</A> of bankers in the 19th century, their wealth was distributed among a number of family members, preventing them from appearing among the wealthiest individuals. The richest among the Rothschilds was the head of its English branch—<A href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild</A>—the richest person of his time.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP> Bernstein and Swan in <I>All the Money in the World</I> (2008) mention the top three <A href="/wiki/List_of_richest_Americans_in_history" title="List of richest Americans in history">richest Americans ever</A>—all <A href="/wiki/Tycoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Tycoons">tycoons</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</A>—respectively: John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie and <A href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</A>; <A href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</A> was ranked only 12th.<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP></P>
<P>According to Close (2016), the <A href="/wiki/List_of_female_billionaires" title="List of female billionaires">wealthiest woman</A> in the history of capitalism, excluding monarchs, is <I>L'Oréal</I> heiress <A href="/wiki/Liliane_Bettencourt" title="Liliane Bettencourt">Liliane Bettencourt</A>, whose net worth was at $40.7 billion in 2015.<SUP id="cite_ref-Close_8-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Close-8">[8]</A></SUP> Including monarchs, he mentions <A href="/wiki/Empress_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Wu">Empress Wu</A> for Antiquity, <A href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella of Castile">Isabella of Castile</A> for Middle Ages, and <A href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</A> for modern history.<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
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<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Early_modern_to_modern_period"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Early modern to modern period</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Middle_Ages"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Middle Ages</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Antiquity"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Antiquity</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A></LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Early_modern_to_modern_period">Early modern to modern period</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wealthiest_historical_figures&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early modern to modern period">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Listed individuals are thought to have had a net worth of at least the equivalent of 100 billion <A href="/wiki/United_States_dollars" class="mw-redirect" title="United States dollars">United States dollars</A>. Therefore, it excludes figures such as <A href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew W. Mellon">Andrew W. Mellon</A>, <A href="/wiki/Richard_B._Mellon" title="Richard B. Mellon">Richard B. Mellon</A>, <A href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">Stephen Van Rensselaer</A>, <A href="/wiki/A.T._Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="A.T. Stewart">A.T. Stewart</A>, <A href="/wiki/Heshen" title="Heshen">Heshen</A>, <A href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Morgan">J.P. Morgan</A>, and others.</P>
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<TH style="width: 6%;">Name</TH>
<TH style="width: 5%;">Photograph/Portrait</TH>
<TH style="width: 3%;">Lifetime</TH>
<TH style="width: 5%;">Net worth (billion 2010 USD)</TH>
<TH style="width: 20%;">Description</TH>
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<TD><A href="/wiki/Jakob_Fugger" title="Jakob Fugger">Jakob Fugger</A></TD>
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<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_080.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Albrecht Dürer 080.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_080.jpg/150px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_080.jpg" width="150" height="212" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_080.jpg/225px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_080.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_080.jpg/300px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_080.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2859" /></A></DIV>
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<TD>1459–1525
<P>(66 years)</P>
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<TD>400<SUP id="cite_ref-Fugger_4-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Fugger-4">[4]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>German merchant, mining entrepreneur and banker. He expanded Fugger family's assets by making their operations European wide. At one point, Fugger & family had an almost monopolistic hold on the European copper market.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP> At his death, Jakob Fugger bequeathed to his nephew <A href="/wiki/Anton_Fugger" title="Anton Fugger">Anton Fugger</A> company assets totaling 2,032,652 <A href="/wiki/Guilders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilders">guilders</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP> Referred to as "Fugger the Rich".</TD>
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<TD><A href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</A></TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:John_D_Rockefeller_1900.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="John D Rockefeller 1900.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/John_D_Rockefeller_1900.jpg/150px-John_D_Rockefeller_1900.jpg" width="150" height="175" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/John_D_Rockefeller_1900.jpg/225px-John_D_Rockefeller_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/John_D_Rockefeller_1900.jpg/300px-John_D_Rockefeller_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="366" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD>1839–1937
<P>(97 years)</P>
</TD>
<TD>336<SUP id="cite_ref-time.com_3-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-time.com-3">[3]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>On September 29, 1916, Rockefeller became the first person ever to reach a nominal personal fortune of US$1 billion (equivalent to US$16 billion in 2016).<SUP id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_12-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-12">[12]</A></SUP> Rockefeller amassed his fortune from the <A href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</A> company, of which he was a founder, chairman and major shareholder. By the time of his death in 1937, estimates place his net worth in the range of US$300 billion to US$400 billion in adjusted dollars for the late 2000s (decade). When considering the real value of his wealth, Rockefeller is widely held to have been the wealthiest American, as well as the richest person in modern history.<SUP id="cite_ref-NYTWealthiest07_13-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NYTWealthiest07-13">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-ForbesRichAmericans98_14-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ForbesRichAmericans98-14">[14]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-ForbesRichAmericans07_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ForbesRichAmericans07-15">[15]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</A></TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Carnegie,_three-quarter_length_portrait,_seated,_facing_slightly_left,_1913.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Andrew Carnegie, three-quarter length portrait, seated, facing slightly left, 1913.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Andrew_Carnegie%2C_three-quarter_length_portrait%2C_seated%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1913.jpg/150px-Andrew_Carnegie%2C_three-quarter_length_portrait%2C_seated%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1913.jpg" width="150" height="175" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Andrew_Carnegie%2C_three-quarter_length_portrait%2C_seated%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1913.jpg/225px-Andrew_Carnegie%2C_three-quarter_length_portrait%2C_seated%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Andrew_Carnegie%2C_three-quarter_length_portrait%2C_seated%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1913.jpg/300px-Andrew_Carnegie%2C_three-quarter_length_portrait%2C_seated%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2574" data-file-height="3000" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD>1835–1919
<P>(84 years)</P>
</TD>
<TD>310<SUP id="cite_ref-time.com_3-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-time.com-3">[3]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>Carnegie founded the <A href="/wiki/Carnegie_Steel_Company" title="Carnegie Steel Company">Carnegie Steel Company</A>, which was the most extensive integrated iron and steel operations in the United States; in 1901, Carnegie sold his company for US$480 million to <A href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Morgan">J.P. Morgan</A>, who then merged his company into <A href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-History_Carnegie_19-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-History_Carnegie-19">[19]</A></SUP> Capitalized at US$1.4 billion at the time, U.S. Steel was the first billion dollar company in the world. In his final years, Carnegie's net worth was US$475 million, but by the time of his death in 1919 he had donated most of his wealth to charities and other philanthropic endeavors and had only US$30 million left to his personal fortune. Carnegie's hundreds of millions accounted for about 0.60% of the U.S. annual GDP and has a real value estimated at about US$75 billion adjusted for the late 2000s (decade).<SUP id="cite_ref-NYTWealthiest07_13-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NYTWealthiest07-13">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-ForbesRichAmericans98_14-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ForbesRichAmericans98-14">[14]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</A></TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_II_of_Russia_painted_by_Earnest_Lipgart.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Nicholas II of Russia painted by Earnest Lipgart.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nicholas_II_of_Russia_painted_by_Earnest_Lipgart.jpg/150px-Nicholas_II_of_Russia_painted_by_Earnest_Lipgart.jpg" width="150" height="225" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nicholas_II_of_Russia_painted_by_Earnest_Lipgart.jpg/225px-Nicholas_II_of_Russia_painted_by_Earnest_Lipgart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nicholas_II_of_Russia_painted_by_Earnest_Lipgart.jpg/300px-Nicholas_II_of_Russia_painted_by_Earnest_Lipgart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2100" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD>1868–1918
<P>(50 years)</P>
</TD>
<TD>250-300</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Emperor_of_All_Russia" title="Emperor of All Russia">Emperor of All Russia</A> from 1894 to 1917. Estimates of the wealth of Nicholas II remain wildly speculative. As emperor, and an autocrat, the resources under Nicholas II's command were virtually incalculable. However, the vast majority of this was officially owned by the State as Crown property. From this, supplemented by an annuity from the Treasury, he derived an annual income of 24 million <A href="/wiki/Rouble" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouble">roubles</A>, from which he had to fund staff, the upkeep of imperial palaces and imperial theatres, annuities for the royal family, pensions, bequests, and other outgoings.<SUP id="cite_ref-Massie,_Robert_K._1967,_p64_20-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Massie,_Robert_K._1967,_p64-20">[20]</A></SUP> "Before the end of the year, the Tsar was usually penniless; sometimes he reached this embarrassing state by autumn."<SUP id="cite_ref-Massie,_Robert_K._1967,_p64_20-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Massie,_Robert_K._1967,_p64-20">[20]</A></SUP> According to the Grand Marshall of the Court, Count Paul Benckendorff, his <I>personal wealth</I> only amounted to between 12.5 and 17.5 million roubles.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Osman_Ali_Khan,_Asaf_Jah_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII">Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII</A></TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Mir_osman_ali_khan.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="Mir osman ali khan.JPG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mir_osman_ali_khan.JPG/150px-Mir_osman_ali_khan.JPG" width="150" height="236" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mir_osman_ali_khan.JPG/225px-Mir_osman_ali_khan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mir_osman_ali_khan.JPG/300px-Mir_osman_ali_khan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="3935" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD>1886–1967
<P>(81 years)</P>
</TD>
<TD>210</TD>
<TD>The last <A href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</A> of <A href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</A> in <A href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</A>. Regarded as the wealthiest person in the world during his lifetime, his portrait was on the cover of <I><A href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</A></I> in 1937.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP> As a semi-autonomous monarch, he had his own mint, printing his own currency, the <A href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_rupee" title="Hyderabadi rupee">Hyderabadi rupee</A>, and had a private treasury that was said to contain £100m in gold and silver bullion, and a further £400m of jewels (in 2008 terms). Among them was the <A href="/wiki/Jacob_Diamond" title="Jacob Diamond">Jacob Diamond</A>, valued at some £50m (in 2008 terms),<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP> and used by the Nizam as a paperweight.<SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</A></TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Henry_ford_1919.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Henry ford 1919.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Henry_ford_1919.jpg/150px-Henry_ford_1919.jpg" width="150" height="191" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Henry_ford_1919.jpg/225px-Henry_ford_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Henry_ford_1919.jpg/300px-Henry_ford_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="2226" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD>1863–1947
<P>(84 years)</P>
</TD>
<TD>188–199</TD>
<TD>Henry Ford was an American automotive engineer, entrepreneur, and founder of the <A href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</A>. Through his designing of the <A href="/wiki/Model_T_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Model T Ford">Model T Ford</A> and employing the assembly line means of rapid production, he was able to lower the base price of his product in order to reach a wider market. As production increased, Ford further reduced prices and increased salaries to reduce worker turnover. This resulted in a rapid increase in output, with Ford production rising from roughly 18,000 cars in 1909 to over 1 million cars in 1920. Despite Ford stating that his focus was increasing Ford Motor Company's benefit to society and to its employees, even at one point <A href="/wiki/Dodge_v._Ford_Motor_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodge v. Ford Motor Company">being sued by the Dodge brothers</A> based on this premise, his company was massively profitable. His highest earnings were recorded at age 57 and he died at the age of 83 in 1947 at a net worth of US$188.1 billion (inflation-adjusted value in 2008 dollars).</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</A></TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:John_Jacob_Astor.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="John Jacob Astor.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/John_Jacob_Astor.jpg/150px-John_Jacob_Astor.jpg" width="150" height="182" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/John_Jacob_Astor.jpg/225px-John_Jacob_Astor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/John_Jacob_Astor.jpg/300px-John_Jacob_Astor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="1998" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD>1763–1848
<P>(85 years)</P>
</TD>
<TD>120–138<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>American businessman, merchant, opium smuggler, fur trader, and investor. In 1801, Astor's nominal wealth was some US$250,000, and by the time of his death in 1848 his fortune had grown to US$20 million, making him America's first multi-millionaire.<SUP id="cite_ref-NYTWealthiest07_13-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NYTWealthiest07-13">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-ForbesRichAmericans98_14-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ForbesRichAmericans98-14">[14]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-ForbesRichAmericans07_15-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ForbesRichAmericans07-15">[15]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</A></TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Cornelius Vanderbilt Daguerrotype2.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg/150px-Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg" width="150" height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg/225px-Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg/300px-Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="2705" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD>1794–1877
<P>(83 years)</P>
</TD>
<TD>105<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP>–205<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>American business magnate and philanthropist who built his wealth in railroads and shipping.</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Stephen_Girard" title="Stephen Girard">Stephen Girard</A></TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Girard_by_JR_Lambdin.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Stephen Girard by JR Lambdin.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stephen_Girard_by_JR_Lambdin.jpg/150px-Stephen_Girard_by_JR_Lambdin.jpg" width="150" height="193" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stephen_Girard_by_JR_Lambdin.jpg/225px-Stephen_Girard_by_JR_Lambdin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Stephen_Girard_by_JR_Lambdin.jpg/300px-Stephen_Girard_by_JR_Lambdin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="1965" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD>1750–1831
<P>(81 years)</P>
</TD>
<TD>105<SUP id="cite_ref-business_insider_30-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-business_insider-30">[30]</A></SUP>–120<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>French-born American banker. Before becoming a banker, he was a merchant and owned a fleet of trading ships.</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/William_Henry_Vanderbilt" title="William Henry Vanderbilt">William Henry Vanderbilt</A></TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:William_H_Vanderbilt.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="William H Vanderbilt.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/William_H_Vanderbilt.jpg/150px-William_H_Vanderbilt.jpg" width="150" height="168" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/William_H_Vanderbilt.jpg/225px-William_H_Vanderbilt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/William_H_Vanderbilt.jpg/300px-William_H_Vanderbilt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="2712" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD>1821–1885
<P>(64 years)</P>
</TD>
<TD>52-239<SUP id="cite_ref-newnetherlandinstitute.org_32-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-newnetherlandinstitute.org-32">[32]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>Railroad owner. Inherited much of his wealth from his father, <A href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-business_insider_30-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-business_insider-30">[30]</A></SUP> who initiated the <A href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_family" title="Vanderbilt family">Vanderbilt family</A>'s involvement in railroad and shipping business. He doubled his father's fortune, to an amount estimated between $52 billion and $239 billion.<SUP id="cite_ref-newnetherlandinstitute.org_32-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-newnetherlandinstitute.org-32">[32]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wealthiest_historical_figures&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Absolute rulers or conquerors are sometimes listed for the territory they controlled rather than for their immediate personal wealth (Davidson (2015) for TIME.com listed <A href="/wiki/Akbar_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar I">Akbar I</A>, <A href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</A> and <A href="/wiki/Emperor_Shenzong_of_Song" title="Emperor Shenzong of Song">Emperor Shenzong of Song</A> for their imperial possessions, while <A href="/wiki/Alan_Rufus" title="Alan Rufus">Alan Rufus</A> is listed for his immediate possessions within the <A href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</A> system of <A href="/wiki/Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman England">Norman England</A>).<SUP id="cite_ref-time.com_3-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-time.com-3">[3]</A></SUP></P>
<TABLE class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH style="width: 6%;">Name</TH>
<TH style="width: 5%;">Photograph/Portrait</TH>
<TH style="width: 5%;">Lifetime</TH>
<TH style="width: 20%;">Description</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Musa_I_of_Mali" title="Musa I of Mali">Musa I of Mali</A></TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:African_king_from_Catalan_Atlas_(1375).jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="African king from Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/African_king_from_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg/150px-African_king_from_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg" width="150" height="221" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/African_king_from_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg/225px-African_king_from_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/African_king_from_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg/300px-African_king_from_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="840" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD>c. 1280 – c. 1337</TD>
<TD>Mansa Musa, or Musa I of Mali is considered one of the richest men in history. Musa was the tenth emperor of the <A href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</A>, one of the prosperous <A href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</A> that developed along the <A href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">Saharan slave trade</A> routes in the later medieval period. Mansa Musa made his fortune by exploiting his country’s salt and gold production.<SUP id="cite_ref-time.com_3-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-time.com-3">[3]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[34]</A></SUP> Musa is said to have brought several tonnes of gold to Mecca when he made a pilgrimage there in 1324. Reported as being inconceivably rich by contemporaries, "There’s really no way to put an accurate number on his wealth."<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</A></TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:King_William_I_(%27The_Conqueror%27)_from_NPG.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="King William I ('The Conqueror') from NPG.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/King_William_I_%28%27The_Conqueror%27%29_from_NPG.jpg/150px-King_William_I_%28%27The_Conqueror%27%29_from_NPG.jpg" width="150" height="211" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/King_William_I_%28%27The_Conqueror%27%29_from_NPG.jpg/225px-King_William_I_%28%27The_Conqueror%27%29_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/King_William_I_%28%27The_Conqueror%27%29_from_NPG.jpg/300px-King_William_I_%28%27The_Conqueror%27%29_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3380" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD>d. 1087</TD>
<TD>William the Conqueror became personally enormously wealthy from spoils of war during the <A href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</A> of England.<SUP id="cite_ref-Conqueror_36-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Conqueror-36">[36]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</A></TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Basilios_II.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Basilios II.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Basilios_II.jpg/150px-Basilios_II.jpg" width="150" height="185" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Basilios_II.jpg/225px-Basilios_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Basilios_II.jpg/300px-Basilios_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="480" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD>958–1025</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</A> from 960 to 1025 at the time of the Eastern Roman Empire's greatest medieval territorial extent, also a time of considerable prosperity for the Empire.</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Alan_Rufus" title="Alan Rufus">Alan Rufus</A></TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Alan_Rufus.png" class="image"><IMG alt="Alan Rufus.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Alan_Rufus.png/150px-Alan_Rufus.png" width="150" height="259" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Alan_Rufus.png/225px-Alan_Rufus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Alan_Rufus.png 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="482" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD>c. 1040–1093</TD>
<TD>Alan Rufus, 1st Lord of Richmond, was a relative and companion of <A href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</A> (Duke William II of Normandy) during the Norman Conquest of England. By 1086 he had become one of the richest and most powerful men of England.<SUP id="cite_ref-Conqueror_36-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Conqueror-36">[36]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/William_de_Warenne,_1st_Earl_of_Surrey" title="William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey">William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey</A></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD>d. 1088</TD>
<TD>Fought alongside William the Conqueror at the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</A> and was rewarded with considerable land holdings in England.<SUP id="cite_ref-business_insider_30-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-business_insider-30">[30]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Conqueror_36-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Conqueror-36">[36]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Hinde_37-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Hinde-37">[37]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Richard_FitzAlan,_10th_Earl_of_Arundel" title="Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel">Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel</A></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD>c. 1306–1376</TD>
<TD>English nobleman and admiral. Succeeded to the <A href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Surrey">Earldom of Surrey</A> in 1347.</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</A></TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Johnofgaunt.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Johnofgaunt.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Johnofgaunt.jpg/150px-Johnofgaunt.jpg" width="150" height="192" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Johnofgaunt.jpg/225px-Johnofgaunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Johnofgaunt.jpg/300px-Johnofgaunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="600" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD>1340–1399</TD>
<TD>Third son of King <A href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</A>. Duke of Lancaster. Owned land in almost every county in England, with a <A href="/wiki/Noble_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble court">household</A> comparable to that of a monarch.<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Antiquity">Antiquity</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wealthiest_historical_figures&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_Louvre.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_Louvre.jpg/170px-Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_Louvre.jpg" width="170" height="236" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_Louvre.jpg/255px-Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_Louvre.jpg/340px-Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="2632" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_Louvre.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</A> is held to be the wealthiest person in Roman history, as he had a personal net worth equal to the treasury of Rome.<SUP id="cite_ref-TrivLibCrassus_39-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TrivLibCrassus-39">[39]</A></SUP></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>For <A href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</A>, even more than for the <A href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</A>, the definition of personal wealth becomes difficult to compare with the modern period; especially in the case of <A href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">divine kings</A>, where an entire empire might be considered the personal property of a deified emperor.</P>
<TABLE class="wikitable">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH>Name</TH>
<TH>Lifetime</TH>
<TH>Description</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</A></TD>
<TD>c. 115 BC – 53 BC</TD>
<TD>Crassus inherited a fortune of 7 million <A href="/wiki/Sesterces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesterces">sesterces</A> after the death of his father in 87 BC. After several years of exile, Crassus was able to rebuild his family fortune by seizing the property of executed convicts for himself.<SUP id="cite_ref-TrivLibCrassus_39-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TrivLibCrassus-39">[39]</A></SUP> Crassus also expanded his wealth by trading in slaves and by purchasing whole neighborhoods of Rome as they burned, for drastically less than market value. Crassus was known in Rome as <I>Dives</I>, meaning "The Rich". It is believed that Crassus expanded his personal fortune to 170 million sesterces, while <A href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</A> surmised his fortune to be valued even higher, at 200 million sesterces. This would place Crassus's net worth equal to the total annual budget of the Roman treasury.
<P>Crassus has often been listed among the "wealthiest individuals in history", although depending on the estimate of the "adjusted value" of a Roman <A href="/wiki/Sesterce" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesterce">sesterce</A>, his net worth may also be placed in the range of US$200 million to US$20 billion.<SUP id="cite_ref-Bernstein_40-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bernstein-40">[40]</A></SUP></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Augustus_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Caesar">Augustus Caesar</A></TD>
<TD>63 BC – 19 August 14 AD</TD>
<TD>Listed by <I>Time Magazine</I> with "$4.6 trillion" because he "personally owned all of Egypt".<SUP id="cite_ref-time.com_3-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-time.com-3">[3]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</A></TD>
<TD>died c. 546 BC</TD>
<TD>The name of Croesus, a historical king of <A href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</A>, was proverbial for wealth already in antiquity; this is probably due to his being the first ruler to issue true <A href="/wiki/Gold_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold coins">gold coins</A> with a standardised purity for general circulation and not necessarily for his personal wealth.</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wealthiest_historical_figures&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_billionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes list of billionaires"><I>Forbes</I> list of billionaires</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_richest_Americans_in_history" title="List of richest Americans in history">List of richest Americans in history</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_organizations" title="List of wealthiest organizations">List of wealthiest organizations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_families" title="List of wealthiest families">List of wealthiest families</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_animals" title="List of wealthiest animals">List of wealthiest animals</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wealthiest_historical_figures&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/carlodonnell/2014/07/11/the-rockefellers-the-legacy-of-historys-richest-man/#6b5586da60e7">The Rockefellers: The Legacy Of History's Richest Man</A>, Forbes 2014</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</A> claims John D. Rockefeller was the richest person.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-time.com-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-time.com_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-time.com_3-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-time.com_3-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-time.com_3-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-time.com_3-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-time.com_3-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Jacob Davidson, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://time.com/money/3977798/the-10-richest-people-of-all-time">time.com The 10 Richest People of All Time</A>, 30 July 2015</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Fugger-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Fugger_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Fugger_4-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Daniel Eckert,<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/wirtschaft/article155974825/So-wurde-Fugger-zum-reichsten-Menschen-der-Geschichte.html">So wurde Jakob Fugger zum reichsten Menschen der Historie</A> ("This is how Jakob Fugger became the wealthiest person in history"), <I><A href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</A></I>, 6 June 2016 <SPAN class="languageicon">(in German)</SPAN>. "Auf heutige Verhältnisse hochgerechnet läge das Vermögen des Bauernenkels bei unglaublichen 400 Milliarden Dollar (354 Milliarden Euro). In die Nähe dieses Wertes kamen nur die Rothschilds, die in ihrer Glanzzeit im 19. Jahrhundert die mächtigste Bankiersfamilie der Welt waren" ("Adjusted to current-day conditions, the net worth of the farmer's grandson would be close to astonishing 400 billion dollars (354 billion Euro). Only the Rothschild family, at their peak in the 19th century the most powerful family of bankers, came close to such a figure."</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Carnegie-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Carnegie_5-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">listed at 372 billion US$2014 by Jacob Davidson, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://time.com/money/3977798/the-10-richest-people-of-all-time">time.com The 10 Richest People of All Time</A>, 30 July 2015: "Rockefeller gets all the press, but Andrew Carnegie may be the richest American of all time. The Scottish immigrant sold his company, U.S. Steel, to J.P. Morgan for $480 million in 1901. That sum equates to about slightly over 2.1% of U.S. GDP at the time, giving Carnegie economic power equivalent to $372 billion in 2014."</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7pKCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65&dq=nathan+meyer+rothschild+richest#v=onepage&q=nathan%20meyer%20rothschild%20richest&f=false">GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History</A> p. 65</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQ4KnsyVQh8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=rockefeller&f=false"><I>All the Money in the World</I></A> (2008) by Bernstein and Swan, p. 17 "Introduction"</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Close-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Close_8-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Kerry Close, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://time.com/money/4153560/10-richest-women-all-time/">The 10 Richest Women of All Time</A>, time.com, 1 February 2016. Bettencourt ranks at #6 in this list, after five ancient rulers and monarchs of the Middle Ages and early modern period.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Kerry Close, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://time.com/money/4153560/10-richest-women-all-time/">The 10 Richest Women of All Time</A>, time.com. Empress Wu ranks at #1 in this list, Catherine the Great at #3, and Isabella of Castile at #5.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Peter Geffcken: <I>Fugger – Geschichte einer Familie: "Die Handelsherren mit dem Dreizack"</I>. In: DAMALS 7/2004</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation encyclopaedia"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/221438/Anton-Fugger">"Anton Fugger"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anton+Fugger&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F221438%2FAnton-Fugger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-inflation-USGDP-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_12-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2018). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/">"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"</A>. <I>MeasuringWorth</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 5,</SPAN> 2018</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+U.S.+GDP+Then%3F&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ryland&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fusgdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> United States <A href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product_deflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product deflator">Gross Domestic Product deflator</A> figures follow the <I>Measuring Worth</I> series.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-NYTWealthiest07-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-NYTWealthiest07_13-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-NYTWealthiest07_13-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-NYTWealthiest07_13-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Staff (15 July 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/ref/business/20070715_GILDED_GRAPHIC.html">"The Wealthiest Americans Ever"</A>. <A href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">30 September</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Wealthiest+Americans+Ever&rft.date=2007-07-15&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fref%2Fbusiness%2F20070715_GILDED_GRAPHIC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ForbesRichAmericans98-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ForbesRichAmericans98_14-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ForbesRichAmericans98_14-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ForbesRichAmericans98_14-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/asap/1998/0824/032.html">"Richest Americans in History"</A>. Forbes. 24 August 1998<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">22 December</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Richest+Americans+in+History&rft.date=1998-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fasap%2F1998%2F0824%2F032.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ForbesRichAmericans07-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ForbesRichAmericans07_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ForbesRichAmericans07_15-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916143955/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0702/gallery.richestamericans.fortune/index.html">"The richest Americans"</A>. Forbes. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0702/gallery.richestamericans.fortune/index.html">the original</A> on September 16, 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">22 December</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+richest+Americans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fgalleries%2F2007%2Ffortune%2F0702%2Fgallery.richestamericans.fortune%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rockefellers/filmmore/pt.html">"The Rockefellers"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2007-05-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rockefellers&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Frockefellers%2Ffilmmore%2Fpt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916143955/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0702/gallery.richestamericans.fortune/index.html">"The Richest Americans"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Fortune_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortune magazine">Fortune magazine</A></I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0702/gallery.richestamericans.fortune/index.html">the original</A> on 2009-09-16<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2007-07-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune+magazine&rft.atitle=The+Richest+Americans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fgalleries%2F2007%2Ffortune%2F0702%2Fgallery.richestamericans.fortune%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/ref/business/20070715_GILDED_GRAPHIC.html#">"The Wealthiest Americans Ever"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</A></I>. July 15, 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2007-07-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Wealthiest+Americans+Ever&rft.date=2007-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fref%2Fbusiness%2F20070715_GILDED_GRAPHIC.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-History_Carnegie-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-History_Carnegie_19-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/andrew-carnegie">"The Men Who Built America: Andrew Carnegie"</A>. <I>History.com</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=The+Men+Who+Built+America%3A+Andrew+Carnegie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fandrew-carnegie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Massie,_Robert_K._1967,_p64-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Massie,_Robert_K._1967,_p64_20-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Massie,_Robert_K._1967,_p64_20-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Massie, Robert K. <I>Nicholas and Alexandra</I>, New York, Atheneum, 1967, p64</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Clarke, William <I>The Lost Fortune of the Tsars</I>, St. Martin's Griffin; Reprint edition, 1996, p101.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101370222,00.html">"The Nizam of Hyderabad"</A>. <I>Time</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Nizam+of+Hyderabad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fcovers%2F0%2C16641%2C1101370222%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">McCaffrey, Julie (3 February 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/exclusive-the-last-nizam-of-hyderabad-was-so-rich-302814">"Exclusive: The last Nizam of Hyderabad was so rich he had a £50m diamond paperweight."</A> <I><A href="/wiki/Mirror.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror.co.uk">Mirror.co.uk</A></I>. London.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mirror.co.uk&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+The+last+Nizam+of+Hyderabad+was+so+rich+he+had+a+%C2%A350m+diamond+paperweight..&rft.date=2012-02-03&rft.aulast=McCaffrey&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fexclusive-the-last-nizam-of-hyderabad-was-so-rich-302814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Bedi, Rahul (12 April 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1584818/India-finally-settles-1million-Nizam-dispute.html">"India finally settles £1million Nizam dispute"</A>. <I>The Daily Telegraph</I>. London.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=India+finally+settles+%C2%A31million+Nizam+dispute&rft.date=2008-04-12&rft.aulast=Bedi&rft.aufirst=Rahul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1584818%2FIndia-finally-settles-1million-Nizam-dispute.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090402032500/http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/press_release.html">"Exhibitions at National Museum of India,New Delhi(India)"</A>. 2 April 2009.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exhibitions+at+National+Museum+of+India%2CNew+Delhi%28India%29&rft.date=2009-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090402032500%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fnationalmuseumindia.gov.in%2Fpress_release.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Shah, Tahir. "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article2603983.ece">Alan the Red, the Brit who makes Bill Gates a pauper</A>." <I>Times Online</I>. <I>The Sunday Times</I>. 7 October 2007. Web. 19 9ay 2010.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Hargreaves, Steve. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/gallery/luxury/2014/06/01/richest-americans-in-history/2.html">"The richest Americans in history"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+richest+Americans+in+history&rft.aulast=Hargreaves&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fgallery%2Fluxury%2F2014%2F06%2F01%2Frichest-americans-in-history%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0702/gallery.richestamericans.fortune/2.html"><I>Fortune Magazine</I><SPAN class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</SPAN> "richest Americans"</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090913151146/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0702/gallery.richestamericans.fortune/2.html">Archived</A> 2009-09-13 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. <I>Fortune</I> estimated his wealth at death at $105,000,000, or 1/87 of the nation's GDP.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Hargreaves, Steve. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/gallery/luxury/2014/06/01/richest-americans-in-history/2.html">"The richest Americans in history"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+richest+Americans+in+history&rft.aulast=Hargreaves&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fgallery%2Fluxury%2F2014%2F06%2F01%2Frichest-americans-in-history%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-business_insider-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-business_insider_30-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-business_insider_30-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-business_insider_30-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Gus Lubin, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/richest-people-in-history-2010-8?IR=T">business insider The 20 Richest People Of All Time</A>, 2 September 2010</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Hargreaves, Steve. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/gallery/luxury/2014/06/01/richest-americans-in-history/2.html">"The richest Americans in history"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+richest+Americans+in+history&rft.aulast=Hargreaves&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fgallery%2Fluxury%2F2014%2F06%2F01%2Frichest-americans-in-history%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-newnetherlandinstitute.org-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-newnetherlandinstitute.org_32-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-newnetherlandinstitute.org_32-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newnetherlandinstitute.org/history-and-heritage/dutch_americans/william-henry-vanderbilt/">"William Henry Vanderbilt"</A>. <I>www.newnetherlandinstitute.org</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newnetherlandinstitute.org&rft.atitle=William+Henry+Vanderbilt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newnetherlandinstitute.org%2Fhistory-and-heritage%2Fdutch_americans%2Fwilliam-henry-vanderbilt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/world-history/meet-mansa-musa-i-of-mali-the-richest-human-being-in-all-history-8213453.html">"Meet Mansa Musa I of Mali – the richest human being in all history"</A>. 2012-10-16<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-09-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+Mansa+Musa+I+of+Mali+%E2%80%93+the+richest+human+being+in+all+history&rft.date=2012-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fworld-history%2Fmeet-mansa-musa-i-of-mali-the-richest-human-being-in-all-history-8213453.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheatsheet.com/money-career/the-10-richest-people-of-all-time.html/?a=viewall">"10 Richest People of All Time"</A>. 2016-09-04<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-09-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Richest+People+of+All+Time&rft.date=2016-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheatsheet.com%2Fmoney-career%2Fthe-10-richest-people-of-all-time.html%2F%3Fa%3Dviewall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Jacob Davidson. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://time.com/money/3977798/the-10-richest-people-of-all-time/">"The 10 Richest People of All Time"</A>. <A href="/wiki/CNNMoney" title="CNNMoney">CNNMoney</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+10+Richest+People+of+All+Time&rft.pub=CNNMoney&rft.au=Jacob+Davidson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Fmoney%2F3977798%2Fthe-10-richest-people-of-all-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+wealthiest+historical+figures" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Conqueror-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Conqueror_36-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Conqueror_36-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Conqueror_36-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"Estimate from historian William Rubenstein via The Times, converted to dollars at average rate since ’07 (1:1.7) and adjusted for inflation."<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheatsheet.com/breaking-news/the-20-richest-people-of-all-time.html/">The 20 Richest People Of All Time</A>, 4 September 2010. "Although he became a monarch, we're counting the spoils of war before he took the throne, based on what he gave out to his sons Odo and Robert." "he left the equivalent of $229.5 billion to his sons."</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Hinde-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Hinde_37-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>The Domesday Book: England's Heritage Then and Now</I>, ed. Thomas Hinde (UK: Coombe Books, 1996)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Jonathan Sumption, <I>Divided Houses: The Hundred Years War III</I> (London: Faber & Faber, 2009), p. 9.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-TrivLibCrassus-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-TrivLibCrassus_39-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-TrivLibCrassus_39-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Wallechinsky, David & Irving Wallace. "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trivia-library.com/b/richest-people-in-history-marcus-licinus-crassus.htm">Richest People in History Ancient Roman Crassus</A>". Trivia-Library. <I>The People's Almanac</I>. 1975 – 1981. Web. 23 December 2009.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Bernstein-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Bernstein_40-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"Often named as the richest man ever, a more accurate conversion of sesterce would put his modern figure between $200 million and $20 billion." <A href="/wiki/Peter_L._Bernstein" title="Peter L. Bernstein">Peter L. Bernstein</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/richest-people-of-all-time-2011-1#bonus-some-people-who-didnt-make-the-list-21">The 20 Richest People Of All Time</A></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_wealthiest_historical_figures&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI>Philip Beresford, William D. Rubinstein, <I>The Richest of the Rich: The Wealthiest 250 People in Britain since 1066</I>, Harriman House, 2011.</LI>
<LI>Michael Klepper, Robert Gunther, <I>The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates—A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present</I>, Citadel Press, 1996.</LI>
</UL>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_people_by_net_worth" style="padding:3px">
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<DIV id="Lists_of_people_by_net_worth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_net_worth" title="Lists of people by net worth">Lists of people by net worth</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By citizenship</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Australians_by_net_worth" title="List of Australians by net worth">Australia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Austrians_by_net_worth" title="List of Austrians by net worth">Austria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Belgians_by_net_worth" title="List of Belgians by net worth">Belgium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilians_by_net_worth" title="List of Brazilians by net worth">Brazil</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Canadians_by_net_worth" title="List of Canadians by net worth">Canada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_by_net_worth" title="List of Chinese by net worth">China (PRC)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_richest_Cypriots" class="mw-redirect" title="List of richest Cypriots">Cyprus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Czechs_by_net_worth" title="List of Czechs by net worth">Czech Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Danes_by_net_worth" title="List of Danes by net worth">Denmark</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_billionaires" title="List of Egyptian billionaires">Egypt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Finns_by_net_worth" title="List of Finns by net worth">Finland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_French_people_by_net_worth" title="List of French people by net worth">France</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_by_net_worth" title="List of Germans by net worth">Germany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Greeks_by_net_worth" title="List of Greeks by net worth">Greece</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Hong_Kong_people_by_net_worth" title="List of Hong Kong people by net worth">Hong Kong</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarians_by_net_worth" title="List of Hungarians by net worth">Hungary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_Indian_billionaires" title="Forbes list of Indian billionaires">India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indonesians by net worth">Indonesia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians_by_net_worth" title="List of Iranians by net worth">Iran</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people_by_net_worth" title="List of Irish people by net worth">Ireland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_billionaires_by_net_worth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Israeli billionaires by net worth">Israel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_billionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italian billionaires">Italy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_by_net_worth" title="List of Japanese by net worth">Japan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Kazakhstani_billionaires_by_net_worth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kazakhstani billionaires by net worth">Kazakhstan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_people_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wealthiest people in Kenya">Kenya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_South_Koreans_by_net_worth" title="List of South Koreans by net worth">South Korea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Kuwaiti_billionaires_by_net_worth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kuwaiti billionaires by net worth">Kuwait</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Lebanese_by_net_worth" title="List of Lebanese by net worth">Lebanon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_by_net_worth" title="List of Malaysians by net worth">Malaysia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Mexicans_by_net_worth" title="List of Mexicans by net worth">Mexico</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Monegasques_by_net_worth" title="List of Monegasques by net worth">Monaco</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_by_net_worth" title="List of Dutch by net worth">Netherlands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealanders_by_net_worth" title="List of New Zealanders by net worth">New Zealand</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerians_by_net_worth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nigerians by net worth">Nigeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegians_by_net_worth" title="List of Norwegians by net worth">Norway</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Omani_billionaires_by_net_worth" title="List of Omani billionaires by net worth">Oman</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis_by_net_worth" title="List of Pakistanis by net worth">Pakistan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Filipinos_by_net_worth" title="List of Filipinos by net worth">Philippines</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Poles_by_net_worth" title="List of Poles by net worth">Poland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_billionaires_by_net_worth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Portuguese billionaires by net worth">Portugal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_people_by_net_worth" title="List of Russian people by net worth">Russia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Saudi_billionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Saudi billionaires">Saudi Arabia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Singaporeans_by_net_worth" title="List of Singaporeans by net worth">Singapore</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_billionaires_by_net_worth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of South African billionaires by net worth">South Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_billionaires_by_net_worth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish billionaires by net worth">Spain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Swedes_by_net_worth" title="List of Swedes by net worth">Sweden</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_billionaires_by_net_worth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Swiss billionaires by net worth">Switzerland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_people_by_net_worth" title="List of Taiwanese people by net worth">Taiwan (ROC)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Thais_by_net_worth" title="List of Thais by net worth">Thailand</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_billionaires_by_net_worth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Turkish billionaires by net worth">Turkey</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_people_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wealthiest people in Uganda">Uganda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_richest_people_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of richest people of Ukraine">Ukraine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_billionaires_in_UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="List of billionaires in UAE">UAE</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_British_by_net_worth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British by net worth">United Kingdom</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Americans_by_net_worth" title="List of Americans by net worth">United States</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuelans_by_net_worth" title="List of Venezuelans by net worth">Venezuela</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_billionaires_by_net_worth" title="List of Vietnamese billionaires by net worth">Vietnam</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Arabs_by_net_worth" title="List of Arabs by net worth">Arab League</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_South_Asian_people_by_net_worth" title="List of South Asian people by net worth">South Asia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_South_East_Asian_people_by_net_worth" title="List of South East Asian people by net worth">South East Asia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_African_millionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African millionaires">Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_billionaires" title="List of countries by the number of billionaires">World</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><I>Forbes</I> lists</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires_2010" title="The World's Billionaires 2010">2010</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires_2011" title="The World's Billionaires 2011">2011</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires_2012" title="The World's Billionaires 2012">2012</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires_2013" title="The World's Billionaires 2013">2013</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires_2014" title="The World's Billionaires 2014">2014</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires_2015" title="The World's Billionaires 2015">2015</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Forbes_400" title="Forbes 400"><I>Forbes</I> 400</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In history</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">List of wealthiest historical figures</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_richest_Americans_in_history" title="List of richest Americans in history">List of richest Americans in history</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Billionaires_Index" title="Bloomberg Billionaires Index">Bloomberg Billionaires Index</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Forbes_Fictional_15" title="Forbes Fictional 15"><I>Forbes</I> Fictional 15</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Financial_Review_Rich_List" title="Financial Review Rich List"><I>Financial Review</I> Rich List</A> (Australia)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hurun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurun">Hurun</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Muslims_in_business" title="List of Muslims in business">Muslims</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_the_richest_royals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the richest royals">Royals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sunday_Times_Rich_List" title="Sunday Times Rich List"><I>Sunday Times</I> Rich List</A> (UK)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_female_billionaires" title="List of female billionaires">Women</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wealthiest_Americans_(1957)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealthiest Americans (1957)">Wealthiest Americans (1957)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni" title="List of universities by number of billionaire alumni">By alumni</A></LI>
</UL>
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<DIV id="Extreme_Wealth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extreme Wealth</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Billionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Billionaires">Billionaires</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">Distribution of wealth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dynastic_wealth" title="Dynastic wealth">Dynastic wealth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_and_wealth" title="Geography and wealth">Geography and wealth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/High-net-worth_individual" title="High-net-worth individual">High-net-worth individual</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ultra_high-net-worth_individual" title="Ultra high-net-worth individual">UHNWI</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Millionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Millionaires">Millionaires</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_wealth" title="National wealth">National wealth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Overaccumulation" title="Overaccumulation">Overaccumulation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Paper_wealth" title="Paper wealth">Paper wealth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plutonomy" title="Plutonomy">Plutonomy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wealth_concentration" title="Wealth concentration">Wealth concentration</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wealth_effect" title="Wealth effect">Wealth effect</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wealth_management" title="Wealth management">Wealth management</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth and religion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wealth_tax" title="Wealth tax">Wealth tax</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of people</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_female_billionaires" title="List of female billionaires">Female billionaires</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_richest_Americans_in_history" title="List of richest Americans in history">Wealthiest Americans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_royalty_by_net_worth" title="List of royalty by net worth">Richest royals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_families" title="List of wealthiest families">Wealthiest families</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Wealthiest historical figures</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Billionaires" title="The World's Billionaires"><I>Forbes</I> list of billionaires</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of<BR />
organizations</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_companies_by_profit_and_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="List of companies by profit and loss">Companies by profit and loss</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest companies by revenue">Largest companies by revenue</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_largest_financial_services_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest financial services companies by revenue">Largest financial services companies by revenue</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_largest_manufacturing_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue">Largest manufacturing companies by revenue</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization" title="List of public corporations by market capitalization">Public corporations by market capitalization</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_organizations" title="List of wealthiest organizations">Wealthiest organizations</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other lists</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of cities by number of billionaires">Cities by number of billionaires</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_billionaires" title="List of countries by the number of billionaires">Countries by number of billionaires</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_most_expensive_things" title="Category:Lists of most expensive things">Most expensive things</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wealthiest_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealthiest animals">Wealthiest animals</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Business_oligarch" title="Business oligarch">Business oligarch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Giving_Pledge" title="The Giving Pledge">The Giving Pledge</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_rich_get_richer_and_the_poor_get_poorer" title="The rich get richer and the poor get poorer">The rich get richer and the poor get poorer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper class</A>
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Vieux riche</A></I></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Religion_and_poverty" title="Religion and poverty">Religion and poverty</A></LI>
</UL>
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question_text: who has been the richest person in the world