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			<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Brine shrimp</H1>
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<TBODY><TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Brine shrimp</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><A href="/wiki/File:Artemia_salina_4.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Artemia salina 4.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Artemia_salina_4.jpg/220px-Artemia_salina_4.jpg" width="220" height="165" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Artemia_salina_4.jpg/330px-Artemia_salina_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Artemia_salina_4.jpg/440px-Artemia_salina_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="1820" /></A></TD>
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<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><I><A href="/wiki/Artemia_salina" title="Artemia salina">Artemia salina</A></I> mating pair – female left, male right</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><A href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Kingdom:</TD>
<TD><SPAN class="kingdom"><A href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Phylum:</TD>
<TD><SPAN class="phylum"><A href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Subphylum:</TD>
<TD><SPAN class="subphylum"><A href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustacea</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Class:</TD>
<TD><SPAN class="class"><A href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Order:</TD>
<TD><SPAN class="order"><A href="/wiki/Anostraca" title="Anostraca">Anostraca</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Family:</TD>
<TD><SPAN class="family"><B>Artemiidae</B></SPAN><BR />
<SMALL>Grochowski, 1895</SMALL></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Genus:</TD>
<TD><SPAN class="genus"><I><B>Artemia</B></I></SPAN><BR />
<SMALL><A href="/wiki/William_Elford_Leach" title="William Elford Leach">Leach</A>, 1819</SMALL></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Species<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/w/index.php?title=Artemia_franciscana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artemia franciscana (page does not exist)">Artemia franciscana</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Artemia_monica" title="Artemia monica">Artemia monica</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/w/index.php?title=Artemia_persimilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artemia persimilis (page does not exist)">Artemia persimilis</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Artemia_salina" title="Artemia salina">Artemia salina</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/w/index.php?title=Artemia_sinica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artemia sinica (page does not exist)">Artemia sinica</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/w/index.php?title=Artemia_tibetiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artemia tibetiana (page does not exist)">Artemia tibetiana</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/w/index.php?title=Artemia_urmiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artemia urmiana (page does not exist)">Artemia urmiana</A></I></LI>
<LI>Parthenogenetic Populations also called <I><A href="/wiki/Artemia_parthenogenetica" title="Artemia parthenogenetica">Artemia parthenogenetica</A></I> (disputed)</LI>
</UL>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P><I><B>Artemia</B></I> is a genus of aquatic <A href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</A> also known as <B>brine shrimp</B>. <I>Artemia</I>, the only genus in the <A href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</A> <B>Artemiidae</B>, has changed little externally since the <A href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</A> period. The first historical record of the existence of <I>Artemia</I> dates back to the first half of the 10th century AD from <A href="/wiki/Urmia_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Urmia Lake">Urmia Lake</A>, <A href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</A>, with an example called by an Iranian geographer an "aquatic dog",<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> although the first unambiguous record is the report and drawings made by Schlösser in 1757 of animals from <A href="/wiki/Lymington" title="Lymington">Lymington</A>, <A href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-R2_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R2-3">[3]</A></SUP> <I>Artemia</I> populations are found worldwide in inland saltwater lakes, but not in oceans. <I>Artemia</I> are able to avoid cohabiting with most types of predators, such as fish, by their ability to live in waters of very high salinity (up to 25%).<SUP id="cite_ref-R3_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R3-4">[4]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The ability of the <I>Artemia</I> to produce dormant eggs, known as <A href="/wiki/Microbial_cyst" title="Microbial cyst">cysts</A>, has led to extensive use of <I>Artemia</I> in <A href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</A>. The cysts may be stored for long periods and hatched on demand to provide a convenient form of live feed for larval fish and <A href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-R3_4-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R3-4">[4]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Nauplius_(larva)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauplius (larva)">Nauplii</A> of the brine shrimp <I>Artemia</I> constitute the most widely used food item, and over 2000 tonnes of dry <I>Artemia</I> cysts are marketed worldwide annually. In addition, the resilience of <I>Artemia</I> makes them ideal animals for running biological toxicity assays and it has become a <A href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</A> used to test the <A href="/wiki/Toxicology_testing" title="Toxicology testing">toxicity</A> of chemicals. Breeds of <I>Artemia</I> are sold as novelty gifts under the marketing name <I><A href="/wiki/Sea-Monkeys" title="Sea-Monkeys">Sea-Monkeys</A></I> or <I>Aqua Dragons</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Description"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Description</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Ecology_and_behavior"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Ecology and behavior</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Reproduction"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Reproduction</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Parthenogenesis"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Parthenogenesis</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Diet"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Diet</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Genetics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Genetics</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Aquaculture"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Aquaculture</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#Toxicity_test"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Toxicity test</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#Threatened"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Threatened</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#Space_experiment"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Space experiment</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Brine_shrimp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The brine shrimp <I>Artemia</I> comprises a group of seven to nine species very likely to have diverged from an ancestral form living in the <A href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean</A> area about <SPAN class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><A class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/timescale/?Ma=5.5">5.5</A> million years ago</SPAN>.<SUP id="cite_ref-R4_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R4-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center (<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquaculture.ugent.be/index.htm">ARC</A>) at Ghent University possesses the largest known <I>Artemia</I> cyst collection, a cyst bank containing over 1,700 <I>Artemia</I> population samples collected from different locations around the world <SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP>.</P>
<P><I>Artemia</I> is a typical primitive <A href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</A> with a segmented body to which is attached broad leaf-like <A href="/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</A>. The body usually consists of 19 segments, the first 11 of which have pairs of appendages, the next two which are often fused together carry the reproductive organs, and the last segments lead to the tail.<SUP id="cite_ref-R5_8-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R5-8">[8]</A></SUP> The total length is usually about 8–10 millimetres (0.31–0.39 in) for the adult male and 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) for the female, but the width of both sexes, including the legs, is about 4 mm (0.16 in).</P>
<P>The body of <I>Artemia</I> is divided into head, <A href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</A>, and abdomen. The entire body is covered with a thin, flexible <A href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</A> of chitin to which muscles are attached internally and shed periodically.<SUP id="cite_ref-R6_9-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R6-9">[9]</A></SUP> In female <I>Artemia</I> a <A href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">moult</A> precedes every <A href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</A>.</P>
<P>For brine shrimp, many functions, including swimming, digestion and reproduction are not controlled through the brain; instead, local nervous system <A href="/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglia</A> may control some regulation or synchronisation of these functions.<SUP id="cite_ref-R6_9-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R6-9">[9]</A></SUP> Autotomy, the voluntary shedding or dropping of parts of the body for defence, is also controlled locally along the nervous system.<SUP id="cite_ref-R5_8-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R5-8">[8]</A></SUP> <I>Artemia</I> have two types of eyes. They have two widely separated <A href="/wiki/Compound_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</A> mounted on flexible stalks. These compound eyes are the main optical sense organ in adult brine shrimps. The median eye, or the <A href="/wiki/Naupliar_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Naupliar eye">naupliar eye</A>, is situated anteriorly in the centre of the head and is the only functional optical sense organ in the nauplii, which is functional until the adult stage.<SUP id="cite_ref-R6_9-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R6-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Ecology_and_behavior">Ecology and behavior</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Brine_shrimp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ecology and behavior">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Brine shrimp can tolerate any levels of <A href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</A> from 25<A href="/wiki/%E2%80%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="‰">‰</A> to 250‰ (25–250 g/L),<SUP id="cite_ref-Warren_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Warren-10">[10]</A></SUP> with an optimal range of 60‰–100‰,<SUP id="cite_ref-Warren_10-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Warren-10">[10]</A></SUP> and occupy the <A href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</A> that can protect them from predators.<SUP id="cite_ref-R7_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R7-11">[11]</A></SUP> Physiologically, optimal levels of salinity are about 30–35‰, but due to predators at these salt levels, brine shrimp seldom occur in natural habitats at salinities of less than 60–80‰. Locomotion is achieved by the rhythmic beating of the appendages acting in pairs. Respiration occurs on the surface of the legs through fibrous, feather-like plates (lamellar epipodites)<SUP id="cite_ref-R5_8-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R5-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:148px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Brine_shrimp_cyst.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Brine_shrimp_cyst.jpg" width="146" height="145" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="145" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">An <I>Artemia</I> cyst</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Reproduction">Reproduction</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Brine_shrimp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reproduction">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Males differ from females by having the second <A href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</A> markedly enlarged, and modified into clasping organs used in mating.<SUP id="cite_ref-Tyson_12-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Tyson-12">[12]</A></SUP> Adult female brine shrimp ovulate approximately every 140 hours. In favourable conditions, the female brine shrimp can produce eggs that almost immediately hatch. While in extreme conditions, such as low oxygen level or salinity above 150‰, female brine shrimp produce eggs with a <A href="/wiki/Chorion" title="Chorion">chorion coating</A> which has a brown colour. These eggs, also known as cysts, are <A href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolically</A> inactive and can remain in total stasis for two years while in dry oxygen-free conditions, even at temperatures below freezing. This characteristic is called <A href="/wiki/Cryptobiosis" title="Cryptobiosis">cryptobiosis</A>, meaning "hidden life". While in cryptobiosis, brine shrimp eggs can survive temperatures of <A href="/wiki/Liquid_air" title="Liquid air">liquid air</A> (−190 °C or −310 °F) and a small percentage can survive above boiling temperature (105 °C or 221 °F) for up to two hours.<SUP id="cite_ref-R7_11-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R7-11">[11]</A></SUP> Once placed in briny (salt) water, the eggs hatch within a few hours. The <A href="/wiki/Nauplius_(larva)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauplius (larva)">nauplius</A> larvae are less than 0.4 mm in length when they first hatch. Brine shrimp have a <A href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">biological life cycle</A> of one year.</P>
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<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Parthenogenesis">Parthenogenesis</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Brine_shrimp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Parthenogenesis">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Central_fusion_and_terminal_fusion_automixis.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Central_fusion_and_terminal_fusion_automixis.svg/220px-Central_fusion_and_terminal_fusion_automixis.svg.png" width="220" height="299" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Central_fusion_and_terminal_fusion_automixis.svg/330px-Central_fusion_and_terminal_fusion_automixis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Central_fusion_and_terminal_fusion_automixis.svg/440px-Central_fusion_and_terminal_fusion_automixis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2629" /></A>
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The effects of central fusion and terminal fusion on heterozygosity</DIV>
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<P><A href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">Parthenogenesis</A> is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of <A href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryos</A> occur without <A href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilisation</A>. <A href="/wiki/Thelytoky" title="Thelytoky">Thelytoky</A> is a particular form of parthenogenesis in which the development of a female individual occurs from an unfertilised egg. Automixis is a form of thelytoky, but there are different kinds of automixis. The kind of automixis relevant here is one in which two haploid products from the same meiosis combine to form a diploid <A href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</A>.</P>
<P>Diploid <I><A href="/wiki/Artemia_parthenogenetica" title="Artemia parthenogenetica">Artemia parthenogenetica</A></I> reproduce by automictic parthenogenesis with central fusion (see diagram) and low but nonzero recombination.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid26356354_13-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid26356354-13">[13]</A></SUP> Central fusion of two of the haploid products of meiosis (see diagram) tends to maintain <A href="/wiki/Zygosity" title="Zygosity">heterozygosity</A> in transmission of the genome from mother to offspring, and to minimise <A href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</A>. Low crossover recombination during meiosis likely restrains the transition from heterozygosity to homozygosity over successive generations.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Diet">Diet</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Brine_shrimp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diet">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>In their first stage of development, <I>Artemia</I> do not feed but consume their own energy reserves stored in the cyst.<SUP id="cite_ref-R8_14-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R8-14">[14]</A></SUP> Wild brine shrimp eat microscopic <A href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">planktonic</A> <A href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</A>. Cultured brine shrimp can also be fed particulate foods including <A href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</A>, <A href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</A> <A href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</A>, <A href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</A> <A href="/wiki/Powder_(substance)" title="Powder (substance)">powder</A> or <A href="/wiki/Egg_yolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg yolk">egg yolk</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-R9_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R9-15">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Genetics">Genetics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Brine_shrimp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P><I>Artemia</I> comprises sexually reproducing, <A href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</A> species and several <A href="/wiki/Obligate" title="Obligate">obligate</A> <A href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenetic</A> <I>Artemia</I> populations consisting of different clones and <A href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">ploidies</A> (2n->5n) <SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Brine_shrimp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aquaculture">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Artemia_breeding_ponds.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Artemia_breeding_ponds.jpg/220px-Artemia_breeding_ponds.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Artemia_breeding_ponds.jpg/330px-Artemia_breeding_ponds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Artemia_breeding_ponds.jpg/440px-Artemia_breeding_ponds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></A>
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<I>Artemia</I> breeding ponds, <A href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</A></DIV>
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_brine_shrimp" title="Aquaculture of brine shrimp">Aquaculture of brine shrimp</A></DIV>
<P>Fish farm owners search for a cost-effective, easy to use, and available food that is preferred by the fish. From cysts, brine shrimp nauplii can readily be used to feed fish and crustacean larvae just after one-day <A href="/wiki/Hatchery" title="Hatchery">incubation</A>. <A href="/wiki/Instar" title="Instar">Instar</A> I (the nauplii that just hatched and with large yolk reserves in their body) and instar II nauplii (the nauplii after first moult and with functional digestive tracts) are more widely used in aquaculture, because they are easy for operation, rich in nutrients, and small, which makes them suitable for feeding fish and crustacean larvae live or after drying.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Toxicity_test">Toxicity test</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Brine_shrimp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Toxicity test">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P><I>Artemia</I> found favor as a <A href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</A> for use in toxicological assays, despite the recognition that it is too robust an organism to be a sensitive <A href="/wiki/Indicator_species" title="Indicator species">indicator species</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-R12_17-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R12-17">[17]</A></SUP><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>In pollution research <I>Artemia</I>, the brine shrimp, has had extensive use as a test organism and in some circumstances is an acceptable alternative to the <A href="/wiki/Toxicity_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxicity testing">toxicity testing</A> of mammals in the laboratory.<SUP id="cite_ref-R13_18-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R13-18">[18]</A></SUP> The fact that millions of brine shrimp are so easily reared has been an important help in assessing the effects of a large number of <A href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">environmental pollutants</A> on the shrimps under well controlled experimental conditions.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Threatened">Threatened</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Brine_shrimp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Threatened">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Artemia_monica.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Artemia_monica.jpg/220px-Artemia_monica.jpg" width="220" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Artemia_monica.jpg/330px-Artemia_monica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Artemia_monica.jpg/440px-Artemia_monica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="507" /></A>
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<I>Artemia monica</I> (male)</DIV>
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<P><I><A href="/wiki/Mono_Lake#Ecology" title="Mono Lake">Artemia monica</A></I>, the variety commonly known as Mono Lake brine shrimp, can be found in <A href="/wiki/Mono_Lake" title="Mono Lake">Mono Lake</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mono_County,_California" title="Mono County, California">Mono County, California</A>. In 1987, Dennis D. Murphy from <A href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</A> petitioned the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</A> to add <I>A. monica</I> to the endangered species list under the <A href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</A> (1973). The diversion of water by the <A href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Department_of_Water_and_Power" title="Los Angeles Department of Water and Power">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power</A> resulted in rising <A href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</A> and concentration of <A href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</A> in Mono Lake. Despite the presence of trillions of brine shrimp in the lake, the petition contended that the increase in <A href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</A> would endanger them.</P>
<P>The threat to the lake's water levels was addressed by a revision to <A href="/wiki/California_State_Water_Resources_Control_Board" title="California State Water Resources Control Board">California State Water Resources Control Board</A>'s policy, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service found on 7 September 1995 that the Mono Lake brine shrimp did not warrant listing.<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP></P>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Space_experiment">Space experiment</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Brine_shrimp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Space experiment">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Scientists have taken the eggs of brine shrimp to <A href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</A> to test the impact of <A href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">radiation</A> on life. Brine shrimp cysts were flown on the U.S. Biosatellite II, Apollo 16, and Apollo 17 missions, and on the Russian <A href="/wiki/Bion-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Bion-3">Bion-3</A> (<A href="/wiki/Cosmos_782" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmos 782">Cosmos 782</A>), <A href="/wiki/Bion-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Bion-5">Bion-5</A> (<A href="/wiki/Cosmos_1129" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmos 1129">Cosmos 1129</A>), Foton 10, and Foton 11 flights. Some of the Russian flights carried European Space Agency experiments.</P>
<P>On <I><A href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</A></I>, the cysts traveled to the <A href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</A> and back. The <A href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic ray</A> passed through an egg would be detected on the <A href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</A> in their container. Some eggs were kept on Earth as <A href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">experimental controls</A> to ensure a fair test. Also, as the take-off in a <A href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</A> involves a lot of shaking and <A href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</A>, one control group of egg cysts was accelerated to seven times the force of <A href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</A> and vibrated mechanically from side to side for several minutes so that they could experience the same violence of a rocket take-off.<SUP id="cite_ref-R14_20-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R14-20">[20]</A></SUP> There were 400 eggs in each experimental group. All the egg cysts from the experiment were then placed in salt water to hatch under optimum conditions. As a result, a high sensitivity to cosmic radiation was observed on <I>Artemia salina</I> eggs; 90% of the <A href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryos</A>, which were induced to develop from hit eggs, died at different developmental stages.<SUP id="cite_ref-R15_21-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-R15-21">[21]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Brine_shrimp&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Alireza Asem; Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani; Patricio De Los Rios (2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alireza-asem.ir/Asem12.pdf">"The genus <I>Artemia</I> Leach, 1819 (Crustacea: Branchiopoda): true and false taxonomical descriptions"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research</I>. <B>38</B>: 501–506.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Journal+of+Aquatic+Research&rft.atitle=The+genus+Artemia+Leach%2C+1819+%28Crustacea%3A+Branchiopoda%29%3A+true+and+false+taxonomical+descriptions&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=501-506&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Alireza+Asem&rft.au=Nasrullah+Rastegar-Pouyani&rft.au=Patricio+De+Los+Rios&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alireza-asem.ir%2FAsem12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Alireza Asem; Amin Eimanifar (2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alireza-asem.ir/Asem%20and%20Eimaifar%20(2016)1.pdf">"Updating historical record on brine shrimp Artemia (Crustacea: Anostraca) from Urmia Lake (Iran) in the first half of the 10th century AD"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>International Journal of Aquatic Science</I>. <B>7</B>: 1–5.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Aquatic+Science&rft.atitle=Updating+historical+record+on+brine+shrimp+Artemia+%28Crustacea%3A+Anostraca%29+from+Urmia+Lake+%28Iran%29+in+the+first+half+of+the+10th+century+AD&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=1-5&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Alireza+Asem&rft.au=Amin+Eimanifar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alireza-asem.ir%2FAsem%2520and%2520Eimaifar%2520%282016%291.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-R2-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-R2_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Alireza Asem (2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alireza-asem.ir/Asem4.pdf">"Historical record on brine shrimp <I>Artemia</I> more than one thousand years ago from Urmia Lake, Iran"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki</I>. <B>9</B>: 113–114.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Research-Thessaloniki&rft.atitle=Historical+record+on+brine+shrimp+Artemia+more+than+one+thousand+years+ago+from+Urmia+Lake%2C+Iran&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=113-114&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Alireza+Asem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alireza-asem.ir%2FAsem4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-R3-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-R3_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-R3_4-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Martin Daintith (1996). <I>Rotifers and</I> Artemia <I>for Marine Aquaculture: a Training Guide</I>. <A href="/wiki/University_of_Tasmania" title="University of Tasmania">University of Tasmania</A>. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/222006176">222006176</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rotifers+and+Artemia+for+Marine+Aquaculture%3A+a+Training+Guide&rft.pub=University+of+Tasmania&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F222006176&rft.au=Martin+Daintith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aquadragons.net/">"Aqua Dragons"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">5 September</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aqua+Dragons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faquadragons.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-R4-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-R4_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">F. A. Abreu-Grobois (1987). "A review of the genetics of <I>Artemia</I>". In P. Sorgerloo, D. A. Bengtson, W. Decleir & E. Jasper. Artemia <I>Research and its Applications. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Brine Shrimp</I> Artemia<I>, organised under the patronage of His Majesty the King of Belgium</I>. <B>1</B>. Wetteren, Belgium: Universa Press. pp. 61–99. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/17978639">17978639</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+genetics+of+Artemia&rft.btitle=Artemia+Research+and+its+Applications.+Proceedings+of+the+Second+International+Symposium+on+the+Brine+Shrimp+Artemia%2C+organised+under+the+patronage+of+His+Majesty+the+King+of+Belgium&rft.place=Wetteren%2C+Belgium&rft.pages=61-99&rft.pub=Universa+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17978639&rft.au=F.+A.+Abreu-Grobois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_editors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">De Vos, Stephanie (2014). <I>Genomic tools and sex determination in the extremophile brine shrimp Artemia franciscana</I>. Ghent: UGent. p. 3. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789059897175" title="Special:BookSources/9789059897175">9789059897175</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genomic+tools+and+sex+determination+in+the+extremophile+brine+shrimp+Artemia+franciscana&rft.place=Ghent&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=UGent&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789059897175&rft.aulast=De+Vos&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-R5-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-R5_8-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-R5_8-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-R5_8-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Cleveland P. Hickman (1967). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openlibrary.org/books/OL19205202M/Biology_of_the_invertebrates"><I>Biology of Invertebrates</I></A>. St. Louis, Missouri: C. V. Mosby.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Invertebrates&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=C.+V.+Mosby&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Cleveland+P.+Hickman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL19205202M%2FBiology_of_the_invertebrates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-R6-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-R6_9-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-R6_9-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-R6_9-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">R. J. Criel & H. T. Macrae (2002). "<I>Artemia</I> morphology and structure". In T. J. Abatzopoulos, J. A. Breardmore, J. S. Clegg & P. Sorgerloos. Artemia<I>: Basic and Applied Biology</I>. <A href="/wiki/Kluwer_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Academic Publishers">Kluwer Academic Publishers</A>. pp. 1–33. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0746-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0746-0">978-1-4020-0746-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Artemia+morphology+and+structure&rft.btitle=Artemia%3A+Basic+and+Applied+Biology&rft.pages=1-33&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-0746-0&rft.au=R.+J.+Criel&rft.au=H.+T.+Macrae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_editors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Warren-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Warren_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Warren_10-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">John K. Warren (2006). "Halotolerant life in feast or famine (a source of hydrocarbons and a fixer of metals)". <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihny39BvVhIC&pg=PA641"><I>Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons</I></A>. <A href="/wiki/Birkh%C3%A4user_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkhäuser Verlag">Birkhäuser</A>. pp. 617–704. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-26011-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-26011-0">978-3-540-26011-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Halotolerant+life+in+feast+or+famine+%28a+source+of+hydrocarbons+and+a+fixer+of+metals%29&rft.btitle=Evaporites%3A+Sediments%2C+Resources+and+Hydrocarbons&rft.pages=617-704&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-540-26011-0&rft.au=John+K.+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dihny39BvVhIC%26pg%3DPA641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-R7-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-R7_11-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-R7_11-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Whitey Hitchcock. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903034459/http://www.drwhitey.com/Ecology/Artemia/BrineShrimp.html">"Brine shrimp"</A>. Clinton High School Science. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drwhitey.com/Ecology/Artemia/BrineShrimp.html">the original</A> on September 3, 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">March 13,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brine+shrimp&rft.pub=Clinton+High+School+Science&rft.au=Whitey+Hitchcock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drwhitey.com%2FEcology%2FArtemia%2FBrineShrimp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Tyson-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Tyson_12-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Greta E. Tyson & Michael L. Sullivan (1980). "Scanning electron microscopy of the frontal knobs of the male brine shrimp". <I>Transactions of the American Microscopical Society</I>. <B>99</B> (2): 167–172. <A href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3225702">3225702</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Microscopical+Society&rft.atitle=Scanning+electron+microscopy+of+the+frontal+knobs+of+the+male+brine+shrimp&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-172&rft.date=1980&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3225702&rft.au=Greta+E.+Tyson&rft.au=Michael+L.+Sullivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pmid26356354-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-pmid26356354_13-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">O. Nougué, N. O. Rode, R. Jabbour-Zahab, A. Ségard, L.-M. Chevin, C. R. Haag & T. Lenormand (2015). "Automixis in <I>Artemia</I>: solving a century-old controversy". <I><A href="/wiki/Journal_of_Evolutionary_Biology" title="Journal of Evolutionary Biology">Journal of Evolutionary Biology</A></I>. <B>28</B> (12): 2337–48. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fjeb.12757">10.1111/jeb.12757</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26356354">26356354</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Automixis+in+Artemia%3A+solving+a+century-old+controversy&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2337-48&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjeb.12757&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26356354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_authors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-R8-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-R8_14-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">P. Sorgeloos; P. Dhert & P. Candreva (2001). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/54679.pdf">"Use of the brine shrimp, <I>Artemia</I> spp., in marine fish larviculture"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I><A href="/wiki/Aquaculture_(journal)" title="Aquaculture (journal)">Aquaculture</A></I>. <B>200</B>: 147–159. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2801%2900698-6">10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00698-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Use+of+the+brine+shrimp%2C+Artemia+spp.%2C+in+marine+fish+larviculture&rft.volume=200&rft.pages=147-159&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0044-8486%2801%2900698-6&rft.au=P.+Sorgeloos&rft.au=P.+Dhert&rft.au=P.+Candreva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vliz.be%2Fimisdocs%2Fpublications%2F54679.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-R9-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-R9_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Kai Schumann (August 10, 1997). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814003850/http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~davidr/discus/articles/artemia.html">"<I>Artemia</I> (Brine Shrimp) FAQ 1.1"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Portland_State_University" title="Portland State University">Portland State University</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~davidr/discus/articles/artemia.html">the original</A> on August 14, 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">March 13,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artemia+%28Brine+Shrimp%29+FAQ+1.1&rft.pub=Portland+State+University&rft.date=1997-08-10&rft.au=Kai+Schumann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.cecs.pdx.edu%2F~davidr%2Fdiscus%2Farticles%2Fartemia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Maniatsi, Stefania; Baxevanis, Athanasios D.; Kappas, Ilias; Deligiannidis, Panagiotis; Triantafyllidis, Alexander; Papakostas, Spiros; Bougiouklis, Dimitrios; Abatzopoulos, Theodore J. (2011-02-01). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790310004719">"Is polyploidy a persevering accident or an adaptive evolutionary pattern? The case of the brine shrimp Artemia"</A>. <I>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</I>. <B>58</B> (2): 353–364. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2010.11.029">10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.029</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Is+polyploidy+a+persevering+accident+or+an+adaptive+evolutionary+pattern%3F+The+case+of+the+brine+shrimp+Artemia&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=353-364&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2010.11.029&rft.aulast=Maniatsi&rft.aufirst=Stefania&rft.au=Baxevanis%2C+Athanasios+D.&rft.au=Kappas%2C+Ilias&rft.au=Deligiannidis%2C+Panagiotis&rft.au=Triantafyllidis%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Papakostas%2C+Spiros&rft.au=Bougiouklis%2C+Dimitrios&rft.au=Abatzopoulos%2C+Theodore+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1055790310004719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-R12-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-R12_17-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Micharl Dockey & Stephen Tonkins. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090708032931/http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/documents/education/brine_shrimp_ecology.pdf">"Brine shrimp ecology"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/British_Ecological_Society" title="British Ecological Society">British Ecological Society</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/documents/education/brine_shrimp_ecology.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 2009-07-08.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brine+shrimp+ecology&rft.pub=British+Ecological+Society&rft.au=Micharl+Dockey&rft.au=Stephen+Tonkins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishecologicalsociety.org%2Fdocuments%2Feducation%2Fbrine_shrimp_ecology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-R13-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-R13_18-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">L. Lewan; M. Anderrson & P. Morales-Gomez (1992). "The use of <I>Artemia salina</I> in toxicity testing". <I>Alternatives to Laboratory Animals</I>. <B>20</B>: 297–301.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternatives+to+Laboratory+Animals&rft.atitle=The+use+of+Artemia+salina+in+toxicity+testing&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=297-301&rft.date=1992&rft.au=L.+Lewan&rft.au=M.+Anderrson&rft.au=P.+Morales-Gomez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frwebgate3.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate.cgi?WAISdocID=9913285177+1+0+0iWAISaction=retrieve">"Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-Month Finding for a Petition to List the Mono Lake Brine Shrimp as Endangered"</A>. <I>Federal Register</I>. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. <B>60</B> (173): 46571–46572. 1995.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register&rft.atitle=Endangered+and+Threatened+Wildlife+and+Plants%3B+12-Month+Finding+for+a+Petition+to+List+the+Mono+Lake+Brine+Shrimp+as+Endangered&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=173&rft.pages=46571-46572&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrwebgate3.access.gpo.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwaisgate.cgi%3FWAISdocID%3D9913285177%2B1%2B0%2B0iWAISaction%3Dretrieve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-R14-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-R14_20-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">H. Planel, Y. Gaubin, R. Kaiser & B. Pianezzi (1980). <I>The effects of cosmic rays on</I> Artemia <I>egg cysts</I>. Laboratoire Medicale. Report for National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Toulouse, France: Faculté de Médcine.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+effects+of+cosmic+rays+on+Artemia+egg+cysts&rft.place=Toulouse%2C+France&rft.series=Report+for+National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.pub=Facult%C3%A9+de+M%C3%A9dcine&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_authors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-R15-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-R15_21-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">H. Bücker & G. Horneck (1975). "The biological effectiveness of HZE-particles of cosmic radiation studied in the Apollo 16 and 17 Biostack experiments". <I><A href="/wiki/Acta_Astronautica" title="Acta Astronautica">Acta Astronautica</A></I>. <B>2</B> (3–4): 247–264. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2F0094-5765%2875%2990095-8">10.1016/0094-5765(75)90095-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Astronautica&rft.atitle=The+biological+effectiveness+of+HZE-particles+of+cosmic+radiation+studied+in+the+Apollo+16+and+17+Biostack+experiments&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=247-264&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0094-5765%2875%2990095-8&rft.au=H.+B%C3%BCcker&rft.au=G.+Horneck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<TD class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <I><B><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Artemia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Artemia">Artemia</A></B></I>.</TD>
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<LI><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100313171007/http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=33062">"Genus <I>Artemia</I>"</A>. <I>Systema Naturae 2000</I>. The Taxonomicon. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=33062">the original</A> on March 13, 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">March 13,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Systema+Naturae+2000&rft.atitle=Genus+Artemia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsn2000.taxonomy.nl%2FTaxonomicon%2FTaxonTree.aspx%3Fid%3D33062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation web">Richard Fox (February 13, 2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060423082302/http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310artemiaLab.html">"<I>Artemia</I> Laboratory Exercise – <I>Artemia franciscana</I>"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310artemiaLab.html">the original</A> on April 23, 2006<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">March 13,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artemia+Laboratory+Exercise+%E2%80%93+Artemia+franciscana&rft.date=2004-02-13&rft.au=Richard+Fox&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lander.edu%2Frsfox%2F310artemiaLab.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ut.water.usgs.gov/greatsaltlake/shrimp/">"Brine Shrimp and Ecology of Great Salt Lake"</A>. <A href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</A>. May 15, 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">March 13,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brine+Shrimp+and+Ecology+of+Great+Salt+Lake&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2009-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fut.water.usgs.gov%2Fgreatsaltlake%2Fshrimp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrine+shrimp" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aquadragons.net/">Aqua Dragons</A>, commercial site.</LI>
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class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemia" title="Artemia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%94%A8%EB%AA%BD%ED%82%A4" title="씨몽키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemia" title="Artemia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="ארטמיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="არტემია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemijos" title="Artemijos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3r%C3%A1kok" title="Sórákok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemia" title="Artemia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2" title="アルテミア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemia" title="Artemia – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemia_(rodzaj)" title="Artemia (rodzaj) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%AAmia" title="Artêmia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Артемии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_shrimp" title="Brine shrimp – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemia" title="Artemia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemia" title="Artemia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5" title="ไรทะเล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemia" title="Artemia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Артемія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemia" title="Artemia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><A href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemia" title="Artemia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E8%99%AB%E5%B1%9E" title="卤虫属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>					</UL>
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document_title: Brine shrimp

token: Brine

token: shrimp

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: <Table>

token: <Tr>

token: <Th colspan="2">

token: <Td colspan="2">

token: Artemia

token: salina

token: mating

token: pair

token: female

token: left

token: male

token: right

token: Scientific

token: classification

token: <Td>

token: Kingdom

token: Animalia

token: Phylum

token: Arthropoda

token: Subphylum

token: Crustacea

token: Class

token: Branchiopoda

token: Order

token: Anostraca

token: Family

token: Artemiidae

token: Grochowski

token: Genus

token: Leach

token: Species

token: <Ul>

token: <Li>

token: franciscana

token: monica

token: persimilis

token: sinica

token: tibetiana

token: urmiana

token: Parthenogenetic

token: Populations

token: also

token: called

question_text: where are brine shrimp found in the wild