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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Zimbabwe</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
				<DIV id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</DIV>				<DIV id="contentSub"><DIV id="mw-fr-revisiontag" class="flaggedrevs_short flaggedrevs_stable_synced plainlinks noprint nomobile"><DIV class="flaggedrevs_short_basic"><IMG class="flaggedrevs-icon" src="/w/extensions/FlaggedRevs/frontend/modules/img/doc-magnify.png" alt="Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page." title="Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page." /><IMG id="mw-fr-revisiontoggle" class="fr-toggle-arrow" src="/w/extensions/FlaggedRevs/frontend/modules/img/arrow-down.png" style="display: inline;" alt="show/hide details" /></DIV>
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For the historical city, see <A href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</A>. For other uses, see <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zimbabwe (disambiguation)">Zimbabwe (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"ZWE" redirects here. For other uses, see <A href="/wiki/ZWE_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="ZWE (disambiguation)">ZWE (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
<P><SPAN style="font-size: small;"><SPAN id="coordinates"><A href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</A>: <SPAN class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><A class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Zimbabwe&params=20_S_30_E_"><SPAN class="geo-default"><SPAN class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><SPAN class="latitude">20°S</SPAN> <SPAN class="longitude">30°E</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="geo-multi-punct"> / </SPAN><SPAN class="geo-nondefault"><SPAN class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20°S 30°E</SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> / <SPAN class="geo">-20; 30</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<TABLE class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;font-size:88%;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH colspan="2" class="adr" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><SPAN class="fn org country-name">Republic of Zimbabwe</SPAN><BR /></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;">
<DIV style="display:table; width:100%;">
<DIV style="display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;">
<DIV style="padding-bottom:3px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Zimbabwe"><IMG alt="Flag of Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/125px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" width="125" height="63" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/188px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/250px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="420" /></A></DIV>
<DIV style="font-size:90%;"><A href="/wiki/Flag_of_Zimbabwe" title="Flag of Zimbabwe">Flag</A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;">
<DIV style="padding-bottom:3px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of Zimbabwe"><IMG alt="Coat of arms of Zimbabwe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" width="85" height="76" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="339" /></A></DIV>
<DIV style="font-size:90%;"><A href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe" title="Coat of arms of Zimbabwe">Coat of arms</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<DIV style="line-height:1.2em;"><B>Motto: </B>"Unity, Freedom, Work"<SUP id="cite_ref-BEAVERCT_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BEAVERCT-1">[1]</A></SUP></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="anthem" style="text-align:center">
<DIV style="line-height:1.2em;"><B>Anthem: </B><BR />
"<A href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Anthem of Zimbabwe">Blessed be the land of Zimbabwe</A>"<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA-WF_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA-WF-2">[2]</A></SUP>
<DIV style="padding-top:0.5em;">
<CENTER>
<DIV class="mediaContainer" style="width:220px"><DIV class="mwPlayerContainer k-player" style="width: 220px; position: relative;"><DIV class="videoHolder"><DIV class="mwEmbedPlayer" id="mwe_player_0" style=""><IMG src="data:image/png,%89PNG%0D%0A%1A%0A%00%00%00%0DIHDR%00%00%00%01%00%00%00%01%08%02%00%00%00%90wS%DE%00%00%00%01sRGB%00%AE%CE%1C%E9%00%00%00%09pHYs%00%00%0B%13%00%00%0B%13%01%00%9A%9C%18%00%00%00%07tIME%07%DB%0B%0A%17%041%80%9B%E7%F2%00%00%00%19tEXtComment%00Created%20with%20GIMPW%81%0E%17%00%00%00%0CIDAT%08%D7c%60%60%60%00%00%00%04%00%01'4'%0A%00%00%00%00IEND%AEB%60%82" class="playerPoster" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;" /></DIV><A target="_blank" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Zimbabwe_National_Anthem.ogg"><DIV title="Play clip" class="play-btn-large" style="left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;"></DIV></A></DIV></DIV></DIV>
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<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><A href="/wiki/File:Location_Zimbabwe_AU_Africa.svg" class="image" title="Location of  Zimbabwe  (dark blue)in the African Union  (light blue)"><IMG alt="Location of  Zimbabwe  (dark blue)in the African Union  (light blue)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Location_Zimbabwe_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Zimbabwe_AU_Africa.svg.png" width="250" height="232" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Location_Zimbabwe_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Zimbabwe_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Location_Zimbabwe_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Zimbabwe_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></A>
<DIV style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:0.3em;">
<DIV style="text-align:center;font-size:11px;line-height:1.15em;"><SPAN style="font-size:11px;">Location of <SPAN style="font-size:2px;"> </SPAN>Zimbabwe<SPAN style="font-size:8px;"><SPAN class="nowrap">  </SPAN></SPAN>(dark blue)</SPAN>
<P style="font-size:11px;text-align:center;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">in the <A href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</A><SPAN style="font-size:8px;"><SPAN class="nowrap">  </SPAN></SPAN>(light blue)</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Capital<BR />
<SPAN style="font-weight:normal">and largest city</SPAN></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</A><BR />
<SPAN class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><A class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Zimbabwe&params=17_50_S_31_3_E_type:city"><SPAN class="geo-default"><SPAN class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><SPAN class="latitude">17°50′S</SPAN> <SPAN class="longitude">31°3′E</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="geo-multi-punct"> / </SPAN><SPAN class="geo-nondefault"><SPAN class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.833°S 31.050°E</SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> / <SPAN class="geo">-17.833; 31.050</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedtoprow">
<TH scope="row">Official languages</TH>
<TD>
<DIV class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border: none; padding: 0;" id="NavFrame1">
<DIV class="NavHead" style="font-size: 105%; background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">16 languages</A><SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[a]</A></SUP><A class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle1" href="#">[show]</A></DIV>
<UL class="NavContent" style="list-style: none none; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; display: none;">
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><A href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Chewa</A></LI>
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><A href="/wiki/Chibarwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chibarwe">Chibarwe</A></LI>
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><A href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</A></LI>
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><A href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">Kalanga</A></LI>
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">"Koisan"<BR />
(presumably <A href="/wiki/Tsoa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsoa language">Tsoa</A>)</LI>
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><A href="/wiki/Nambya_language" title="Nambya language">Nambya</A></LI>
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><A href="/wiki/Ndau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndau language">Ndau</A></LI>
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><A href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Ndebele</A></LI>
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><A href="/wiki/Shangani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangani language">Shangani</A></LI>
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><A href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</A></LI>
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">"<A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_sign_languages" title="Zimbabwean sign languages">sign language</A>"</LI>
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><A href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</A></LI>
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><A href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga language (Zambia)">Tonga</A></LI>
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><A href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</A></LI>
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><A href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</A></LI>
<LI style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><A href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">Ethnic groups</A> <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(2012)</SPAN></TH>
<TD>
<DIV class="plainlist">
<UL>
<LI>99.4% Black African (over 80% <A href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</A>; <A href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Ndebele</A> are largest minority)</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="nowrap">0.2% <A href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zimbabwe" title="White people in Zimbabwe">White African</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI>0.4% others, including <A href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloured</A> and <A href="/wiki/Indians_in_Zimbabwe" title="Indians in Zimbabwe">Indian</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</A></TH>
<TD>Zimbabwean<BR />
Zimbo<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[4]</A></SUP> (colloquial)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Politics of Zimbabwe">Government</A></TH>
<TD>
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</A> <A href="/wiki/Dominant-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant-party">dominant-party</A> <A href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</A> <SPAN class="nowrap">(<I>de jure</I>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</A> under a <A href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</A> <SPAN class="nowrap">(<I>de facto</I>)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <A href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Zimbabwe">President</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•  <A href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Zimbabwe">Vice President</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Constantino_Chiwenga" title="Constantino Chiwenga">Constantino Chiwenga</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedbottomrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•  <A href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Zimbabwe">Vice President</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Kembo_Mohadi" title="Kembo Mohadi">Kembo Mohadi</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Legislature</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" title="Parliament of Zimbabwe">Parliament</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <A href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Senate_of_Zimbabwe" title="Senate of Zimbabwe">Senate</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedbottomrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <A href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Zimbabwe)" title="House of Assembly (Zimbabwe)">House of Assembly</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedtoprow">
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</A> <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">from the <A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</A></SPAN></TH>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <A href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence_(Rhodesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)">Declared</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD>11 November 1965</TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <A href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Republic</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD>2 March 1970</TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD>1 June 1979</TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Republic of Zimbabwe</DIV>
</TH>
<TD>18 April 1980</TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedbottomrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Zimbabwe" title="Constitution of Zimbabwe">Current constitution</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD>15 May 2013</TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedtoprow">
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Geography of Zimbabwe">Area</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Total</DIV>
</TH>
<TD>390,757 km<SUP>2</SUP> (150,872 sq mi) (<A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">60th</A>)</TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedbottomrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Water (%)</DIV>
</TH>
<TD>1</TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedtoprow">
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Demographics of Zimbabwe">Population</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2016 estimate</DIV>
</TH>
<TD>16,150,362<SUP id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-6">[5]</A></SUP> (<A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">73rd</A>)</TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 2012 census</DIV>
</TH>
<TD>12,973,808<SUP id="cite_ref-zimstat1_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-zimstat1-7">[6]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedbottomrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Density</DIV>
</TH>
<TD>26/km<SUP>2</SUP> (67.3/sq mi) (<A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories by population density">170th</A>)</TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedtoprow">
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</A> <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(<A href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</A>)</SPAN></TH>
<TD>2017 estimate</TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Total</DIV>
</TH>
<TD>$33.872 billion<SUP id="cite_ref-imf2_8-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-imf2-8">[7]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedbottomrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Per capita</DIV>
</TH>
<TD>$2,276<SUP id="cite_ref-imf2_8-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-imf2-8">[7]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedtoprow">
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</A> <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(nominal)</SPAN></TH>
<TD>2017 estimate</TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Total</DIV>
</TH>
<TD>$17.105 billion<SUP id="cite_ref-imf2_8-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-imf2-8">[7]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR class="mergedbottomrow">
<TH scope="row">
<DIV style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Per capita</DIV>
</TH>
<TD>$1,149<SUP id="cite_ref-imf2_8-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-imf2-8">[7]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</A> <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(1995)</SPAN></TH>
<TD>50.1<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[8]</A></SUP><BR />
<SPAN style="white-space:nowrap;"><SPAN style="color:darkred">high</SPAN></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</A> <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(2015)</SPAN></TH>
<TD><IMG alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.516<SUP id="cite_ref-HDI_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-HDI-10">[9]</A></SUP><BR />
<SPAN style="white-space:nowrap;"><SPAN style="color:red">low</SPAN></SPAN> · <A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">154th</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Currency</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</A> (official for government), <A href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</A>, and many other currencies<SUP>a</SUP>, e.g. <A href="/wiki/Botswana_pula" title="Botswana pula">Botswana pula</A>, <A href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</A>, <A href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Chinese renminbi</A>, <A href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupees</A>, <A href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</A>, <A href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollars</A>. <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_bond_coins" title="Zimbabwean bond coins">Zimbabwean bond coins</A> are used as a proxy for US dollar and cent coins. <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_bond_notes" title="Zimbabwean bond notes">Zimbabwean bond notes</A> for 2 and 5 dollars were introduced in 2016 at par value of the US dollar</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Time zone</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Time" title="Central Africa Time">CAT</A><SUP id="cite_ref-TimeZone_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TimeZone-11">[10]</A></SUP> <SPAN class="nowrap">(<A href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</A>+2)</SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">Drives on the</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">left</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Zimbabwe" title="Telephone numbers in Zimbabwe">Calling code</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/%2B263" class="mw-redirect" title="+263">+263</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ZW" title="ISO 3166-2:ZW">ZW</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/.zw" title=".zw">.zw</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<DIV style="text-align:left;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">
<OL style="list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 1em; font-size:90%;">
<LI value="1">The <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar" title="Zimbabwean dollar">Zimbabwean dollar</A> is no longer in active use after it was officially suspended by the government due to <A href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe">hyperinflation</A>. The <A href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</A> (US$), <A href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</A> (€), <A href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</A> (R), <A href="/wiki/Botswana_pula" title="Botswana pula">Botswana pula</A> (P), <A href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</A> (£), <A href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupees</A> (<SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">₹</SPAN>), <A href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Australian dollars</A> (A$), Chinese <A href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</A> (元/¥), and <A href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Japanese yen</A> (¥)<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[11]</A></SUP> are legal tender.<SPAN style="font-size:110%;"><SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[12]</A></SUP></SPAN> The United States dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions.</LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P><B>Zimbabwe</B> (<SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<SPAN style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><SPAN title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</SPAN><SPAN title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</SPAN><SPAN title="'m' in 'my'">m</SPAN><SPAN title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</SPAN><SPAN title="'b' in 'buy'">b</SPAN><SPAN title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</SPAN><SPAN title="'b' in 'buy'">b</SPAN><SPAN title="'w' in 'wind'">w</SPAN><SPAN title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</SPAN></SPAN>/</A></SPAN></SPAN>), officially the <B>Republic of Zimbabwe</B>,<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[13]</A></SUP> is a <A href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</A> located in <A href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</A>, between the <A href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</A> and <A href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo Rivers</A>, bordered by <A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A>, <A href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</A>, <A href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</A> and <A href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</A>. The capital and largest city is <A href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</A>. A country of roughly 16 million<SUP id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_6-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-6">[5]</A></SUP> people, Zimbabwe has 16 <A href="/wiki/Official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages">official languages</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-language_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-language-15">[14]</A></SUP> with <A href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</A>, <A href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Ndebele</A> the most commonly used.</P>
<P>Since the 11th century, present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade. The <A href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</A> of <A href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</A> first <A href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">demarcated</A> the present territory during the 1890s; it became the <A href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing</A> British colony of <A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</A> in 1923. In 1965, the conservative <A href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zimbabwe" title="White people in Zimbabwe">white</A> <A href="/wiki/Minority_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority rule">minority government</A> <A href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</A> as <A href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</A>. The state endured international isolation and a 15-year <A href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">guerrilla war</A> with <A href="/wiki/Black_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Black nationalist">black nationalist</A> forces; this culminated in a <A href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">peace agreement</A> that established universal enfranchisement and <I><A href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</A></I> sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Zimbabwe then joined the <A href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</A>, which it withdrew from in December 2003. It is a member of the <A href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</A> (SADC), the <A href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</A> (AU), and the <A href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa</A> (COMESA). It was once known as the "Jewel of Africa" for its prosperity.<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[15]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[16]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</A> became <A href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe" title="Prime Minister of Zimbabwe">Prime Minister of Zimbabwe</A> in 1980, when his <A href="/wiki/ZANU-PF" class="mw-redirect" title="ZANU-PF">ZANU-PF</A> party won the <A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_general_election,_1980" title="Southern Rhodesian general election, 1980">elections</A> following the end of white minority rule; he was the <A href="/wiki/President_of_Zimbabwe" title="President of Zimbabwe">President of Zimbabwe</A> from 1987 until his resignation in 2017. Under Mugabe's <A href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</A> regime, the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread <A href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</A> violations.<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[18]</A></SUP> Mugabe maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric of the <A href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</A> era, blaming Zimbabwe's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[19]</A></SUP> Contemporary African political leaders were reluctant to criticise Mugabe, who was burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials, though Archbishop <A href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</A> called him "a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator".<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[20]</A></SUP> The country has been in economic decline since the 1990s, experiencing several crashes and <A href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</A> along the way.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[21]</A></SUP></P>
<P>On 15 November 2017, in the wake of over a year of <A href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Zimbabwe_protests" title="2016–17 Zimbabwe protests">protests</A> against his government as well as Zimbabwe's rapidly declining economy, <A href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">Mugabe was placed under house arrest</A> by <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_National_Army" title="Zimbabwe National Army">the country's national army</A> in a <A href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-cnn_turmoil_23-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-cnn_turmoil-23">[22]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-guardian_confined_24-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-guardian_confined-24">[23]</A></SUP> On 19 November 2017, ZANU-PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader and appointed former Vice President <A href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</A> in his place.<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[24]</A></SUP> On 21 November 2017, Mugabe tendered his resignation prior to impeachment proceedings being completed.<SUP id="cite_ref-bbc_resigns_26-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bbc_resigns-26">[25]</A></SUP></P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Etymology"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Etymology</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Pre-colonial_era_(1000–1887)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Pre-colonial era (1000–1887)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Colonial_era_and_Rhodesia_(1888–1964)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Colonial era and Rhodesia (1888–1964)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#UDI_and_civil_war_(1965–1980)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">UDI and civil war (1965–1980)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Independence_era_(1980–present)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Independence era (1980–present)</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Geography_and_environment"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Geography and environment</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Climate"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Climate</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Flora_and_fauna"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Flora and fauna</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#Environmental_issues"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Environmental issues</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#Government_and_politics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Government and politics</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#Human_rights"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Human rights</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Armed_forces"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Armed forces</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><A href="#Administrative_divisions"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Administrative divisions</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#Economy"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Economy</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><A href="#Agriculture"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Agriculture</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><A href="#Tourism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Tourism</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><A href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Water supply and sanitation</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><A href="#Science_and_technology"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Science and technology</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><A href="#Demographics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Demographics</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><A href="#Largest_cities"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Largest cities</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><A href="#Language"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Language</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><A href="#Refugee_crisis"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Refugee crisis</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><A href="#Religion"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Religion</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><A href="#Culture"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Culture</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><A href="#Arts"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Arts</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><A href="#Cuisine"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Cuisine</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><A href="#Sports"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Sports</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><A href="#Media"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Media</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><A href="#Scouting"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Scouting</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><A href="#National_symbols"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">National symbols</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><A href="#Health"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Health</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><A href="#Education"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Education</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><A href="#Source"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Source</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">14</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><A href="#Sources"><SPAN class="tocnumber">15</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Sources</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">17</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</A> and <A href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesia (name)">Rhodesia (name)</A></DIV>
<P>The name "Zimbabwe" stems from a <A href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</A> term for <A href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</A>, an ancient ruined city in the country's south-east whose remains are now a protected site. Two different theories address the origin of the word. Many sources hold that "Zimbabwe" derives from <I>dzimba-dza-mabwe</I>, translated from the Karanga dialect of Shona as "large houses of stone" (<I>dzimba</I> = plural of <I>imba</I>, "house"; <I>mabwe</I> = plural of <I>bwe</I>, "stone").<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[26]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[27]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[28]</A></SUP> The Karanga-speaking Shona people live around Great Zimbabwe in the modern-day <A href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zimbabwe" title="Provinces of Zimbabwe">province</A> of <A href="/wiki/Masvingo_Province" title="Masvingo Province">Masvingo</A>. Archaeologist <A href="/wiki/Peter_Garlake" title="Peter Garlake">Peter Garlake</A> claims that "Zimbabwe" represents a contracted form of <I>dzimba-hwe</I>, which means "venerated houses" in the Zezuru dialect of Shona and usually references chiefs' houses or graves.<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[29]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Zimbabwe was formerly known as <A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</A> (1898), <A href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</A> (1965), and <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</A> (1979). The first recorded use of "Zimbabwe" as a term of national reference dates from 1960 as a coinage by the black nationalist Michael Mawema,<SUP id="cite_ref-fontein119120_31-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-fontein119120-31">[30]</A></SUP> whose Zimbabwe National Party became the first to officially use the name in 1961.<SUP id="cite_ref-ndlovugatsheni113114_32-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ndlovugatsheni113114-32">[31]</A></SUP> The term "Rhodesia"—derived from the surname of <A href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</A>, the primary instigator of British colonisation of the territory during the late 19th century—was perceived by African nationalists as inappropriate because of its colonial origin and connotations.<SUP id="cite_ref-fontein119120_31-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-fontein119120-31">[30]</A></SUP></P>
<P>According to Mawema, black nationalists held a meeting in 1960 to choose an alternative name for the country, proposing names such as "Matshobana" and "<A href="/wiki/Monomotapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomotapa">Monomotapa</A>" before his suggestion, "Zimbabwe", prevailed.<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[32]</A></SUP> A further alternative, put forward by nationalists in <A href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</A>, had been "Matopos", referring to the <A href="/wiki/Matobo_National_Park" title="Matobo National Park">Matopos Hills</A> to the south of <A href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-ndlovugatsheni113114_32-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ndlovugatsheni113114-32">[31]</A></SUP></P>
<P>It was initially unclear how the chosen term was to be used — a letter written by Mawema in 1961 refers to "Zimbabweland"<SUP id="cite_ref-ndlovugatsheni113114_32-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ndlovugatsheni113114-32">[31]</A></SUP> — but "Zimbabwe" was sufficiently established by 1962 to become the generally preferred term of the black nationalist movement.<SUP id="cite_ref-fontein119120_31-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-fontein119120-31">[30]</A></SUP> In a 2001 interview, black nationalist <A href="/wiki/Edson_Zvobgo" title="Edson Zvobgo">Edson Zvobgo</A> recalled that Mawema mentioned the name during a political rally, "and it caught hold, and that was that".<SUP id="cite_ref-fontein119120_31-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-fontein119120-31">[30]</A></SUP> The black nationalist factions subsequently used the name during the Second <I><A href="/wiki/Chimurenga" title="Chimurenga">Chimurenga</A></I> campaigns against the Rhodesian government during the <A href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</A> of 1964–1979. Major factions in this camp included the <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union">Zimbabwe African National Union</A> (led by <A href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</A> from 1975), and the <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">Zimbabwe African People's Union</A> (led by <A href="/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</A> from its founding in the early 1960s).<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">History of Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
<H3><SPAN id="Pre-colonial_era_.281000.E2.80.931887.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Pre-colonial_era_(1000–1887)">Pre-colonial era (1000–1887)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial era (1000–1887)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Tower,_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg/220px-Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg" width="220" height="310" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg/330px-Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg/440px-Tower%2C_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="982" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Tower,_Great_Zimbabwe1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Towers of <A href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</A>.</DIV>
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</DIV>
<P>Proto-Shona-speaking societies first emerged in the middle Limpopo valley in the 9th century before moving on to the Zimbabwean highlands. The Zimbabwean plateau eventually became the centre of subsequent Shona states, beginning around the 10th century. Around the early 10th century, trade developed with <A href="/wiki/Shirazi_era" title="Shirazi era">Arab merchants</A> on the Indian Ocean coast, helping to develop the <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</A> in the 11th century. This was the precursor to the more impressive Shona civilisations that would dominate the region during the 13th to 15th centuries, evidenced by ruins at <A href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</A>, near <A href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Masvingo</A>, and other smaller sites. The main archaeological site uses a unique dry stone architecture.</P>
<P>The Kingdom of Mapungubwe was the first in a series of sophisticated trade states developed in Zimbabwe by the time of the first European explorers from Portugal. They traded in gold, ivory, and copper for cloth and glass.<SUP id="cite_ref-autogenerated241_34-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-autogenerated241-34">[33]</A></SUP></P>
<P>From about 1300 until 1600, Mapungubwe was eclipsed by the <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Kingdom of Zimbabwe</A>. This Shona state further refined and expanded upon Mapungubwe's stone architecture, which survives to this day at the ruins of the kingdom's capital of Great Zimbabwe. From c. 1450 to 1760, Zimbabwe gave way to the <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</A>. This Shona state ruled much of the area that is known as Zimbabwe today, and parts of central <A href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</A>. It is known by many names including the <A href="/wiki/Mutapa_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutapa Empire">Mutapa Empire</A>, also known as <I>Mwene Mutapa</I> or <I>Monomotapa</I> as well as "Munhumutapa", and was renowned for its strategic trade routes with the <A href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</A> and Portugal. The Portuguese sought to monopolise this influence and began a series of wars which left the empire in near collapse in the early 17th century.<SUP id="cite_ref-autogenerated241_34-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-autogenerated241-34">[33]</A></SUP></P>
<P>As a direct response to increased <A href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</A> presence in the interior, and especially due to the increasing amount of Carnegie family farmers, a new Shona state emerged, known as the <A href="/wiki/Rozwi_Empire" title="Rozwi Empire">Rozwi Empire</A>. Relying on centuries of military, political and religious development, the Rozwi (meaning "destroyers") expelled the Portuguese from the Zimbabwean plateau by force of arms. They continued the stone building traditions of the Zimbabwe and Mapungubwe kingdoms while adding <A href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</A> to their arsenal and recruiting a professional army to defend recent conquests.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>Around 1821, the <A href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</A> general <A href="/wiki/Mzilikazi" title="Mzilikazi">Mzilikazi</A> of the Khumalo clan successfully rebelled against King <A href="/wiki/Shaka" title="Shaka">Shaka</A> and created his own clan, the <A href="/wiki/Ndebele_people_(Zimbabwe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndebele people (Zimbabwe)">Ndebele</A>. The Ndebele fought their way northwards into the <A href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">Transvaal</A>, leaving a trail of destruction in their wake and beginning an era of widespread devastation known as the <A href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</A>. When <A href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</A> <A href="/wiki/Boers" class="mw-redirect" title="Boers">trekboers</A> converged on the Transvaal in 1836, they drove the tribe even further northward. By 1838, the Rozwi Empire, along with the other smaller Shona states were conquered by the Ndebele and reduced to <A href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassaldom</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-zimstudy_35-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-zimstudy-35">[34]</A></SUP></P>
<P>After losing their remaining South African lands in 1840, Mzilikazi and his tribe permanently settled in the southwest of present-day Zimbabwe in what became known as <A href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</A>, establishing <A href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</A> as their capital. Mzilikazi then organised his society into a military system with regimental <A href="/wiki/Kraal" title="Kraal">kraals</A>, similar to those of Shaka, which was stable enough to repel further Boer incursions. Mzilikazi died in 1868 and, following a violent power struggle, was succeeded by his son, <A href="/wiki/Lobengula" title="Lobengula">Lobengula</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN id="Colonial_era_and_Rhodesia_.281888.E2.80.931964.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Colonial_era_and_Rhodesia_(1888–1964)">Colonial era and Rhodesia (1888–1964)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonial era and Rhodesia (1888–1964)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company rule in Rhodesia</A>, <A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Matabeleland.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Matabeleland.png/220px-Matabeleland.png" width="220" height="226" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Matabeleland.png/330px-Matabeleland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Matabeleland.png/440px-Matabeleland.png 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="599" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</A> in the 19th century.</DIV>
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<P>In the 1880s, white colonists arrived with <A href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</A>'s <A href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</A> (BSAC).<SUP id="cite_ref-conquered_36-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-conquered-36">[35]</A></SUP> In 1888, Rhodes obtained a <A href="/wiki/Rudd_Concession" title="Rudd Concession">concession for mining rights</A> from <A href="/wiki/King_Lobengula" class="mw-redirect" title="King Lobengula">King Lobengula</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Ndebele_people_(Zimbabwe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndebele people (Zimbabwe)">Ndebele</A> peoples.<SUP id="cite_ref-mining_37-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-mining-37">[36]</A></SUP> He presented this concession to persuade the government of the United Kingdom to grant a <A href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</A> to the company over <A href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</A>, and its subject states such as <A href="/wiki/Mashonaland" title="Mashonaland">Mashonaland</A> as well.<SUP id="cite_ref-treaties_38-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-treaties-38">[37]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Rhodes used this document in 1890 to justify sending the <A href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Pioneer Column</A>, a group of Europeans protected by well-armed <A href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Police" title="British South Africa Police">British South Africa Police</A> (BSAP) through Matabeleland and into Shona territory to establish Fort Salisbury (now <A href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</A>), and thereby establish <A href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">company rule</A> over the area. In 1893 and 1894, with the help of their new <A href="/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxim</A> guns, the BSAP would go on to defeat the Ndebele in the <A href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">First Matabele War</A>. Rhodes additionally sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the <A href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</A> and <A href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</A>, then known as "Zambesia".<SUP id="cite_ref-treaties_38-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-treaties-38">[37]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In accordance with the terms of aforementioned concessions and treaties,<SUP id="cite_ref-treaties_38-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-treaties-38">[37]</A></SUP> mass settlement was encouraged, with the British maintaining control over labour as well as precious metals and other mineral resources.<SUP id="cite_ref-bsac_39-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bsac-39">[38]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 1895, the BSAC adopted the name "<A href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesia (name)">Rhodesia</A>" for the territory, in honour of Rhodes. In 1898 "<A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</A>" became the official name for the region south of the Zambezi,<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[39]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-adopted_41-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-adopted-41">[40]</A></SUP> which later became Zimbabwe. The region to the north was administered separately and later termed <A href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</A> (now <A href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</A>). Shortly after Rhodes' disastrous <A href="/wiki/Jameson_Raid" title="Jameson Raid">Jameson Raid</A> on the <A href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</A>, the Ndebele rebelled against white rule, led by their charismatic religious leader, Mlimo. The <A href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Second Matabele War</A> lasted in Matabeleland until 1896, when Mlimo was assassinated. Shona agitators staged unsuccessful revolts (known as <I><A href="/wiki/Chimurenga" title="Chimurenga">Chimurenga</A></I>) against company rule during 1896 and 1897.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>Following these failed insurrections, the Ndebele and Shona groups were finally subdued by the Rhodes administration, which organised the land with a disproportionate bias favouring Europeans, thus displacing many indigenous peoples.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
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The opening of the railway to <A href="/wiki/Umtali" class="mw-redirect" title="Umtali">Umtali</A> in 1899.</DIV>
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<P>Southern Rhodesia was annexed by the <A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</A> on 12 September 1923.<SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[41]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[42]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44">[43]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[44]</A></SUP> Shortly after annexation, on 1 October 1923, the first constitution for the new Colony of Southern Rhodesia came into force.<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-44">[43]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[45]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Under the new constitution, Southern Rhodesia became a <A href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing</A> <A href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colony</A>, subsequent to a 1922 referendum. Rhodesians of all races served on behalf of the United Kingdom during the two World Wars. Proportional to the white population, Southern Rhodesia contributed more per capita to both the <A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_I" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War I">First</A> and <A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Second World Wars</A> than any other part of the Empire, including Britain itself.<SUP id="cite_ref-moorcraft_47-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-moorcraft-47">[46]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 1953, in the face of African opposition,<SUP id="cite_ref-fed_48-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-fed-48">[47]</A></SUP> Britain consolidated the two Rhodesias with <A href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</A> (<A href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</A>) in the ill-fated <A href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Central African Federation</A>, which was essentially dominated by Southern Rhodesia. Growing <A href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</A> and general dissent, particularly in Nyasaland, persuaded Britain to dissolve the Union in 1963, forming three separate divisions. While multiracial democracy was finally introduced to Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, however, Southern Rhodesians of European ancestry continued to enjoy <A href="/wiki/Minority_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority rule">minority rule</A>.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>With Zambian independence, <A href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</A>'s <A href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Front" title="Rhodesian Front">Rhodesian Front</A> (RF) dropped the designation "Southern" in 1964 and issued a <A href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</A> (commonly abbreviated to "UDI") from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965, intent on effectively repudiating the recently adopted British policy of "<A href="/wiki/No_independence_before_majority_rule" title="No independence before majority rule">no independence before majority rule</A>". It was the first such course taken by a British colony since the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">American declaration</A> of 1776, which Smith and others indeed claimed provided a suitable precedent to their own actions.<SUP id="cite_ref-moorcraft_47-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-moorcraft-47">[46]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN id="UDI_and_civil_war_.281965.E2.80.931980.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="UDI_and_civil_war_(1965–1980)">UDI and civil war (1965–1980)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: UDI and civil war (1965–1980)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</A>, <A href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</A>, <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Udi2-rho.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/Udi2-rho.jpg/220px-Udi2-rho.jpg" width="220" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/Udi2-rho.jpg/330px-Udi2-rho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a9/Udi2-rho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="269" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</A> signing the <A href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence_(Rhodesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</A> on 11 November 1965 with his cabinet in audience.</DIV>
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<P>After the <A href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</A> (UDI), the British government petitioned the United Nations for <A href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">sanctions</A> against Rhodesia pending unsuccessful talks with Smith's administration in 1966 and 1968. In December 1966, the organisation complied, imposing the first mandatory trade embargo on an autonomous state.<SUP id="cite_ref-eafp_49-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-eafp-49">[48]</A></SUP> These sanctions were expanded again in 1968.<SUP id="cite_ref-eafp_49-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-eafp-49">[48]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The United Kingdom deemed the Rhodesian declaration an act of rebellion, but did not re-establish control by force. A <A href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">guerrilla war</A> subsequently ensued when <A href="/wiki/Joshua_Nkomo" title="Joshua Nkomo">Joshua Nkomo</A>'s <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_People%27s_Union" title="Zimbabwe African People's Union">Zimbabwe African People's Union</A> (ZAPU) and <A href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</A>'s <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union" title="Zimbabwe African National Union">Zimbabwe African National Union</A> (ZANU), supported actively by communist powers and neighbouring African nations, initiated guerilla operations against Rhodesia's predominantly white government. ZAPU was supported by the <A href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</A> and associated nations such as Cuba, and adopted a <A href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</A> ideology; ZANU meanwhile aligned itself with <A href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</A> and the bloc headed by the People's Republic of China. Smith declared Rhodesia a republic in 1970, following the results of a <A href="/wiki/Rhodesian_constitutional_referendum,_1969" title="Rhodesian constitutional referendum, 1969">referendum</A> the previous year, but this went unrecognised internationally. Meanwhile, Rhodesia's internal conflict intensified, eventually forcing him to open negotiations with the militant nationalists.</P>
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Bishop <A href="/wiki/Abel_Muzorewa" title="Abel Muzorewa">Abel Muzorewa</A> signs the Lancaster House Agreement seated next to <A href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">British Foreign Secretary</A> <A href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Lord Carrington</A>.</DIV>
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<P>In March 1978, Smith reached an accord with three African leaders, led by Bishop <A href="/wiki/Abel_Muzorewa" title="Abel Muzorewa">Abel Muzorewa</A>, who offered to leave the white population comfortably entrenched in exchange for the establishment of a biracial democracy. As a result of the <A href="/wiki/Internal_Settlement" title="Internal Settlement">Internal Settlement</A>, <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia_general_election,_1979" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia general election, 1979">elections</A> were held in April 1979, concluding with the <A href="/wiki/United_African_National_Council" title="United African National Council">United African National Council</A> (UANC) carrying a majority of parliamentary seats. On 1 June 1979, Muzorewa, the UANC head, became prime minister and the country's name was changed to <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Internal_Settlement" title="Internal Settlement">Internal Settlement</A> left control of the <A href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Security_Forces" title="Rhodesian Security Forces">Rhodesian Security Forces</A>, civil service, judiciary, and a third of parliament seats to whites.<SUP id="cite_ref-endsanctions_50-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-endsanctions-50">[49]</A></SUP> On 12 June, the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</A> voted to lift economic pressure on the former Rhodesia.</P>
<P>Following the <A href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting_1979" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1979">fifth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</A> (CHOGM), held in <A href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</A>, Zambia from 1 to 7 August in 1979, the British government invited Muzorewa, Mugabe, and Nkomo to participate in a constitutional conference at <A href="/wiki/Lancaster_House" title="Lancaster House">Lancaster House</A>. The purpose of the conference was to discuss and reach an agreement on the terms of an independence constitution, and provide for elections supervised under British authority allowing Zimbabwe Rhodesia to proceed to legal independence.<SUP id="cite_ref-chair_51-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-chair-51">[50]</A></SUP></P>
<P>With <A href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Lord Carrington</A>, <A href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</A> of the United Kingdom, in the chair, these discussions were mounted from 10 September to 15 December in 1979, producing a total of 47 <A href="/wiki/Plenary_session" title="Plenary session">plenary sessions</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-chair_51-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-chair-51">[50]</A></SUP> On 21 December 1979, delegations from every major interest represented reached the <A href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</A>, effectively ending the guerrilla war.<SUP id="cite_ref-lancaster_52-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-lancaster-52">[51]</A></SUP></P>
<P>On 11 December 1979, the Rhodesian House of Assembly voted 90 to nil to revert to British colonial status (the 'aye' votes included Ian Smith himself). The bill then passed the Senate and was assented to by the President. With the arrival of <A href="/wiki/Christopher_Soames,_Baron_Soames" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Soames, Baron Soames">Lord Soames</A>, the new Governor, just after 2 p.m. on 12 December 1979, Britain formally took control of <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</A> as the Colony of <A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</A>, although on 13 December Soames declared that during his mandate the name Rhodesia and Zimbabwe Rhodesia would continue to be used. Britain lifted sanctions on 12 December, and the <A href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</A> on 16 December, before calling on its member states to do likewise on 21 December. Thus Zambia, Mozambique, Tanzania, Angola and Botswana lifted sanctions on 22–23 December; Australia partly pre-empted this, lifting all but trade sanctions on 18 December, and trade sanctions on 21 December.<SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[52]</A></SUP></P>
<P>During the <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election,_1980" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 1980">elections of February 1980</A>, Robert Mugabe and the ZANU party secured a landslide victory.<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[53]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Prince_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles">Prince Charles</A>, as the representative of Britain, formally granted independence to the new nation of Zimbabwe at a ceremony in <A href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</A> in April 1980.<SUP id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-55">[54]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN id="Independence_era_.281980.E2.80.93present.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Independence_era_(1980–present)">Independence era (1980–present)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independence era (1980–present)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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Trends in Zimbabwe's <A href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">Multidimensional Poverty Index</A>, 1970–2010.</DIV>
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<P><A href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe's first president</A> after its independence was <A href="/wiki/Canaan_Banana" title="Canaan Banana">Canaan Banana</A> in what was originally a mainly ceremonial role as Head of State. Robert Mugabe, leader of the ZANU party, was the country's first Prime Minister and Head of Government.<SUP id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-56">[55]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Opposition to what was perceived as a Shona takeover immediately erupted around <A href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</A>. The Matabele unrest led to what has become known as <I><A href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</A></I> (<A href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</A>: <I><SPAN lang="sn">"the early rain which washes away the <A href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</A> before the spring rains"</SPAN></I>).<SUP id="cite_ref-watch_57-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-watch-57">[56]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Fifth_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean Fifth Brigade">Fifth Brigade</A>, a North Korean-trained elite unit that reported directly to the Zimbabwean Prime Minister,<SUP id="cite_ref-meredith6273_58-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-meredith6273-58">[57]</A></SUP> entered Matabeleland and massacred thousands of civilians accused of supporting "dissidents".<SUP id="cite_ref-meredith6273_58-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-meredith6273-58">[57]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-hill77_59-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-hill77-59">[58]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Estimates for the number of deaths during the five-year <I>Gukurahundi</I> campaign ranged from 3,750<SUP id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-60">[59]</A></SUP> to 80,000.<SUP id="cite_ref-hill77_59-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-hill77-59">[58]</A></SUP> <SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[60]</A></SUP> Thousands of others were tortured in military internment camps.<SUP id="cite_ref-catholiccommission_62-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-catholiccommission-62">[61]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-63">[62]</A></SUP> The campaign officially ended in 1987 after Nkomo and Mugabe reached a unity agreement that merged their respective parties, creating the <A href="/wiki/ZANU-PF" class="mw-redirect" title="ZANU-PF">Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front</A> (ZANU–PF).<SUP id="cite_ref-meredith6273_58-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-meredith6273-58">[57]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-64">[63]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-65">[64]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_general_election,_1990" title="Zimbabwean general election, 1990">Elections in March 1990</A> resulted in another victory for Mugabe and the ZANU-PF party, which claimed 117 of the 120 contested seats.<SUP id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-66">[65]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-67">[66]</A></SUP></P>
<P>During the 1990s, students, <A href="/wiki/Trade_unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unionist">trade unionists</A>, and other workers often demonstrated to express their growing discontent with Mugabe and ZANU-PF party policies. In 1996, civil servants, nurses, and <A href="/wiki/Junior_doctor" title="Junior doctor">junior doctors</A> went on strike over salary issues.<SUP id="cite_ref-l_68-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-l-68">[67]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-69">[68]</A></SUP> The general health of the population also began to significantly decline; by 1997 an estimated 25% of the population had been infected by HIV in a pandemic that was affecting most of southern Africa.<SUP id="cite_ref-k_70-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-k-70">[69]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-71">[70]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Land redistribution re-emerged as the main issue for the <A href="/wiki/ZANU_(PF)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZANU (PF)">ZANU-PF</A> government around 1997. Despite the existence of a "willing-buyer-willing-seller" land reform programme since the 1980s, the minority white Zimbabwean population of around 0.6% continued to hold 70% of the country's most fertile agricultural land.<SUP id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-72">[71]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2000, the government pressed ahead with its <A href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe#Fast-track_land_reform_and_violence" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">Fast Track Land Reform</A> programme, a policy involving compulsory land acquisition aimed at redistributing land from the minority white population to the majority black population.<SUP id="cite_ref-humanrightswatcha_73-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-humanrightswatcha-73">[72]</A></SUP> Confiscations of white farmland, continuous droughts, and a serious drop in external finance and other supports led to a sharp decline in agricultural exports, which were traditionally the country's leading export-producing sector.<SUP id="cite_ref-humanrightswatcha_73-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-humanrightswatcha-73">[72]</A></SUP> Some 58,000 independent black farmers have since experienced limited success in reviving the gutted cash crop sectors through efforts on a smaller scale.<SUP id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-74">[73]</A></SUP></P>
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Map showing the food insecurity in Zimbabwe in June 2008</DIV>
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<P>President Mugabe and the ZANU-PF party leadership found themselves beset by a wide range of international sanctions.<SUP id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-75">[74]</A></SUP> In 2002, the nation was suspended from the <A href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</A> due to the reckless farm seizures and blatant <A href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">election tampering</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-tampering_76-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tampering-76">[75]</A></SUP> The following year, Zimbabwean officials voluntarily terminated its Commonwealth membership.<SUP id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-77">[76]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Democracy_and_Economic_Recovery_Act_of_2001" title="Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001">Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001</A> (ZDERA) went into effect in 2002, creating a credit freeze of the Zimbabwean government through Section 4 C, Multilateral Financing Restriction. The bill was sponsored by <A href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Bill Frist</A>, and co-sponsored by US senators <A href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</A>, <A href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</A>, <A href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</A> and <A href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</A>. Through ZDERA Section 4C, the Secretary of the Treasury is ordered to direct US Directors at the International Financial Institutions listed in Section 3, "to oppose and vote against-- (1) any extension by the respective institution of any loan, credit, or guarantee to the Government of Zimbabwe; or (2) any cancellation or reduction of indebtedness owed by the Government of Zimbabwe to the United States or any international financial institution."<SUP id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-78">[77]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Following <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election,_2005" title="Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2005">elections in 2005</A>, the government initiated "<A href="/wiki/Operation_Murambatsvina" title="Operation Murambatsvina">Operation Murambatsvina</A>", an effort to crack down on illegal markets and slums emerging in towns and cities, leaving a substantial section of urban poor homeless.<SUP id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-79">[78]</A></SUP> The Zimbabwean government has described the operation as an attempt to provide decent housing to the population, although according to critics such as <A href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</A>, authorities have yet to properly substantiate their claims.<SUP id="cite_ref-muram_80-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-muram-80">[79]</A></SUP></P>
<P>On 29 March 2008, Zimbabwe held a <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_presidential_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean presidential election, 2008">presidential election</A> along with a <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_parliamentary_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 2008">parliamentary election</A>. The results of this election were withheld for two weeks, after which it was generally acknowledged that the <A href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai</A> (MDC-T) had achieved a majority of one seat in the lower house of parliament.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>In late 2008, problems in Zimbabwe reached crisis proportions in the areas of living standards, public health (with a major <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">cholera outbreak</A> in December) and various basic affairs.<SUP id="cite_ref-Carter_81-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Carter-81">[80]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In September 2008, a <A href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Zimbabwean_political_negotiations" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2009 Zimbabwean political negotiations">power-sharing agreement</A> was reached between Tsvangirai and President Mugabe, permitting the former to hold the office of prime minister. Due to ministerial differences between their respective political parties, the agreement was not fully implemented until 13 February 2009. By December 2010, Mugabe was threatening to completely expropriate remaining privately owned companies in Zimbabwe unless "western sanctions" were lifted.<SUP id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-82">[81]</A></SUP></P>
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Zimbabwean President <A href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</A> attended the Independence Day celebrations in <A href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</A> in July 2011</DIV>
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<P>A 2011 survey by <A href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</A> suggested that living conditions had improved since the power-sharing agreement.<SUP id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-83">[82]</A></SUP> The United Nations <A href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</A> stated in its 2012–2013 planning document that the "humanitarian situation has improved in Zimbabwe since 2009, but conditions remain precarious for many people".<SUP id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-84">[83]</A></SUP></P>
<P>On 17 January 2013, Vice President <A href="/wiki/John_Nkomo" title="John Nkomo">John Nkomo</A> died of cancer at St Anne's Hospital, <A href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</A> at the age of 78.<SUP id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-85">[84]</A></SUP> A new constitution approved in the <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_constitutional_referendum,_2013" title="Zimbabwean constitutional referendum, 2013">Zimbabwean constitutional referendum, 2013</A> curtails presidential powers.<SUP id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-86">[85]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Mugabe was re-elected president in the July 2013 <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_general_election,_2013" title="Zimbabwean general election, 2013">Zimbabwean general election</A> which <I><A href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</A></I> described as "rigged."<SUP id="cite_ref-Economist072016_87-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Economist072016-87">[86]</A></SUP> and the <I><A href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</A></I> as "stolen".<SUP id="cite_ref-Out_of_House_88-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Out_of_House-88">[87]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change</A> alleged massive fraud and tried to seek relief through the courts.<SUP id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-89">[88]</A></SUP> In a surprising moment of candour at the ZANU-PF congress in December 2014, President Robert Mugabe accidentally let slip that the opposition had in fact won the contentious 2008 polls by an astounding 73%.<SUP id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-90">[89]</A></SUP> After winning the election, the Mugabe ZANU-PF government re-instituted <A href="/wiki/One_party_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="One party rule">one party rule</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-Out_of_House_88-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Out_of_House-88">[87]</A></SUP> doubled the civil service and, according to <I>The Economist</I>, embarked on "misrule and dazzling corruption".<SUP id="cite_ref-Economist072016_87-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Economist072016-87">[86]</A></SUP> A 2017 study conducted by the <A href="/wiki/Institute_for_Security_Studies" title="Institute for Security Studies">Institute for Security Studies</A> (ISS) concluded that due to the deterioration of government and the economy "the government encourages corruption to make up for its inability to fund its own institutions" with widespread and informal police roadblocks to issue fines to travellers being one manifestation of this.<SUP id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-91">[90]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In July 2016 <A href="/wiki/2016_Zimbabwe_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Zimbabwe protests">nationwide protests</A> took place regarding the economic collapse in the country,<SUP id="cite_ref-BBC2016_92-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BBC2016-92">[91]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-93">[92]</A></SUP> and the finance minister admitted "Right now we literally have nothing."<SUP id="cite_ref-Economist072016_87-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Economist072016-87">[86]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In November 2017, <A href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">the army led a coup d'état</A> following the dismissal of Vice President <A href="/wiki/Emmerson_Mnangagwa" title="Emmerson Mnangagwa">Emmerson Mnangagwa</A>, placing Mugabe under house arrest. The army denied that their actions constituted a <A href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-cnn_turmoil_23-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-cnn_turmoil-23">[22]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-guardian_confined_24-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-guardian_confined-24">[23]</A></SUP> Mugabe resigned on 21 November 2017, after leading the country for 37 years. Although under the <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Zimbabwe" title="Constitution of Zimbabwe">Constitution of Zimbabwe</A> Mugabe should be succeeded by Vice President <A href="/wiki/Phelekezela_Mphoko" title="Phelekezela Mphoko">Phelekezela Mphoko</A>, a supporter of <A href="/wiki/Grace_Mugabe" title="Grace Mugabe">Grace Mugabe</A>, ZANU-PF chief whip <A href="/w/index.php?title=Lovemore_Matuke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lovemore Matuke (page does not exist)">Lovemore Matuke</A> stated to the <A href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</A> news agency that Mnangagwa would be appointed as president. <SUP id="cite_ref-bbc_resigns_26-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bbc_resigns-26">[25]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In December 2017 the website Zimbabwe News, calculating the cost of the Mugabe era using various statistics, said that at the time of independence in 1980, the country was growing economically at about 5 per cent a year, and had done so for quite a long time. If this rate of growth had been maintained for the next 37 years, Zimbabwe would have in 2016 a GDP of US$52 billion. Instead it had a formal sector GDP of only US$14 billion, a cost of US$38 billion in lost growth. The population growth in 1980 was among the highest in Africa at about 3,5 per cent per annum, doubling every 21 years. Had this growth been maintained, the population would have been 31 million. Instead, as of 2018, it is about 13 million. The discrepancies were believed to be partly caused by death from starvation and disease, and partly due to decreased fertility. The life expectancy has halved, and death from politically motivated violence sponsored by government exceeds 200,000 since 1980. The Mugabe government has directly or indirectly caused the deaths of at least 3 million Zimbabweans in 37 years.<SUP id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-94">[93]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Geography_and_environment">Geography and environment</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography and environment">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Geography of Zimbabwe">Geography of Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:ZmbziRvr.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ZmbziRvr.jpg/220px-ZmbziRvr.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ZmbziRvr.jpg/330px-ZmbziRvr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ZmbziRvr.jpg/440px-ZmbziRvr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></A>
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The <A href="/wiki/Zambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi River</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Mana_Pools_National_Park" title="Mana Pools National Park">Mana Pools National Park</A>.</DIV>
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Zimbabwe map of Köppen climate classification.</DIV>
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<P>Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern Africa, lying between latitudes <A href="/wiki/15th_parallel_south" title="15th parallel south">15°</A> and <A href="/wiki/23rd_parallel_south" title="23rd parallel south">23°S</A>, and longitudes <A href="/wiki/25th_meridian_east" title="25th meridian east">25°</A> and <A href="/wiki/34th_meridian_east" title="34th meridian east">34°E</A>. It is bordered by <A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A> to the south, <A href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</A> to the west and southwest, <A href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</A> to the northwest, and <A href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</A> to the east and northeast. Its northwest corner is roughly 150 meters from <A href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</A>, nearly forming a four-nation <A href="/wiki/Quadripoint" title="Quadripoint">quadripoint</A>. Most of the country is elevated, consisting of a central plateau (high veld) stretching from the southwest northwards with altitudes between 1,000 and 1,600 m. The country's extreme east is mountainous, this area being known as the Eastern Highlands, with <A href="/wiki/Mount_Nyangani" title="Mount Nyangani">Mount Nyangani</A> as the highest point at 2,592 m.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>These highlands are renowned for their great natural beauty, with famous tourist destinations such as Nyanga, Troutbeck, Chimanimani, Vumba and Chirinda Forest at Mount Selinda. About 20% of the country consists of low-lying areas, (the low veld) under 900m. <A href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls,_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Falls, Zambia">Victoria Falls</A>, one of the world's biggest and most spectacular waterfalls, is located in the country's extreme northwest and is part of the <A href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</A> river.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Zimbabwe has a tropical climate with many local variations. The southern areas are known for their heat and aridity, parts of the central plateau receive frost in winter, the Zambezi valley is also known for its extreme heat and the Eastern Highlands usually experience cool temperatures and the highest rainfall in the country. The country's rainy season generally runs from late October to March and the hot climate is moderated by increasing altitude. Zimbabwe is faced with recurring droughts, the latest one commencing early in 2015 and ongoing into 2016. Severe storms are rare.<SUP id="cite_ref-Baughan,_M._2005_95-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Baughan,_M._2005-95">[94]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Zimbabwe" title="Wildlife of Zimbabwe">Wildlife of Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
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An elephant at a water hole in <A href="/wiki/Hwange_National_Park" title="Hwange National Park">Hwange National Park</A>.</DIV>
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<P>The country is mostly savannah, although the moist and mountainous eastern highlands support areas of tropical evergreen and hardwood forests. Trees found in these Eastern Highlands include <A href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</A>, enormous specimens of strangling fig, forest newtonia, big leaf, white stinkwood, chirinda stinkwood, knobthorn and many others.</P>
<P>In the low-lying parts of the country fever trees, mopane, combretum and baobabs abound. Much of the country is covered by miombo woodland, dominated by brachystegia species and others. Among the numerous flowers and shrubs are hibiscus, flame lily, snake lily, spider lily, leonotus, cassia, tree wisteria and dombeya. There are around 350 species of mammals that can be found in Zimbabwe. There are also many snakes and lizards, over 500 bird species, and 131 fish species.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environmental issues">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Large parts of Zimbabwe were once covered by forests with abundant wildlife. <A href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</A> and <A href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</A> has reduced the amount of wildlife. Wood<A href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</A> and deforestation, due to <A href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</A>, <A href="/wiki/Urban_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban expansion">urban expansion</A> and lack of fuel, are major concerns<SUP id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-96">[95]</A></SUP> and have led to erosion and land degradation which diminish the amount of fertile soil. Local farmers have also been criticised by environmentalists for burning off vegetation to heat their tobacco barns.<SUP id="cite_ref-Forestry_97-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Forestry-97">[96]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Politics of Zimbabwe">Politics of Zimbabwe</A> and <A href="/wiki/Elections_in_Zimbabwe" title="Elections in Zimbabwe">Elections in Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
<P>Zimbabwe is a republic with a <A href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</A> of government. The <A href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</A> was abolished with the adoption of a new constitution after a <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_constitutional_referendum,_2013" title="Zimbabwean constitutional referendum, 2013">referendum</A> in March 2013. Under the constitutional changes in 2005, an <A href="/wiki/Upper_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper chamber">upper chamber</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Senate_of_Zimbabwe" title="Senate of Zimbabwe">Senate</A>, was reinstated.<SUP id="cite_ref-reinstated_98-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-reinstated-98">[97]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Assembly of Zimbabwe">House of Assembly</A> is the <A href="/wiki/Lower_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower chamber">lower chamber</A> of Parliament. Former President <A href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</A>'s <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union_%E2%80%93_Patriotic_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front">Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front</A> (commonly abbreviated ZANU-PF) has been the dominant political party in Zimbabwe since independence.<SUP id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-99">[98]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 1987 then-prime minister Mugabe revised the constitution, abolishing the <A href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">ceremonial presidency</A> and the prime ministerial posts to form an executive president, a <A href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</A>. His ZANU party has won every election since independence, in the 1990 election the second-placed party, <A href="/wiki/Edgar_Tekere" title="Edgar Tekere">Edgar Tekere</A>'s Zimbabwe Unity Movement, won only 20% of the vote.<SUP id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-100">[99]</A></SUP></P>
<P>During the 1995 parliamentary elections most opposition parties, including the ZUM, boycotted the voting, resulting in a near-sweep by the ruling party.<SUP id="cite_ref-Frankel_101-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Frankel-101">[100]</A></SUP> When the opposition returned to the polls in 2000, they won 57 seats, only five fewer than ZANU.<SUP id="cite_ref-Frankel_101-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Frankel-101">[100]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Presidential elections were again held in 2002 amid allegations of vote-rigging, intimidation and fraud.<SUP id="cite_ref-allegations_102-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-allegations-102">[101]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_parliamentary_elections,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwe parliamentary elections, 2005">2005 Zimbabwe parliamentary elections</A> were held on 31 March and multiple claims of vote rigging, election fraud and intimidation were made by the MDC and <A href="/wiki/Jonathan_Moyo" title="Jonathan Moyo">Jonathan Moyo</A>, calling for investigations into 32 of the 120 constituencies.<SUP id="cite_ref-moyo_103-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-moyo-103">[102]</A></SUP> Jonathan Moyo participated in the elections despite the allegations and won a seat as an independent member of Parliament.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>General elections were again held in Zimbabwe on 30 March 2008.<SUP id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-104">[103]</A></SUP> The official results required a runoff between Mugabe and <A href="/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai">Morgan Tsvangirai</A>, the opposition leader; the MDC challenged these results, claiming widespread election fraud by the Mugabe government.<SUP id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-105">[104]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The run-off was scheduled for 27 June 2008. On 22 June, citing the continuing unfairness of the process and refusing to participate in a "violent, illegitimate sham of an election process", Tsvangirai pulled out of the presidential run-off, the ZEC held the run-off and President Mugabe received a landslide majority.<SUP id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-106">[105]</A></SUP></P>
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Supporters of the <A href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_(prior_to_2005)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Democratic Change (prior to 2005)">Movement for Democratic Change</A> in 2005.</DIV>
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<P>The <A href="/wiki/MDC-T" class="mw-redirect" title="MDC-T">MDC-T</A> led by Morgan Tsvangirai is now the majority in the Lower chamber of Parliament. The MDC split into two factions. One faction (<A href="/wiki/MDC-M" class="mw-redirect" title="MDC-M">MDC-M</A>), now led by <A href="/wiki/Arthur_Mutambara" title="Arthur Mutambara">Arthur Mutambara</A> contested the elections to the Senate, while the other, led by Tsvangirai, opposed to contesting the elections, stating that participation in a rigged election is tantamount to endorsing Mugabe's claim that past elections were free and fair. The opposition parties have resumed participation in national and local elections as recently as 2006. The two MDC camps had their congresses in 2006 with Tsvangirai being elected to lead <A href="/wiki/MDC-T" class="mw-redirect" title="MDC-T">MDC-T</A>, which has become more popular than the other group.<SUP id="cite_ref-findarticles1_107-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-findarticles1-107">[106]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Mutambara, a robotics professor and former <A href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</A> robotics specialist has replaced <A href="/wiki/Welshman_Ncube" title="Welshman Ncube">Welshman Ncube</A> who was the interim leader of MDC-M after the split. Morgan Tsvangirai did not participate in the Senate elections, while the Mutambara faction participated and won five seats in the Senate. The Mutambara formation has been weakened by defections from MPs and individuals who are disillusioned by their manifesto. As of 2008<SUP class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit">[update]</A></SUP>, the Movement for Democratic Change has become the most popular, with crowds as large as 20,000 attending their rallies as compared to between 500–5,000 for the other formation.<SUP id="cite_ref-findarticles1_107-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-findarticles1-107">[106]</A></SUP></P>
<P>On 28 April 2008, Tsvangirai and Mutambara announced at a joint news conference in <A href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</A> that the two MDC formations were co-operating, enabling the MDC to have a clear parliamentary majority.<SUP id="cite_ref-SABCre_108-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SABCre-108">[107]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Reunites_109-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Reunites-109">[108]</A></SUP> Tsvangirai said that Mugabe could not remain President without a parliamentary majority.<SUP id="cite_ref-Reunites_109-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Reunites-109">[108]</A></SUP> On the same day, Silaigwana announced that the recounts for the final five constituencies had been completed, that the results were being collated and that they would be published on 29 April.<SUP id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-110">[109]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In mid-September 2008, after protracted negotiations overseen by the leaders of South Africa and Mozambique, Mugabe and Tsvangirai signed a power-sharing deal which would see Mugabe retain control over the army. Donor nations have adopted a 'wait-and-see' attitude, wanting to see real change being brought about by this merger before committing themselves to funding rebuilding efforts, which are estimated to take at least five years. On 11 February 2009 Tsvangirai was sworn in as Prime Minister by President Mugabe.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>In November 2008, the government of Zimbabwe spent US$7.3 million donated by the <A href="/wiki/Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria</A>. A representative of the organisation declined to speculate on how the money was spent, except that it was not for the intended purpose, and the government has failed to honour requests to return the money.<SUP id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-111">[110]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In February 2013, Zimbabwe's election chief, <A href="/wiki/Simpson_Mtambanengwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Simpson Mtambanengwe">Simpson Mtambanengwe</A>, resigned due to ill health. His resignation came months before the country's constitutional referendum and elections.<SUP id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-112">[111]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Human_rights">Human rights</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Zimbabwe" title="Human rights in Zimbabwe">Human rights in Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
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A demonstration in <A href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</A> against <A href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</A>. Protests are discouraged by Zimbabwean police in Zimbabwe.<SUP id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-113">[112]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<P>There are widespread reports of systematic and escalating violations of human rights in Zimbabwe under the <A href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Mugabe administration</A> and the dominant party, the <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union_-_Patriotic_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front">ZANU-PF</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-114">[113]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2011, there were reports of 640 corpses having been recovered from the Monkey William Mine in <A href="/w/index.php?title=Chibondo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chibondo (page does not exist)">Chibondo</A>. They were allegedly authenticated by the Fallen Heroes Trust of Zimbabwe and the Department of National Museums and Monuments who are leading the exhumation process as victims of the Ian Smith regime during the <A href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-115">[114]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-116">[115]</A></SUP> One body was identified as a ZANLA cadre, Cde Rauya, by the Fallen Heroes Trust Chief exhumer.<SUP id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-117">[116]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Government Minister Saviour Kasukuwere admitted the remains were discovered in 2008, but claimed the remains were decades old despite clear evidence the exhumed skeletons still had hair and clothes. Solidarity Peace Trust said that the presence of soft tissues "is not necessarily an indicator that these bones entered the grave more recently, although it could be."<SUP id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_118-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-118">[117]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Journalists found a body in the mine with 'what appeared to be blood and fluids dripping onto the skulls below'. The opposition MDC called for research on all violence that included killings of its supporters during disputed elections in 2008. Amnesty International (AI) expressed concern that "international best practice on exhumations is not being adhered to ... [M]ishandling of these mass graves has serious implications on potential exhumations of other sites in Zimbabwe. Thousands of civilians were also killed in Matabeleland and Midlands provinces in the mid 1980s and are allegedly buried in mine shafts and mass graves in these regions", AI added.<SUP id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_118-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-118">[117]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-119">[118]</A></SUP></P>
<P>According to human rights organisations such as <A href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</A><SUP id="cite_ref-AI_120-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-AI-120">[119]</A></SUP> and <A href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</A><SUP id="cite_ref-hrw_121-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-hrw-121">[120]</A></SUP> the government of Zimbabwe violates the rights to shelter, food, <A href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</A> and residence, <A href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">protection of the law</A>. In 2009, Gregory Stanton, then President of the International Association of Genocide Scholars, stated there was "clear evidence that Mugabe government was guilty of crimes against humanity and that there was sufficient evidence of crimes against humanity to bring Mugabe to trial in front of the International Criminal Court. <SUP id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-122">[121]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Male <A href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</A> is <A href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Zimbabwe" title="LGBT rights in Zimbabwe">illegal in Zimbabwe</A>. Since 1995, the government has <A href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_opposition" title="LGBT rights opposition">carried out campaigns</A> against both homosexual men and women.<SUP id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-123">[122]</A></SUP> President Mugabe has blamed gays for many of Zimbabwe's problems and viewed homosexuality as an "un-African" and immoral culture brought by European colonists and practiced by only "a few whites" in his country.<SUP id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-124">[123]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Opposition gatherings are frequently the subject of brutal attacks by the police force, such as the crackdown on an 11 March 2007 <A href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change</A> (MDC) rally and several others during the 2008 election campaign.<SUP id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-125">[124]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the attacks of 2007, party leader <A href="/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai">Morgan Tsvangirai</A> and 49 other opposition activists were arrested and severely beaten by the police. After his release, Morgan Tsvangirai told the <A href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</A> that he suffered head injuries and blows to the arms, knees and back, and that he lost a significant amount of blood and hundreds were killed.<SUP id="cite_ref-bbc_Morgan_126-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bbc_Morgan-126">[125]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Police action was strongly condemned by the <A href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General">UN Secretary-General</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</A>, the <A href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</A> and the United States.<SUP id="cite_ref-bbc_Morgan_126-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bbc_Morgan-126">[125]</A></SUP> While noting that the activists had suffered injuries, but not mentioning the cause of them,<SUP id="cite_ref-herald_127-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-herald-127">[126]</A></SUP> the Zimbabwean state-owned daily newspaper <I><A href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Zimbabwe)" title="The Herald (Zimbabwe)">The Herald</A></I> claimed the police had intervened after demonstrators "ran amok looting shops, destroying property, mugging civilians, and assaulting police officers and innocent members of the public". The newspaper argued that the opposition had been "willfully violating the ban on political rallies".<SUP id="cite_ref-herald_127-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-herald-127">[126]</A></SUP></P>
<P>There are also abuses of media rights and access. The Zimbabwean government is accused of suppressing freedom of the press and freedom of speech.<SUP id="cite_ref-AI_120-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-AI-120">[119]</A></SUP> It has been repeatedly accused of using the public broadcaster, the <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation">Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation</A>, as a propaganda tool.<SUP id="cite_ref-propaganda_128-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-propaganda-128">[127]</A></SUP> Newspapers critical of the government, such as the <I><A href="/wiki/Daily_News_(Harare)" title="Daily News (Harare)">Daily News</A></I>, closed after bombs exploded at their offices and the government refused to renew their license.<SUP id="cite_ref-bombs_129-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bombs-129">[128]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-license_130-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-license-130">[129]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</A>, and <A href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</A> were banned from filming or reporting from Zimbabwe. In 2009 reporting restrictions on the BBC and CNN were lifted.<SUP id="cite_ref-Telegraph_131-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Telegraph-131">[130]</A></SUP> Sky News continue to report on happenings within Zimbabwe from neighbouring countries like South Africa.<SUP id="cite_ref-networks_132-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-networks-132">[131]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-133">[132]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Armed_forces">Armed forces</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Armed forces">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces" title="Zimbabwe Defence Forces">Zimbabwe Defence Forces</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces.svg.png" width="220" height="136" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_the_Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="587" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The flag of the <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces" title="Zimbabwe Defence Forces">Zimbabwe Defence Forces</A>.</DIV>
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<P>The Zimbabwe Defence Forces were set up by unifying three insurrectionist forces – the <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Liberation_Army" title="Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army">Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army</A> (ZANLA), the <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_People%27s_Revolutionary_Army" title="Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army">Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army</A> (ZIPRA), and the <A href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Security_Forces" title="Rhodesian Security Forces">Rhodesian Security Forces</A> (RSF) – after the <A href="/wiki/Second_Chimurenga" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Chimurenga">Second Chimurenga</A> and Zimbabwean independence in 1980. The integration period saw the formation of The <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_National_Army" title="Zimbabwe National Army">Zimbabwe National Army</A> (ZNA) and <A href="/wiki/Air_Force_of_Zimbabwe" title="Air Force of Zimbabwe">Air Force of Zimbabwe</A> (AFZ) as separate entities under the command of Rtd General <A href="/wiki/Solomon_Mujuru" title="Solomon Mujuru">Solomon Mujuru</A> and Air Marshal <A href="/wiki/Norman_Walsh" title="Norman Walsh">Norman Walsh</A> who retired in 1982, and was replaced by Air Marshal Azim Daudpota who handed over command to the late Rtd <A href="/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Chief Marshal">Air Chief Marshal</A> <A href="/wiki/Josiah_Tungamirai" title="Josiah Tungamirai">Josiah Tungamirai</A> in 1985.</P>
<P>In December 2003, General Constantine Chiwenga, was promoted and appointed Commander of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces. Lieutenant General P. V. Sibanda replaced him as Commander of the Army.<SUP id="cite_ref-minist_134-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-minist-134">[133]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The ZNA currently has an active duty strength of 30,000. The Air Force has about 5,139 standing personnel.<SUP id="cite_ref-Airforce_of_Zimbabwe_135-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Airforce_of_Zimbabwe-135">[134]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Republic_Police" title="Zimbabwe Republic Police">Zimbabwe Republic Police</A> (includes Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police) is part of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces and numbers 25,000.<SUP id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-136">[135]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Following majority rule in early 1980, <A href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</A> trainers oversaw the integration of guerrilla fighters into a <A href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</A> structure overlaid on the existing Rhodesian armed forces. For the first year, a system was followed where the top-performing candidate became battalion commander. If he or she was from ZANLA, then his or her second-in-command was the top-performing ZIPRA candidate, and vice versa.<SUP id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-137">[136]</A></SUP> This ensured a balance between the two movements in the command structure. From early 1981, this system was abandoned in favour of political appointments, and ZANLA and ZANU fighters consequently quickly formed the majority of battalion commanders in the ZNA.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>The ZNA was originally formed into four <A href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</A>, composed of a total of 28 battalions. The brigade support units were composed almost entirely of specialists of the former Rhodesian Army, while unintegrated battalions of the <A href="/wiki/Rhodesian_African_Rifles" title="Rhodesian African Rifles">Rhodesian African Rifles</A> were assigned to the 1st, 3rd and 4th Brigades. The <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Fifth_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean Fifth Brigade">Fifth Brigade</A> was formed in 1981 and disbanded in 1988 after the demonstration of mass brutality and murder during the brigade's occupation of <A href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</A> in what has become known as <A href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</A> (<A href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</A>: <I><SPAN lang="sn">"the early rain which washes away the chaff before the spring rains"</SPAN></I>), the campaign which finished off Mugabe's liberation struggle.<SUP id="cite_ref-watch_57-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-watch-57">[56]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-138">[137]</A></SUP> The Brigade had been re-formed by 2006, with its commander, Brigadier-General John Mupande praising its "rich history".<SUP id="cite_ref-Herald_Reporter_139-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Herald_Reporter-139">[138]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zimbabwe" title="Provinces of Zimbabwe">Provinces of Zimbabwe</A>, <A href="/wiki/Districts_of_Zimbabwe" title="Districts of Zimbabwe">Districts of Zimbabwe</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Wards_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wards of Zimbabwe">Wards of Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Administrative_Divisions_of_Zimbabwe.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Administrative_Divisions_of_Zimbabwe.svg/300px-Administrative_Divisions_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" width="300" height="233" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Administrative_Divisions_of_Zimbabwe.svg/450px-Administrative_Divisions_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Administrative_Divisions_of_Zimbabwe.svg/600px-Administrative_Divisions_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="490" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zimbabwe" title="Provinces of Zimbabwe">Administrative divisions of Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
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</DIV>
<P>Zimbabwe has a <A href="/wiki/Centralised_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralised government">centralised government</A> and is divided into eight provinces and two cities with provincial status, for administrative purposes. Each province has a provincial capital from where government administration is usually carried out.<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA-WF_2-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA-WF-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<TABLE class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH>Province</TH>
<TH>Capital</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</A></TD>
<TD>Bulawayo</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</A></TD>
<TD>Harare</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Manicaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicaland">Manicaland</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Mutare" title="Mutare">Mutare</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Mashonaland_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashonaland Central">Mashonaland Central</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Bindura" title="Bindura">Bindura</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Mashonaland_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashonaland East">Mashonaland East</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Marondera" title="Marondera">Marondera</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Mashonaland_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashonaland West">Mashonaland West</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Chinhoyi" title="Chinhoyi">Chinhoyi</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Masvingo_Province" title="Masvingo Province">Masvingo</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Masvingo city</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Matabeleland_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Matabeleland North">Matabeleland North</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Lupane_District" title="Lupane District">Lupane District</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Matabeleland_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Matabeleland South">Matabeleland South</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Gwanda" title="Gwanda">Gwanda</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Midlands_Province" title="Midlands Province">Midlands</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Gweru" title="Gweru">Gweru</A></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P>The names of most of the provinces were generated from the <A href="/wiki/Mashonaland" title="Mashonaland">Mashonaland</A> and <A href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</A> divide at the time of colonisation: Mashonaland was the territory occupied first by the British South Africa Company Pioneer Column and Matabeleland the territory conquered during the <A href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">First Matabele War</A>. This corresponds roughly to the precolonial territory of the <A href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona people</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Matabele_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Matabele people">Matabele people</A>, although there are significant ethnic minorities in most provinces. Each province is headed by a Provincial Governor, appointed by the <A href="/wiki/President_of_Zimbabwe" title="President of Zimbabwe">President</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-constitution_140-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-constitution-140">[139]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The provincial government is run by a Provincial Administrator, appointed by the Public Service Commission. Other government functions at provincial level are carried out by provincial offices of national government departments.<SUP id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-141">[140]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The provinces are subdivided into 59 <A href="/wiki/Districts_of_Zimbabwe" title="Districts of Zimbabwe">districts</A> and 1,200 <A href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Zimbabwe">wards</A> (sometimes referred to as municipalities). Each district is headed by a District Administrator, appointed by the Public Service Commission. There is also a Rural District Council, which appoints a chief executive officer. The Rural District Council is composed of elected ward councillors, the District Administrator and one representative of the chiefs (traditional leaders appointed under customary law) in the district. Other government functions at district level are carried out by district offices of national government departments.<SUP id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-142">[141]</A></SUP></P>
<P>At the ward level there is a Ward Development Committee, comprising the elected ward councillor, the kraalheads (traditional leaders subordinate to chiefs) and representatives of Village Development Committees. Wards are subdivided into villages, each of which has an elected Village Development Committee and a Headman (traditional leader subordinate to the kraalhead).<SUP id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-143">[142]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Economy of Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:332px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Tree_map_export_zwe_all_show_2010_SITC4.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tree_map_export_zwe_all_show_2010_SITC4.svg/330px-Tree_map_export_zwe_all_show_2010_SITC4.svg.png" width="330" height="330" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tree_map_export_zwe_all_show_2010_SITC4.svg/495px-Tree_map_export_zwe_all_show_2010_SITC4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tree_map_export_zwe_all_show_2010_SITC4.svg/660px-Tree_map_export_zwe_all_show_2010_SITC4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Tree_map_export_zwe_all_show_2010_SITC4.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
A proportional representation of Zimbabwe's exports, 2010</DIV>
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<P>Minerals, gold,<SUP id="cite_ref-Baughan,_M._2005_95-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Baughan,_M._2005-95">[94]</A></SUP> and agriculture are the main foreign exports of Zimbabwe. Tourism also plays a key role in its economy.<SUP id="cite_ref-FA_Canada_144-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FA_Canada-144">[143]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The mining sector remains very lucrative, with some of the world's largest <A href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</A> reserves being mined by <A href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American plc</A> and Impala Platinum.<SUP id="cite_ref-nofix_145-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-nofix-145">[144]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Marange_diamond_fields" title="Marange diamond fields">Marange diamond fields</A>, discovered in 2006, are considered the biggest diamond find in over a century.<SUP id="cite_ref-EarthTimes_146-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-EarthTimes-146">[145]</A></SUP> They have the potential to improve the fiscal situation of the country considerably, but almost all revenues from the field have disappeared into the pockets of army officers and ZANU-PF politicians.<SUP id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-147">[146]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In terms of carats produced, the Marange field is one of the largest diamond producing projects in the world,<SUP id="cite_ref-Kitco_148-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kitco-148">[147]</A></SUP> estimated to produce 12 million carats in 2014 worth over $350 million.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> Zimbabwe is the biggest trading partner of South Africa on the continent.<SUP id="cite_ref-AN_economy_149-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-AN_economy-149">[148]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Taxes and tariffs are high for private enterprises, while state enterprises are strongly subsidised. State regulation is costly to companies; starting or closing a business is slow and costly.<SUP id="cite_ref-Heritage:_Zimbabwe_150-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Heritage:_Zimbabwe-150">[149]</A></SUP> Government spending was predicted to reach 67% of GDP in 2007.<SUP id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-151">[150]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Tourism was an important industry for the country, but has been failing in recent years. The Zimbabwe Conservation Task Force released a report in June 2007, estimating 60% of Zimbabwe's wildlife has died since 2000 due to poaching and deforestation. The report warns that the loss of life combined with widespread <A href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</A> is potentially disastrous for the tourist industry.<SUP id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-152">[151]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">ICT</A> sector of Zimbabwe has been growing at a fast pace. A report by the mobile internet browser company, Opera, in June/July 2011 has ranked Zimbabwe as Africa's fastest growing market.<SUP id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-153">[152]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-154">[153]</A></SUP></P>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:2010_market_Harare_Zimbabwe_5866074969.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/2010_market_Harare_Zimbabwe_5866074969.jpg/220px-2010_market_Harare_Zimbabwe_5866074969.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/2010_market_Harare_Zimbabwe_5866074969.jpg/330px-2010_market_Harare_Zimbabwe_5866074969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/2010_market_Harare_Zimbabwe_5866074969.jpg/440px-2010_market_Harare_Zimbabwe_5866074969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:2010_market_Harare_Zimbabwe_5866074969.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
A market in <A href="/wiki/Mbare,_Harare" title="Mbare, Harare">Mbare, Harare</A></DIV>
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</DIV>
<P>Since 1 January 2002, the government of Zimbabwe has had its lines of credit at international financial institutions frozen, through US legislation called the <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Democracy_and_Economic_Recovery_Act_of_2001" title="Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001">Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001</A> (ZDERA). Section 4C instructs the Secretary of the Treasury to direct directors at international financial institutions to veto the extension of loans and credit to the Zimbabwean government.<SUP id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-155">[154]</A></SUP> According to the United States, these <A href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">sanctions</A> target only seven specific businesses owned or controlled by government officials and not ordinary citizens.<SUP id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-156">[155]</A></SUP></P>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><A href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_(current),_%25_of_world_average,_1960-2012;_Zimbabwe,_South_Africa,_Botswana,_Zambia,_Mozambique.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png/350px-GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png" width="350" height="232" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png/525px-GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png/700px-GDP_per_capita_%28current%29%2C_%25_of_world_average%2C_1960-2012%3B_Zimbabwe%2C_South_Africa%2C_Botswana%2C_Zambia%2C_Mozambique.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="700" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_(current),_%25_of_world_average,_1960-2012;_Zimbabwe,_South_Africa,_Botswana,_Zambia,_Mozambique.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The GDP per capita (current), compared to neighbouring countries (world average = 100).</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Zimbabwe maintained positive economic growth throughout the 1980s (5% GDP growth per year) and 1990s (4.3% GDP growth per year). The economy declined from 2000: 5% decline in 2000, 8% in 2001, 12% in 2002 and 18% in 2003.<SUP id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-157">[156]</A></SUP> Zimbabwe's involvement from 1998 to 2002 in the war in the <A href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</A> drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the economy.<SUP id="cite_ref-drained_158-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-drained-158">[157]</A></SUP> From 1999–2009, Zimbabwe saw the lowest ever economic growth with an annual GDP <I>decrease</I> of 6.1%.<SUP id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-159">[158]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The downward spiral of the economy has been attributed mainly to mismanagement and corruption by the government and the eviction of more than 4,000 white farmers in the controversial land confiscations of 2000.<SUP id="cite_ref-CNN-2000-04-18_160-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CNN-2000-04-18-160">[159]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Time-2002-02-18_161-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Time-2002-02-18-161">[160]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-USAToday-2002-06-24_162-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-USAToday-2002-06-24-162">[161]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-BBC-2002-08-15_163-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BBC-2002-08-15-163">[162]</A></SUP> The Zimbabwean government and its supporters attest that it was Western policies to avenge the expulsion of their kin that sabotaged the economy.<SUP id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-164">[163]</A></SUP></P>
<P>By 2005, the purchasing power of the average Zimbabwean had dropped to the same levels in real terms as 1953.<SUP id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-165">[164]</A></SUP> In 2005, the government, led by central bank governor <A href="/wiki/Gideon_Gono" title="Gideon Gono">Gideon Gono</A>, started making overtures that white farmers could come back. There were 400 to 500 still left in the country, but much of the land that had been confiscated was no longer productive.<SUP id="cite_ref-Meldrum-2005-05-21_166-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Meldrum-2005-05-21-166">[165]</A></SUP> By 2016 there were about 300 farms owned by white farmers left out of the original 4,500. The farms left were either too remote or their owners had paid for protection or collaborated with the regime.<SUP id="cite_ref-Out_of_House_88-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Out_of_House-88">[87]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In January 2007, the government issued long term leases to some white farmers.<SUP id="cite_ref-Timberg-WP-2007-01-06_167-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Timberg-WP-2007-01-06-167">[166]</A></SUP> At the same time, however, the government also continued to demand that all remaining white farmers, who were given eviction notices earlier, vacate the land or risk being arrested.<SUP id="cite_ref-AP/WP-2007-02-05_168-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-AP/WP-2007-02-05-168">[167]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Chinaka-2007-08-08_169-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Chinaka-2007-08-08-169">[168]</A></SUP> Mugabe pointed to foreign governments and alleged "sabotage" as the cause of the fall of the Zimbabwean economy, as well as the country's 80% formal unemployment rate.<SUP id="cite_ref-unemployment_170-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-unemployment-170">[169]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32% in 1998, to an official estimated high of 11,200,000% in August 2008 according to the country's Central Statistical Office.<SUP id="cite_ref-Zimbabwe_inflation_at_11,200,000_171-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Zimbabwe_inflation_at_11,200,000-171">[170]</A></SUP> This represented a state of <A href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe">hyperinflation</A>, and the central bank introduced a new 100 billion dollar note.<SUP id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-172">[171]</A></SUP></P>
<P>On 29 January 2009, in an effort to counteract runaway inflation, acting Finance Minister <A href="/wiki/Patrick_Chinamasa" title="Patrick Chinamasa">Patrick Chinamasa</A> announced that Zimbabweans will be permitted to use other, more stable currencies to do business, alongside the Zimbabwe dollar.<SUP id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-173">[172]</A></SUP> In an effort to combat inflation and foster economic growth the Zimbabwean Dollar was suspended indefinitely on 12 April 2009.<SUP id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-174">[173]</A></SUP> In 2016 Zimbabwe allowed trade in the <A href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</A> and various other currencies such as the <A href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">rand</A> (South Africa), the <A href="/wiki/Botswana_pula" title="Botswana pula">pula</A> (Botswana), the <A href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</A>, and the Pound Sterling (UK).<SUP id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-175">[174]</A></SUP></P>
<P>After the formation of the Unity Government and the adoption of several currencies instead of the Zimbabwe dollar in 2009, the Zimbabwean economy rebounded. GDP grew by 8–9% a year between 2009 and 2012.<SUP id="cite_ref-Worldbank_176-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Worldbank-176">[175]</A></SUP> In November 2010, the IMF described the Zimbabwean economy as "completing its second year of buoyant economic growth".<SUP id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-177">[176]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-178">[177]</A></SUP> By 2014, Zimbabwe had recovered to levels seen in the 1990s<SUP id="cite_ref-Worldbank_176-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Worldbank-176">[175]</A></SUP> but between 2012 and 2016 growth faltered.<SUP id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-179">[178]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Zimplats, the nation's largest platinum company, has proceeded with US$500 million in expansions, and is also continuing a separate US$2 billion project, despite threats by Mugabe to nationalise the company.<SUP id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-180">[179]</A></SUP> The pan-African investment bank <A href="/wiki/IMARA" class="mw-redirect" title="IMARA">IMARA</A> released a favourable report in February 2011 on investment prospects in Zimbabwe, citing an improved revenue base and higher tax receipts.<SUP id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-181">[180]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In late January 2013, the Zimbabwean finance ministry reported that they had only $217 in their treasury and would apply for donations to finance the coming elections that is estimated to cost 107 million USD.<SUP id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-182">[181]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-183">[182]</A></SUP></P>
<P>As of October 2014, <A href="/wiki/Metallon_Corporation" title="Metallon Corporation">Metallon Corporation</A> was Zimbabwe's largest gold miner.<SUP id="cite_ref-Metallon_184-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Metallon-184">[183]</A></SUP> The group is looking to increase its production to 500,000 <A href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">troy ounces</A> per annum by 2019.<SUP id="cite_ref-Metallon_184-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Metallon-184">[183]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Agriculture">Agriculture</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Zimbabwe's commercial farming sector was traditionally a source of exports and foreign exchange, and provided 400,000 jobs. However, the government's land reform program badly damaged the sector, turning Zimbabwe into a net importer of food products.<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA-WF_2-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA-WF-2">[2]</A></SUP> For example, between 2000 and 2016 annual wheat production fell from 250,000 tons to 60,000 tons, maize was reduced from two million tons to 500,000 tons and cattle slaughtered for beef fell from 605,000 to 244,000.<SUP id="cite_ref-Out_of_House_88-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Out_of_House-88">[87]</A></SUP> Coffee production, once a prized export commodity came to a virtual halt after seizure or expropriation of white-owned coffee farms in 2000, and has never recovered.<SUP id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-185">[184]</A></SUP></P>
<P>For the past ten years, the <A href="/wiki/International_Crops_Research_Institute_for_the_Semi-Arid_Tropics" title="International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics">International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics</A> (<A href="/wiki/ICRISAT" class="mw-redirect" title="ICRISAT">ICRISAT</A>) has been assisting Zimbabwe's farmers to adopt <A href="/wiki/Conservation_agriculture" title="Conservation agriculture">conservation agriculture</A> techniques, a sustainable method of farming that can help increase yields. By applying the three principles of minimum soil disturbance, legume-based cropping and the use of organic mulch, farmers can improve infiltration, reduce evaporation and soil erosion, and build up organic soil content.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>Between 2005 and 2011, the number of smallholders practising conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe increased from 5000 to more than 150000. Cereal yields rose between 15 and 100 per cent across different regions.<SUP id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-186">[185]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Tourism in Zimbabwe">Tourism in Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Victoria5.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Victoria5.jpg/300px-Victoria5.jpg" width="300" height="240" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Victoria5.jpg/450px-Victoria5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Victoria5.jpg/600px-Victoria5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="512" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls" title="Victoria Falls">Victoria Falls</A>, the end of the upper <A href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</A> and beginning of the middle Zambezi.</DIV>
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<P>Since the <A href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">land reform programme</A> in 2000, tourism in Zimbabwe has steadily declined. After rising during the 1990s, (1.4 million tourists in 1999) industry figures described a 75% fall in visitors to Zimbabwe in 2000.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> By December, less than 20% of hotel rooms had been occupied.<SUP id="cite_ref-tourism_187-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tourism-187">[186]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2016, the total contribution of tourism to Zimbabwe was $1.1 billion (USD), or about 8.1% of Zimbabwe's GDP. It is expected to rise 1.4% in 2017. Employment in travel and tourism, as well as industries travel and tourism indirectly supports, was 5.2% of national employment and is expected to rise by 1.4% in 2017.<SUP id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-188">[187]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Several airlines pulled out of Zimbabwe between 2000 and 2007. Australia's <A href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</A>, Germany's <A href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Austrian_Airlines" title="Austrian Airlines">Austrian Airlines</A> were among the first to pull out and in 2007 <A href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</A> suspended all direct flights to Harare.<SUP id="cite_ref-tourism_187-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tourism-187">[186]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-189">[188]</A></SUP> The country's flagship airline <A href="/wiki/Air_Zimbabwe" title="Air Zimbabwe">Air Zimbabwe</A>, which operated flights throughout Africa and a few destinations in Europe and Asia, ceased operations in February 2012.<SUP id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-190">[189]</A></SUP><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><SPAN title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (August 2017)">needs update</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> As of 2017, several major commercial airlines had resumed flights to Zimbabwe.</P>
<P>Zimbabwe has several major tourist attractions. <A href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls,_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Falls, Zambia">Victoria Falls</A> on the <A href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</A>, which are shared with Zambia, are located in the north west of Zimbabwe. Before the economic changes, much of the tourism for these locations came to the Zimbabwe side but now Zambia is the main beneficiary. The <A href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls_National_Park" title="Victoria Falls National Park">Victoria Falls National Park</A> is also in this area and is one of the eight main <A href="/wiki/National_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks">national parks</A> in Zimbabwe,<SUP id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-191">[190]</A></SUP> the largest of which is <A href="/wiki/Hwange_National_Park" title="Hwange National Park">Hwange National Park</A>.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Eastern_Highlands" title="Eastern Highlands">Eastern Highlands</A> are a series of mountainous areas near the border with <A href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</A>. The highest peak in Zimbabwe, <A href="/wiki/Mount_Nyangani" title="Mount Nyangani">Mount Nyangani</A> at 2,593 m (8,507 ft) is located here as well as the <A href="/wiki/Bvumba_Mountains" title="Bvumba Mountains">Bvumba Mountains</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Nyanga_National_Park" title="Nyanga National Park">Nyanga National Park</A>. <A href="/wiki/World%27s_View,_Nyanga" title="World's View, Nyanga">World's View</A> is in these mountains and it is from here that places as far away as 60–70 km (37–43 mi) are visible and, on clear days, the town of <A href="/wiki/Rusape" title="Rusape">Rusape</A> can be seen.</P>
<P>Zimbabwe is unusual in Africa in that there are a number of ancient ruined cities built in a unique <A href="/wiki/Dry_stone" title="Dry stone">dry stone</A> style. The most famous of these are the <A href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</A> ruins in <A href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Masvingo</A>. Other ruins include <A href="/wiki/Khami" title="Khami">Khami Ruins, Zimbabwe</A>, <A href="/wiki/Dhlo-Dhlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhlo-Dhlo">Dhlo-Dhlo</A> and <A href="/wiki/Naletale" title="Naletale">Naletale</A>.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Matobo_National_Park" title="Matobo National Park">Matobo Hills</A> are an area of <A href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</A> <A href="/wiki/Kopje" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopje">kopjes</A> and wooded valleys commencing some 22 miles (35 km) south of <A href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</A> in southern Zimbabwe. The Hills were formed over 2,000 million years ago with granite being forced to the surface, then being eroded to produce smooth "whaleback dwalas" and broken kopjes, strewn with boulders and interspersed with thickets of vegetation. <A href="/wiki/Mzilikazi" title="Mzilikazi">Mzilikazi</A>, founder of the <A href="/wiki/Ndebele_people_(Zimbabwe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndebele people (Zimbabwe)">Ndebele</A> nation, gave the area its name, meaning 'Bald Heads'. They have become famous and a tourist attraction due to their ancient shapes and local wildlife. <A href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</A> and other early white pioneers like <A href="/wiki/Leander_Starr_Jameson" title="Leander Starr Jameson">Leander Starr Jameson</A> are buried in these hills at a site named World's View.<SUP id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-192">[191]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Water supply and sanitation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe">Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Water supply</A> and <A href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</A> in Zimbabwe is defined by many small scale successful programs but also by a general lack of improved water and <A href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</A> systems for the majority of Zimbabwe. According to the <A href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</A> in 2012, 80% of Zimbabweans had access to improved, i.e. clean, <A href="/wiki/Drinking-water" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinking-water">drinking-water</A> sources, and only 40% of Zimbabweans had access to improved sanitation facilities.<SUP id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-193">[192]</A></SUP> Access to improved water supply and sanitation is distinctly less in rural areas.<SUP id="cite_ref-wsp1_194-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-wsp1-194">[193]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Public_expenditure_on_education_in_Southern_Africa_as_a_share_of_GDP,_2012_or_closest_year.svg"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Public_expenditure_on_education_in_Southern_Africa_as_a_share_of_GDP%2C_2012_or_closest_year.svg/220px-Public_expenditure_on_education_in_Southern_Africa_as_a_share_of_GDP%2C_2012_or_closest_year.svg.png" width="220" height="301" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Public_expenditure_on_education_in_Southern_Africa_as_a_share_of_GDP%2C_2012_or_closest_year.svg/330px-Public_expenditure_on_education_in_Southern_Africa_as_a_share_of_GDP%2C_2012_or_closest_year.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Public_expenditure_on_education_in_Southern_Africa_as_a_share_of_GDP%2C_2012_or_closest_year.svg/440px-Public_expenditure_on_education_in_Southern_Africa_as_a_share_of_GDP%2C_2012_or_closest_year.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="322" /></A>
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Public expenditure on education in Southern Africa as a share of GDP, 2012 or closest year. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015)</DIV>
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<P>There are many factors which continue to determine the nature, for the foreseeable future, of water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe.</P>
<P>Three major factors are the severely depressed state of the Zimbabwean economy, the reluctance of foreign aid organizations to build and finance infrastructure projects, and the political instability of the Zimbabwean state.<SUP id="cite_ref-wsp1_194-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-wsp1-194">[193]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-hrw2_195-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-hrw2-195">[194]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Zimbabwe" title="Science and technology in Zimbabwe">Science and technology in Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
<P>Zimbabwe has relatively well-developed national infrastructure and a long-standing tradition of promoting research and development (R&D), as evidenced by the levy imposed on tobacco-growers since the 1930s to promote market research.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_196-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-196">[195]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-:1_197-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:1-197">[196]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The country also has a well-developed education system, with one in eleven adults holding a tertiary degree. Given the country’s solid knowledge base and abundant natural resources, Zimbabwe has the potential to figure among the countries leading growth in sub-Saharan Africa by 2020.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_196-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-196">[195]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-:1_197-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:1-197">[196]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Life%20sciences%20and%20geosciences%20dominate,%20Cumulative%20totals%20by%20field,%202008%E2%80%932014.svg"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Life_sciences_and_geosciences_dominate%2C_Cumulative_totals_by_field%2C_2008%E2%80%932014.svg/220px-Life_sciences_and_geosciences_dominate%2C_Cumulative_totals_by_field%2C_2008%E2%80%932014.svg.png" width="220" height="126" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Life_sciences_and_geosciences_dominate%2C_Cumulative_totals_by_field%2C_2008%E2%80%932014.svg/330px-Life_sciences_and_geosciences_dominate%2C_Cumulative_totals_by_field%2C_2008%E2%80%932014.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Life_sciences_and_geosciences_dominate%2C_Cumulative_totals_by_field%2C_2008%E2%80%932014.svg/440px-Life_sciences_and_geosciences_dominate%2C_Cumulative_totals_by_field%2C_2008%E2%80%932014.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="292" /></A>
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Scientific research output in terms of publications in Southern Africa, cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 20.6</DIV>
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<P>To do so, however, Zimbabwe will need to correct a number of structural weaknesses. For instance, it currently lacks the critical mass of researchers needed to trigger innovation. Although the infrastructure is in place to harness research and development to Zimbabwe’s socio-economic development, universities and research institutions lack the requisite financial and human resources to conduct research and the current regulatory environment hampers the transfer of new technologies to the business sector. The economic crisis has precipitated an exodus of university students and professionals in key areas of expertise (medicine, engineering, etc.) that is of growing concern. More than 22% of Zimbabwean tertiary students were completing their degrees abroad in 2012, compared to a 4% average for sub-Saharan Africa as a whole. In 2012, there were 200 researchers (head count) employed in the public sector, one-quarter of whom were women. This is double the continental average (91 in 2013) but only one-quarter the researcher density of South Africa (818 per million inhabitants). The government has created the Zimbabwe Human Capital Website to provide information for the diaspora on job and investment opportunities in Zimbabwe.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_196-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-196">[195]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-:1_197-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:1-197">[196]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Despite the fact that human resources are a pillar of any research and innovation policy, the <I>Medium Term Plan</I> <I>2011–2015</I> did not discuss any explicit policy for promoting postgraduate studies in science and engineering. The scarcity of new PhDs in science and engineering fields from the University of Zimbabwe in 2013 was symptomatic of this omission.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_196-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-196">[195]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-:1_197-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:1-197">[196]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Nor does the development agenda to 2018, the <I>Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Economic Transformation,</I> contain any specific targets for increasing the number of scientists and engineers, or the staffing requirements for industry and other productive sectors. In addition, the lack of co-ordination and coherence among governance structures has led to a multiplication of research priorities and poor implementation of existing policies.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_196-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-196">[195]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-:1_197-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:1-197">[196]</A></SUP></P>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scientific_publication_trends_in_SADC_countries,_2005-2014.svg"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Scientific_publication_trends_in_SADC_countries%2C_2005-2014.svg/220px-Scientific_publication_trends_in_SADC_countries%2C_2005-2014.svg.png" width="220" height="218" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Scientific_publication_trends_in_SADC_countries%2C_2005-2014.svg/330px-Scientific_publication_trends_in_SADC_countries%2C_2005-2014.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Scientific_publication_trends_in_SADC_countries%2C_2005-2014.svg/440px-Scientific_publication_trends_in_SADC_countries%2C_2005-2014.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="589" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Scientific_publication_trends_in_SADC_countries,_2005-2014.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Scientific publication trends in the most productive SADC countries, 2005–2014. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), data from Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>The country's <I>Second Science and Technology Policy</I> was launched in June 2012, after being elaborated with UNESCO assistance. It replaces the earlier policy dating from 2002. The 2012 policy prioritizes biotechnology, information and communication technologies (ICTs), space sciences, nanotechnology, indigenous knowledge systems, technologies yet to emerge and scientific solutions to emergent environmental challenges. The <I>Second Science and Technology Policy</I> also asserts the government commitment to allocating at least 1% of GDP to research and development, focusing at least 60% of university education on developing skills in science and technology and ensuring that school pupils devote at least 30% of their time to studying science subjects.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_196-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-196">[195]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-:1_197-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:1-197">[196]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2014, Zimbabwe counted 21 publications per million inhabitants in internationally catalogued journals, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded). This placed Zimbabwe sixth out of the 15 SADC countries, behind Namibia (59), Mauritius (71), Botswana (103) and, above all, South Africa (175) and the Seychelles (364). The average for sub-Saharan Africa was 20 scientific publications per million inhabitants, compared to a global average of 176 per million.<SUP id="cite_ref-:1_197-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:1-197">[196]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Demographics of Zimbabwe">Demographics of Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
<TABLE class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;">Population in Zimbabwe<SUP id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_6-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-6">[5]</A></SUP></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="background:#cfb;">Year</TH>
<TH style="background:#cfb;">Million</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="text-align:left;">1950</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">2.7</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="text-align:left;">2000</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">12.2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="text-align:left;">2016</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">16.2</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Shona_witch_doctor_(Zimbabwe).jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shona_witch_doctor_%28Zimbabwe%29.jpg/170px-Shona_witch_doctor_%28Zimbabwe%29.jpg" width="170" height="248" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shona_witch_doctor_%28Zimbabwe%29.jpg/255px-Shona_witch_doctor_%28Zimbabwe%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shona_witch_doctor_%28Zimbabwe%29.jpg/340px-Shona_witch_doctor_%28Zimbabwe%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="2400" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Shona_witch_doctor_(Zimbabwe).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
A <A href="/wiki/N%27anga" class="mw-redirect" title="N'anga">n'anga</A> (Traditional Healer) of the majority (70%) <A href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona people</A>, holding a <A href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudu</A> horn trumpet</DIV>
</DIV>
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<P>Zimbabwe's total population is 12.97 million.<SUP id="cite_ref-zimstat1_7-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-zimstat1-7">[6]</A></SUP> According to the United Nations <A href="/wiki/World_Health_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organisation">World Health Organisation</A>, the life expectancy for men was 56 years and the life expectancy for women was 60 years of age (2012).<SUP id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-198">[197]</A></SUP> An association of doctors in Zimbabwe has made calls for President Mugabe to make moves to assist the ailing health service.<SUP id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-199">[198]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">HIV infection rate in Zimbabwe</A> was estimated to be 14% for people aged 15–49 in 2009.<SUP id="cite_ref-UNAIDS_200-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-UNAIDS-200">[199]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</A> reported a decline in HIV prevalence among pregnant women from 26% in 2002 to 21% in 2004.<SUP id="cite_ref-UNESCO_201-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-UNESCO-201">[200]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Some 85% of Zimbabweans are Christian; 62% of the population attends religious services regularly.<SUP id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-202">[201]</A></SUP> The largest Christian churches are <A href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</A>, Roman Catholic, <A href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</A><SUP id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-203">[202]</A></SUP> and <A href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</A>.</P>
<P>As in other African countries, Christianity may be mixed with enduring traditional beliefs. <A href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestral worship</A> is the most practised non-Christian religion, involving <A href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</A> intercession; the <A href="/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira">mbira dzavadzimu</A>, which means "voice of the ancestors", an instrument related to many <A href="/wiki/Lamellophone" title="Lamellophone">lamellophones</A> ubiquitous throughout Africa, is central to many ceremonial proceedings. Mwari simply means "God the Creator" (musika vanhu in Shona). Around 1% of the population is Muslim.<SUP id="cite_ref-US_state_204-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-US_state-204">[203]</A></SUP></P>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Women_and_children_at_a_borehole.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Women_and_children_at_a_borehole.jpg/220px-Women_and_children_at_a_borehole.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Women_and_children_at_a_borehole.jpg/330px-Women_and_children_at_a_borehole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Women_and_children_at_a_borehole.jpg/440px-Women_and_children_at_a_borehole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Women_and_children_at_a_borehole.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
A group of women and children in Norton, Zimbabwe</DIV>
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<P>Bantu-speaking ethnic groups make up 98% of the population. The majority people, the <A href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</A>, comprise 70%. The <A href="/wiki/Ndebele_people_(Zimbabwe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndebele people (Zimbabwe)">Ndebele</A> are the second most populous with 20% of the population.<SUP id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_205-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-205">[204]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-ethnic_206-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ethnic-206">[205]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The Ndebele descended from <A href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</A> migrations in the 19th century and the other tribes with which they intermarried. Up to one million Ndebele may have left the country over the last five years, mainly for South Africa. Other <A href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</A> ethnic groups make up the third largest with 2 to 5%: these are <A href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</A>, <A href="/wiki/Shangaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangaan">Shangaan</A>, <A href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">Kalanga</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ndau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndau language">Ndau</A>, <A href="/wiki/Nambya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nambya">Nambya</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</A>, <A href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</A> and <A href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-ethnic_206-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ethnic-206">[205]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Minority ethnic groups include <A href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zimbabwe" title="White people in Zimbabwe">white Zimbabweans</A>, who make up less than 1% of the total population. White Zimbabweans are mostly of British origin, but there are also <A href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</A>, <A href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Zimbabwe" title="Greeks in Zimbabwe">Greek</A>, <A href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</A>, <A href="/wiki/Franco-Mauritian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Mauritian">French</A> and <A href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</A> communities. The white population dropped from a peak of around 278,000 or 4.3% of the population in 1975<SUP id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-207">[206]</A></SUP> to possibly 120,000 in 1999, and was estimated to be no more than 50,000 in 2002, and possibly much less. The 2012 census lists the total white population at 28,782 (roughly 0.22% of the population), one-tenth of its 1975 estimated size.<SUP id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-208">[207]</A></SUP> Most emigration has been to the United Kingdom (between <A href="/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Zimbabweans in the United Kingdom">200,000 and 500,000</A> Britons are of Rhodesian or Zimbabwean origin), South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. <A href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</A> form 0.5% of the population, and various <A href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</A> ethnic groups, mostly of Indian and Chinese origin, are also 0.5%.<SUP id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-209">[208]</A></SUP></P>
<P>According to 2012 Census report, 99.7% of the population is of African origin.<SUP id="cite_ref-zimstat.co.zw_210-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-zimstat.co.zw-210">[209]</A></SUP> Official fertility rates over the last decade were 3.6 (2002 Census),<SUP id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-211">[210]</A></SUP> 3.8 (2006)<SUP id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-212">[211]</A></SUP> and 3.8 (2012 Census).<SUP id="cite_ref-zimstat.co.zw_210-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-zimstat.co.zw-210">[209]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Largest cities">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<TABLE class="navbox">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH colspan="10" class="navbox-title">
<DIV style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </DIV>
<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Zimbabwe" title="Template:Largest cities of Zimbabwe"><ABBR title="View this template">v</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Zimbabwe" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Zimbabwe"><ABBR title="Discuss this template">t</ABBR></A></LI>
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</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><SPAN style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Zimbabwe</SPAN><BR />
<SPAN style="font-weight:normal;"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.geohive.com/cntry/zimbabwe.aspx">http://www.geohive.com/cntry/zimbabwe.aspx</A></SPAN></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH></TH>
<TH>Rank</TH>
<TH><A href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Zimbabwe">Name</A></TH>
<TH><A href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zimbabwe" title="Provinces of Zimbabwe">Province</A></TH>
<TH>Pop.</TH>
<TH></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><A href="/wiki/File:Harare_from_the_Kopje.jpg" class="image" title="Harare"><IMG alt="Harare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Harare_from_the_Kopje.jpg/120px-Harare_from_the_Kopje.jpg" width="120" height="80" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Harare_from_the_Kopje.jpg/180px-Harare_from_the_Kopje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Harare_from_the_Kopje.jpg/240px-Harare_from_the_Kopje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/File:Bulawayo_CBD.jpg" class="image" title="Bulawayo"><IMG alt="Bulawayo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bulawayo_CBD.jpg/120px-Bulawayo_CBD.jpg" width="120" height="90" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bulawayo_CBD.jpg/180px-Bulawayo_CBD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bulawayo_CBD.jpg/240px-Bulawayo_CBD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">1</TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">1,485,231</TD>
<TD rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><A href="/wiki/File:Mutare_aerial.jpg" class="image" title="Mutare"><IMG alt="Mutare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mutare_aerial.jpg/120px-Mutare_aerial.jpg" width="120" height="77" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mutare_aerial.jpg/180px-Mutare_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mutare_aerial.jpg/240px-Mutare_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3544" data-file-height="2272" /></A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/Mutare" title="Mutare">Mutare</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">2</TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">653,337</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">3</TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Chitungwiza" title="Chitungwiza">Chitungwiza</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">356,840</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">4</TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Mutare" title="Mutare">Mutare</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Manicaland_Province" title="Manicaland Province">Manicaland</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">187,621</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">5</TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Epworth,_Zimbabwe" title="Epworth, Zimbabwe">Epworth</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">167,462</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">6</TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Gweru" title="Gweru">Gweru</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Midlands_Province" title="Midlands Province">Midlands</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">157,865</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">7</TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Kwekwe" title="Kwekwe">Kwekwe</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Midlands_Province" title="Midlands Province">Midlands</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">100,900</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">8</TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Kadoma,_Zimbabwe" title="Kadoma, Zimbabwe">Kadoma</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Mashonaland_West_Province" title="Mashonaland West Province">Mashonaland West</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">92,469</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">9</TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Masvingo</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Masvingo_Province" title="Masvingo Province">Masvingo</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">87,886</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">10</TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Chinhoyi" title="Chinhoyi">Chinhoyi</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Mashonaland_West_Province" title="Mashonaland West Province">Mashonaland West</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">77,929</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Language">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">Languages of Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</A> is the main language used in the education and judiciary systems. The <A href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</A> <A href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</A> and <A href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Sindebele</A> are the principal indigenous languages of Zimbabwe. <A href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</A> is spoken by 70% of the population, <A href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Sindebele</A> by 20%. Other minority Bantu languages include <A href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</A>, <A href="/wiki/Shangaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangaan">Shangaan</A>, <A href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">Kalanga</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ndau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndau language">Ndau</A> and <A href="/wiki/Nambya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nambya">Nambya</A>. Less than 2.5%, mainly the white and "<A href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">coloured</A>" (mixed race) minorities, consider English their native language.<SUP id="cite_ref-languages_213-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-languages-213">[212]</A></SUP> Shona has a rich oral tradition, which was incorporated into the first Shona novel, <I>Feso</I> by <A href="/wiki/Solomon_Mutswairo" title="Solomon Mutswairo">Solomon Mutswairo</A>, published in 1956.<SUP id="cite_ref-feso_214-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-feso-214">[213]</A></SUP> English is spoken primarily in the cities, but less so in rural areas. Radio and television news now broadcast in Shona, Sindebele and English.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>Zimbabwe has 16 official languages and under the constitution, an Act of Parliament may prescribe other languages as officially recognised languages.<SUP id="cite_ref-language_15-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-language-15">[14]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Refugee_crisis">Refugee crisis</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Refugee crisis">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The economic meltdown and repressive political measures in Zimbabwe have led to a flood of refugees into neighbouring countries. An estimated 3.4 million Zimbabweans, a quarter of the population, had fled abroad by mid-2007.<SUP id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-215">[214]</A></SUP> Some 3,000,000 of these left for South Africa and Botswana.<SUP id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-216">[215]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Apart from the people who fled into the neighbouring countries, there are approximately 36,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs). There is no current comprehensive survey,<SUP id="cite_ref-IDMC_217-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-IDMC-217">[216]</A></SUP> although the following figures are available:</P>
<TABLE class="wikitable table">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH>Survey</TH>
<TH>Number</TH>
<TH>Date</TH>
<TH>Source</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>National Survey</TD>
<TD>880–960,000</TD>
<TD>2007</TD>
<TD>Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee<SUP id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-218">[217]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Former Farm Workers</TD>
<TD>1,000,000</TD>
<TD>2008</TD>
<TD>UNDP<SUP id="cite_ref-IDMC_217-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-IDMC-217">[216]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Victims of <A href="/wiki/Operation_Murambatsvina" title="Operation Murambatsvina">Operation Murambatsvina</A></TD>
<TD>570,000</TD>
<TD>2005</TD>
<TD>UN<SUP id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-219">[218]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>People Displaced by Political Violence</TD>
<TD>36,000</TD>
<TD>2008</TD>
<TD>UN<SUP id="cite_ref-IDMC_217-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-IDMC-217">[216]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P>The above surveys do not include people displaced by Operation Chikorokoza Chapera or beneficiaries of the fast-track land reform programme but who have since been evicted.<SUP id="cite_ref-IDMC_217-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-IDMC-217">[216]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Religion in Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
<DIV class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;">
<DIV style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white;">
<TABLE style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;">
<TBODY><TR style="background:#ddd">
<TH style="text-align:center;" colspan="5"><A href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Religion in Zimbabwe</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR style="font-size:88%; height:4px;">
<TD style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">religion</TD>
<TD style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></TD>
<TD style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></TD>
<TD style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</TD>
<TD style="padding:0 4px; text-align:right;"></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><A href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</A></TD>
<TD style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;">
<DIV style="background:blue; width:63%; overflow: hidden;"> </DIV>
</TD>
<TD colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">63%</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><A href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</A></TD>
<TD style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;">
<DIV style="background:yellow; width:17%; overflow: hidden;"> </DIV>
</TD>
<TD colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">17%</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><A href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">Ethnic religion</A></TD>
<TD style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;">
<DIV style="background:red; width:11%; overflow: hidden;"> </DIV>
</TD>
<TD colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">11%</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><A href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</A></TD>
<TD style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;">
<DIV style="background:green; width:7%; overflow: hidden;"> </DIV>
</TD>
<TD colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7%</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</TD>
<TD style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;">
<DIV style="background:gray; width:2%; overflow: hidden;"> </DIV>
</TD>
<TD colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2%</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>An estimated 80% of the country's citizens identify themselves as Christians. Protestants (mostly followers of Pentecostal African Churches) are around 63% of the population. Estimates from 2005 said there were 1,145,000 Roman Catholics in Zimbabwe. This is about 9% of the total population. The followers of ethnic religions are around 11%. Around 1% are Muslims, mainly from Mozambique and Malawi, 0.1% are <A href="/wiki/Hindus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindus">Hindus</A> and 0.3% are <A href="/wiki/Baha%27is" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha'is">Baha'is</A>. Approximately 7% of citizens have no religious practice or are atheist.<SUP id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-220">[219]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-221">[220]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-222">[221]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Culture_of_Zimbabwe" title="Culture of Zimbabwe">Culture of Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
<P>Zimbabwe has many different cultures which may include <A href="/wiki/Beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs">beliefs</A> and <A href="/wiki/Ceremonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonies">ceremonies</A>, one of them being <A href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</A>, Zimbabwe's largest ethnic group. The Shona people have many sculptures and <A href="/wiki/Rock_carving" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock carving">carvings</A> which are made with the finest materials available.<SUP id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-223">[222]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Zimbabwe first celebrated its independence on 18 April 1980.<SUP id="cite_ref-indepday_224-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-indepday-224">[223]</A></SUP> Celebrations are held at either the <A href="/wiki/National_Sports_Stadium_(Zimbabwe)" title="National Sports Stadium (Zimbabwe)">National Sports Stadium</A> or <A href="/wiki/Rufaro_Stadium" title="Rufaro Stadium">Rufaro Stadium</A> in Harare. The first independence celebrations were held in 1980 at the Zimbabwe Grounds. At these celebrations <A href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">doves</A> are released to symbolise peace and fighter jets fly over and the <A href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Anthem of Zimbabwe">national anthem</A> is sung. The flame of independence is lit by the president after parades by the presidential family and members of the armed forces of Zimbabwe. The president also gives a speech to the people of Zimbabwe which is televised for those unable to attend the stadium.<SUP id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-225">[224]</A></SUP> Zimbabwe also has a national beauty pageant, the <A href="/wiki/Miss_Heritage_Zimbabwe" title="Miss Heritage Zimbabwe">Miss Heritage Zimbabwe</A> contest which has been held annually ever since 2012.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Arts">Arts</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_art" title="Zimbabwean art">Zimbabwean art</A></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Music of Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Reconciliation_Amos_Supuni_Woerden.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Reconciliation_Amos_Supuni_Woerden.jpg/220px-Reconciliation_Amos_Supuni_Woerden.jpg" width="220" height="318" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Reconciliation_Amos_Supuni_Woerden.jpg/330px-Reconciliation_Amos_Supuni_Woerden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Reconciliation_Amos_Supuni_Woerden.jpg/440px-Reconciliation_Amos_Supuni_Woerden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="2040" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Reconciliation_Amos_Supuni_Woerden.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
"Reconciliation", a <A href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">stone sculpture</A> by <A href="/wiki/Amos_Supuni" title="Amos Supuni">Amos Supuni</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Traditional arts in Zimbabwe include <A href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</A>, <A href="/wiki/Basketry" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketry">basketry</A>, textiles, jewellery and carving. Among the distinctive qualities are symmetrically patterned woven baskets and stools carved out of a single piece of wood. Shona sculpture has become world-famous in recent years having found popularity in the 1940s. Most subjects of <A href="/wiki/Rock_carving" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock carving">carved</A> figures of stylised birds and human figures among others are made with <A href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">sedimentary</A> rocks such as <A href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</A>, as well as harder <A href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</A> rocks such as <A href="/wiki/Serpentine_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine group">serpentine</A> and the rare stone <A href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">verdite</A>. Zimbabwean artefacts can be found in countries like Singapore, China and Canada. i.e. <A href="/wiki/Dominic_Benhura" title="Dominic Benhura">Dominic Benhura</A>'s statue in the <A href="/wiki/Singapore_Botanic_Gardens" title="Singapore Botanic Gardens">Singapore Botanic Gardens</A>.</P>
<P>Shona sculpture in has survived through the ages and the modern style is a fusion of African <A href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</A> with European influences. World-renowned Zimbabwean sculptors include Nicholas, Nesbert and Anderson Mukomberanwa, Tapfuma Gutsa, Henry Munyaradzi and Locardia Ndandarika. Internationally, Zimbabwean sculptors have managed to influence a new generation of artists, particularly Black Americans, through lengthy apprenticeships with master sculptors in Zimbabwe. Contemporary artists like New York sculptor M. Scott Johnson and California sculptor Russel Albans have learned to fuse both African and Afro-diasporic aesthetics in a way that travels beyond the simplistic mimicry of African Art by some Black artists of past generations in the United States.</P>
<P>Several authors are well known within Zimbabwe and abroad. <A href="/wiki/Charles_Mungoshi" title="Charles Mungoshi">Charles Mungoshi</A> is renowned in Zimbabwe for writing traditional stories in English and in Shona and his poems and books have sold well with both the black and white communities.<SUP id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-226">[225]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Catherine_Buckle" title="Catherine Buckle">Catherine Buckle</A> has achieved international recognition with her two books <I>African Tears</I> and <I>Beyond Tears</I> which tell of the ordeal she went through under the 2000 <A href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">Land Reform</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-227">[226]</A></SUP> The first <A href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia" title="Prime Minister of Rhodesia">Prime Minister of Rhodesia</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</A>, wrote two books – <I><A href="/wiki/The_Great_Betrayal" title="The Great Betrayal">The Great Betrayal</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Bitter_Harvest_(2001_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter Harvest (2001 book)">Bitter Harvest</A>.</I> The book <I><A href="/wiki/The_House_of_Hunger" title="The House of Hunger">The House of Hunger</A></I> by <A href="/wiki/Dambudzo_Marechera" title="Dambudzo Marechera">Dambudzo Marechera</A> won an award in the UK in 1979 and the Nobel Prize-winning author <A href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</A>'s first novel <I><A href="/wiki/The_Grass_Is_Singing" title="The Grass Is Singing">The Grass Is Singing</A></I>, the first four volumes of <I><A href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Violence" class="mw-redirect" title="The Children of Violence">The Children of Violence</A></I> sequence, as well as the collection of short stories <I>African Stories</I> are set in Rhodesia. In 2013 NoViolet Bulawayo's novel <I>We Need New Names</I> was shortlisted for the <A href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</A>. The novel tells the story of the devastation and emigration caused by the brutal suppression of Zimbabwean civilians during the <A href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</A> in the early 1980s.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>Internationally famous artists include Henry Mudzengerere and Nicolas Mukomberanwa. A recurring theme in Zimbabwean art is the <A href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</A> of man into beast.<SUP id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-228">[227]</A></SUP> Zimbabwean musicians like <A href="/wiki/Thomas_Mapfumo" title="Thomas Mapfumo">Thomas Mapfumo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Oliver_Mtukudzi" title="Oliver Mtukudzi">Oliver Mtukudzi</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Bhundu_Boys" title="Bhundu Boys">Bhundu Boys</A>; <A href="/wiki/Alick_Macheso" title="Alick Macheso">Alick Macheso</A> and <A href="/wiki/Audius_Mtawarira" title="Audius Mtawarira">Audius Mtawarira</A> have achieved international recognition. Among members of the white minority community, Theatre has a large following, with numerous theatrical companies performing in Zimbabwe's urban areas.<SUP id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-229">[228]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Goat_Offal.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Goat_Offal.JPG/220px-Goat_Offal.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Goat_Offal.JPG/330px-Goat_Offal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Goat_Offal.JPG/440px-Goat_Offal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="3264" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Goat_Offal.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
A meal of sadza <I>(right)</I>, greens, and goat <A href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</A>. The goat's small intestines are wrapped around small pieces of large intestines before cooking.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Like in many African countries, the majority of Zimbabweans depend on a few staple foods. "Mealie meal", also known as <A href="/wiki/Cornmeal" title="Cornmeal">cornmeal</A>, is used to prepare <I><A href="/wiki/Sadza" title="Sadza">sadza</A></I> or <I>isitshwala</I>, as well as <A href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</A> known as <I>bota</I> or <I>ilambazi</I>. Sadza is made by mixing the cornmeal with water to produce a thick paste/porridge. After the paste has been cooking for several minutes, more cornmeal is added to thicken the paste.</P>
<P>This is usually eaten as lunch or dinner, usually with sides such as <A href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">gravy</A>, <A href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</A> (<A href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</A>, <A href="/wiki/Chomolia" title="Chomolia">chomolia</A>, or <A href="/wiki/Spring_greens" title="Spring greens">spring greens</A>/<A href="/wiki/Collard_greens" title="Collard greens">collard greens</A>), <A href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</A> (stewed, grilled, roasted, or sundried). Sadza is also commonly eaten with curdled milk (<A href="/wiki/Sour_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour milk">sour milk</A>), commonly known as "lacto" (<I>mukaka wakakora</I>), or dried <A href="/wiki/Tanganyika_sardine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanganyika sardine">Tanganyika sardine</A>, known locally as <I>kapenta</I> or <I>matemba</I>. Bota is a thinner porridge, cooked without the additional cornmeal and usually flavoured with <A href="/wiki/Peanut_butter" title="Peanut butter">peanut butter</A>, milk, butter, or <A href="/wiki/Jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam">jam</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-230">[229]</A></SUP> Bota is usually eaten for breakfast.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">Graduations</A>, <A href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">weddings</A>, and any other family gatherings will usually be celebrated with the killing of a goat or cow, which will be barbecued or <A href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">roasted</A> by the family.</P>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Boerewors_raw.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Boerewors_raw.jpg/220px-Boerewors_raw.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Boerewors_raw.jpg/330px-Boerewors_raw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Boerewors_raw.jpg/440px-Boerewors_raw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="338" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Boerewors_raw.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Raw <A href="/wiki/Boerewors" title="Boerewors">boerewors</A></DIV>
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<P>Even though the <A href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaners</A> are a small group (10%) within the white minority group, Afrikaner recipes are popular. <A href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</A>, a type of <A href="/wiki/Jerky_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerky (food)">jerky</A>, is a popular snack, prepared by hanging bits of spiced raw meat to dry in the shade.<SUP id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-231">[230]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Boerewors" title="Boerewors">Boerewors</A> is served with sadza. It is a long sausage, often well-spiced, composed of beef rather than pork, and barbecued.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> As Zimbabwe was a British colony, some people there have adopted some colonial-era English eating habits. For example, most people will have <A href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</A> in the morning, as well as 10 o'clock tea (midday tea). They will have lunch, often leftovers from the night before, freshly cooked <I>sadza</I>, or sandwiches (which is more common in the cities). After lunch, there is usually 4 o'clock tea (afternoon tea), which is served before dinner. It is not uncommon for <A href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</A> to be had after dinner.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>Rice, pasta, and potato-based foods (<A href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">french fries</A> and <A href="/wiki/Mashed_potato" title="Mashed potato">mashed potato</A>) also make up part of Zimbabwean cuisine. A local favourite is rice cooked with peanut butter, which is taken with thick gravy, mixed vegetables and meat.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> A potpourri of peanuts known as <I>nzungu</I>, boiled and sundried maize, <A href="/wiki/Black-eyed_pea" title="Black-eyed pea">black-eyed peas</A> known as <I>nyemba</I>, and <A href="/wiki/Bambara_groundnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambara groundnut">bambara groundnuts</A> known as <I>nyimo</I> makes a traditional dish called <I>mutakura</I>. Mutakura can also be the above ingredients cooked individually. One can also find local snacks, such as <I>maputi</I> (roasted/popped maize kernels similar to <A href="/wiki/Popcorn" title="Popcorn">popcorn</A>), roasted and salted <A href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</A>, pumpkin, and indigenous fruits, such as <A href="/wiki/Horned_melon" class="mw-redirect" title="Horned melon">horned melon</A>, <I>gaka</I>, <I><A href="/wiki/Adansonia" title="Adansonia">adansonia</A></I>, <I>mawuyu</I>, <I><A href="/wiki/Uapaca_kirkiana" title="Uapaca kirkiana">uapaca kirkiana</A></I>, <I>mazhanje</I> (sugar plum), and many others.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Sport_in_Zimbabwe" title="Sport in Zimbabwe">Sport in Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
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<A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Zimbabwe women's national football team">Zimbabwe women's national football team</A> at the <A href="/wiki/Football_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament" title="Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament">2016 Olympic Games</A></DIV>
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<P><A href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</A> is the most popular sport in Zimbabwe.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_football_team" title="Zimbabwe national football team">The Warriors</A> have qualified for the <A href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">Africa Cup of Nations</A> three times (2004, 2006, 2017), and won the <A href="/wiki/COSAFA_Cup" title="COSAFA Cup">Southern Africa championship</A> on four occasions (2000, 2003, 2005, 2009) and the <A href="/wiki/CECAFA_Cup" title="CECAFA Cup">Eastern Africa cup</A> once (1985).</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</A> is a significant sport in Zimbabwe. <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_rugby_union_team" title="Zimbabwe national rugby union team">The national side</A> have represented the country at 2 <A href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</A> tournaments in 1987 and 1991. The team are currently ranked 26 in the world by World Rugby.<SUP id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-232">[231]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</A> also has a following among the white minority. It is one of ten <A href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test cricket</A> playing nations and a <A href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">ICC</A> full member as well. Notable cricket players from Zimbabwe include <A href="/wiki/Andy_Flower" title="Andy Flower">Andy Flower</A>, <A href="/wiki/Heath_Streak" title="Heath Streak">Heath Streak</A> and <A href="/wiki/Brendan_Taylor" title="Brendan Taylor">Brendan Taylor</A>.</P>
<P>Zimbabwe has won eight Olympic medals, one in <A href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</A> <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_women%27s_national_field_hockey_team" title="Zimbabwe women's national field hockey team">with the women's team</A> at the <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Zimbabwe at the 1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</A> in Moscow, and seven by swimmer <A href="/wiki/Kirsty_Coventry" title="Kirsty Coventry">Kirsty Coventry</A>, three at the <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Zimbabwe at the 2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</A> and four at the <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Zimbabwe at the 2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</A>.</P>
<P>Zimbabwe has also done well in the <A href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</A> and <A href="/wiki/All-Africa_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Africa Games">All-Africa Games</A> in swimming with Kirsty Coventry obtaining 11 gold medals in the different competitions.<SUP id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-233">[232]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-234">[233]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-235">[234]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-236">[235]</A></SUP> Zimbabwe has also competed at <A href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</A> in tennis, most notably with the Black family, which comprises <A href="/wiki/Wayne_Black" title="Wayne Black">Wayne Black</A>, <A href="/wiki/Byron_Black" title="Byron Black">Byron Black</A> and <A href="/wiki/Cara_Black" title="Cara Black">Cara Black</A>. Zimbabwe has also done well in golf. The Zimbabwean <A href="/wiki/Nick_Price" title="Nick Price">Nick Price</A> held the official World Number 1 status longer than any player from Africa has ever done in the 24-year history of the ranking.<SUP id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-237">[236]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Other sports played in Zimbabwe are basketball, volleyball, <A href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</A>, as well as <A href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">squash</A>, <A href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motorsport</A>, martial arts, <A href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</A>, cycling, <A href="/wiki/Polocrosse" title="Polocrosse">polocrosse</A>, <A href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">kayaking</A> and <A href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</A>. However, most of these sports do not have international representatives but instead stay at a junior or national level.</P>
<P>Zimbabwean professional <A href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</A> players currently playing overseas are <A href="/wiki/Masimbaashe_Motongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Masimbaashe Motongo">Masimbaashe Motongo</A> and <A href="/wiki/Judah_Mazive" title="Judah Mazive">Judah Mazive</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-238">[237]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-239">[238]</A></SUP> Former players include now <A href="/wiki/SANZAAR" title="SANZAAR">SANZAAR</A> CEO <A href="/wiki/Andy_Marinos" title="Andy Marinos">Andy Marinos</A> who made an appearance for <A href="/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_league_team" title="South Africa national rugby league team">South Africa</A> at the <A href="/wiki/Super_League_World_Nines" title="Super League World Nines">Super League World Nines</A> and featured for the <A href="/wiki/Sydney_Bulldogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Bulldogs">Sydney Bulldogs</A> as well as Zimbabwe-born former <A href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Scotland national rugby union team">Scotland rugby union international</A> <A href="/wiki/Scott_Gray_(rugby_union)" title="Scott Gray (rugby union)">Scott Gray</A>, who spent time at the <A href="/wiki/Brisbane_Broncos" title="Brisbane Broncos">Brisbane Broncos</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-240">[239]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Media">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Media_of_Zimbabwe" title="Media of Zimbabwe">Media of Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
<P>The media of Zimbabwe is now once again diverse, having come under tight restriction between 2002 and 2008 by the government during the growing economic and political crisis in the country. The Zimbabwean constitution promises freedom of the media and expression. Since the appointment of a new media and information minister in 2013 the media is currently facing less political interference and the supreme court has ruled some sections of the strict media laws as unconstitutional.<SUP id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-241">[240]</A></SUP> In July 2009 the BBC and CNN were able to resume operations and report legally and openly from Zimbabwe. CNN welcomed the move. The Zimbabwe Ministry of Media, Information and Publicity stated that, "the Zimbabwe government never banned the BBC from carrying out lawful activities inside Zimbabwe".<SUP id="cite_ref-Telegraph_131-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Telegraph-131">[130]</A></SUP> The BBC also welcomed the move saying, "we're pleased at being able to operate openly in Zimbabwe once again".<SUP id="cite_ref-BBC1_242-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BBC1-242">[241]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2010 the Zimbabwe Media Commission was established by the inclusive, power-sharing government. In May 2010 the Commission licensed three new privately owned newspapers, including the previously banned <I><A href="/wiki/Daily_News_(Harare)" title="Daily News (Harare)">Daily News</A></I>, for publication.<SUP id="cite_ref-Reuters_243-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Reuters-243">[242]</A></SUP> Reporters Without Borders described the decisions as a "major advance".<SUP id="cite_ref-IFEX_244-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-IFEX-244">[243]</A></SUP> In June 2010 <I><A href="/wiki/NewsDay_(Zimbabwean_newspaper)" title="NewsDay (Zimbabwean newspaper)">NewsDay</A></I> became the first independent daily newspaper to be published in Zimbabwe in seven years.<SUP id="cite_ref-Reuter_245-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Reuter-245">[244]</A></SUP></P>
<P>ZBC's monopoly in the broadcasting sector was ended with the licensing of two private radio stations in 2012.<SUP id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-246">[245]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Since the 2002 Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (AIPPA) was passed, a number of privately owned news outlets were shut down by the government, including <I><A href="/wiki/Daily_News_(Harare)" title="Daily News (Harare)">Daily News</A></I> whose managing director Wilf Mbanga went on to form the influential <A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Zimbabwean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Zimbabwean (page does not exist)">The Zimbabwean</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-rwb_247-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-rwb-247">[246]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-cgmg_248-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-cgmg-248">[247]</A></SUP> As a result, many press organisations have been set up in both neighbouring and Western countries by <A href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exiled</A> Zimbabweans. Because the internet is currently unrestricted, many Zimbabweans are allowed to access online news sites set up by exiled journalists.<SUP id="cite_ref-fh_249-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-fh-249">[248]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</A> claims the media environment in Zimbabwe involves "surveillance, threats, <A href="/wiki/Imprison" class="mw-redirect" title="Imprison">imprisonment</A>, censorship, <A href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">blackmail</A>, abuse of power and denial of <A href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</A> are all brought to bear to keep firm control over the news."<SUP id="cite_ref-rwb_247-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-rwb-247">[246]</A></SUP> The main published newspapers are <A href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Zimbabwe)" title="The Herald (Zimbabwe)"><I>The Herald</I></A> and <A href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_(Zimbabwe)" title="The Chronicle (Zimbabwe)"><I>The Chronicle</I></A> which are printed in Harare and Bulawayo respectively. The heavy-handedness on the media has progressively relaxed since 2009.</P>
<P>In its 2008 report, <A href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</A> ranked the Zimbabwean media as 151st out of 173.<SUP id="cite_ref-rwb_247-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-rwb-247">[246]</A></SUP> The government also bans many foreign broadcasting stations from Zimbabwe, including the <A href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</A>, <A href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</A>, <A href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</A>, <A href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</A>. News agencies and newspapers from other Western countries and South Africa have also been banned from the country.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Scouting">Scouting</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Scouting">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/The_Scout_Association_of_Zimbabwe" title="The Scout Association of Zimbabwe">The Scout Association of Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Burnham_sketch_by_baden-powell.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Burnham_sketch_by_baden-powell.jpg/170px-Burnham_sketch_by_baden-powell.jpg" width="170" height="196" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Burnham_sketch_by_baden-powell.jpg/255px-Burnham_sketch_by_baden-powell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Burnham_sketch_by_baden-powell.jpg/340px-Burnham_sketch_by_baden-powell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="576" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell,_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell" title="Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell">Baden-Powell</A>'s drawing of Chief of Scouts <A href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Burnham</A>, <A href="/wiki/Matobo_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Matobo Hills">Matobo Hills</A>, 1896</DIV>
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<P>It was in the <A href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</A> region in Zimbabwe that, during the <A href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Second Matabele War</A>, <A href="/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell,_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell" title="Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell">Robert Baden-Powell</A>, the founder of <A href="/wiki/Scouting" title="Scouting">Scouting</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</A>, the American born Chief of Scouts for the British Army, first met and began their lifelong friendship.<SUP id="cite_ref-scouting_250-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-scouting-250">[249]</A></SUP> In mid-June 1896, during a scouting patrol in the <A href="/wiki/Matobo_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Matobo Hills">Matobo Hills</A>, Burnham began teaching Baden-Powell <A href="/wiki/Woodcraft" title="Woodcraft">woodcraft</A>. Baden-Powell and Burnham discussed the concept of a broad training programme in woodcraft for young men, rich in exploration, <A href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">tracking</A>, <A href="/wiki/Fieldcraft" title="Fieldcraft">fieldcraft</A>, and self-reliance.<SUP id="cite_ref-vanwyk_251-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-vanwyk-251">[250]</A></SUP> It was also during this time in the Matobo Hills that Baden-Powell first started to wear his signature <A href="/wiki/Campaign_hat" title="Campaign hat">campaign hat</A> like the one worn by Burnham.<SUP id="cite_ref-jeal_252-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-jeal-252">[251]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Scouting in the former <A href="/wiki/Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Rhodesia and Nyasaland</A> started in 1909 when the first Boy Scout troop was registered. Scouting grew quickly and in 1924 Rhodesia and Nyasaland sent a large contingent to the second <A href="/wiki/World_Scout_Jamboree" title="World Scout Jamboree">World Scout Jamboree</A> in <A href="/wiki/Ermelunden,_Denmark" title="Ermelunden, Denmark">Ermelunden, Denmark</A>. In 1959, Rhodesia hosted the Central African Jamboree at <A href="/wiki/Ruwa" title="Ruwa">Ruwa</A>. In 2009, Scouts celebrated 100 years of Scouting in Zimbabwe and hundreds of Scouts camped at <A href="/wiki/Gordon_Park,_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Park, Zimbabwe">Gordon Park</A>, a Scout campground and training area, as part of these celebrations.<SUP id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-253">[252]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Besides scouting, there are also leadership, life skills and general knowledge courses and training experiences mainly for school children ranging from pre-school to final year high school students and some times those beyond High school. These courses and outings are held at, for example, <I>Lasting Impressions</I> (<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q5GiuX0O_so"><SPAN class="plainlinks">Lasting Impressions ~Zimbabwe</SPAN></A> on <A href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</A>), <I>Far and Wide Zimbabwe</I> (<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farandwide.co.zw/">Far and wide.</A>) and <I>Chimanimani Outward Bound</I> (<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616100110/http://www.outwardbound.net/locations/zimbabwe.php">Outwardbound Zimbabwe</A> at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A> (archived 16 June 2007)).</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="National_symbols">National symbols</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: National symbols">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Zimbabwe_Bird.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Zimbabwe_Bird.svg/170px-Zimbabwe_Bird.svg.png" width="170" height="240" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Zimbabwe_Bird.svg/255px-Zimbabwe_Bird.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Zimbabwe_Bird.svg/340px-Zimbabwe_Bird.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></A>
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Traditional Zimbabwe Bird design</DIV>
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<P>The stone-carved <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Bird" title="Zimbabwe Bird">Zimbabwe Bird</A> appears on the national flags and the coats of arms of both Zimbabwe and <A href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</A>, as well as on <A href="/wiki/Rhodesian_dollar" title="Rhodesian dollar">banknotes</A> and coins (first on <A href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Rhodesian_pound" title="Coins of the Rhodesian pound">Rhodesian pound</A> and then <A href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Rhodesian_dollar" title="Coins of the Rhodesian dollar">Rhodesian dollar</A>). It probably represents the <A href="/wiki/Bateleur" title="Bateleur">bateleur eagle</A> or the <A href="/wiki/African_fish_eagle" title="African fish eagle">African fish eagle</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-254">[253]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-255">[254]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The famous <A href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</A> bird carvings stood on walls and monoliths of the ancient city of <A href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</A>, built, it is believed, sometime between the 13th and 16th centuries by ancestors of the <A href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</A>. The ruins, which gave their name to modern Zimbabwe, cover some 1,800 acres (7.3 km<SUP>2</SUP>) and are the largest ancient stone construction in Zimbabwe.<SUP id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-256">[255]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Balancing_Rocks" title="Balancing Rocks">Balancing Rocks</A> are geological formations all over Zimbabwe. The rocks are perfectly balanced without other supports. They are created when ancient granite intrusions are exposed to weathering, as softer rocks surrounding them erode away. They are often remarked on and have been depicted on both the <A href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_Zimbabwe" title="Banknotes of Zimbabwe">banknotes of Zimbabwe</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Rhodesian_dollar" title="Rhodesian dollar">Rhodesian dollar</A> banknotes. The ones found on the current notes of Zimbabwe, named the Banknote Rocks, are located in <A href="/wiki/Epworth,_Zimbabwe" title="Epworth, Zimbabwe">Epworth</A>, approximately 9 miles (14 km) south east of Harare.<SUP id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-257">[256]</A></SUP> There are many different formations of the rocks, incorporating single and paired columns of 3 or more rocks. These formations are a feature of south and east tropical Africa from northern South Africa northwards to <A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A>. The most notable formations in Zimbabwe are located in the <A href="/wiki/Matobo_National_Park" title="Matobo National Park">Matobo National Park</A> in <A href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</A>.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Anthem of Zimbabwe">National Anthem of Zimbabwe</A> is "Blessed be the Land of Zimbabwe" (<A href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</A>: <I><SPAN lang="sn">"Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe"</SPAN></I>; <A href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele</A>: <I><SPAN lang="nd">"Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe"</SPAN></I>). It was introduced in March 1994 after a nationwide competition to replace "<I><SPAN lang="sn" title="Shona language text"><A href="/wiki/Ishe_Komborera_Africa" title="Ishe Komborera Africa">Ishe Komborera Africa</A></SPAN></I>" as a distinctly Zimbabwean song. The winning entry was a song written by Professor <A href="/wiki/Solomon_Mutswairo" title="Solomon Mutswairo">Solomon Mutswairo</A> and composed by Fred Changundega. It has been translated into all three of the main languages of Zimbabwe.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Health">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe</A> and <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">Zimbabwean cholera outbreak</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:2008_Zimbabwe_Cholera_Outbreak_Combined.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/2008_Zimbabwe_Cholera_Outbreak_Combined.svg/220px-2008_Zimbabwe_Cholera_Outbreak_Combined.svg.png" width="220" height="171" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/2008_Zimbabwe_Cholera_Outbreak_Combined.svg/330px-2008_Zimbabwe_Cholera_Outbreak_Combined.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/2008_Zimbabwe_Cholera_Outbreak_Combined.svg/440px-2008_Zimbabwe_Cholera_Outbreak_Combined.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="490" /></A>
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Map showing the spread of <A href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</A> in and around Zimbabwe put together from several sources.</DIV>
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<P>At independence, the policies of racial inequality were reflected in the disease patterns of the black majority. The first five years after independence saw rapid gains in areas such as immunisation coverage, access to health care, and contraceptive prevalence rate.<SUP id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-258">[257]</A></SUP> Zimbabwe was thus considered internationally to have an achieved a good record of health development.<SUP id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-259">[258]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Zimbabwe suffered occasional outbreaks of acute diseases (such as <A href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</A> in 1994). The gains on the national health were eroded by structural adjustment in the 1990s,<SUP id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-260">[259]</A></SUP> the impact of the <A href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">HIV/AIDS pandemic</A><SUP id="cite_ref-nofix_145-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-nofix-145">[144]</A></SUP> and the economic crisis since the year 2000. In 2006, Zimbabwe had one of the lowest life expectancies in the world according to UN figure  – 44 for men and 43 for women, down from 60 in 1990, but recovered to 60 in 2015.<SUP id="cite_ref-:2_261-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:2-261">[260]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-262">[261]</A></SUP> The rapid drop was ascribed mainly to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. <A href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</A> rose from 6% in the late 1990s to 12.3% by 2004.<SUP id="cite_ref-nofix_145-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-nofix-145">[144]</A></SUP> By 2016 HIV/AIDS prevalence had been reduced to 13.5%<SUP id="cite_ref-:2_261-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:2-261">[260]</A></SUP> compared to 40% in 1998.<SUP id="cite_ref-Worldbank_176-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Worldbank-176">[175]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The health system has more or less collapsed. At the end of November 2008, some operations at three of Zimbabwe's four major referral hospitals had shut down, along with the Zimbabwe Medical School, and the fourth major hospital had two <A href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">wards</A> and no <A href="/wiki/Operating_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating theatre">operating theatres</A> working.<SUP id="cite_ref-hospitalsprnid_263-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-hospitalsprnid-263">[262]</A></SUP> Due to <A href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe">hyperinflation</A>, those hospitals still open were not able to obtain basic drugs and medicines.<SUP id="cite_ref-coping_264-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-coping-264">[263]</A></SUP> The situation changed drastically after the Unity Government and the introduction of the multi-currency system in February 2009 although the political and economic crisis also contributed to the emigration of the doctors and people with medical knowledge.<SUP id="cite_ref-Zimbabwe_cholera_deaths_near_500_265-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Zimbabwe_cholera_deaths_near_500-265">[264]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In August 2008 large areas of Zimbabwe were struck by the ongoing <A href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</A> epidemic. By December 2008 more than 10,000 people had been infected in all but one of Zimbabwe's provinces and the outbreak had spread to <A href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</A>, Mozambique, South Africa and <A href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-266">[265]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Milliband_267-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Milliband-267">[266]</A></SUP> On 4 December 2008 the <A href="/wiki/Government_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe government</A> declared the outbreak to be a national emergency and asked for international aid.<SUP id="cite_ref-Zimbabwe_declares_national_emergency_over_cholera_268-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Zimbabwe_declares_national_emergency_over_cholera-268">[267]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-emergency_269-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-emergency-269">[268]</A></SUP></P>
<P>By 9 March 2009 The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 4,011 people had succumbed to the waterborne disease since the outbreak began in August 2008, and the total number of cases recorded had reached 89,018.<SUP id="cite_ref-On_the_cholera_frontline_270-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-On_the_cholera_frontline-270">[269]</A></SUP> In <A href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</A>, the city council offered free graves to cholera victims.<SUP id="cite_ref-rain_271-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-rain-271">[270]</A></SUP> There had been signs that the disease is abating, with cholera infections down by about 50% to around 4,000 cases a week.<SUP id="cite_ref-On_the_cholera_frontline_270-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-On_the_cholera_frontline-270">[269]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The 2014 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Zimbabwe was 614<SUP id="cite_ref-Worldbank_176-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Worldbank-176">[175]</A></SUP> compared to 960 in 2010–11<SUP id="cite_ref-Worldbank_176-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Worldbank-176">[175]</A></SUP> and 232 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births was 75 in 2014 (94 in 2009).<SUP id="cite_ref-Worldbank_176-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Worldbank-176">[175]</A></SUP> The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was unavailable in 2016 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 42.<SUP id="cite_ref-SOWMY_272-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SOWMY-272">[271]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Education">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Education_in_Zimbabwe" title="Education in Zimbabwe">Education in Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Saint-Georges-College.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Saint-Georges-College.jpg/220px-Saint-Georges-College.jpg" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Saint-Georges-College.jpg/330px-Saint-Georges-College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Saint-Georges-College.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="225" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/St_George%27s_College,_Harare" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's College, Harare">St George's College, Harare</A> was established in 1896 by a French <A href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</A></DIV>
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<P>Due to large investments in education since independence, Zimbabwe has the highest adult literacy rate in Africa which in 2013 was 90.70%.<SUP id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-273">[272]</A></SUP> This is lower than the 92% recorded in 2010 by the <A href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</A><SUP id="cite_ref-IRINAfrica_274-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-IRINAfrica-274">[273]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-AllAfrica_275-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-AllAfrica-275">[274]</A></SUP> and the 97.0% recorded in the 2002 census, while still substantially higher than 80.4% recorded in the 1992 census.<SUP id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-276">[275]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The education department has stated that 20,000 teachers have left Zimbabwe since 2007 and that half of Zimbabwe's children have not progressed beyond primary school.<SUP id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-277">[276]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The wealthier portion of the population usually send their children to independent schools as opposed to the <A href="/wiki/Government_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Government school">government-run</A> schools which are attended by the majority as these are subsidized by the government. School education was made free in 1980, but since 1988, the government has steadily increased the charges attached to school enrollment until they now greatly exceed the real value of fees in 1980. The Ministry of Education of Zimbabwe maintains and operates the government schools but the fees charged by independent schools are regulated by the cabinet of Zimbabwe.</P>
<P>Zimbabwe's education system consists of 2 years of pre-school, 7 years of primary and 6 years of secondary schooling before students can enter university in the country or abroad. The academic year in Zimbabwe runs from January to December, with three terms, broken up by one month holidays, with a total of 40 weeks of school per year. National examinations are written during the third term in November, with <A href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Education" title="General Certificate of Education">"O" level</A> and <A href="/wiki/Advanced_Level_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Level (UK)">"A" level</A> subjects also offered in June.<SUP id="cite_ref-embassy_278-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-embassy-278">[277]</A></SUP></P>
<P>There are seven public (Government) universities as well as four church-related universities in Zimbabwe that are fully internationally accredited.<SUP id="cite_ref-embassy_278-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-embassy-278">[277]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/University_of_Zimbabwe" title="University of Zimbabwe">University of Zimbabwe</A>, the first and largest, was built in 1952 and is located in the Harare suburb of <A href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Harare" title="Mount Pleasant, Harare">Mount Pleasant</A>. Notable <A href="/wiki/Alumni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumni">alumni</A> from Zimbabwean universities include <A href="/wiki/Welshman_Ncube" title="Welshman Ncube">Welshman Ncube</A>; Peter Moyo (of Amabhubesi); <A href="/wiki/Tendai_Biti" title="Tendai Biti">Tendai Biti</A>, <A href="/wiki/Chenjerai_Hove" title="Chenjerai Hove">Chenjerai Hove</A>, Zimbabwean poet, novelist and essayist; and <A href="/wiki/Arthur_Mutambara" title="Arthur Mutambara">Arthur Mutambara</A>. Many of the current politicians in the government of Zimbabwe have obtained degrees from universities in USA or other universities abroad.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/National_University_of_Science_and_Technology,_Zimbabwe" title="National University of Science and Technology, Zimbabwe">National University of Science and Technology</A> (NUST) is the second largest public research university in Zimbabwe located in Bulawayo. It was established in 1991. The National University of Science and Technology strives to become a flourishing and reputable institution not only in Zimbabwe and in Southern Africa but also among the international fraternity of Universities. Its guidance, cultural values is the encouragement of all its members and society of those attitudes of fair mindedness, understanding, tolerance and respect for people and views which are essential for the attainment and maintenance of justice, peace and harmony at all times.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Africa_University" title="Africa University">Africa University</A> is a United Methodist related university institution located in Manicaland which attracts students from at least 36 African countries. The institution has been growing steadily and has steady study material and learning facilities. The highest professional board for accountants is the <A href="/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_Zimbabwe" title="Institute of Chartered Accountants of Zimbabwe">Institute of Chartered Accountants of Zimbabwe</A> (ICAZ) with direct relationships with similar bodies in South Africa, Canada, the UK and Australia. A qualified <A href="/wiki/Chartered_Accountant" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered Accountant">Chartered Accountant</A> from Zimbabwe is also a member of similar bodies in these countries after writing a conversion paper. In addition, Zimbabwean-trained doctors only require one year of residence to be fully licensed doctors in the United States. The <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Institution_of_Engineers" title="Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers">Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers</A> (ZIE) is the highest professional board for engineers.</P>
<P>Education in Zimbabwe became under threat since the economic changes in 2000 with teachers going on strike because of low pay, students unable to concentrate because of hunger and the price of uniforms soaring making this standard a luxury. Teachers were also one of the main targets of Mugabe's attacks because he thought they were not strong supporters.<SUP id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-279">[278]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The following languages, namely Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda and Xhosa, are the officially recognised languages of Zimbabwe.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
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<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-BEAVERCT-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-BEAVERCT_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AFwtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ydkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3340,2548451&dq=zimbabwe+unity-freedom-work&hl=en">"Zimbabwe"</A>. <I>The Beaver County Times</I>. 13 September 1981<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2 November</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Beaver+County+Times&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe&rft.date=1981-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DAFwtAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DydkFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3340%2C2548451%26dq%3Dzimbabwe%2Bunity-freedom-work%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA-WF-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CIA-WF_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA-WF_2-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA-WF_2-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html">"The World Factbook – Zimbabwe"</A>. Central Intelligence Agency.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fzi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/constitution_zim_draft_copac_130125.pdf"><I>Constitution of Zimbabwe (final draft)</I></A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Portable_document_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable document format">PDF</A>)</SPAN>, Kubatana</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Zimbabwe+%28final+draft%29&rft.pub=Kubatana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kubatana.net%2Fdocs%2Flegisl%2Fconstitution_zim_draft_copac_130125.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002110534/http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/constitution_zim_draft_copac_130125.pdf">Archived</A> 2 October 2013 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VzXJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA201">"Developments in English"</A>. <I>International Association of University Professors of English Conference</I>. Cambridge University Press. 31 October 2014 – via Google Books.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Association+of+University+Professors+of+English+Conference&rft.atitle=Developments+in+English&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVzXJBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-UN_WPP-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_6-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_6-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/">"World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision"</A>. <I>ESA.UN.org</I> (custom data acquired via website). <A href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</A>, Population Division<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 September</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA.UN.org&rft.atitle=World+Population+Prospects%3A+The+2017+Revision&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Funpd%2Fwpp%2FDataQuery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-zimstat1-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-zimstat1_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-zimstat1_7-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130903060905/http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf">"Census Results in Brief"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 3 September 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">25 August</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Results+in+Brief&rft.pub=Zimbabwe+National+Statistical+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zimstat.co.zw%2Fdmdocuments%2FCensusPreliminary2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-imf2-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-imf2_8-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-imf2_8-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-imf2_8-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-imf2_8-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=77&pr.y=17&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=698&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=">"Zimbabwe"</A>. International Monetary Fund.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2017%2F02%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D77%26pr.y%3D17%26sy%3D2015%26ey%3D2022%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D698%26s%3DNGDPD%252CPPPGDP%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=3">"GINI Index"</A>. World Bank<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 July</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GINI+Index&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Fpage%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-HDI-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-HDI_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf">"2016 Human Development Report"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. United Nations Development Programme. 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 March</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+Human+Development+Report&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2016_human_development_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-TimeZone-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-TimeZone_11-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719182003/http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/zimbabwe/time/">"Zimbabwe Time"</A>. <I>Greenwich Mean Time</I>. Greenwich 2000. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/zimbabwe/time/">the original</A> on 19 July 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">17 November</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greenwich+Mean+Time&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+Time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwp.greenwichmeantime.com%2Ftime-zone%2Fafrica%2Fzimbabwe%2Ftime%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/22/zimbabwe-to-make-chinese-yuan-legal-currency-after-beijing-cancels-debts">"Zimbabwe to make Chinese yuan legal currency after Beijing cancels debts"</A>, <I>The Guardian</I>, France-Presse, 22 December 2015</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+to+make+Chinese+yuan+legal+currency+after+Beijing+cancels+debts&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fdec%2F22%2Fzimbabwe-to-make-chinese-yuan-legal-currency-after-beijing-cancels-debts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="CITEREFHungwe2014" class="citation">Hungwe, Brian (6 February 2014), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26034078">"Zimbabwe's multi-currency confusion"</A>, <I>News</I>, BBC<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">26 May</SPAN> 2014</SPAN></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%27s+multi-currency+confusion&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft.aulast=Hungwe&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-26034078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html">"Zimbabwe"</A>. <I>CIA World Factbook</I>. CIA.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fzi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-language-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-language_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-language_15-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <CODE>language</CODE> was invoked but never defined (see the <A href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</A>).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Johnson, Boris (15 November 2017). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/15/robert-mugabe-tarnished-jewel-zimbabwe-now-chance-shine/">"Robert Mugabe tarnished the jewel that is Zimbabwe. Now is its chance to shine again"</A> – via www.telegraph.co.uk.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Mugabe+tarnished+the+jewel+that+is+Zimbabwe.+Now+is+its+chance+to+shine+again&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F11%2F15%2Frobert-mugabe-tarnished-jewel-zimbabwe-now-chance-shine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Lessing, Doris (10 April 2003). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/04/10/the-jewel-of-africa/">"The Jewel of Africa"</A> – via www.nybooks.com.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jewel+of+Africa&rft.date=2003-04-10&rft.aulast=Lessing&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2003%2F04%2F10%2Fthe-jewel-of-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Chifera, Irwin. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-economy-battered-over-the-years/2724325.html">"What Happened to Zimbabwe, Once Known as The Jewel of Africa?"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Happened+to+Zimbabwe%2C+Once+Known+as+The+Jewel+of+Africa%3F&rft.aulast=Chifera&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voazimbabwe.com%2Fa%2Fzimbabwe-economy-battered-over-the-years%2F2724325.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2015&dlid=252745">"Zimbabwe 2015 Human Rights Report"</A>. <A href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</A> <A href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights,_and_Labor" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor</A>. 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 May</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+2015+Human+Rights+Report&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State+Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Labor&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2Fhumanrightsreport%2Findex.htm%3Fyear%3D2015%26dlid%3D252745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23431534">"Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</A></I>. 16 August 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 May</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%27s+Robert+Mugabe&rft.pub=%27%27BBC%27%27&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-23431534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2007-03-16-tutu-zimbabwe_N.htm">"Archbishop Desmond Tutu lambasts African silence on Zimbabwe"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</A></I>. 16 March 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 May</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archbishop+Desmond+Tutu+lambasts+African+silence+on+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=%27%27USA+Today%27%27&rft.date=2007-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2007-03-16-tutu-zimbabwe_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/quora/2015/11/29/what_caused_zimbabwe_s_economic_crash.html">"What Caused Zimbabwe's Economic Crash?"</A>. <I>Quora</I>. 29 November 2015 – via Slate.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quora&rft.atitle=What+Caused+Zimbabwe%E2%80%99s+Economic+Crash%3F&rft.date=2015-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fblogs%2Fquora%2F2015%2F11%2F29%2Fwhat_caused_zimbabwe_s_economic_crash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-cnn_turmoil-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-cnn_turmoil_23-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-cnn_turmoil_23-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">McKenzie, David; Swails, Brent; Dewan, Angela. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/14/africa/zimbabwe-military-chief-treasonable-conduct/">"Zimbabwe in turmoil after apparent coup"</A>. <I>CNN</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-11-15</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+in+turmoil+after+apparent+coup&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Swails%2C+Brent&rft.au=Dewan%2C+Angela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F11%2F14%2Fafrica%2Fzimbabwe-military-chief-treasonable-conduct%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-guardian_confined-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-guardian_confined_24-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-guardian_confined_24-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2017/nov/15/zimbabwe-army-control-harare-coup-robert-mugabe-live">"Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe confined to home as army takes control"</A>. <I>The Guardian</I>. 2017 Nov 15<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">15 November</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%27s+Robert+Mugabe+confined+to+home+as+army+takes+control&rft.chron=2017+Nov+15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Flive%2F2017%2Fnov%2F15%2Fzimbabwe-army-control-harare-coup-robert-mugabe-live&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Check date values in: <CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</CODE> (<A href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-42043370">"Ruling party sacks Mugabe as leader"</A>. <I>BBC News</I>. BBC<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">19 November</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ruling+party+sacks+Mugabe+as+leader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-42043370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-bbc_resigns-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-bbc_resigns_26-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-bbc_resigns_26-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-42071488">"Zimbabwe's President Mugabe 'resigns<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. <I>BBC News</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 November</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%27s+President+Mugabe+%27resigns%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-42071488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somalipress.com/zimbabwe-overview/zimbabwe-big-house-stone-1145.html">"Zimbabwe – big house of stone"</A>. Somali Press<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">14 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+%E2%80%93+big+house+of+stone&rft.pub=Somali+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somalipress.com%2Fzimbabwe-overview%2Fzimbabwe-big-house-stone-1145.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Lafon, Michel (1994). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol21n1/juz021001005.pdf">"Shona Class 5 revisited: a case against *ri as Class 5 nominal prefix"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Zambezia</I>. <B>21</B>: 51–80.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zambezia&rft.atitle=Shona+Class+5+revisited%3A+a+case+against+%2Ari+as+Class+5+nominal+prefix&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=51-80&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Lafon%2C+Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.lib.msu.edu%2FDMC%2FAfrican%2520Journals%2Fpdfs%2FJournal%2520of%2520the%2520University%2520of%2520Zimbabwe%2Fvol21n1%2Fjuz021001005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Vale, Lawrence J. (1999). "Mediated monuments and national identity". <I>Journal of Architecture</I>. <B>4</B> (4): 391–408. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1080%2F136023699373774">10.1080/136023699373774</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Architecture&rft.atitle=Mediated+monuments+and+national+identity&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=391-408&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F136023699373774&rft.au=Vale%2C+Lawrence+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Peter_Garlake" title="Peter Garlake">Garlake, Peter</A> (1973). <I>Great Zimbabwe: New Aspects of Archaeology</I>. London, UK: Thames & Hudson. p. 13. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1599-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-1599-3">978-0-8128-1599-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Zimbabwe%3A+New+Aspects+of+Archaeology&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8128-1599-3&rft.aulast=Garlake&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-fontein119120-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-fontein119120_31-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-fontein119120_31-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-fontein119120_31-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-fontein119120_31-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Fontein, Joost (September 2006). <I>The Silence of Great Zimbabwe: Contested Landscapes and the Power of Heritage</I> (First ed.). London: <A href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London Press</A>. pp. 119–20. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844721238" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844721238">978-1844721238</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silence+of+Great+Zimbabwe%3A+Contested+Landscapes+and+the+Power+of+Heritage&rft.place=London&rft.pages=119-20&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=University+College+London+Press&rft.date=2006-09&rft.isbn=978-1844721238&rft.aulast=Fontein&rft.aufirst=Joost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ndlovugatsheni113114-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ndlovugatsheni113114_32-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ndlovugatsheni113114_32-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ndlovugatsheni113114_32-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. (2009). <I>Do "Zimbabweans" Exist? Trajectories of Nationalism, National Identity Formation and Crisis in a Postcolonial State</I> (First ed.). Bern: <A href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang AG</A>. pp. 113–14. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-941-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-941-7">978-3-03911-941-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do+%22Zimbabweans%22+Exist%3F+Trajectories+of+Nationalism%2C+National+Identity+Formation+and+Crisis+in+a+Postcolonial+State&rft.place=Bern&rft.pages=113-14&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+AG&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-03911-941-7&rft.aulast=Ndlovu-Gatsheni&rft.aufirst=Sabelo+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">"What's in a Name? Welcome to the 'Republic of Machobana<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>". <I>Read on</I>. Harare: Training Aids Development Group: 40. 1991.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Read+on&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Name%3F+Welcome+to+the+%27Republic+of+Machobana%27&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-autogenerated241-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-autogenerated241_34-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-autogenerated241_34-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Hall, Martin; Stephen W. Silliman (2005). <I>Historical Archaeology</I>. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 241–44. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0751-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0751-8">978-1-4051-0751-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Archaeology&rft.pages=241-44&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0751-8&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Stephen+W.+Silliman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-zimstudy-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-zimstudy_35-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Nelson, Harold (1983). <I>Zimbabwe: A Country Study</I>. The Studies. pp. 1–317.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=1-317&rft.pub=The+Studies&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-conquered-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-conquered_36-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtrek.org/odyssey/africa/062699/062699monicabula.html">"So Who Was Shaka Zulu- Really?"</A>. The Odyssey<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">14 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=So+Who+Was+Shaka+Zulu-+Really%3F&rft.pub=The+Odyssey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtrek.org%2Fodyssey%2Fafrica%2F062699%2F062699monicabula.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-mining-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-mining_37-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hensman, Howard (1901). <I>Cecil Rhodes: A Study of a Career</I>. pp. 106–07.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-treaties-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-treaties_38-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-treaties_38-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-treaties_38-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Parsons">Parsons</A>, pp. 178–81.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-bsac-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-bsac_39-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bryce, James (2008). <I>Impressions of South Africa</I>. p. 170; <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/055430032X" title="Special:BookSources/055430032X">055430032X</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Southern Rhodesia Order in Council of 20 October 1898 which includes at seection 4 thereof: "The territory for the time being within the limits of this Order shall be known as Southern Rhodesia."</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-adopted-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-adopted_41-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Gray, J. A. (1956). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm">"A Country in Search of a Name"</A>. <I>The <A href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia_Journal" title="Northern Rhodesia Journal">Northern Rhodesia Journal</A></I>. <B>3</B> (1): 78.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Rhodesia+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Country+in+Search+of+a+Name&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Gray%2C+J.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrzam.org.uk%2FNRJ%2FV3N1%2FV3N1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Southern Rhodesia (Annexation) Order in Council, 30 July 1923 which provided by section 3 thereof: "From and after the coming into operation of this Order the said territories shall be annexed to and form part of His Majesty's Dominions, and shall be known as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia."</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder – Burke, Fredrick Phillip George (1969) A.C 645 – Authority for date of annexation having been 12 September 1923, being the date the Rhodesia (Annexation) Order in Council came into effect</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ReferenceA-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_44-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations Action in the Question of Southern Rhodesia</I> by Vera Gowlland-Debbas</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder – Burke, Fredrick Phillip George (1969) A.C 645</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Southern Rhodesia Constitution Letters Patent, 1923</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-moorcraft-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-moorcraft_47-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-moorcraft_47-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Moorcraft, Paul (31 August 1990). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/paul-moorcraft/rhodesias-war-independence">"Rhodesia's War of Independence"</A>. <I>History Today</I>. <B>40</B> (9). <Q>[P]er head of (white) population Rhodesia had contributed more in both world wars than any other part of the empire, including the United Kingdom. ... There is little doubt now that after a few resignations here and there, the army, the Royal Navy and even the Royal Air Force (supposedly the most disaffected service) would have carried out any orders to subdue the first national treason against the Crown since the American War of Independence.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Rhodesia%27s+War+of+Independence&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=9&rft.date=1990-08-31&rft.aulast=Moorcraft&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fpaul-moorcraft%2Frhodesias-war-independence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-fed-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-fed_48-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Parsons">Parsons</A>, p. 292.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-eafp-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-eafp_49-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-eafp_49-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hastedt, Glenn P. (2004) <I>Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy</I>, Infobase Publishing, p. 537; <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/143810989X" title="Special:BookSources/143810989X">143810989X</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-endsanctions-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-endsanctions_50-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/1/newsid_2492000/2492915.stm">"On This Day"</A>. BBC News. 1 June 1979<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">14 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+This+Day&rft.date=1979-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjune%2F1%2Fnewsid_2492000%2F2492915.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-chair-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-chair_51-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-chair_51-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Chung, Fay (2006). <I>Re-living the Second Chimurenga: memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe</I>, Preben (INT) Kaarsholm. p. 242; <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9171065512" title="Special:BookSources/9171065512">9171065512</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-lancaster-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-lancaster_52-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Preston, Matthew (2004). <I>Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective.</I> p. 25; <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850435790" title="Special:BookSources/1850435790">1850435790</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Zimbabwe, May 1980/Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence, Canberra: Government Printer, 1980. p. 122.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">George M. Houser. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://richardknight.homestead.com/files/zimletmarch80.htm">"Letter by George M. Houser, Executive Director of the American Committee on Africa (ACOA), on the 1980 independence election in Rhodesia"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">1 December</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+by+George+M.+Houser%2C+Executive+Director+of+the+American+Committee+on+Africa+%28ACOA%29%2C+on+the+1980+independence+election+in+Rhodesia&rft.au=George+M.+Houser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frichardknight.homestead.com%2Ffiles%2Fzimletmarch80.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-55"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith, Ian</A> (2008). <I>Bitter Harvest</I>. London: John Blake Publishing Ltd. p. 367. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85782-604-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85782-604-3">978-1-85782-604-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bitter+Harvest&rft.place=London&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=John+Blake+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85782-604-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-56"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Peter_Godwin" title="Peter Godwin">Godwin, Peter</A>; <A href="/wiki/Ian_Hancock" title="Ian Hancock">Hancock, Ian</A> (1995) [1993]. <I>'Rhodesians Never Die': The Impact of War and Political Change on White Rhodesia, c. 1970–1980</I>. Harare: Baobab Books. p. 312. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908311-82-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-908311-82-6">0-908311-82-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Rhodesians+Never+Die%27%3A+The+Impact+of+War+and+Political+Change+on+White+Rhodesia%2C+c.+1970%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Harare&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Baobab+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-908311-82-6&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Hancock%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-watch-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-watch_57-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-watch_57-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Nyarota, Geoffrey (2006). <I>Against the Grain</I>, Zebra, p. 134; <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1770071121" title="Special:BookSources/1770071121">1770071121</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-meredith6273-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-meredith6273_58-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-meredith6273_58-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-meredith6273_58-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Martin_Meredith" title="Martin Meredith">Meredith, Martin</A> (September 2007) [2002]. <I>Mugabe: Power, Plunder and the Struggle for Zimbabwe</I>. New York: <A href="/wiki/Perseus_Books_Group" title="Perseus Books Group">PublicAffairs</A>. pp. 62–73. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-558-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-558-0">978-1-58648-558-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mugabe%3A+Power%2C+Plunder+and+the+Struggle+for+Zimbabwe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=62-73&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2007-09&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-558-0&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-hill77-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-hill77_59-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-hill77_59-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Hill, Geoff (2005) [2003]. <I>The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown</I>. Johannesburg: Struik Publishers. p. 77. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-652-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-652-3">978-1-86872-652-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Zimbabwe%3A+The+Final+Countdown&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Struik+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-86872-652-3&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-60"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodesia.nl/Matabeleland%20Report.pdf">"Report on the 1980s disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands, by the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe, March 1997 – Conclusion – FINAL ESTIMATE: The figure for the dead and missing is not less than 3000. This statement is now beyond reasonable doubt. Adding up the conservative suggestions made above, the figure is reasonably certainly 3750 dead. More than that it is still not possible to say, except to allow that the real figure for the dead could be possibly double 3000, or even higher. Only further research will resolve the issue"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+1980s+disturbances+in+Matabeleland+and+the+Midlands%2C+by+the+Catholic+Commission+for+Justice+and+Peace+in+Zimbabwe%2C+March+1997+%E2%80%93+Conclusion+%E2%80%93+FINAL+ESTIMATE%3A+The+figure+for+the+dead+and+missing+is+not+less+than+3000.+This+statement+is+now+beyond+reasonable+doubt.+Adding+up+the+conservative+suggestions+made+above%2C+the+figure+is+reasonably+certainly+3750+dead.+More+than+that+it+is+still+not+possible+to+say%2C+except+to+allow+that+the+real+figure+for+the+dead+could+be+possibly+double+3000%2C+or+even+higher.+Only+further+research+will+resolve+the+issue.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodesia.nl%2FMatabeleland%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-17562-Gukurahundi%20killed%2080,000%20Eddie%20Cross/news.aspx">"Gukurahundi killed 80,000: Eddie Cross"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gukurahundi+killed+80%2C000%3A+Eddie+Cross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newzimbabwe.com%2Fnews-17562-Gukurahundi%2520killed%252080%2C000%2520Eddie%2520Cross%2Fnews.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-catholiccommission-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-catholiccommission_62-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe; Legal Resources Foundation (1 January 1997). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace">"Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace"</A> – via Internet Archive.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+Silence%2C+Building+True+Peace&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft.au=Catholic+Commission+for+Justice+and+Peace+in+Zimbabwe&rft.au=Legal+Resources+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-63"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace">"REPORT ON THE 1980s DISTURBANCES IN MATABELELAND & THE MIDLANDS"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Catholic_Commission_for_Justice_and_Peace_in_Zimbabwe" title="Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe">Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe</A>. March 1997<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 August</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REPORT+ON+THE++1980s+DISTURBANCES+IN+MATABELELAND+%26+THE+MIDLANDS&rft.pub=Catholic+Commission+for+Justice+and+Peace+in+Zimbabwe&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-64"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123124818/http://www.badley.info/history/ZANU-PF-Zimbabwe.event.html">"Chronology of Zimbabwe"</A>. badley.info. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.badley.info/history/ZANU-PF-Zimbabwe.event.html">the original</A> on 23 November 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=badley.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.badley.info%2Fhistory%2FZANU-PF-Zimbabwe.event.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-65"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1831470.stm">"Timeline: Zimbabwe"</A>. BBC News. 15 October 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Zimbabwe&rft.date=2009-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1831470.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-66"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-66"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205015007/http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/zim1990election.htm">"Zimbabwe: 1990 General Elections"</A>. EISA. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/zim1990election.htm">the original</A> on 5 December 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%3A+1990+General+Elections&rft.pub=EISA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eisa.org.za%2FWEP%2Fzim1990election.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-67"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-67"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Moyo, Jonathon M. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902092508/http://www.uz.ac.zw/publications/books/pol.html">"Voting for Democracy: A Study of Electoral Politics in Zimbabwe"</A>. University of Zimbabwe. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uz.ac.zw/publications/books/pol.html">the original</A> on 2 September 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voting+for+Democracy%3A+A+Study+of+Electoral+Politics+in+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=University+of+Zimbabwe&rft.au=Moyo%2C+Jonathon+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uz.ac.zw%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Fpol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-l-68"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-l_68-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080108142024/http://africanhistory.about.com/od/zimbabwe/p/ZimbabweHist3.htm">"A Brief History of Zimbabwe"</A>. about.com. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africanhistory.about.com/od/zimbabwe/p/ZimbabweHist3.htm">the original</A> on 8 January 2008.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Zimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafricanhistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fzimbabwe%2Fp%2FZimbabweHist3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-69"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-69"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205012226/http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/zimoverview5.htm">"Zimbabwe: ZANU PF hegemony and its breakdown (1990–1999)"</A>. EISA. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/zimoverview5.htm">the original</A> on 5 December 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%3A+ZANU+PF+hegemony+and+its+breakdown+%281990%E2%80%931999%29&rft.pub=EISA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eisa.org.za%2FWEP%2Fzimoverview5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-k-70"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-k_70-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0862066.html">"History of Zimbabwe"</A>. <I><A href="/w/index.php?title=Infoplease&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infoplease (page does not exist)">Infoplease</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infoplease&rft.atitle=History+of+Zimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fce6%2Fworld%2FA0862066.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-71"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-71"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avert.org/history-hiv-aids-africa.htm">"History of HIV & AIDS in Africa"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/AVERT" class="mw-redirect" title="AVERT">AVERT</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 August</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AVERT&rft.atitle=History+of+HIV+%26+AIDS+in+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avert.org%2Fhistory-hiv-aids-africa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-72"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-72"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/692638.stm">"Britain's troubles with Mugabe"</A>. BBC News. 3 April 2000.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+troubles+with+Mugabe&rft.date=2000-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F692638.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-humanrightswatcha-73"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-humanrightswatcha_73-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-humanrightswatcha_73-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/zimbabwe/ZimLand0302.pdf">"Fast Track Land Reform in Zimbabwe"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fast+Track+Land+Reform+in+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F2002%2Fzimbabwe%2FZimLand0302.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(175 KB)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-74"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-74"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Polgreen, Lydia (20 July 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/21/world/africa/in-zimbabwe-land-takeover-a-golden-lining.html?pagewanted=all">"In Zimbabwe Land Takeover, a Golden Lining"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 July</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Zimbabwe+Land+Takeover%2C+a+Golden+Lining&rft.date=2012-07-20&rft.au=Polgreen%2C+Lydia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F21%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fin-zimbabwe-land-takeover-a-golden-lining.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-75"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-75"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/09/st05/st05304-ad01re01.en09.pdf">"Council Common Position renewing restrictive measures against Zimbabwe"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Council of the European Union</I>. 26 January 2009.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+of+the+European+Union&rft.atitle=Council+Common+Position+renewing+restrictive+measures+against+Zimbabwe&rft.date=2009-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fregister.consilium.europa.eu%2Fpdf%2Fen%2F09%2Fst05%2Fst05304-ad01re01.en09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tampering-76"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tampering_76-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629145037/http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/media/2003_alerts/1208.htm">"Zimbabwe Suspended Indefinitely from Commonwealth"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Human_Rights_First" title="Human Rights First">Human Rights First</A>. 8 December 2003. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/media/2003_alerts/1208.htm">the original</A> on 29 June 2007.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+Suspended+Indefinitely+from+Commonwealth&rft.pub=Human+Rights+First&rft.date=2003-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanrightsfirst.org%2Fmedia%2F2003_alerts%2F1208.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-77"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-77"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705162909/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/press/31555/34582/35505/zimbabwes_withdrawal_from_the_commonwealth.htm">"Commonwealth website confirms Zimbabwe "terminated" its membership with effect from 7 December 2003"</A>. Thecommonwealth.org. 12 December 2003. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecommonwealth.org/press/31555/34582/35505/zimbabwes_withdrawal_from_the_commonwealth.htm">the original</A> on 5 July 2008.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+website+confirms+Zimbabwe+%22terminated%22+its+membership+with+effect+from+7+December+2003&rft.pub=Thecommonwealth.org&rft.date=2003-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecommonwealth.org%2Fpress%2F31555%2F34582%2F35505%2Fzimbabwes_withdrawal_from_the_commonwealth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-78"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-78"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/107/s494/text">"Text of S. 494 (107th): Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 (Passed Congress/Enrolled Bill version)"</A>. <A href="/wiki/GovTrack" title="GovTrack">GovTrack</A>. 12 December 2001<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 December</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+S.+494+%28107th%29%3A+Zimbabwe+Democracy+and+Economic+Recovery+Act+of+2001+%28Passed+Congress%2FEnrolled+Bill+version%29&rft.pub=GovTrack&rft.date=2001-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fbills%2F107%2Fs494%2Ftext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" width="15" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> <I>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <A href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</A>.</I></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-79"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-79"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4188702.stm">"Zimbabwe destruction: One man's story"</A>. BBC. 30 August 2005<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">19 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+destruction%3A+One+man%27s+story&rft.date=2005-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F4188702.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-muram-80"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-muram_80-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010190256/http://news.amnesty.org/index/ENGAFR460152006">"Zimbabwe: Housing policy built on foundation of failures and lies – Amnesty International"</A>. Web.archive.org. 9 August 2006. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.amnesty.org/index/ENGAFR460152006">the original</A> on 10 October 2006<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">30 December</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%3A+Housing+policy+built+on+foundation+of+failures+and+lies+%E2%80%93+Amnesty+International&rft.pub=Web.archive.org&rft.date=2006-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.amnesty.org%2Findex%2FENGAFR460152006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Carter-81"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Carter_81-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Jacobson, Celean (24 November 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_wires/2008Nov24/0,4675,AFZimbabwe,00.html">"Carter warns situation appears dire in Zimbabwe"</A>. <I>Fox News</I>. Associated Press.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Carter+warns+situation+appears+dire+in+Zimbabwe&rft.date=2008-11-24&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+Celean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fprinter_friendly_wires%2F2008Nov24%2F0%2C4675%2CAFZimbabwe%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-82"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-82"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2010/12/18/Mugabe-wants-sanctions-removed/UPI-84591292686762">"Mugabe wants sanctions removed"</A>. United Press International. 18 December 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 August</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mugabe+wants+sanctions+removed&rft.date=2010-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FWorld-News%2F2010%2F12%2F18%2FMugabe-wants-sanctions-removed%2FUPI-84591292686762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-83"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-83"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation report">Booysen, Susan (4 March 2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121212043124/http://www.kubatana.net/docs/demgg/fh_changing_perceptions_political%20_110304.pdf">Changing Perceptions in Zimbabwe – Nationwide Survey of the Political Climate in Zimbabwe November 2010 – January 2011</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> (Report). <A href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kubatana.net/docs/demgg/fh_changing_perceptions_political%20_110304.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 12 December 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">16 February</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Changing+Perceptions+in+Zimbabwe+%E2%80%93+Nationwide+Survey+of+the+Political+Climate+in+Zimbabwe+November+2010+%E2%80%93+January+2011&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft.date=2011-03-04&rft.au=Booysen%2C+Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kubatana.net%2Fdocs%2Fdemgg%2Ffh_changing_perceptions_political%2520_110304.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-84"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-84"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation report"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130200054/http://www.unocha.org/ocha2012-13/zimbabwe">OCHA in 2012–2013: Plan and Budget: Zimbabwe</A> (Report). United Nations <A href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</A>. December 2011. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unocha.org/ocha2012-13/zimbabwe">the original</A> on 30 January 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">16 February</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=OCHA+in+2012%E2%80%932013%3A+Plan+and+Budget%3A+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+for+the+Coordination+of+Humanitarian+Affairs&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unocha.org%2Focha2012-13%2Fzimbabwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-85"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-85"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Chinaka, Cris (17 January 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/17/cnews-us-zimbabwe-nkomo-idCABRE90G0IA20130117">"Mugabe deputy John Nkomo dies after cancer battle"</A>. Reuters<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">30 December</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mugabe+deputy+John+Nkomo+dies+after+cancer+battle&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft.aulast=Chinaka&rft.aufirst=Cris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2013%2F01%2F17%2Fcnews-us-zimbabwe-nkomo-idCABRE90G0IA20130117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-86"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-86"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Dzirutwe, MacDonald. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927163223/http://www.undp.org.zw/component/docman/doc_download/230-zimbabwe-poverty-report-2011-april-17-2013">"Zimbabweans start voting to adopt new constitution"</A>. Reuters. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com-archive-classified.eu/article/2013/03/16/us-zimbabwe-referendum-idUSBRE92F03G20130316">the original</A> on 27 September 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">16 March</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabweans+start+voting+to+adopt+new+constitution&rft.au=Dzirutwe%2C+MacDonald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com-archive-classified.eu%2Farticle%2F2013%2F03%2F16%2Fus-zimbabwe-referendum-idUSBRE92F03G20130316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Economist072016-87"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Economist072016_87-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Economist072016_87-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Economist072016_87-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21701779-imf-ready-throw-mugabe-regime-lifeline-bad-idea-bailing-out">"Bailing out bandits"</A>. <I>The Economist</I>. <B>420</B> (8997). 9 July 2016. pp. 43–44. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 July</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Bailing+out+bandits&rft.volume=420&rft.issue=8997&rft.pages=43-44&rft.date=2016-07-09&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21701779-imf-ready-throw-mugabe-regime-lifeline-bad-idea-bailing-out&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Out_of_House-88"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Out_of_House_88-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Out_of_House_88-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Out_of_House_88-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Out_of_House_88-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Fletcher, Martin (7 February 2017). "Out of House and Home". <I>The Telegraph</I> (Telegraph Magazine ed.). p. 39.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Out+of+House+and+Home&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-89"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-89"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23591941">"Zimbabwe election: A guide to rigging allegations"</A>. BBC News. 7 August 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">7 June</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+election%3A+A+guide+to+rigging+allegations&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-23591941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-90"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-90"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africanarguments.org/2015/04/23/as-the-house-burns-whither-the-zimbabwean-opposition-by-nicole-beardsworth/">"As the House Burns, Whither the Zimbabwean Opposition? – By Nicole Beardsworth – African Arguments"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=As+the+House+Burns%2C+Whither+the+Zimbabwean+Opposition%3F+%E2%80%93+By+Nicole+Beardsworth+%E2%80%93+African+Arguments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafricanarguments.org%2F2015%2F04%2F23%2Fas-the-house-burns-whither-the-zimbabwean-opposition-by-nicole-beardsworth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-91"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-91"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Matyszak, Derek (20 September 2017). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issafrica.org/iss-today/zimbabwes-shady-police-roadblocks-reflect-its-failing-governance">"Zimbabwe's shady police roadblocks reflect its failing governance - ISS Africa"</A>. <I>ISS Africa</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-09-22</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISS+Africa&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%27s+shady+police+roadblocks+reflect+its+failing+governance+-+ISS+Africa&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft.aulast=Matyszak&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissafrica.org%2Fiss-today%2Fzimbabwes-shady-police-roadblocks-reflect-its-failing-governance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BBC2016-92"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-BBC2016_92-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36724874">"Zimbabwe 'shut down' over economic collapse"</A>. <I>BBC News</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">7 July</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+%27shut+down%27+over+economic+collapse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-36724874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-93"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-93"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Raath, Jan; Graham, Stuart (25 July 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/world/mugabe-at-war-with-militias-that-keep-him-in-power-kbldr7v8l">"Mugabe at war with militias that keep him in power"</A>. The Times<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">25 July</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>. <SPAN style="font-size:90%; color:#555">(Subscription required (<SPAN title="The site requires a paid subscription to access this page." style="border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help">help</SPAN>))</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mugabe+at+war+with+militias+that+keep+him+in+power&rft.pub=The+Times&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft.aulast=Raath&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Graham%2C+Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Fedition%2Fworld%2Fmugabe-at-war-with-militias-that-keep-him-in-power-kbldr7v8l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-94"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-94"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newzimbabwe.com/columns-40850-The+costs+of+the+Robert+Mugabe+era/columns.aspx">"The costs of the Robert Mugabe era"</A>. <I>newzimbabwe.com</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">12 March</SPAN> 2018</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newzimbabwe.com&rft.atitle=The+costs+of+the+Robert+Mugabe+era&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewzimbabwe.com%2Fcolumns-40850-The%2Bcosts%2Bof%2Bthe%2BRobert%2BMugabe%2Bera%2Fcolumns.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Baughan,_M._2005-95"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Baughan,_M._2005_95-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Baughan,_M._2005_95-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Baughan, M. (2005). Continent in the Balance: Zimbabwe-Juvenile literature. Philadelphia, PA: Mason Crest Publishers; <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1590848101" title="Special:BookSources/1590848101">1590848101</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-96"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-96"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Chipika, J; Kowero, G. (2000). "Deforestation of woodlands in communal areas of Zimbabwe: is it due to agricultural policies?". <I>Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment</I>. <B>79</B> (2–3): 175. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-8809%2899%2900156-5">10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00156-5</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agriculture%2C+Ecosystems+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Deforestation+of+woodlands+in+communal+areas+of+Zimbabwe%3A+is+it+due+to+agricultural+policies%3F&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=175&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0167-8809%2899%2900156-5&rft.aulast=Chipika&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Kowero%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Forestry-97"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Forestry_97-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927163223/http://www.undp.org.zw/component/docman/doc_download/230-zimbabwe-poverty-report-2011-april-17-2013">"Chaos as tobacco sales start"</A>. NewsdezeZimbabwe. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsdzezimbabwe.co.uk/2015/03/chaos-as-tobacco-sales-start.html">the original</A> on 27 September 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 March</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chaos+as+tobacco+sales+start&rft.pub=NewsdezeZimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsdzezimbabwe.co.uk%2F2015%2F03%2Fchaos-as-tobacco-sales-start.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-reinstated-98"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-reinstated_98-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kubatana.net/html/archive/legisl/050916czamd17ac.asp?sector=LEGISL">Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 17) Act, 2005</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927233356/http://www.kubatana.net/html/archive/legisl/050916czamd17ac.asp?sector=LEGISL">Archived</A> 27 September 2007 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>. NGO Network Alliance Project</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-99"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-99"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Mugabe, Robert. (2007). <I>Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite</I>, Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-100"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-100"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071227185709/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/review27.15680.html">"Tekere says Mugabe 'insecure' in new book"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newzimbabwe.com/pages/review27.15680.html">the original</A> on 27 December 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 January</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tekere+says+Mugabe+%27insecure%27+in+new+book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newzimbabwe.com%2Fpages%2Freview27.15680.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Frankel-101"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Frankel_101-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Frankel_101-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Frankel, Matthew. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0526_myanmar_boycott_frankel.aspx">"Myanmar Boycott is Misguided"</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511085706/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0526_myanmar_boycott_frankel.aspx">Archived</A> 11 May 2011 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>., <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu">The Brookings Institution</A>, 26 May 2010.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-allegations-102"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-allegations_102-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104021201/http://www.africa.upenn.edu/afrfocus/afrfocus041805.html">Zimbabwe: Election Fraud Report, 04/18/05</A>. <A href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</A>, 18 April 2005.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-moyo-103"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-moyo_103-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=84&art_id=qw111061602454B251">"Mugabe's former ally accuses him of foul play"</A>, <I>Independent Online Zimbabwe</I>, 12 March 2005.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-104"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-104"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7322468.stm">"Zimbabwe stands 'on a precipice<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. BBC News. 31 March 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 June</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+stands+%27on+a+precipice%27&rft.date=2008-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F7322468.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-105"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-105"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/03/27/zimbabwe.election">"Mugabe critics predict fraud in Zimbabwe elections"</A>. CNN. 28 March 2008.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mugabe+critics+predict+fraud+in+Zimbabwe+elections&rft.date=2008-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F03%2F27%2Fzimbabwe.election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-106"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-106"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7467990.stm">"Mugabe rival quits election race"</A>. BBC News. 22 June 2008.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mugabe+rival+quits+election+race&rft.date=2008-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F7467990.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-findarticles1-107"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-findarticles1_107-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-findarticles1_107-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Latham, Brian (4 March 2002). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131229132808/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1660337.html">"Contrast in styles as contenders hold rallies in Harare townships"</A>. <I>The Independent</I>. UK. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1660337.html">the original</A> on 29 December 2013.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Contrast+in+styles+as+contenders+hold+rallies+in+Harare+townships&rft.date=2002-03-04&rft.au=Latham%2C+Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-1660337.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SABCre-108"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-SABCre_108-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080502155226/http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/southern_africa/0%2C2172%2C168544%2C00.html">"Zimbabwe's MDC factions reunite"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabcnews.com/africa/southern_africa/0,2172,168544,00.html">the original</A> on 2 May 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">13 February</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%E2%80%99s+MDC+factions+reunite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabcnews.com%2Fafrica%2Fsouthern_africa%2F0%2C2172%2C168544%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>, SABC News, 28 April 2008.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Reunites-109"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Reunites_109-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Reunites_109-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7371823.stm">"Opposition reunites in Zimbabwe"</A>. BBC News. 28 April 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 June</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Opposition+reunites+in+Zimbabwe&rft.date=2008-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7371823.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-110"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-110"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Chinaka, Cris (29 April 2008) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/all-eyes-on-zim-as-zec-wrap-up-recount-1.398301">All eyes on Zim as ZEC wrap-up recount</A>, Reuters via iol.co.za; accessed 4 May 2016.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-111"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-111"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Dugger, Celia W. (3 November 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/03/world/africa/03zimbabwe.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">"Aid Group Says Zimbabwe Misused $7.3 Million"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Aid+Group+Says+Zimbabwe+Misused+%247.3+Million&rft.date=2008-11-03&rft.aulast=Dugger&rft.aufirst=Celia+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F03%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F03zimbabwe.html%3F_r%3D1%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-112"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-112"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21441744">"Zimbabwe: Election chief Mutambanengwe resigns"</A>. BBC News. 2013.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%3A+Election+chief+Mutambanengwe+resigns&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-21441744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-113"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-113"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/12/03/2437229.htm">"Police baton charge Harare protesters"</A>. ABC News. 3 December 2008.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+baton+charge+Harare+protesters&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2008-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2008%2F12%2F03%2F2437229.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-114"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-114"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. (24 November 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/402721">"Mugabe's Zimbabwe, 2000–2009: Massive Human Rights Violations and the Failure to Protect"</A>. <I>Human Rights Quarterly</I>. <B>32</B> (4): 898–920. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1353%2Fhrq.2010.0030">10.1353/hrq.2010.0030</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1085-794X">1085-794X</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Mugabe%27s+Zimbabwe%2C+2000%E2%80%932009%3A+Massive+Human+Rights+Violations+and+the+Failure+to+Protect&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=898-920&rft.date=2010-11-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhrq.2010.0030&rft.issn=1085-794X&rft.aulast=Howard-Hassmann&rft.aufirst=Rhoda+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F402721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-115"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-115"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manicapost.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27171:mass-grave-discovered-&Itemid=131">"Mass grave discovered"</A>. Manicapost.com. 22 March 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">30 December</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mass+grave+discovered&rft.pub=Manicapost.com&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manicapost.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D27171%3Amass-grave-discovered-%26Itemid%3D131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-116"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-116"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-27743-article-Exhumation+begins+at+the+Rusape+Heroes+Acre.html">"Exhumation begins at the Rusape Heroes Acre"</A>. Bulawayo24.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">30 December</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exhumation+begins+at+the+Rusape+Heroes+Acre&rft.pub=Bulawayo24.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbulawayo24.com%2Findex-id-news-sc-national-byo-27743-article-Exhumation%2Bbegins%2Bat%2Bthe%2BRusape%2BHeroes%2BAcre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-117"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-117"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192029/http://www.zbc.co.zw/news-categories/top-stories/11136-zanla-cadre-exhumed-in-chibondo.html">"ZANLA cadre exhumed in Chibondo"</A>. Zbc.co.zw. 14 August 2011. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zbc.co.zw/news-categories/top-stories/11136-zanla-cadre-exhumed-in-chibondo.html">the original</A> on 29 October 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">30 December</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZANLA+cadre+exhumed+in+Chibondo&rft.pub=Zbc.co.zw&rft.date=2011-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zbc.co.zw%2Fnews-categories%2Ftop-stories%2F11136-zanla-cadre-exhumed-in-chibondo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-autogenerated3-118"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_118-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_118-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/zimbabwe-mass-grave-used-as-political-propaganda-1.1048061">"Zimbabwe mass grave used as political propaganda"</A>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 31 March 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">30 December</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+mass+grave+used+as+political+propaganda&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fzimbabwe-mass-grave-used-as-political-propaganda-1.1048061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-119"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-119"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207185358/https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/zimbabwe-mass-grave-bodies-must-be-exhumed-forensic-experts-2011-04-06">"Zimbabwe: Mass grave bodies must be exhumed by forensic experts"</A>. Amnesty International. 6 April 2011. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/zimbabwe-mass-grave-bodies-must-be-exhumed-forensic-experts-2011-04-06">the original</A> on 7 December 2014.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%3A+Mass+grave+bodies+must+be+exhumed+by+forensic+experts&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2011-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Ffor-media%2Fpress-releases%2Fzimbabwe-mass-grave-bodies-must-be-exhumed-forensic-experts-2011-04-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-AI-120"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-AI_120-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-AI_120-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203015112/http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/zwe-summary-eng">"Zimbabwe"</A>. Amnesty International. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/zwe-summary-eng">the original</A> on 3 December 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2 December</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.amnesty.org%2Freport2005%2Fzwe-summary-eng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-hrw-121"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-hrw_121-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011095246/http://hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/zimbab14720.htm">"Zimbabwe – Events of 2006"</A>. Human Rights Watch. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/englishwr2k7/docs/2007/01/11/zimbab14720.htm">the original</A> on 11 October 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2 December</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+%E2%80%93+Events+of+2006&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fenglishwr2k7%2Fdocs%2F2007%2F01%2F11%2Fzimbab14720.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-122"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-122"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Howard-Hassmann 2010, p. 909</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-123"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-123"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf">"State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I><A href="/wiki/International_Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual,_Trans_and_Intersex_Association" title="International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association">International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association</A></I>. 17 May 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+Bisexual%2C+Trans+and+Intersex+Association&rft.atitle=State+Sponsored+Homophobia+2016%3A+A+world+survey+of+sexual+orientation+laws%3A+criminalisation%2C+protection+and+recognition&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filga.org%2Fdownloads%2F02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-124"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-124"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/523162.stm">"BBC News - Africa - Zimbabwe gay rights face dim future"</A>. <I>news.bbc.co.uk</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+News+-+Africa+-+Zimbabwe+gay+rights+face+dim+future&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F523162.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-125"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-125"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Whitaker, Raymond (22 June 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10517688">"Zimbabwe election violence spreads to Harare"</A>. <I>The New Zealand Herald</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">7 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+election+violence+spreads+to+Harare&rft.date=2008-06-22&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fworld%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D2%26objectid%3D10517688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-bbc_Morgan-126"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-bbc_Morgan_126-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-bbc_Morgan_126-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6449691.stm">"Unbowed Tsvangirai urges defiance"</A>. BBC. 14 March 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2 December</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unbowed+Tsvangirai+urges+defiance&rft.date=2007-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F6449691.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-herald-127"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-herald_127-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-herald_127-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">The Herald, Zimbabwe (14 March 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070316181021/http://www.herald.co.zw/inside.aspx?sectid=16333&cat=1">"Opposition protesters' case not heard"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herald.co.zw/inside.aspx?sectid=16333&cat=1">the original</A> on 16 March 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">14 March</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opposition+protesters%27+case+not+heard&rft.date=2007-03-14&rft.au=The+Herald%2C+Zimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herald.co.zw%2Finside.aspx%3Fsectid%3D16333%26cat%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-propaganda-128"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-propaganda_128-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressreference.com/Uz-Z/Zimbabwe.html">Zimbabwe Press, Media, TV, Radio, Newspapers</A> <I>Press Reference</I>, 2006.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-bombs-129"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-bombs_129-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1141168.stm">"Zimbabwe newspaper bombed"</A>. BBC News. 28 January 2001<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 June</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+newspaper+bombed&rft.date=2001-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F1141168.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-license-130"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-license_130-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Wines, Michael (7 February 2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E0DB1E3BF934A35751C0A9629C8B63">"Zimbabwe: Newspaper Silenced"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 June</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%3A+Newspaper+Silenced&rft.date=2004-02-07&rft.aulast=Wines&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C05E0DB1E3BF934A35751C0A9629C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Telegraph-131"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_131-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_131-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/5935043/Zimbabwe-lifts-reporting-ban-on-BBC-and-CNN-after-eight-years.html">"Zimbabwe lifts reporting ban on BBC and CNN"</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</A></I>, 30 July 2009.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-networks-132"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-networks_132-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Nkosi, Milton (1 April 2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/newswatch/ukfs/hi/newsid_4400000/newsid_4401700/4401767.stm">"Why did Zimbabwe ban the BBC?"</A>. BBC News<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 June</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+did+Zimbabwe+ban+the+BBC%3F&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft.au=Nkosi%2C+Milton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fnewswatch%2Fukfs%2Fhi%2Fnewsid_4400000%2Fnewsid_4401700%2F4401767.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-133"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-133"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20080623173259/http://zimbabwemetro.com/2008/06/22/al-jazeera-kicked-out-of-zimbabwe">"Al Jazeera kicked out of Zimbabwe"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zimbabwemetro.com/2008/06/22/al-jazeera-kicked-out-of-zimbabwe">the original</A> on 23 June 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">1 June</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al+Jazeera+kicked+out+of+Zimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzimbabwemetro.com%2F2008%2F06%2F22%2Fal-jazeera-kicked-out-of-zimbabwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>, zimbabwemetro.com, 22 June 2008.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-minist-134"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-minist_134-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102151320/http://www.mod.gov.zw/zdf/zdf.htm">"Zimbabwe Ministry of Defence"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mod.gov.zw/zdf/zdf.htm">the original</A> on 2 November 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">17 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+Ministry+of+Defence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mod.gov.zw%2Fzdf%2Fzdf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Airforce_of_Zimbabwe-135"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Airforce_of_Zimbabwe_135-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimbabwedefence.com/AFZ0.html">"Zimbabwe Defence Forces News"</A>. ZDF News<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">17 April</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+Defence+Forces+News&rft.pub=ZDF+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zimbabwedefence.com%2FAFZ0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-136"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-136"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Chari, Freeman Forward (24 December 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080105170018/http://www.zimbabwejournalists.com/story.php?art_id=3364&cat=4">"MILITARISATION OF ZIMBABWE: Does the opposition stand a chance?"</A>. zimbabwejournalists.com. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimbabwejournalists.com/story.php?art_id=3364&cat=4">the original</A> on 5 January 2008.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MILITARISATION+OF+ZIMBABWE%3A+Does+the+opposition+stand+a+chance%3F&rft.pub=zimbabwejournalists.com&rft.date=2007-12-24&rft.au=Chari%2C+Freeman+Forward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zimbabwejournalists.com%2Fstory.php%3Fart_id%3D3364%26cat%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-137"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-137"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Peter_Godwin_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Godwin (writer)">Godwin, Peter</A> (1996). <I>Mukiwa – A White Boy in Africa</I>. London, UK: Macmillan. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-67150-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-67150-3">0-333-67150-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mukiwa+%E2%80%93+A+White+Boy+in+Africa&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-333-67150-3&rft.aulast=Godwin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-138"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-138"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102184314/http://www.mod.gov.zw/army/zna.htm">"Ministry of Defence, Zimbabwe"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mod.gov.zw/army/zna.htm">the original</A> on 2 November 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">11 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Defence%2C+Zimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mod.gov.zw%2Farmy%2Fzna.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Herald_Reporter-139"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Herald_Reporter_139-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimbabwedefence.com/News_5th_Gets_Comm.html">"5th Brigade gets new commander"</A>. Zimbabwe Defence Forces News. 22 February 2006<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 April</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=5th+Brigade+gets+new+commander&rft.date=2006-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zimbabwedefence.com%2FNews_5th_Gets_Comm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-constitution-140"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-constitution_140-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221053703/http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/cms/UsefulResourses/ZimbabweConstitution.pdf">"Constitution of the Republic of Zimbabwe"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Parliament of Zimbabwe. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/cms/UsefulResourses/ZimbabweConstitution.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 21 December 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">19 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Zimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlzim.gov.zw%2Fcms%2FUsefulResourses%2FZimbabweConstitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-141"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-141"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227155122/http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/PROVINCIAL_COUNCILS_AND_ADMINISTRATION_ACT_29_11.pdf">"Provincial Councils and Administration Act (Chapter 29:11)"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Parliament of Zimbabwe. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/PROVINCIAL_COUNCILS_AND_ADMINISTRATION_ACT_29_11.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 27 December 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">19 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provincial+Councils+and+Administration+Act+%28Chapter+29%3A11%29&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Zimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlzim.gov.zw%2Fattachments%2Farticle%2F116%2FPROVINCIAL_COUNCILS_AND_ADMINISTRATION_ACT_29_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-142"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-142"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227145728/http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/RURAL_DISTRICT_COUNCILS_ACT_29_13.pdf">"Rural District Councils Act (Chapter 29:13)"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Parliament of Zimbabwe. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/RURAL_DISTRICT_COUNCILS_ACT_29_13.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 27 December 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">19 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rural+District+Councils+Act+%28Chapter+29%3A13%29&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Zimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlzim.gov.zw%2Fattachments%2Farticle%2F116%2FRURAL_DISTRICT_COUNCILS_ACT_29_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-143"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-143"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904033010/http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/TRADITIONAL_LEADERS_ACT_29_17.pdf">"Traditional Leaders Act (Chapter 29:17)"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Parliament of Zimbabwe. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/TRADITIONAL_LEADERS_ACT_29_17.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 4 September 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">19 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+Leaders+Act+%28Chapter+29%3A17%29&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Zimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlzim.gov.zw%2Fattachments%2Farticle%2F116%2FTRADITIONAL_LEADERS_ACT_29_17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FA_Canada-144"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FA_Canada_144-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226160722/http://infoexport.gc.ca/ie-en/DisplayDocument.jsp?did=1589">"Country Profile – Zimbabwe"</A>. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoexport.gc.ca/ie-en/DisplayDocument.jsp?did=1589">the original</A> on 26 February 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2 December</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>. <Q>Since the country is well endowed with natural resources such as minerals, <A href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</A> and <A href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</A>, many opportunities lie in resource-based activities such as mining, agriculture and tourism and their downstream industrial activities.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile+%E2%80%93+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=Foreign+Affairs+and+International+Trade+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoexport.gc.ca%2Fie-en%2FDisplayDocument.jsp%3Fdid%3D1589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-nofix-145"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-nofix_145-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-nofix_145-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-nofix_145-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Madslien, Jorn (14 April 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7346042.stm">"No quick fix for Zimbabwe's economy"</A>. BBC<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">19 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=No+quick+fix+for+Zimbabwe%27s+economy&rft.date=2008-04-14&rft.aulast=Madslien&rft.aufirst=Jorn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7346042.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-EarthTimes-146"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-EarthTimes_146-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/diamond-company-in-trouble-with-harare-mps-1.472176#.U_aWGSimH-E">"Diamond company in trouble with Harare MPs"</A>, <I>Independent Online</I>, South Africa, 2 February 2010.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-147"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-147"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2009/06/26/diamonds-rough">"Diamonds in the rough, report by Human Rights Watch"</A>. Human Rights Watch. 26 June 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 June</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diamonds+in+the+rough%2C+report+by+Human+Rights+Watch&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2009-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fen%2Freports%2F2009%2F06%2F26%2Fdiamonds-rough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Kitco-148"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Kitco_148-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-08-20-Ranking-Of-The-World-s-Diamond-Mines-By-Estimated-2013-Production.html">"Ranking Of The World's Diamond Mines By Estimated 2013 Production"</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/Kitco" title="Kitco">Kitco</A></I>, 20 August 2013.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-AN_economy-149"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-AN_economy_149-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080101093932/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/12598">"Zimbabwe-South Africa economic relations since 2000"</A>. Africa News. 31 October 2007. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/12598">the original</A> on 1 January 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 December</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>. <Q>Zimbabwe remains South Africa's most important trading partner in Africa.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe-South+Africa+economic+relations+since+2000&rft.date=2007-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2Fsite%2Flist_messages%2F12598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Heritage:_Zimbabwe-150"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Heritage:_Zimbabwe_150-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/index/Country/Zimbabwe">"Zimbabwe Economy: Facts, Data, & Analysis on Economic Freedom"</A>. Heritage.org. 12 January 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 June</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+Economy%3A+Facts%2C+Data%2C+%26+Analysis+on+Economic+Freedom&rft.pub=Heritage.org&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Findex%2FCountry%2FZimbabwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-151"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-151"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL2961278920080629">"FACTBOX: Zimbabwe's meltdown in figures"</A>. Reuters. 29 June 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">30 May</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=FACTBOX%3A+Zimbabwe%27s+meltdown+in+figures&rft.date=2008-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSL2961278920080629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-152"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-152"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Wadhams, Nick (1 August 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/08/070801-zimbabwe-animals.html">"Zimbabwe's Wildlife Decimated by Economic Crisis"</A>. Nairobi: <A href="/wiki/National_Geographic_News" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic News">National Geographic News</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">5 August</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%27s+Wildlife+Decimated+by+Economic+Crisis&rft.date=2007-08-01&rft.au=Wadhams%2C+Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F08%2F070801-zimbabwe-animals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-153"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-153"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biztechafrica.com/article/zimbabwe-ranked-fastest-growing-internet-market/1007/">Zimbabwe Ranked Fastest growing Internet Market</A>. Biztechafrica.com (10 August 2011); retrieved 4 July 2013.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-154"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-154"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biztechafrica.com/article/why-ict-critical-illiterate-africa/4841/">Why ICT is critical in ‘illiterate’ Africa|BiztechAfrica Business, Telecom, Technology & IT News Africa</A>. Biztechafrica.com (3 December 2012); retrieved 4 July 2013.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-155"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-155"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=s107-494&version=enr&nid=t0%3Aenr%3A30">"Zimbabwe Democracy And Economic Recovery Act of 2001 at Govtrack.us News"</A>. 18 October 2011.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+Democracy+And+Economic+Recovery+Act+of+2001+at+Govtrack.us+News&rft.date=2011-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fbilltext.xpd%3Fbill%3Ds107-494%26version%3Denr%26nid%3Dt0%253Aenr%253A30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-156"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-156"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation pressrelease">Boucher, Richard (2 March 2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060603054102/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2004/30091.htm">"Zimbabwe: Sanctions Enhancement"</A> (Press release). <A href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2004/30091.htm">the original</A> on 3 June 2006.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%3A+Sanctions+Enhancement&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2004-03-02&rft.au=Boucher%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fprs%2Fps%2F2004%2F30091.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-157"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-157"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Richardson, Craig J. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102064633/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj25n3/cj25n3-12.pdf">"The loss of property rights and the collapse of Zimbabwe"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Cato Journal</I>. <B>25</B>: 541–565. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj25n3/cj25n3-12.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 2 January 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 November</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cato+Journal&rft.atitle=The+loss+of+property+rights+and+the+collapse+of+Zimbabwe&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=541-565&rft.au=Richardson%2C+Craig+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournal%2Fcj25n3%2Fcj25n3-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-drained-158"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-drained_158-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602193428/http://www.hrforumzim.com/reports/tort990003/torture990003b.htm">"Organised Violence and Torture in Zimbabwe in 1999"</A>. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">16 March</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organised+Violence+and+Torture+in+Zimbabwe+in+1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrforumzim.com%2Freports%2Ftort990003%2Ftorture990003b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Unfit url (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Unfit_url" title="Category:CS1 maint: Unfit url">link</A>)</SPAN> , <I>Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum</I> (1999).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-159"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-159"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Glenday, Craig (2013). <I>Guinness Book of Records 2014</I>. p. 123. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908843159" title="Special:BookSources/9781908843159">9781908843159</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+Book+of+Records+2014&rft.pages=123&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781908843159&rft.aulast=Glenday&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CNN-2000-04-18-160"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CNN-2000-04-18_160-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629014621/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/04/18/zimbabwe.land.03">"Zimbabwe President Mugabe labels white farmers 'enemies<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. Archived from the original on 29 June 2006<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 September</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+President+Mugabe+labels+white+farmers+%27enemies%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cnn.com%2F2000%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F04%2F18%2Fzimbabwe.land.03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Unfit url (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Unfit_url" title="Category:CS1 maint: Unfit url">link</A>)</SPAN> . <A href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</A> (18 April 2000).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Time-2002-02-18-161"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Time-2002-02-18_161-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Robinson, Simon (18 February 2002). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,203620,00.html">"A Tale of Two Countries"</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</A></I>; accessed 4 May 2016.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-USAToday-2002-06-24-162"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-USAToday-2002-06-24_162-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002/06/25/zimbabwe.htm">"Zimbabwe forbids white farmers to harvest"</A>. <I>USA Today</I>. 24 June 2002<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 June</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+forbids+white+farmers+to+harvest&rft.date=2002-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2002%2F06%2F25%2Fzimbabwe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BBC-2002-08-15-163"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-BBC-2002-08-15_163-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106120323/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2192947.stm">"White farmers under siege in Zimbabwe"</A>. BBC News. 15 August 2002. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2192947.stm">the original</A> on 6 January 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 June</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=White+farmers+under+siege+in+Zimbabwe&rft.date=2002-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F2192947.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-164"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-164"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sky.com/story/265649/mugabe-interview-the-full-transcript">Mugabe Interview: The Full Transcript</A>, News.sky.com (24 May 2004); retrieved 4 July 2013.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-165"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-165"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation report">Clemens, Michael; Moss, Todd (20 July 2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/2918">Costs and Causes of Zimbabwe's Crisis</A> (Report). <A href="/wiki/Center_for_Global_Development" title="Center for Global Development">Center for Global Development</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 April</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Costs+and+Causes+of+Zimbabwe%27s+Crisis&rft.pub=Center+for+Global+Development&rft.date=2005-07-20&rft.au=Clemens%2C+Michael&rft.au=Moss%2C+Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgdev.org%2Fcontent%2Fpublications%2Fdetail%2F2918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Meldrum-2005-05-21-166"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Meldrum-2005-05-21_166-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Meldrum, Andrew (21 May 2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/zimbabwe/article/0,2763,1489173,00.html">"As country heads for disaster, Zimbabwe calls for return of white farmers"</A>. <I>The Guardian</I>. London, UK<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 April</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=As+country+heads+for+disaster%2C+Zimbabwe+calls+for+return+of+white+farmers&rft.date=2005-05-21&rft.aulast=Meldrum&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fzimbabwe%2Farticle%2F0%2C2763%2C1489173%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Timberg-WP-2007-01-06-167"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Timberg-WP-2007-01-06_167-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Timberg, Craig (6 January 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/05/AR2007010501746_pf.html">"White Farmers Given Leases in Zimbabwe"</A>. <I>The Washington Post</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 April</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=White+Farmers+Given+Leases+in+Zimbabwe&rft.date=2007-01-06&rft.aulast=Timberg&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F01%2F05%2FAR2007010501746_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-AP/WP-2007-02-05-168"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-AP/WP-2007-02-05_168-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/05/AR2007020501262_pf.html">"Zimbabwe threatens white farmers"</A>. <I>The Washington Post</I>. <A href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</A>. 5 February 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 April</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+threatens+white+farmers&rft.date=2007-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F02%2F05%2FAR2007020501262_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Chinaka-2007-08-08-169"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Chinaka-2007-08-08_169-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Chinaka, Cris (8 August 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSL0839141020070808">"Zimbabwe threatens white farmers on evictions"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 April</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+threatens+white+farmers+on+evictions&rft.date=2007-08-08&rft.aulast=Chinaka&rft.aufirst=Cris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FworldNews%2FidUSL0839141020070808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-unemployment-170"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-unemployment_170-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9475943">"How to stay alive when it all runs out"</A>. <I>The Economist</I>. 12 July 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 June</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+to+stay+alive+when+it+all+runs+out&rft.date=2007-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D9475943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Zimbabwe_inflation_at_11,200,000-171"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Zimbabwe_inflation_at_11,200,000_171-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2008/BUSINESS/08/19/zimbabwe.inflation/index.html">"Zimbabwe inflation hits 11,200,000 percent"</A>. CNN. 19 August 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 May</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+inflation+hits+11%2C200%2C000+percent&rft.date=2008-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FBUSINESS%2F08%2F19%2Fzimbabwe.inflation%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-172"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-172"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927163223/http://www.undp.org.zw/component/docman/doc_download/230-zimbabwe-poverty-report-2011-april-17-2013">"Zimbabwe introduces 100-billion-dollar note"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</A>. 19 July 2008. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hBpdlcnYSM6PN90n6Zjw-aG46VBA">the original</A> on 27 September 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">28 March</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+introduces+100-billion-dollar+note&rft.date=2008-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafp.google.com%2Farticle%2FALeqM5hBpdlcnYSM6PN90n6Zjw-aG46VBA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-173"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-173"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7859033.stm">"Zimbabwe abandons its currency"</A>. BBC News. 29 January 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 April</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+abandons+its+currency&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F7859033.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-174"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-174"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-2009-04-12-voa9-69816747/367559.html">"Zimbabwe Suspends Use of Own Currency"</A>. VOA News. 12 April 2009.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+Suspends+Use+of+Own+Currency&rft.date=2009-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fcontent%2Fa-13-2009-04-12-voa9-69816747%2F367559.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-175"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-175"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Giokos, Eleni (29 February 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2016/02/29/news/zimbabwe-currency/index.html">"This country has nine currencies"</A>. <I>CNNMoney</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 January</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNNMoney&rft.atitle=This+country+has+nine+currencies&rft.date=2016-02-29&rft.aulast=Giokos&rft.aufirst=Eleni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2016%2F02%2F29%2Fnews%2Fzimbabwe-currency%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Worldbank-176"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Worldbank_176-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Worldbank_176-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Worldbank_176-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Worldbank_176-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Worldbank_176-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Worldbank_176-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/zimbabwe/overview">"Zimbabwe Overview"</A>. <I>The World Bank</I>. World Bank Group. 4 October 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 January</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+Overview&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fzimbabwe%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-177"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-177"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE6A70C320101108">"Zimbabwe economy buoyant, more reform needed: IMF"</A>. Reuters. 8 November 2010.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+economy+buoyant%2C+more+reform+needed%3A+IMF&rft.date=2010-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faf.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidAFJOE6A70C320101108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-178"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-178"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101112194941/http://www.talkzimbabwe.com/zimbabwe-economy-growing-imf-cms-884">"Zimbabwe economy growing: IMF"</A>. talkzimbabwe.co. 9 November 2010. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkzimbabwe.com/zimbabwe-economy-growing-imf-cms-884">the original</A> on 12 November 2010.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+economy+growing%3A+IMF&rft.pub=talkzimbabwe.co&rft.date=2010-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkzimbabwe.com%2Fzimbabwe-economy-growing-imf-cms-884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-179"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-179"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Chitiyo, Know; Vines, Alex; Vandome, Christopher (September 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/publications/research/2016-09-08-zimbabwe-economic-reform-re-engagement-chitiyo-vines-vandome-final.pdf">"The Domestic and External Implications of Zimbabwe's Economic Reform and Re-engagement Agenda"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Chatham House</I>. Royal Institute for International Affairs<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 January</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chatham+House&rft.atitle=The+Domestic+and+External+Implications+of+Zimbabwe%E2%80%99s+Economic+Reform+and+Re-engagement+Agenda&rft.date=2016-09&rft.aulast=Chitiyo&rft.aufirst=Know&rft.au=Vines%2C+Alex&rft.au=Vandome%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chathamhouse.org%2Fsites%2Ffiles%2Fchathamhouse%2Fpublications%2Fresearch%2F2016-09-08-zimbabwe-economic-reform-re-engagement-chitiyo-vines-vandome-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-180"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-180"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Dube, Jennifer (3 April 2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511145956/http://www.thestandard.co.zw/business/29142-zimplats-ignores-seizure-threat.html">"Zimplats ignores seizure threat"</A>. <I>The Standard</I>. Harare, Zimbabwe. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.co.zw/business/29142-zimplats-ignores-seizure-threat.html">the original</A> on 11 May 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 April</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Zimplats+ignores+seizure+threat&rft.date=2011-04-03&rft.aulast=Dube&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.co.zw%2Fbusiness%2F29142-zimplats-ignores-seizure-threat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-181"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-181"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation pressrelease"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511103601/http://ir.imarainvestor.com/profiles/investor/ResLibraryView.asp?ResLibraryID=43595&GoTopage=1&Category=1211&BzID=1648">"IMARA: Global investors get upbeat briefing on Zim prospects"</A> (Press release). <A href="/wiki/IMARA" class="mw-redirect" title="IMARA">IMARA</A>. 17 February 2011. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.imarainvestor.com/profiles/investor/ResLibraryView.asp?ResLibraryID=43595&GoTopage=1&Category=1211&BzID=1648">the original</A> on 11 May 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 April</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IMARA%3A+Global+investors+get+upbeat+briefing+on+Zim+prospects&rft.pub=IMARA&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.imarainvestor.com%2Fprofiles%2Finvestor%2FResLibraryView.asp%3FResLibraryID%3D43595%26GoTopage%3D1%26Category%3D1211%26BzID%3D1648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-182"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-182"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Kitsepile, Nyathi (30 January 2013) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africareview.com/News/Zimbabwe-finance-coffers-are-empty/-/979180/1679520/-/kghs8a/-/index.html">Zimbabwe has only $217 in the bank, says finance minister: News</A>, Africareview.com; retrieved 4 July 2013.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-183"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-183"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/Zimbabwe-Empty-Accounts/2013/01/30/id/488118">Zimbabwe Claims Its Accounts Are Bare</A>. Newsmax.com (30 January 2013); retrieved 4 July 2013.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Metallon-184"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Metallon_184-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Metallon_184-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Marawanyika, Godfrey, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-17/biggest-zimbabwe-gold-miner-to-decide-on-london-listing-by-march">Biggest Zimbabwe Gold Miner to Rule on London Trade by March</A>, Bloomberg News, 17 October 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2016.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-185"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-185"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Mumera, Wisdom (9 Jan 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsofthesouth.com/zimbabwes-coffee-production-declines/">"Zimbabwe`s Coffee Production Declines"</A>. <I>newsofhesouth.com</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsofhesouth.com&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%60s+Coffee+Production+Declines&rft.date=2016-01-09&rft.aulast=Mumera&rft.aufirst=Wisdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsofthesouth.com%2Fzimbabwes-coffee-production-declines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-186"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-186"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130916133602/http://eiard.org/media/uploads/File/Case%20studies/2013_SDC%20funded/ICRISAT%20-%20Conservation%20agriculture%20and%20micro-dosing%20in%20Zimbabwe.pdf"><I>Conservation agriculture and microdosing in Zimbabwe</I></A>, WRENmedia, January 2013</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tourism-187"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-tourism_187-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-tourism_187-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Machipisa, Lewis (14 March 2001). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1220218.stm">"Sun sets on Zimbabwe tourism"</A>. BBC News<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">16 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sun+sets+on+Zimbabwe+tourism&rft.date=2001-03-14&rft.au=Machipisa%2C+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F1220218.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-188"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-188"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2017/zimbabwe2017.pdf">"Travel and tourism: Economic impact 2017 Zimbabwe"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. March 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travel+and+tourism%3A+Economic+impact+2017+Zimbabwe&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wttc.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Feconomic-impact-research%2Fcountries-2017%2Fzimbabwe2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-189"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-189"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Berger, Sebastien (29 October 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071130233121/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F10%2F29%2Fwairways129.xml">"British Airways abandons flights to Zimbabwe"</A>. <I>The Daily Telegraph</I>. London, UK. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/10/29/wairways129.xml">the original</A> on 30 November 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">16 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=British+Airways+abandons+flights+to+Zimbabwe&rft.date=2007-10-29&rft.au=Berger%2C+Sebastien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2007%2F10%2F29%2Fwairways129.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-190"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-190"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Sibanda, Tichaona (23 February 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201202231437.html">"Zimbabwe: Air Zimbabwe Vanishes From the Skies Indefinitely"</A>. allAfrica.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 June</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%3A+Air+Zimbabwe+Vanishes+From+the+Skies+Indefinitely&rft.pub=allAfrica.com&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.aulast=Sibanda&rft.aufirst=Tichaona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201202231437.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-191"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-191"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203100122/http://www.zimbabwetourism.net/index.php/where-to-go/destinations/hwange-national-park">"Zimbabwe Tourism Authority"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimbabwetourism.net/index.php/where-to-go/destinations/hwange-national-park">the original</A> on 3 December 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">16 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+Tourism+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zimbabwetourism.net%2Findex.php%2Fwhere-to-go%2Fdestinations%2Fhwange-national-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-192"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-192"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101100547/http://zimbabwe.safari.co.za/spirit-of-zimbabwe.html">"Zimbabwe: The Spirit of Matobo"</A>. <I>zimbabwe.safari.co.za</I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zimbabwe.safari.co.za/spirit-of-zimbabwe.html">the original</A> on 1 November 2013.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zimbabwe.safari.co.za&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%3A+The+Spirit+of+Matobo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzimbabwe.safari.co.za%2Fspirit-of-zimbabwe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-193"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-193"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.167?lang=en">"Exposure Data by Country"</A>, World Health Organization; accessed 19 October 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-wsp1-194"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-wsp1_194-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-wsp1_194-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/CSO-Zimbabwe.pdf">"Water Supply and Sanitation in Zimbabwe AMCOW. Collaboratively published report circa 2010</A>, wsp.org; accessed 4 May 2016.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-hrw2-195"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-hrw2_195-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">[http:// www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/zimbabwe1113_forUpload_1.pdf "Troubled Water Burst Pipes, Contaminated Wells, and Open Defecation in Zimbabwe’s Capital"], Human Rights Watch (2013).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-:0-196"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:0_196-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:0_196-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:0_196-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:0_196-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:0_196-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:0_196-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Lemarchand, Guillermo A.; Schneegans, Susan (eds) (2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002288/228806e.pdf"><I>Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Zimbabwe</I></A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Paris: UNESCO. pp. Volume 2. GO–SPIN Profiles in Science, Technology and Innovation. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100034-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100034-8">978-92-3-100034-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Research+and+Innovation+in+the+Republic+of+Zimbabwe&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=Volume+2.+GO-SPIN+Profiles+in+Science%2C+Technology+and+Innovation&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100034-8&rft.aulast=Lemarchand&rft.aufirst=Guillermo+A.&rft.au=Schneegans%2C+Susan+%28eds%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0022%2F002288%2F228806e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Extra_text:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-:1-197"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:1_197-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:1_197-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:1_197-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:1_197-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:1_197-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:1_197-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:1_197-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf"><I>UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030</I></A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Paris: UNESCO. 2015. pp. 535–555. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100129-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100129-1">978-92-3-100129-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Science+Report%3A+towards+2030&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=535-555&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100129-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0023%2F002354%2F235406e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-198"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-198"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/countries/zwe/en">"WHO – Zimbabwe"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">17 January</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO+%E2%80%93+Zimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fcountries%2Fzwe%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-199"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-199"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Thornycroft, Peta (10 April 2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/in-zimbabwe-life-ends-before-40/2006/04/09/1144521210993.html">"In Zimbabwe, life ends before 40"</A>. <I>The Sydney Morning Herald</I>. Harare<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 April</SPAN> 2006</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=In+Zimbabwe%2C+life+ends+before+40&rft.date=2006-04-10&rft.au=Thornycroft%2C+Peta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fin-zimbabwe-life-ends-before-40%2F2006%2F04%2F09%2F1144521210993.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-UNAIDS-200"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-UNAIDS_200-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/zimbabwe">"Zimbabwe"</A>. UNAIDS<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">16 January</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe&rft.pub=UNAIDS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fregionscountries%2Fcountries%2Fzimbabwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-UNESCO-201"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_201-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harare.unesco.org/educaids/zimprevalence.html">"HIV Prevalence Rates Fall in Zimbabwe"</A>. UNESCO<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 December</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HIV+Prevalence+Rates+Fall+in+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harare.unesco.org%2Feducaids%2Fzimprevalence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-202"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-202"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation encyclopaedia"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031022353/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575825_3/Zimbabwe.html"><I>MSN Encarta</I></A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575825_3/Zimbabwe.html">the original</A> on 31 October 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">13 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761575825_3%2FZimbabwe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-203"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-203"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adventistatlas.org/ViewCountry.asp?CtryCode=zw">"Zimbabwe"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">22 January</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadventistatlas.org%2FViewCountry.asp%3FCtryCode%3Dzw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-US_state-204"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-US_state_204-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51503.htm">"Zimbabwe – International Religious Freedom Report 2005"</A>. U.S. Department of State<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 December</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>. <Q>An estimated 1% of the total population is Muslim.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+%E2%80%93+International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2005&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2005%2F51503.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-autogenerated1-205"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_205-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712141810/http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/post/zimbabwe/zpeople.html">"The People of Zimbabwe"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/post/zimbabwe/zpeople.html">the original</A> on 12 July 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">13 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+People+of+Zimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scholars.nus.edu.sg%2Fpost%2Fzimbabwe%2Fzpeople.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ethnic-206"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ethnic_206-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ethnic_206-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108169.html">"Ethnicity/Race of Zimbabwe"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 January</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnicity%2FRace+of+Zimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fipa%2FA0108169.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-207"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-207"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Wiley, David and Isaacman, Allen F. (1981). <I>Southern Africa: society, economy, and liberation</I>. Michigan State University, University of Minnesota. p. 55</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-208"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-208"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Quarterly Digest Of Statistics, Zimbabwe Printing and Stationery Office, 1999.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-209"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-209"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Quarterly Digest of Statistics, 1998, Zimbabwe Printing and Stationery Office.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-zimstat.co.zw-210"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-zimstat.co.zw_210-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-zimstat.co.zw_210-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/Census/CensusResults2012/National_Report.pdf">Zimbabwe Population Census 2012</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901000000/http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/Census/CensusResults2012/National_Report.pdf">Archived</A> 1 September 2014 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>., zimstat.co.zw; accessed 4 May 2016.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-211"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-211"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/Census/Census.pdf">Zimbabwe Profile based on the 2002 Population Census</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121155/http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/Census/Census.pdf">Archived</A> 2 April 2015 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. zimstat.co.zw</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-212"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-212"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/Census/ZDHSOLD/ZDHS2006.pdf">Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2005–06</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092621/http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/Census/ZDHSOLD/ZDHS2006.pdf">Archived</A> 2 April 2015 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>., zimstat.co.zw; accessed 4 May 2016.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-languages-213"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-languages_213-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325004301/http://www.gapadventures.com/docs/pdi/africa/Zimbabwe.pdf">"Zimbabwe"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gapadventures.com/docs/pdi/africa/Zimbabwe.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 25 March 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">1 June</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gapadventures.com%2Fdocs%2Fpdi%2Fafrica%2FZimbabwe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>, gapadventures.com; accessed 4 May 2016.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-feso-214"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-feso_214-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~ottotwo/mothertongue.html">Mother Tongue: Interviews with Musaemura B. Zimunya and Solomon Mutswairo</A> University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-215"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-215"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Meldrum, Andrew (1 July 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,2115988,00.html">"Refugees flood from Zimbabwe <I>The Observer</I>"</A>. <I>The Guardian</I>. London, UK<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 April</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Refugees+flood+from+Zimbabwe+The+Observer&rft.date=2007-07-01&rft.aulast=Meldrum&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2115988%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-216"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-216"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003255/http://www.sokwanele.com/articles/sokwanele/zimrefugeessufferinsouthafricaandzimbabwe_20July2007.html">"Zimbabwean refugees suffer in Botswana and South Africa"</A>. <I>Sokwanele Civic Action Group</I>. 20 July 2007. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sokwanele.com/articles/sokwanele/zimrefugeessufferinsouthafricaandzimbabwe_20July2007.html">the original</A> on 28 September 2007.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sokwanele+Civic+Action+Group&rft.atitle=Zimbabwean+refugees+suffer+in+Botswana+and+South+Africa&rft.date=2007-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sokwanele.com%2Farticles%2Fsokwanele%2Fzimrefugeessufferinsouthafricaandzimbabwe_20July2007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-IDMC-217"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-IDMC_217-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-IDMC_217-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-IDMC_217-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-IDMC_217-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internal-displacement.org/sub-saharan-africa/zimbabwe/">"Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Internal displacement in Zimbabwe<I>"</I></A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Displacement+Monitoring+Centre+%28IDMC%29%2C+Internal+displacement+in+Zimbabwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internal-displacement.org%2Fsub-saharan-africa%2Fzimbabwe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-218"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-218"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/48ad3b70c.pdf">"The Many Faces of Displacement: IDPs in Zimbabwe"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Geneva: Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 November</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Many+Faces+of+Displacement%3A+IDPs+in+Zimbabwe&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Internal+Displacement+Monitoring+Centre&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Fpdfid%2F48ad3b70c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-219"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-219"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Tibaijuka, A.K. (2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050727105618/http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/zimbabwe/zimbabwe_rpt.pdf">"Report of the Fact-Finding Mission to Zimbabwe to assess the Scope and Impact of Operation Murambatsvina"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Geneva: UN Special Envoy on Human Settlements Issues in Zimbabwe. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/zimbabwe/zimbabwe_rpt.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 27 July 2005<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">13 April</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Fact-Finding+Mission+to+Zimbabwe+to+assess+the+Scope+and+Impact+of+Operation+Murambatsvina&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=UN+Special+Envoy+on+Human+Settlements+Issues+in+Zimbabwe&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Tibaijuka%2C+A.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2Fdh%2Finfocus%2Fzimbabwe%2Fzimbabwe_rpt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-220"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-220"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/zimbabwe#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2013">"Zimbabwe in PEW-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+in+PEW-Templeton+Global+Religious+Futures+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fzimbabwe%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2010%26region_name%3DAll%2520Countries%26restrictions_year%3D2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-221"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-221"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_246_1.asp">"Zimbabwe in ARDA"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+in+ARDA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2FinternationalData%2Fcountries%2FCountry_246_1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-222"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-222"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper">"Zimbabwe at "International Religious Freedom Report", USA Departament of State"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+at+%22International+Religious+Freedom+Report%22%2C+USA+Departament+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2Freligiousfreedom%2Findex.htm%23wrapper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-223"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-223"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Berliner, Paul (June 1993). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ag_85hJI9aMC&pg=PR8&dq=zimbabwe+shona#v=onepage&q=zimbabwe%20shona&f=false"><I>The Soul of Mbira: Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe</I></A>. University of Chicago Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226043791" title="Special:BookSources/9780226043791">9780226043791</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+Mbira%3A+Music+and+Traditions+of+the+Shona+People+of+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993-06&rft.isbn=9780226043791&rft.aulast=Berliner&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dag_85hJI9aMC%26pg%3DPR8%26dq%3Dzimbabwe%2Bshona%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dzimbabwe%2520shona%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-indepday-224"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-indepday_224-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Owomoyela, Oyekan (2002). <I>Culture and Customs of Zimbabwe</I>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 77. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31583-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31583-3">0-313-31583-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Zimbabwe&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-313-31583-3&rft.aulast=Owomoyela&rft.aufirst=Oyekan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-225"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-225"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010093006/http://www.kas.de/proj/home/home/35/2/">"Zimbabwe Celebrates 25 years of Independence"</A>. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kas.de/proj/home/home/35/2/">the original</A> on 10 October 2006<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 January</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+Celebrates+25+years+of+Independence&rft.pub=Konrad+Adenauer+Stiftung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kas.de%2Fproj%2Fhome%2Fhome%2F35%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-226"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-226"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016092853/http://zimbabwe.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=5752">"Charles Mungoshi"</A>. Zimbabwe – Poetry International Web. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zimbabwe.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=5752">the original</A> on 16 October 2007.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Mungoshi&rft.pub=Zimbabwe+%E2%80%93+Poetry+International+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzimbabwe.poetryinternationalweb.org%2Fpiw_cms%2Fcms%2Fcms_module%2Findex.php%3Fobj_id%3D5752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-227"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-227"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030001000/http://africantears.netfirms.com/beyondtears.htm">"Tribute to Cathy Buckle"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africantears.netfirms.com/beyondtears.htm">the original</A> on 30 October 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tribute+to+Cathy+Buckle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafricantears.netfirms.com%2Fbeyondtears.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-228"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-228"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001001084811/http://karaart.com/collections/shona/origins3.html">"Cultural Origins of art"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://karaart.com/collections/shona/origins3.html">the original</A> on 1 October 2000<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 January</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+Origins+of+art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkaraart.com%2Fcollections%2Fshona%2Forigins3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-229"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-229"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/African-theatre-art/Southern-and-South-Africa">"African theatre - Southern and South Africa | art"</A>. <I>Encyclopedia Britannica</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2018-01-19</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=African+theatre+-+Southern+and+South+Africa+%7C+art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FAfrican-theatre-art%2FSouthern-and-South-Africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-230"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-230"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zambuko.com/mbirapage/resource_guide/pages/culture/sadza_text.html">"Sadza ne Nyama: A Shona Staple Dish"</A>. Zambuko.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sadza+ne+Nyama%3A+A+Shona+Staple+Dish&rft.pub=Zambuko.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zambuko.com%2Fmbirapage%2Fresource_guide%2Fpages%2Fculture%2Fsadza_text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-231"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-231"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Stephanie Hanes (20 September 2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0920/p13s01-lifo.html">"Biltong: much more than just a snack"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 October</SPAN> 2006</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Biltong%3A+much+more+than+just+a+snack&rft.date=2006-09-20&rft.au=Stephanie+Hanes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2006%2F0920%2Fp13s01-lifo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-232"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-232"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">worldrugby.org. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldrugby.org/rankings">"World Rugby"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Rugby&rft.au=worldrugby.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldrugby.org%2Frankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-233"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-233"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509051921/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2004/schedules/117BySport.html">"2004 Olympic Games swimming results"</A>. CNN. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/olympics/2004/schedules/117BySport.html">the original</A> on 9 May 2006<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">22 July</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2004+Olympic+Games+swimming+results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsportsillustrated.cnn.com%2Folympics%2F2004%2Fschedules%2F117BySport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-234"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-234"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070128064425/http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Montreal_2005/results/sw.php">"Montreal 2005 Results"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Montreal_2005/results/sw.php">the original</A> on 28 January 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 June</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Montreal+2005+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fina.org%2Fevents%2FWC%2FMontreal_2005%2Fresults%2Fsw.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-235"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-235"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606111744/http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Melbourne_2007/results/swimming.php">"12th FINA World Championships"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fina.org/events/WC/Melbourne_2007/results/swimming.php">the original</A> on 6 June 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 June</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12th+FINA+World+Championships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fina.org%2Fevents%2FWC%2FMelbourne_2007%2Fresults%2Fswimming.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-236"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-236"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/bsp/statistics/results.stm">"BBC Sport Commonwealth Games 2002 Statistics"</A>. BBC News<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 August</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+Sport+Commonwealth+Games+2002+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport3%2Fcommonwealthgames2002%2Fbsp%2Fstatistics%2Fresults.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-237"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-237"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Gold, Jack Of (29 May 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208110629/http://www.freetv4africa.co.uk/2012/05/africa-punching-above-its-weight-in.html">"Africa punching above it's [sic] weight in golf"</A>. Free TV 4 Africa. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freetv4africa.co.uk/2012/05/africa-punching-above-its-weight-in.html">the original</A> on 8 February 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 June</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Africa+punching+above+it%27s+%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+weight+in+golf&rft.pub=Free+TV+4+Africa&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Jack+Of&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freetv4africa.co.uk%2F2012%2F05%2Fafrica-punching-above-its-weight-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-238"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-238"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225200610/http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/Hull-FC-Masimbaashe-Matongo-s-dream-journey-just/story-28185324-detail/story.html">"From Zimbabwe to Hull FC: Masimbaashe Matongo's 'dream' journey is just beginning"</A>. <I>Hull Daily Mail</I>. 17 November 2015. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/hull-fc-masimbaashe-matongo-s-dream-journey-just/story-28185324-detail/story.html">the original</A> on 25 December 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 February</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hull+Daily+Mail&rft.atitle=From+Zimbabwe+to+Hull+FC%3A+Masimbaashe+Matongo%27s+%27dream%27+journey+is+just+beginning&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hulldailymail.co.uk%2Fhull-fc-masimbaashe-matongo-s-dream-journey-just%2Fstory-28185324-detail%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-239"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-239"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113154539/http://zimbabwe-today.com/2016/10/sports/zimbabwe-teenager-judah-mazive-signs-contract-play-rugby-england/">"Zimbabwe teenager Judah Mazive signs contract to play rugby in England"</A>. <I>Zimbabwe Today</I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zimbabwe-today.com/2016/10/sports/zimbabwe-teenager-judah-mazive-signs-contract-play-rugby-england/">the original</A> on 13 January 2017<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 February</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zimbabwe+Today&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+teenager+Judah+Mazive+signs+contract+to+play+rugby+in+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzimbabwe-today.com%2F2016%2F10%2Fsports%2Fzimbabwe-teenager-judah-mazive-signs-contract-play-rugby-england%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-240"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-240"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.superxv.com/south-africas-marinos-appointed-new-sanzar-ceo/">"South Africa's Marinos appointed new SANZAR CEO – Super Rugby – Super 18 Rugby and Rugby Championship News, Results and Fixtures from Super XV Rugby"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 February</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+Marinos+appointed+new+SANZAR+CEO+%E2%80%93+Super+Rugby+%E2%80%93+Super+18+Rugby+and+Rugby+Championship+News%2C+Results+and+Fixtures+from+Super+XV+Rugby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.superxv.com%2Fsouth-africas-marinos-appointed-new-sanzar-ceo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-241"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-241"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cpj.org/2003/05/supreme-court-strikes-down-repressive-media-legisl.php">"Supreme Court strikes down repressive media legislation"</A>. <I>Committee to Protect Journalist</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Committee+to+Protect+Journalist&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+strikes+down+repressive+media+legislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2F2003%2F05%2Fsupreme-court-strikes-down-repressive-media-legisl.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BBC1-242"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-BBC1_242-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Williams, Jon (29 July 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theeditors/2009/07/resuming_operations_in_zimbabw.html">"Resuming operations in Zimbabwe"</A>. BBC.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resuming+operations+in+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft.au=Williams%2C+Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Ftheeditors%2F2009%2F07%2Fresuming_operations_in_zimbabw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Reuters-243"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Reuters_243-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Banya, Nelson (26 May 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64P5NX20100526">"Zimbabwe licenses new private newspapers"</A>. Reuters.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+licenses+new+private+newspapers&rft.date=2010-05-26&rft.au=Banya%2C+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTRE64P5NX20100526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-IFEX-244"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-IFEX_244-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifex.org/zimbabwe/2010/05/28/licences_granted/">"independent dailies allowed to resume publishing"</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/International_Freedom_of_Expression_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="International Freedom of Expression Exchange">International Freedom of Expression Exchange</A></I>, 28 May 2010.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Reuter-245"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Reuter_245-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Chinaka, Cris (4 June 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE65312720100604">"Zimbabwe gets first private daily newspaper in years"</A>. Reuters.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+gets+first+private+daily+newspaper+in+years&rft.date=2010-06-04&rft.au=Chinaka%2C+Cris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSLDE65312720100604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-246"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-246"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725060843/http://www.zimeye.org/finally-zimbabwes-private-radio-station-goes-on-air/">"Finally, Zimbabwe's 'private' radio station goes on air"</A>. zimeye.org. 26 June 2012. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimeye.org/finally-zimbabwes-private-radio-station-goes-on-air/">the original</A> on 25 July 2014.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Finally%2C+Zimbabwe%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%98private%E2%80%99+radio+station+goes+on+air&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zimeye.org%2Ffinally-zimbabwes-private-radio-station-goes-on-air%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-rwb-247"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-rwb_247-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-rwb_247-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-rwb_247-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081101010153/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=29031">"Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index"</A>. Reports Without Borders. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=29031">the original</A> on 1 November 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">28 March</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reporters+without+Borders+Press+Freedom+Index&rft.pub=Reports+Without+Borders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsf.org%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D29031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-cgmg-248"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-cgmg_248-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Ruzengwe, Blessing (17 March 2005) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060301060504/http://cgmg.jour.city.ac.uk/news.php?story=249">"The nine lives of Wilf Mbanga"</A>, <I>The London Globe</I> via <I><A href="/w/index.php?title=Metrovox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metrovox (page does not exist)">Metrovox</A></I>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-fh-249"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-fh_249-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&year=2007">"Freedom House 2007 Map of Press Freedom: Zimbabwe"</A>. Freedomhouse.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 June</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+House+2007+Map+of+Press+Freedom%3A+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=Freedomhouse.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Ftemplate.cfm%3Fpage%3D251%26year%3D2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-scouting-250"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-scouting_250-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Burnham, Frederick Russell</A> (1926). <I>Scouting on Two Continents</I>. Doubleday, Page & company. p. 2; Chapters 3 & 4. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/407686">407686</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scouting+on+Two+Continents&rft.pages=2%3B+Chapters+3+%26+4&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+%26+company&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F407686&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-vanwyk-251"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-vanwyk_251-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">van Wyk, Peter (2003). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burnhamkingofscouts.com/"><I>Burnham: King of Scouts</I></A>. Trafford Publishing. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4122-0028-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4122-0028-8">1-4122-0028-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burnham%3A+King+of+Scouts&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4122-0028-8&rft.aulast=van+Wyk&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.burnhamkingofscouts.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-jeal-252"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-jeal_252-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Tim_Jeal" title="Tim Jeal">Jeal, Tim</A> (1989). <I>Baden-Powell</I>. London: <A href="/wiki/Hutchinson_(publisher)" title="Hutchinson (publisher)">Hutchinson</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-170670-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-170670-X">0-09-170670-X</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baden-Powell&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-09-170670-X&rft.aulast=Jeal&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-253"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-253"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927163223/http://www.undp.org.zw/component/docman/doc_download/230-zimbabwe-poverty-report-2011-april-17-2013">"Zimbabwe Scouts celebrate their centenary in a park that Baden-Powell had visited in 1936"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scout.org/en/around_the_world/africa/information_events/news/zimbabwe_scouts_celebrate_their_centenary_in_a_park_that_b_p_once_visited">the original</A> on 27 September 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">26 August</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+Scouts+celebrate+their+centenary+in+a+park+that+Baden-Powell+had+visited+in+1936&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scout.org%2Fen%2Faround_the_world%2Fafrica%2Finformation_events%2Fnews%2Fzimbabwe_scouts_celebrate_their_centenary_in_a_park_that_b_p_once_visited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-254"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-254"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Huffman, Thomas N. (1985). "The Soapstone Birds from Great Zimbabwe". <I>African Arts</I>. <B>18</B> (3): 68–73, 99–100. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.2307%2F3336358">10.2307/3336358</A>. <A href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3336358">3336358</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Arts&rft.atitle=The+Soapstone+Birds+from+Great+Zimbabwe&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=68-73%2C+99-100&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3336358&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3336358&rft.au=Huffman%2C+Thomas+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-255"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-255"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Sinclair, Paul (2001). "Review: The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe Symbols of a Nation by Edward Matenga". <I>The South African Archaeological Bulletin</I>. <B>56</B> (173/174): 105–106. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.2307%2F3889033">10.2307/3889033</A>. <A href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3889033">3889033</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+South+African+Archaeological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Soapstone+Birds+of+Great+Zimbabwe+Symbols+of+a+Nation+by+Edward+Matenga&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=173%2F174&rft.pages=105-106&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3889033&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3889033&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-256"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-256"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Landow, George P. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809145423/http://usp.nus.edu.sg/post/zimbabwe/art/greatzim/gz1.html">"Great Zimbabwe"</A>. Brown University. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usp.nus.edu.sg/post/zimbabwe/art/greatzim/gz1.html">the original</A> on 9 August 2007.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=Brown+University&rft.au=Landow%2C+George+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusp.nus.edu.sg%2Fpost%2Fzimbabwe%2Fart%2Fgreatzim%2Fgz1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-257"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-257"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090817012750/http://members.fortunecity.com/madzimbabwe/Buildings/Natural/Balancing%20Rocks/BalancingRocks.html">"Balancing Rocks"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.fortunecity.com/madzimbabwe/Buildings/Natural/Balancing%20Rocks/BalancingRocks.html">the original</A> on 17 August 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">15 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balancing+Rocks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.fortunecity.com%2Fmadzimbabwe%2FBuildings%2FNatural%2FBalancing%2520Rocks%2FBalancingRocks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-258"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-258"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Davies, R. and Sanders, D. (1998). "Adjustment policies and the welfare of children: Zimbabwe, 1980–1985". In: Cornia, G.A., Jolly, R. and Stewart, F. (eds.) <I>Adjustment with a human face, Vol. II: country case studies</I>. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 272–99; <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198286112" title="Special:BookSources/0198286112">0198286112</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-259"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-259"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Dugbatey, K. (1999). "National health policies: sub-Saharan African case studies (1980–1990)". <I>Soc. Sci. Med</I>. <B>49</B> (2): 223–239. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0277-9536%2899%2900110-0">10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00110-0</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10414831">10414831</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soc.+Sci.+Med.&rft.atitle=National+health+policies%3A+sub-Saharan+African+case+studies+%281980%E2%80%931990%29&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-239&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0277-9536%2899%2900110-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10414831&rft.au=Dugbatey%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-260"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-260"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Marquette, C.M. (1997). "Current poverty, structural adjustment, and drought in Zimbabwe". <I>World Development</I>. <B>25</B> (7): 1141–1149. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0305-750X%2897%2900019-3">10.1016/S0305-750X(97)00019-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=Current+poverty%2C+structural+adjustment%2C+and+drought+in+Zimbabwe&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1141-1149&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0305-750X%2897%2900019-3&rft.au=Marquette%2C+C.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-:2-261"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:2_261-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:2_261-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-42013720">"Zimbabwe in 10 numbers"</A>. <I>BBC News</I>. 2017-11-18<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-11-18</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+in+10+numbers&rft.date=2017-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-42013720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-262"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-262"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/health.htm">"United Nations Statistics Division"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">7 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fsocind%2Fhealth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-hospitalsprnid-263"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-hospitalsprnid_263-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Hungwe, Brian (7 November 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7714892.stm">"The death throes of Harare's hospitals"</A>. BBC<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+death+throes+of+Harare%27s+hospitals&rft.date=2008-11-07&rft.aulast=Hungwe&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F7714892.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-coping-264"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-coping_264-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/zimbabwe-feature-261108?opendocument">"Zimbabwe: coping with the cholera outbreak"</A>. 26 November 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%3A+coping+with+the+cholera+outbreak&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fweb%2Feng%2Fsiteeng0.nsf%2Fhtml%2Fzimbabwe-feature-261108%3Fopendocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Zimbabwe_cholera_deaths_near_500-265"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Zimbabwe_cholera_deaths_near_500_265-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7760088.stm">"Zimbabwe cholera deaths near 500"</A>. BBC. 2 December 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+cholera+deaths+near+500&rft.date=2008-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7760088.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-266"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-266"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7768740.stm">"PM urges Zimbabwe cholera action"</A>. BBC News. 6 December 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 June</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=PM+urges+Zimbabwe+cholera+action&rft.date=2008-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F7768740.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Milliband-267"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Milliband_267-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article5294534.ece">"Miliband backs African calls for end of Mugabe"</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</A></I>, 5 December 2008.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Zimbabwe_declares_national_emergency_over_cholera-268"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Zimbabwe_declares_national_emergency_over_cholera_268-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE4B31T420081204?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews&rpc=69&pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0">"Zimbabwe declares national emergency over cholera"</A>. Reuters. 4 December 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+declares+national+emergency+over+cholera&rft.date=2008-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FworldNews%2FidUSTRE4B31T420081204%3FfeedType%3DRSS%26feedName%3DworldNews%26rpc%3D69%26pageNumber%3D2%26virtualBrandChannel%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-emergency-269"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-emergency_269-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927163223/http://www.undp.org.zw/component/docman/doc_download/230-zimbabwe-poverty-report-2011-april-17-2013">"Zimbabwe declares cholera outbreak a national emergency"</A>. Agence France-Presse. 4 December 2008. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hsW9YNn1roEp0rzjeGSJo0pKcj2A">the original</A> on 27 September 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+declares+cholera+outbreak+a+national+emergency&rft.date=2008-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5hsW9YNn1roEp0rzjeGSJo0pKcj2A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-On_the_cholera_frontline-270"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-On_the_cholera_frontline_270-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-On_the_cholera_frontline_270-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=83378">On the cholera frontline</A>. <A href="/wiki/IRIN" title="IRIN">IRIN</A>. 9 March 2009</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-rain-271"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-rain_271-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206151846/http://africa.reuters.com/top/news/usnJOE4AT06A.html">"Zimbabwe says cholera epidemic may spread with rain"</A>. Reuters. 30 November 2008. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africa.reuters.com/top/news/usnJOE4AT06A.html">the original</A> on 6 December 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 December</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+says+cholera+epidemic+may+spread+with+rain&rft.date=2008-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafrica.reuters.com%2Ftop%2Fnews%2FusnJOE4AT06A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SOWMY-272"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-SOWMY_272-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html">"The State of the World's Midwifery"</A>. United Nations Population Fund<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">1 June</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+State+of+the+World%27s+Midwifery&rft.pub=United+Nations+Population+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fsowmy%2Freport%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-273"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-273"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theafricaneconomist.com/ranking-of-african-countries-by-literacy-rate-zimbabwe-no-1/">"Ranking of African Countries By Literacy Rate: Zimbabwe No. 1"</A>. The African Economist.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranking+of+African+Countries+By+Literacy+Rate%3A+Zimbabwe+No.+1&rft.pub=The+African+Economist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheafricaneconomist.com%2Franking-of-african-countries-by-literacy-rate-zimbabwe-no-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-IRINAfrica-274"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-IRINAfrica_274-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89947">"Unlicensed and outdoors or no school at all"</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511094256/http://ww.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89947">Archived</A> 11 May 2011 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>., irinnews.org, 23 July 2010.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-AllAfrica-275"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-AllAfrica_275-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201007150032.html">"Zimbabwe: Country Leads in Africa Literacy Race"</A>, AllAfrica.com, 14 July 2010.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-276"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-276"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation report"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927163223/http://www.undp.org.zw/component/docman/doc_download/230-zimbabwe-poverty-report-2011-april-17-2013">Poverty Income Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2011/12 Report</A> (Report). Zimstat. 2013. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undp.org.zw/component/docman/doc_download/230-zimbabwe-poverty-report-2011-april-17-2013">the original</A> on 27 September 2013.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Poverty+Income+Consumption+and+Expenditure+Survey+2011%2F12+Report&rft.pub=Zimstat&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.undp.org.zw%2Fcomponent%2Fdocman%2Fdoc_download%2F230-zimbabwe-poverty-report-2011-april-17-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-277"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-277"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Nkepile Mabuse (28 September 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/09/25/zimbabwe.schools/index.html">"Zimbabwe schools begin fightback"</A>. CNN<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">28 September</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe+schools+begin+fightback&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft.au=Nkepile+Mabuse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FWORLD%2Fafrica%2F09%2F25%2Fzimbabwe.schools%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-embassy-278"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-embassy_278-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-embassy_278-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118190900/http://harare.usembassy.gov/zimbabwe_educational_profile.html">"Zimbabwe US Embassy"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harare.usembassy.gov/zimbabwe_educational_profile.html">the original</A> on 18 November 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">15 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe+US+Embassy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharare.usembassy.gov%2Fzimbabwe_educational_profile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-279"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-279"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6566919.stm">"BBC report on 40 years in Zimbabwe's schools"</A>. BBC News. 19 April 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 November</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+report+on+40+years+in+Zimbabwe%27s+schools&rft.date=2007-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F6566919.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><CITE id="Parsons" class="citation book">Parsons, Neil (1993). <I>A New History of Southern Africa</I> (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-84195319-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-84195319-8">0-84195319-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Southern+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-84195319-8&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFBarclay2010" class="citation">Barclay, Philip (2010), <I>Zimbabwe: Years of Hope and Despair</I></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%3A+Years+of+Hope+and+Despair&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.</LI>
<LI>Bourne, Richard. <I>Catastrophe: What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe?</I> (2011); 302 pages.</LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFMcGregorPrimorac2010" class="citation">McGregor, JoAnn; Primorac, Ranka, eds. (2010), <I>Zimbabwe's New Diaspora: Displacement and the Cultural Politics of Survival</I>, <A href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</A></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zimbabwe%27s+New+Diaspora%3A+Displacement+and+the+Cultural+Politics+of+Survival&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>, 286 pages. Scholarly essays on displacement as a result of Zimbabwe's continuing crisis, with a focus on diasporic communities in Britain and South Africa; also explores such topics as the revival of Rhodesian discourse.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Martin_Meredith" title="Martin Meredith">Meredith, Martin</A>. <I>Mugabe: Power, Plunder, and the Struggle for Zimbabwe's Future</I> (2007) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003STCO04/">excerpt and text search</A>.</LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFOrnerHolmes2011" class="citation"><A href="/wiki/Peter_Orner" title="Peter Orner">Orner, Peter</A>; Holmes, Annie (2011), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voiceofwitness.org/hope-deferred/"><I>Hope Deferred: Narratives of Zimbabwean Lives</I></A>, Voice of witness</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hope+Deferred%3A+Narratives+of+Zimbabwean+Lives&rft.pub=Voice+of+witness&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Orner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Holmes%2C+Annie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voiceofwitness.org%2Fhope-deferred%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.</LI>
<LI>Smith, Ian Douglas. <I>Bitter Harvest: Zimbabwe and the Aftermath of its Independence</I> (2008) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1857826043/">excerpt and text search</A>.</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;">
<DIV style="padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;">Find more about<B style="display:block;">Zimbabwe</B>at Wikipedia's <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><SPAN id="sister-projects">sister projects</SPAN></A></DIV>
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<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Zimbabwe">Definitions</A> from Wiktionary</SPAN></LI>
<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="c:Special:Search/Zimbabwe">Media</A> from Wikimedia Commons</SPAN></LI>
<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Zimbabwe">News</A> from Wikinews</SPAN></LI>
<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Zimbabwe">Quotations</A> from Wikiquote</SPAN></LI>
<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="26" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Zimbabwe">Texts</A> from Wikisource</SPAN></LI>
<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Zimbabwe">Textbooks</A> from Wikibooks</SPAN></LI>
<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Zimbabwe#Q954" class="extiw" title="voy:Zimbabwe">Travel guide</A> from Wikivoyage</SPAN></LI>
<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="27" height="24" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/41px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/54px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Zimbabwe">Learning resources</A> from Wikiversity</SPAN></LI>
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</DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/">Parliament of Zimbabwe</A>—official government site</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050619011628/http://www.zim.gov.zw/">Zimbabwe Government Online</A> official government mirror site</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Africa/Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A> at Curlie (based on <A href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</A>)</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14113249">Zimbabwe profile</A> from the <A href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</A></LI>
<LI><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Zimbabwe" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Zimbabwe">Wikimedia Atlas of Zimbabwe</A></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html">"Zimbabwe"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</A></I>. <A href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fzi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZimbabwe" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024133532/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/zimbabwe.htm">Zimbabwe</A> from <I>UCB Libraries GovPubs</I></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=ZW">Key Development Forecasts for Zimbabwe</A> from <A href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ZWE/Year/2012/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zimbabwe</A></LI>
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<DIV id="Zimbabwe_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Zimbabwe</A> <A href="/wiki/Index_of_Zimbabwe-related_articles" title="Index of Zimbabwe-related articles">articles</A></DIV>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<DIV>1890–1923: <A href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company rule</A>; 1923–80: <A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</A>; 1953–63: <A href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation</A>; 1965–79: <A href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</A> under <A href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">UDI</A>; 1979: <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</A> under UDI; 1980–present: <A class="mw-selflink selflink">Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">History</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Zimbabwe" title="List of years in Zimbabwe">Chronology</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Pre-colonial history of Zimbabwe">Pre-colonial</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rudd_Concession" title="Rudd Concession">Rudd Concession</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company rule</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Pioneer Column</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">First Matabele War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shangani_Patrol" title="Shangani Patrol">Shangani Patrol</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Second Matabele War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_I" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War I">First World War</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Colonial history of Southern Rhodesia">colonial history</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Second World War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Rhodesia–Nyasaland federation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_military_involvement_in_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Southern Rhodesian military involvement in the Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency involvement</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Rhodesia_(1965%E2%80%9379)" title="History of Rhodesia (1965–79)">Rhodesia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Bush War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls_Conference_(1975)" title="Victoria Falls Conference (1975)">1975 Victoria Falls Conference</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1976)" title="Geneva Conference (1976)">1976 Geneva Conference</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Internal_Settlement" title="Internal Settlement">Internal Settlement</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" title="2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">2008–09 cholera outbreak</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Zimbabwe_protests" title="2016–17 Zimbabwe protests">2016–17 protests</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">2017 coup d'état</A></LI>
</UL>
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</TR>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Constitutional history of Zimbabwe">Constitutional</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_cricket_in_Zimbabwe_to_1992" title="History of cricket in Zimbabwe to 1992">Cricket <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(to 1992)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_cricket_in_Zimbabwe_from_1992_to_2006" title="History of cricket in Zimbabwe from 1992 to 2006">Cricket <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(1992–2006)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cricket_crisis" title="Zimbabwean cricket crisis">Cricket crisis <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2007)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Military history of Zimbabwe">Military</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Geography of Zimbabwe">Geography</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chimanimani_District" title="Chimanimani District">Chimanimani District</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Zimbabwe" title="List of cities and towns in Zimbabwe">Cities and towns</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Districts_of_Zimbabwe" title="Districts of Zimbabwe">Districts</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_placename_renaming_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of placename renaming in Zimbabwe">Place name renaming</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zimbabwe" title="Provinces of Zimbabwe">Provinces</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Zimbabwe" title="List of rivers of Zimbabwe">Rivers</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_wards_of_Zimbabwe" title="List of wards of Zimbabwe">Wards <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(municipalities)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Zimbabwe" title="Wildlife of Zimbabwe">Wildlife</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
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</TR>
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</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Politics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Politics of Zimbabwe">Politics</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elections_in_Zimbabwe" title="Elections in Zimbabwe">Elections</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Electoral_Commission" title="Zimbabwe Electoral Commission">Electoral Commission</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Zimbabwe" title="Foreign relations of Zimbabwe">Foreign relations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Zimbabwe" title="Human rights in Zimbabwe">Human rights</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Zimbabwe" title="LGBT rights in Zimbabwe">LGBT</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Zimbabwe" title="Land reform in Zimbabwe">Land reform</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Defence_Forces" title="Zimbabwe Defence Forces">Military</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Zimbabwe" title="Parliament of Zimbabwe">Parliament</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Senate_of_Zimbabwe" title="Senate of Zimbabwe">Senate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Zimbabwe)" title="House of Assembly (Zimbabwe)">House of Assembly</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Zimbabwe" title="List of political parties in Zimbabwe">Political parties</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/President_of_Zimbabwe" title="President of Zimbabwe">Presidents</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Zimbabwe" title="Vice-President of Zimbabwe">Vice-President</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Zimbabwe" title="Prime Minister of Zimbabwe">Prime Minister</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/2007_Zimbabwean_political_crisis" title="2007 Zimbabwean political crisis">2007 political crisis</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Economy</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Zimbabwe" title="Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe">Central bank</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar" title="Zimbabwean dollar">Dollar <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(suspended currency)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Stock_Exchange" title="Zimbabwe Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zimbabwe" title="Telecommunications in Zimbabwe">Telecommunications</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Tourism in Zimbabwe">Tourism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transport_in_Zimbabwe" title="Transport in Zimbabwe">Transportation</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Culture_of_Zimbabwe" title="Culture of Zimbabwe">Culture</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_art" title="Zimbabwean art">Art</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Media_of_Zimbabwe" title="Media of Zimbabwe">Media</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Music</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Zimbabwe" title="Public holidays in Zimbabwe">Public holidays</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Zimbabwe" title="Prostitution in Zimbabwe">Sex work</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Zimbabwe" title="Demographics of Zimbabwe">Demographics</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Zimbabwe" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Zimbabwe">Ethnic groups</A><BR />
(<A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_diaspora" title="Zimbabwean diaspora">diaspora</A>)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hungwe_tribe" title="Hungwe tribe">Hungwe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kunda_people" title="Kunda people">Kunda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Manyika_tribe" title="Manyika tribe">Manyika</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Ndebele</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jews_of_Rusape" title="Jews of Rusape">Rusape Jews</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tokaleya" title="Tokaleya">Tokaleya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zimbabwe" title="White people in Zimbabwe">White</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Zimbabwe" title="Greeks in Zimbabwe">Greeks</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Jews</A></LI>
<LI>"<A href="/wiki/Rhodie" title="Rhodie">Rhodies</A>"</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Others</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</A> (<A href="/wiki/Goffal" title="Goffal">Goffals</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indians_in_Zimbabwe" title="Indians in Zimbabwe">Indians</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">Languages</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(South African)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Ndebele_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean Ndebele language">Sindebele</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Animal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Zimbabwe" title="National Anthem of Zimbabwe">Anthem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Zimbabwe" title="Coat of arms of Zimbabwe">Coat of arms</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Bird" title="Zimbabwe Bird">Emblem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flag_of_Zimbabwe" title="Flag of Zimbabwe">Flag</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gloriosa_superba" title="Gloriosa superba">Flower</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">
<DIV>
<DIV style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Outline_of_Zimbabwe" title="Outline of Zimbabwe">Outline</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Index_of_Zimbabwe-related_articles" title="Index of Zimbabwe-related articles">Index</A></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Book:Zimbabwe" title="Book:Zimbabwe">Book</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Zimbabwe" title="Category:Zimbabwe">Category</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portal:Zimbabwe" title="Portal:Zimbabwe">Portal</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
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<DIV id="Geographic_locale" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><SPAN style="font-size:105%;">Geographic locale</SPAN></DIV>
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<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px">
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<DIV id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</A> of <A href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">entirely/mostly<BR />
in Africa</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Zimbabwe</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">partly<BR />
in Africa</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;">
<DIV><A href="/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image" title="Orthographic projection of Africa"><IMG alt="Orthographic projection of Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/180px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/240px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/Territory_(subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory (subdivision)">Territories</A> <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">and</SPAN><BR />
<A href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependencies</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</A>
<UL>
<LI><SPAN style="font-size:90%;">France</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</A>
<UL>
<LI><SPAN style="font-size:90%;">UK</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces (Western Sahara)</A><SUP><SMALL>1</SMALL></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<BR />
recognition</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
<DIV><SUP><SMALL>1</SMALL></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Unclear sovereignty</A>.</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_Zimbabwe" style="padding:3px">
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<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton3" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Template:Geography of Zimbabwe"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
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</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV id="Subdivisions_of_Zimbabwe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Zimbabwe" title="Subdivisions of Zimbabwe">Subdivisions of Zimbabwe</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zimbabwe" title="Provinces of Zimbabwe">Provinces</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Harare_Province" title="Harare Province">Harare Province</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Manicaland_Province" title="Manicaland Province">Manicaland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mashonaland_Central_Province" title="Mashonaland Central Province">Mashonaland Central</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mashonaland_East_Province" title="Mashonaland East Province">Mashonaland East</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mashonaland_West_Province" title="Mashonaland West Province">Mashonaland West</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Masvingo_Province" title="Masvingo Province">Masvingo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Matabeleland_North_Province" title="Matabeleland North Province">Matabeleland North</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Matabeleland_South_Province" title="Matabeleland South Province">Matabeleland South</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Midlands_Province" title="Midlands Province">Midlands</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Districts_of_Zimbabwe" title="Districts of Zimbabwe">Districts</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beitbridge_District" title="Beitbridge District">Beitbridge</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bikita_District" title="Bikita District">Bikita</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bindura_District" title="Bindura District">Bindura</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Binga_District" title="Binga District">Binga</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bubi_District" title="Bubi District">Bubi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Buhera_District" title="Buhera District">Buhera</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Bulawayo_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulawayo District (page does not exist)">Bulawayo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bulilimamangwe_District" title="Bulilimamangwe District">Bulilimamangwe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chegutu_District" title="Chegutu District">Chegutu</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chikomba_District" title="Chikomba District">Chikomba</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chimanimani_District" title="Chimanimani District">Chimanimani</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chipinge_District" title="Chipinge District">Chipinge</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chiredzi_District" title="Chiredzi District">Chiredzi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chirumhanzu_District" title="Chirumhanzu District">Chirumhanzu</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chivi_District" title="Chivi District">Chivi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gokwe_region" title="Gokwe region">Gokwe North</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gokwe_region" title="Gokwe region">Gokwe South</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Goromonzi_District" title="Goromonzi District">Goromonzi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Guruve_District" title="Guruve District">Guruve</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gutu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutu District">Gutu</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gwanda_District" title="Gwanda District">Gwanda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gweru_District" title="Gweru District">Gweru</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Harare_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harare District (page does not exist)">Harare</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hurungwe_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurungwe District">Hurungwe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hwange_District" title="Hwange District">Hwange</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hwedza_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hwedza District (page does not exist)">Hwedza</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Insiza_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Insiza District">Insiza</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kadoma_District" title="Kadoma District">Kadoma</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kariba_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kariba District">Kariba</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kwekwe_District" title="Kwekwe District">Kwekwe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lupane_District" title="Lupane District">Lupane</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Makonde_District" title="Makonde District">Makonde</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Makoni_District" title="Makoni District">Makoni</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marondera_District" title="Marondera District">Marondera</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Masvingo_District" title="Masvingo District">Masvingo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Matobo_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matobo District (page does not exist)">Matobo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mazowe_District" title="Mazowe District">Mazowe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mberengwa_District" title="Mberengwa District">Mberengwa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mount_Darwin_District" title="Mount Darwin District">Mount Darwin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mudzi_District" title="Mudzi District">Mudzi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Mukumbura_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mukumbura District (page does not exist)">Mukumbura</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Murehwa_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murehwa District (page does not exist)">Murehwa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Mutare_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutare District (page does not exist)">Mutare</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mutasa_District" title="Mutasa District">Mutasa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mutoko_District" title="Mutoko District">Mutoko</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Muzarabani_District" title="Muzarabani District">Muzarabani</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mwenezi_District" title="Mwenezi District">Mwenezi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nkayi_District,_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkayi District, Zimbabwe">Nkayi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nyanga_District" title="Nyanga District">Nyanga</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rushinga_District" title="Rushinga District">Rushinga</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Seke_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seke District (page does not exist)">Seke</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shamva_District" title="Shamva District">Shamva</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shurugwi_District" title="Shurugwi District">Shurugwi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tsholotsho_District" title="Tsholotsho District">Tsholotsho</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Umguza_District" title="Umguza District">Umguza</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Umzingwane_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umzingwane District (page does not exist)">Umzingwane</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uzumba-Maramba-Pfungwe" title="Uzumba-Maramba-Pfungwe">Uzumba-Maramba-Pfungwe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wedza_District" title="Wedza District">Wedza</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zaka_District" title="Zaka District">Zaka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zvimba_District" title="Zvimba District">Zvimba</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zvishavane_District" title="Zvishavane District">Zvishavane</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Wards_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wards of Zimbabwe">Wards</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wards_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wards of Zimbabwe">Wards of Zimbabwe</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Zimbabwe" title="List of cities and towns in Zimbabwe">Largest cities</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chitungwiza" title="Chitungwiza">Chitungwiza</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mutare" title="Mutare">Mutare</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gweru" title="Gweru">Gweru</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kwekwe" title="Kwekwe">Kwekwe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kadoma,_Zimbabwe" title="Kadoma, Zimbabwe">Kadoma</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Masvingo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinhoyi" title="Chinhoyi">Chinhoyi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marondera" title="Marondera">Marondera</A></LI>
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<DIV id="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)</A></DIV>
</TH>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=1st_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1990</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1991</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1992</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=4th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1994</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=5th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1995</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=6th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1996</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=7th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1997</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=8th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1998</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/9th_G-15_summit" title="9th G-15 summit">1999</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=10th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2000</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=11th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2001</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/12th_G-15_summit" title="12th G-15 summit">2004</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/13th_G-15_summit" title="13th G-15 summit">2006</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/14th_G-15_summit" title="14th G-15 summit">2010</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/15th_G-15_summit" title="15th G-15 summit">2012</A></LI>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Zimbabwe</A></LI>
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<DIV id="Southern_African_Development_Community_(SADC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</A> (SADC)</DIV>
</TH>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Zimbabwe</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Chairpersons</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Levy_Mwanawasa" title="Levy Mwanawasa">Levy Mwanawasa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</A></LI>
</UL>
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</TD>
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<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Secretaries-General</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kaire_Mbuende" title="Kaire Mbuende">Kaire Mbuende</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prega_Ramsamy" title="Prega Ramsamy">Prega Ramsamy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tomaz_Salom%C3%A3o" title="Tomaz Salomão">Tomaz Salomão</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
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</TD>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Coordination_Conference" title="Southern African Development Coordination Conference">Southern African Development Coordination Conference <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(forerunner)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(SACU)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Common_Monetary_Area" title="Common Monetary Area">Common Monetary Area <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(CMA)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(COMESA)</SPAN></A></LI>
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<DIV id="African_Union_(AU)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</A> (AU)</DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</A></TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</A></LI>
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<DIV><A href="/wiki/File:African_Union_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Map of African Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/African_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-African_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" width="80" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/African_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-African_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/African_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-African_Union_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></A></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</A></LI>
</UL>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</A></LI>
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<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</A></TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/AU_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="AU Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</A></TH>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</A></TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</A></LI>
<LI>Women and Gender</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Financial_Institutions_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Institutions of the African Union">Financial Institutions</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/AFRA_Commission" title="AFRA Commission">AFRA Commission</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Life_in_the_African_Union" title="Life in the African Union">Culture</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_African_Union" title="Languages of the African Union">Languages</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI><IMG alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <A href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit" id="collapsibleTable8">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton8" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><SPAN style="font-size:105%;">History</SPAN></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%;">
<DIV style="padding:0px;">
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Empire" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks plainlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit" id="collapsibleTable9">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton9" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:British_overseas_territories&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</ABBR></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV id="British_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<DIV>
<DIV class="hlist">
<DL>
<DT><SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">Legend</SPAN></DT>
<DD><U>Current territory</U></DD>
<DD>Former territory</DD>
<DD>* Now a <A href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</A></DD>
<DD><I>Now a member of the <A href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</A></I></DD>
<DD><I><A href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical flags of the British Empire">Historical flags of the British Empire</A></I></DD>
</DL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable10">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton10" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI>1542–1800 <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</A> <SMALL>(integrated into UK)</SMALL></LI>
<LI>1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 <A href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</A></LI>
<LI>Since 1713 <U><A href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</A></U></LI>
<LI>1800–1813 <I><A href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Malta (Protectorate)</A></I></LI>
<LI>1813–1964 <I><A href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Malta (Colony)</A></I></LI>
<LI>1807–1890 <A href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</A></LI>
<LI>1809–1864 <A href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</A></LI>
<LI>1878–1960 <I><A href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</A></I></LI>
<LI>1921–1937 <A href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable11">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton11" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;">
<DIV style="padding:0px;">
<TABLE class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">17th century and before</TD>
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">18th century</TD>
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">19th and 20th century</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="vertical-align:top;">
<TD class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>1579 <A href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</A></LI>
<LI>1583–1907 <A href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</A></LI>
<LI>1605–1979 *<I><A href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</A></I></LI>
<LI>1607–1776 <A href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</A></LI>
<LI>Since 1619 <U><A href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</A></U></LI>
<LI>1620–1691 <A href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</A></LI>
<LI>1623–1883 <A href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</A></LI>
<LI>1624–1966 *<I><A href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</A></I></LI>
<LI>1625–1650 <A href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</A></LI>
<LI>1627–1979 *<I><A href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</A></I></LI>
<LI>1628–1883 <A href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</A></LI>
<LI>1629–1691 <A href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay</A></LI>
<LI>1632–1776 <A href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</A></LI>
<LI>since 1632 <U><A href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</A></U></LI>
<LI>1632–1860 <A href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</A></LI>
<LI>1635–1644 <A href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</A></LI>
<LI>1636–1776 <A href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</A></LI>
<LI>1636–1776 <A href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</A></LI>
<LI>1637–1662 <A href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>1643–1860 <A href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</A></LI>
<LI>Since 1650 <U><A href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</A></U></LI>
<LI>1655–1850 <A href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</A></LI>
<LI>1655–1962 *<I><A href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</A></I></LI>
<LI>1663–1712 <A href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</A></LI>
<LI>1664–1776 <A href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</A></LI>
<LI>1665–1674 and 1702–1776 <A href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</A></LI>
<LI>Since 1666 <U><A href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</A></U></LI>
<LI>Since 1670 <U><A href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</A></U></LI>
<LI>1670–1973 *<I><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</A></I></LI>
<LI>1670–1870 <A href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</A></LI>
<LI>1671–1816 <A href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</A></LI>
<LI>1674–1702 <A href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</A></LI>
<LI>1674–1702 <A href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</A></LI>
<LI>1680–1776 <A href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</A></LI>
<LI>1681–1776 <A href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</A></LI>
<LI>1686–1689 <A href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</A></LI>
<LI>1691–1776 <A href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>1701–1776 <A href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</A></LI>
<LI>1712–1776 <A href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</A></LI>
<LI>1712–1776 <A href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</A></LI>
<LI>1713–1867 <A href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</A></LI>
<LI>1733–1776 <A href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</A></LI>
<LI>1754–1820 <A href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</A></LI>
<LI>1762–1974 *<I><A href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</A></I></LI>
<LI>1763–1978 <I><A href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</A></I></LI>
<LI>1763–1873 <A href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</A></LI>
<LI>1763–1791 <A href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%9391)" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Quebec (1763–91)">Quebec</A></LI>
<LI>1763–1783 <A href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</A></LI>
<LI>1763–1783 <A href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</A></LI>
<LI>1784–1867 <A href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</A></LI>
<LI>1791–1841 <A href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</A></LI>
<LI>1791–1841 <A href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</A></LI>
<LI>Since 1799 <U><A href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</A></U></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>1818–1846 <A href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</A>/<A href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</A><SUP>1</SUP></LI>
<LI>1833–1960 <A href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</A></LI>
<LI>1833–1960 <A href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</A></LI>
<LI>1841–1867 <A href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Canada</A></LI>
<LI>1849–1866 <A href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</A></LI>
<LI>1853–1863 <A href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</A></LI>
<LI>1858–1866 <A href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–66)">British Columbia</A></LI>
<LI>1859–1870 <A href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</A></LI>
<LI>1860–1981 *<I><A href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">British Antigua and Barbuda</A></I></LI>
<LI>1862–1863 <A href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</A></LI>
<LI>1866–1871 <A href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–71)">British Columbia</A></LI>
<LI>1867–1931 *<I><A href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion of Canada</A></I><SUP>2</SUP></LI>
<LI>1871–1964 <A href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Honduras</A></LI>
<LI>1882–1983 *<I><A href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</A></I></LI>
<LI>1889–1962 <I><A href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</A></I></LI>
<LI>1907–1949 <A href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</A><SUP>3</SUP></LI>
<LI>1958–1962 <A href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>1. <A href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Occupied jointly</A> with the United States.</LI>
<LI>2. In 1931, Canada and other British <A href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</A> obtained self-government through the <A href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</A>. See <A href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Name of Canada</A>.</LI>
<LI>3. Gave up <A href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">self-rule</A> in 1934, but remained a <I><A href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</A></I> Dominion until it <A href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">joined Canada</A> in 1949.</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable12">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton12" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI>1631–1641 <A href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</A></LI>
<LI>1651–1667 <A href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</A></LI>
<LI>1670–1688 <A href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</A><SUP>4</SUP></LI>
<LI>1831–1966 <I><A href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</A></I></LI>
<LI>Since 1833 <U><A href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</A></U><SUP>5</SUP></LI>
<LI>Since 1908 <U><A href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</A></U><SUP>5</SUP></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>4. Now a <A href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department of Colombia</A>.</LI>
<LI>5. Occupied by Argentina during the <A href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</A> of April–June 1982.</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable13">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton13" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;">
<DIV style="padding:0px;">
<TABLE class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">17th and 18th centuries</TD>
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">19th century</TD>
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="vertical-align:top;">
<TD class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>Since 1658 <U><A href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</A></U><SUP>14</SUP></LI>
<LI>1792–1961 <I><A href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</A></I></LI>
<LI>1795–1803 <A href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>Since 1815 <U><A href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</A></U><SUP>14</SUP></LI>
<LI>Since 1816 <U><A href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</A></U><SUP>14</SUP></LI>
<LI>1806–1910 <A href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</A></LI>
<LI>1807–1808 <A href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</A></LI>
<LI>1810–1968 <I><A href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</A></I></LI>
<LI>1816–1965 <A href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</A></LI>
<LI>1856–1910 <A href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</A></LI>
<LI>1862–1906 <A href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</A></LI>
<LI>1868–1966 <A href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</A></LI>
<LI>1874–1957 <A href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</A></LI>
<LI>1882–1922 <A href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>1884–1900 <A href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</A></LI>
<LI>1884–1966 <A href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</A></LI>
<LI>1884–1960 <A href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</A></LI>
<LI>1887–1897 <A href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</A></LI>
<LI>1890–1962 <I><A href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</A></I></LI>
<LI>1890–1963 <A href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</A></LI>
<LI>1891–1964 <A href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</A></LI>
<LI>1891–1907 <A href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</A></LI>
<LI>1893–1968 <I><A href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</A></I></LI>
<LI>1895–1920 <A href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</A></LI>
<LI>1899–1956 <A href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>1900–1914 <A href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</A></LI>
<LI>1900–1914 <A href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</A></LI>
<LI>1900–1910 <A href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</A></LI>
<LI>1900–1910 <A href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</A></LI>
<LI>1903–1976 <I><A href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</A></I></LI>
<LI>1910–1931 <I><A href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</A></I></LI>
<LI>1914–1960 <A href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</A></LI>
<LI>1915–1931 <A href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</A></LI>
<LI>1919–1961 <A href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</A><SUP>6</SUP></LI>
<LI>1920–1963 <I><A href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</A></I></LI>
<LI>1922–1961 <A href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(territory)" title="Tanganyika (territory)">Tanganyika</A><SUP>6</SUP></LI>
<LI>1923–1965 and 1979–1980 <A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</A><SUP>7</SUP></LI>
<LI>1924–1964 <A href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>6. <A href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</A>.</LI>
<LI>7. <A href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</A> Southern Rhodesia <A href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</A> in 1965 (as <A href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</A>) and continued as an <A href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</A> state until the 1979 <A href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</A>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable14">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton14" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;">
<DIV style="padding:0px;">
<TABLE class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="font-weight:bold;">17th and 18th century</TD>
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">19th century</TD>
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="vertical-align:top;">
<TD class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>1685–1824 <A href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</A></LI>
<LI>1702–1705 <A href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</A></LI>
<LI>1757–1947 <A href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</A></LI>
<LI>1762–1764 <A href="/wiki/British_invasion_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="British invasion of Manila">Manila and Cavite</A></LI>
<LI>1781–1784 and 1795–1819 <A href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</A></LI>
<LI>1786–1946 <A href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</A></LI>
<LI>1795–1948 <A href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</A></LI>
<LI>1796–1965 <I><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</A></I></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>1811–1816 <A href="/wiki/Java_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Island">Java</A></LI>
<LI>1812–1824 <A href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</A> and <A href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</A></LI>
<LI>1819–1826 <A href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</A></LI>
<LI>1824–1948 <A href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</A></LI>
<LI>1826–1946 <A href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</A></LI>
<LI>1839–1967 <A href="/wiki/Colony_of_Aden" title="Colony of Aden">Aden</A></LI>
<LI>1839–1842 <A href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</A></LI>
<LI>1841–1997 <A href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</A></LI>
<LI>1841–1946 <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sarawak" title="Kingdom of Sarawak">Sarawak</A></LI>
<LI>1848–1946 <A href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</A></LI>
<LI>1858–1947 <A href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</A></LI>
<LI>1874–1963 <A href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>1879–1919 <A href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</A> (protectorate)</LI>
<LI>1882–1963 <A href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</A></LI>
<LI>1885–1946 <A href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</A></LI>
<LI>1888–1984 <I><A href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</A></I></LI>
<LI>1891–1971 <A href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</A></LI>
<LI>1892–1971 <A href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</A></LI>
<LI>1895–1946 <A href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated Malay States</A></LI>
<LI>1898–1930 <A href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</A></LI>
<LI>1878–1960 <I><A href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</A></I></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>1907–1949 <A href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</A> (protectorate)</LI>
<LI>1918–1961 <A href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</A></LI>
<LI>1920–1932 <A href="/wiki/British_Mandate_for_Mesopotamia_(legal_instrument)" title="British Mandate for Mesopotamia (legal instrument)">Mesopotamia</A><SUP>8</SUP></LI>
<LI>1921–1946 <A href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</A><SUP><SMALL>8</SMALL></SUP></LI>
<LI>1923–1948 <A href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</A><SUP>8</SUP></LI>
<LI>1945–1946 <A href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%9346)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–46)">South Vietnam</A></LI>
<LI>1946–1963 <A href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo</A></LI>
<LI>1946–1963 <A href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Sarawak</A></LI>
<LI>1946–1963 <I><A href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</A></I></LI>
<LI>1946–1948 <A href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</A></LI>
<LI>1948–1957 <A href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</A></LI>
<LI>Since 1960 <U><A href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</A></U> (before as part of <A href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</A>)</LI>
<LI>Since 1965 <U><A href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</A></U> (before as part of <A href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</A>)</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<DIV><SUP>8</SUP> <A href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</A>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <A href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable15">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton15" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;">
<DIV style="padding:0px;">
<TABLE class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</TD>
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="vertical-align:top;">
<TD class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:10em;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>1788–1901 <A href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</A></LI>
<LI>1803–1901 <A href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</A>/<A href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</A></LI>
<LI>1807–1863 <A href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</A><SUP>9</SUP></LI>
<LI>1824–1980 <A href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</A></LI>
<LI>1824–1901 <A href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</A></LI>
<LI>1829–1901 <A href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</A>/<A href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</A></LI>
<LI>1836–1901 <A href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</A></LI>
<LI>since 1838 <U><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</A></U></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>1841–1907 <A href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</A></LI>
<LI>1851–1901 <A href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</A></LI>
<LI>1874–1970 <I><A href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</A></I><SUP>10</SUP></LI>
<LI>1877–1976 <A href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</A></LI>
<LI>1884–1949 <A href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</A></LI>
<LI>1888–1901 <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</A>/<A href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</A><SUP>9</SUP></LI>
<LI>1889–1948 <A href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</A><SUP>9</SUP></LI>
<LI>1892–1979 <A href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</A><SUP>11</SUP></LI>
<LI>1893–1978 <A href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</A><SUP>12</SUP></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:10em;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>1900–1970 <A href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</A></LI>
<LI>1900–1974 <A href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</A><SUP>9</SUP></LI>
<LI>1901–1942 *<I><A href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%9345)" title="History of Australia (1901–45)">Australia</A></I></LI>
<LI>1907–1947 *<I><A href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</A></I></LI>
<LI>1919–1942 and 1945–1968 <A href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</A></LI>
<LI>1919–1949 <A href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">New Guinea</A></LI>
<LI>1949–1975 <I><A href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Papua and New Guinea</A></I><SUP>13</SUP></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>9. Now part of the *<I><A href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</A></I>.</LI>
<LI>10. Suspended member.</LI>
<LI>11. Now <I><A href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</A></I> and *<I><A href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</A></I>.</LI>
<LI>12. Now the *<I><A href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</A></I>.</LI>
<LI>13. Now *<I><A href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</A></I>.</LI>
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<LI>Since 1658 <U><A href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</A></U><SUP>14</SUP></LI>
<LI>Since 1815 <U><A href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</A></U><SUP>14</SUP></LI>
<LI>Since 1816 <U><A href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</A></U><SUP>14</SUP></LI>
<LI>Since 1908 <U><A href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</A></U><SUP>15</SUP></LI>
<LI>1841–1933 <I><A href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</A></I> <SMALL>(transferred to the <A href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</A>)</SMALL></LI>
<LI>1841–1947 <I><A href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</A></I> <SMALL>(transferred to the <A href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</A>)</SMALL></LI>
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<LI>14. Since 2009 part of <U><A href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</A></U>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</LI>
<LI>15. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands).</LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Sena_language" title="Sena language">Chibarwe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">Kalanga</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tshwa_language" title="Tshwa language">Koisan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">Nambya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ndau_dialect" title="Ndau dialect">Ndau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Ndebele</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga language (Zambia)">Tonga</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Kunda_language" title="Kunda language">Kunda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</A></LI>
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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af" style="display: none;"><A href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als" style="display: none;"><A href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am" style="display: none;"><A href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9A%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%8C" title="ዚምባብዌ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A" title="زيمبابوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an" style="display: none;"><A href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp" style="display: none;"><A href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbaboue" title="Zimbaboue – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabue" title="Zimbabue – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az" style="display: none;"><A href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87" title="زیمبابوه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="জিম্বাবুয়ে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Banjar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be" style="display: none;"><A href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D1%8D" title="Зімбабвэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old" style="display: none;"><A href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D1%8D" title="Зымбабвэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="जिम्बाब्वे – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཛིམ་བབ་ཝི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br" style="display: none;"><A href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimb%C3%A0bue" title="Zimbàbue – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Chavacano" lang="cbk-zam" hreflang="cbk-zam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn"><A href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da" style="display: none;"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se" style="display: none;"><A href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de" style="display: none;"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%92%DE%A8%DE%89%DE%B0%DE%84%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%AD" title="ޒިމްބާބުވޭ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz" style="display: none;"><A href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B" title="ཛིམ་བབ་ཝེ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et" style="display: none;"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el" style="display: none;"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5" title="Ζιμπάμπουε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabue" title="Zimbabue – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabvo" title="Zimbabvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbag%C3%BCi" title="Zimbagüi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87" title="زیمبابوه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabvi" title="Simbabvi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSiomb%C3%A1ib" title="An tSiombáib – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_%C3%87himbabwe" title="Yn Çhimbabwe – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag" style="display: none;"><A href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd" style="display: none;"><A href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siombabue" title="Siombabue – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimbabue" title="Cimbabue – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal" style="display: none;"><A href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Зимбабвудин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%90%EB%B0%94%EB%B8%8C%EC%9B%A8" title="짐바브웨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%BE%D5%A5" title="Զիմբաբվե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="ज़िम्बाब्वे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io" style="display: none;"><A href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="জিম্বাবুয়ে – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os" style="display: none;"><A href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZimbabwe" title="IZimbabwe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is" style="display: none;"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabve" title="Simbabve – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it" style="display: none;"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he" style="display: none;"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%91%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="זימבבואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabw%C3%A9" title="Zimbabwé – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86" title="ಜಿಂಬಾಬ್ವೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%95%E1%83%94" title="ზიმბაბვე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw" style="display: none;"><A href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kinyarwanda</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%AEmbabwe" title="Zîmbabwe – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lrc" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lrc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A4%D9%B1" title="زیمباڤٱ – Northern Luri" lang="lrc" hreflang="lrc" class="interlanguage-link-target">لۊری شومالی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la" style="display: none;"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabua" title="Zimbabua – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabv%C4%97" title="Zimbabvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li" style="display: none;"><A href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/zimbabues" title="zimbabues – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbaboe" title="Zimbaboe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86" title="സിംബാബ്‌വെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBimbabwe" title="Żimbabwe – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="झिंबाब्वे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf" style="display: none;"><A href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%95%E1%83%94" title="ზიმბაბვე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz" style="display: none;"><A href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%89" title="زيمبابوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87" title="زیمبابوه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my" style="display: none;"><A href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဇင်ဘာဘွေနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbahue" title="Zimbahue – Nāhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="जिम्बाब्वे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new" style="display: none;"><A href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="जिम्बाब्वे – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%96%E3%82%A8" title="ジンバブエ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="display: none;"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc" style="display: none;"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or" style="display: none;"><A href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%B1%E0%AD%87" title="ଜିମ୍ବାୱେ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om" style="display: none;"><A href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbaabuwee" title="Zimbaabuwee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87" title="ਜ਼ਿੰਬਾਬਵੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="जिम्बाबवे – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%92" title="زمبابوے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%90%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%90" title="زېمبابوې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam" style="display: none;"><A href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabue" title="Zimbabue – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Crimean Turkish" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwi" title="Simbabwi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue" style="display: none;"><A href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зімбабве – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="जिम्बाबवे – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimb%C3%A4bwe" title="Zimbäbwe – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq" style="display: none;"><A href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbabwe" title="Simbabwe – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st" style="display: none;"><A href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabveja" title="Zimbabveja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabbui" title="Zimbabbui – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si" style="display: none;"><A href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A" title="සිම්බාබ්වේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="display: none;"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A" title="زمبابوي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZimbabhwe" title="IZimbabhwe – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so" style="display: none;"><A href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbaabwi" title="Simbaabwi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%8C" title="زیمبابوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su" style="display: none;"><A href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabw%C3%A9" title="Zimbabwé – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Sunda</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87" title="சிம்பாப்வே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te" style="display: none;"><A href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87" title="జింబాబ్వే – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th" style="display: none;"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7" title="ประเทศซิมบับเว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9A%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A5%E1%8B%8C" title="ዚምባብዌ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbagwe" title="Zimbagwe – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B3%A6%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86" title="ಜಿ೦ಬಾಬ್ವೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm" style="display: none;"><A href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зимбабве – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Зімбабве – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><A href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%92" title="زمبابوے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8B%DB%90" title="زىمبابۋې – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinb%C3%A0bue" title="Zinbàbue – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabve" title="Zimbabve – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabiy%C3%A4n" title="Zimbabiyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%8B" title="津巴布韋 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war" style="display: none;"><A href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbaawee" title="Simbaawee – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%A6" title="津巴布韦 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2" title="זימבאבווע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ACmb%C3%A1b%C3%BA%C3%A8" title="Sìmbábúè – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%8B" title="津巴布韋 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq" style="display: none;"><A href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%97mbabv%C4%97" title="Zėmbabvė – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E5%B7%B4%E5%A8%81" title="辛巴威 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty" style="display: none;"><A href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="जिम्बावे – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbaabuwee" title="Simbaabuwee – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabue" title="Zimbabue – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</A></LI>				<BUTTON class="mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button" title="All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)">202 more</BUTTON></UL>
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question_text: where is zimbabwe located in the world map