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<TITLE>Longest word in English - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Longest word in English</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <A href="/wiki/Longest_words" title="Longest words">Longest words</A>.</DIV>
<P>The identity of the <B>longest word in English</B> depends upon the <A href="/wiki/Definition" title="Definition">definition</A> of what constitutes a <A href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">word</A> in the <A href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</A>, as well as how length should be compared. In addition to words derived naturally from <A href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">the language's roots</A> (without any known intentional invention), English allows <A href="/wiki/New_words" class="mw-redirect" title="New words">new words</A> to be formed by <A href="#Coinages">coinage</A> and <A href="#Constructions">construction</A>; <A href="#Place_names">place names</A> may be considered words; <A href="#Technical_terms">technical terms</A> may be arbitrarily long. Length may be understood in terms of <A href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</A> and number of written <A href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</A>, or (less commonly) <A href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</A> and the number of <A href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</A>.</P>
<TABLE class="wikitable" style="margin-right:auto; font-size:95%">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH>Word</TH>
<TH>Letters</TH>
<TH>Characteristics</TH>
<TH>Dispute</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:List_of_protologisms/Long_words/Titin" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:List of protologisms/Long words/Titin">Methionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl...isoleucine</A></TT></TD>
<TD>189,819</TD>
<TD>Chemical name of <A href="/wiki/Titin" title="Titin">titin</A>, the largest known protein</TD>
<TD>Technical; not in dictionary; disputed whether it is a word</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT>Methionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl...serine</TT></TD>
<TD>1,909</TD>
<TD>Longest published word<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>Technical</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><A href="/wiki/Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphioparaomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokigklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetraganopterygon" title="Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphioparaomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokigklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetraganopterygon">Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano...pterygon</A></TT></TD>
<TD>182</TD>
<TD>Longest word <A href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">coined</A> by a major author,<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> the longest word ever to appear in literature<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>Coined; not in dictionary; <A href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</A> transliteration</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><A href="/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis" title="Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis">Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis</A></TT></TD>
<TD>45</TD>
<TD>Longest word in a major dictionary<SUP id="cite_ref-p45_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-p45-4">[4]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>Technical; coined to be the longest word</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><A href="/wiki/Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" title="Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious">Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious</A></TT></TD>
<TD>34</TD>
<TD>Made popular in the <A href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)" title="Mary Poppins (film)"><I>Mary Poppins</I> film</A> and <A href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(musical)" title="Mary Poppins (musical)">musical</A></TD>
<TD>Coined</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><A href="/wiki/Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism" title="Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism">Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism</A></TT></TD>
<TD>30</TD>
<TD>Longest non-coined word in a major dictionary<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>Technical</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/floccinaucinihilipilification" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:floccinaucinihilipilification">Floccinaucinihilipilification</A></TT></TD>
<TD>29</TD>
<TD>Longest unchallenged nontechnical word</TD>
<TD>Coined</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><A href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism_(word)" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism (word)">Antidisestablishmentarianism</A></TT></TD>
<TD>28</TD>
<TD>Longest non-coined and nontechnical word<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><TT><A href="/wiki/Honorificabilitudinitatibus" title="Honorificabilitudinitatibus">Honorificabilitudinitatibus</A></TT></TD>
<TD>27</TD>
<TD>Longest word in <A href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</A>'s works; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>Latin</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Major_dictionaries"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Major dictionaries</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Creations_of_long_words"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Creations of long words</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Coinages"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Coinages</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Agglutinative_constructions"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Agglutinative constructions</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Technical_terms"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Technical terms</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Notable_long_words"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notable long words</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Place_names"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Place names</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Personal_names"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Personal names</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Words_with_certain_characteristics_of_notable_length"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Words with certain characteristics of notable length</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><A href="#Typed_words"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Typed words</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Major_dictionaries">Major dictionaries</SPAN></H2>
<P>The longest word in any of the major <A href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</A> <A href="/wiki/Dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionaries">dictionaries</A> is <I><A href="/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis" title="Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis">pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis</A></I>, a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine <A href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</A> particles,<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP> specifically from a volcano; medically, it is the same as <A href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">silicosis</A>. The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English, and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.<SUP id="cite_ref-p45_4-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-p45-4">[4]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <I><A href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</A></I> contains <I><A href="/wiki/Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism" title="Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism">pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism</A></I> (30 letters).</P>
<P><I><A href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary#Merriam-Webster's_Collegiate_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary</A></I> does not contain <I>antidisestablishmentarianism</I> (28 letters), as the editors found no widespread, sustained usage of the word in its original meaning. The longest word in that dictionary is <I><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electroencephalographically" class="extiw" title="wikt:electroencephalographically">electroencephalographically</A></I> (27 letters).<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is <I><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/floccinaucinihilipilification" class="extiw" title="wikt:floccinaucinihilipilification">floccinaucinihilipilification</A></I> at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless"; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/A._Ross_Eckler,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="A. Ross Eckler, Jr.">Ross Eckler</A> has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are <I><A href="/wiki/Deinstitutionalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinstitutionalization">deinstitutionalization</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Counterrevolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolutionaries">counterrevolutionaries</A></I>, with 22 letters each.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP></P>
<P>A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is <I>uncharacteristically</I>, at 20 letters.<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The word <I><A href="/wiki/Internationalization" title="Internationalization">internationalization</A></I> is abbreviated "i18n", the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last.<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Creations_of_long_words">Creations of long words</SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Coinages">Coinages</SPAN></H3>
<P>In his play <I><A href="/wiki/Assemblywomen" title="Assemblywomen">Assemblywomen</A></I> (<I>Ecclesiazousae</I>), the <A href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</A> comedic playwright <A href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</A> created a word of 171 letters (183 in the <A href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</A> below), which describes a <A href="/wiki/Recipe" title="Recipe">dish</A> by stringing together its ingredients:</P>
<DIV style="overflow:auto">
<DL>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphioparaomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokigklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetraganopterygon" title="Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphioparaomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokigklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetraganopterygon">Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphioparaomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokigklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetraganopterygon</A>.</DD>
</DL>
</DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Henry_Carey_(writer)" title="Henry Carey (writer)">Henry Carey</A>'s farce <I><A href="/wiki/Chrononhotonthologos" title="Chrononhotonthologos">Chrononhotonthologos</A></I> (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?"</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Thomas_Love_Peacock" title="Thomas Love Peacock">Thomas Love Peacock</A> put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp <I><A href="/wiki/Headlong_Hall" title="Headlong Hall">Headlong Hall</A></I>: <I>osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous</I> (44 characters) and <I>osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary</I> (51 characters).</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</A> made up nine 100-letter words plus one 101-letter word in his novel <I><A href="/wiki/Finnegans_Wake" title="Finnegans Wake">Finnegans Wake</A></I>, the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of <A href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</A>. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. <A href="/wiki/Sylvia_Plath" title="Sylvia Plath">Sylvia Plath</A> made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel <I><A href="/wiki/The_Bell_Jar" title="The Bell Jar">The Bell Jar</A></I>, when the protagonist was reading <I>Finnegans Wake</I>.</P>
<P>"<A href="/wiki/Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" title="Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious">Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious</A>", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie <I><A href="/wiki/Mary_Poppins_(film)" title="Mary Poppins (film)">Mary Poppins</A></I>, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a <A href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper noun</A> defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters <A href="/wiki/Robert_and_Richard_Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert and Richard Sherman">Robert and Richard Sherman</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Agglutinative_constructions">Agglutinative constructions</SPAN></H3>
<P>The English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as <A href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative</A> construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes <I>pseudo</I> (false, spurious) and <I>anti</I> (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like <I><A href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">anti-aircraft</A></I> (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to <I>anti-anti-aircraft</I> (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length. In <A href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</A>, a 8192nd note may be called a <I><A href="/wiki/Semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver">semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver</A></I>.</P>
<P><I><A href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism_(word)" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism (word)">Antidisestablishmentarianism</A></I> is the longest common example of a word formed by <A href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</A> construction.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Technical_terms">Technical terms</SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:122px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Parastratiosphecomyia_stratiosphecomyioides_Brunetti_(lectotype)_-_ZooKeys-238-001-g002-2.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Parastratiosphecomyia_stratiosphecomyioides_Brunetti_%28lectotype%29_-_ZooKeys-238-001-g002-2.jpg/120px-Parastratiosphecomyia_stratiosphecomyioides_Brunetti_%28lectotype%29_-_ZooKeys-238-001-g002-2.jpg" width="120" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Parastratiosphecomyia_stratiosphecomyioides_Brunetti_%28lectotype%29_-_ZooKeys-238-001-g002-2.jpg/180px-Parastratiosphecomyia_stratiosphecomyioides_Brunetti_%28lectotype%29_-_ZooKeys-238-001-g002-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Parastratiosphecomyia_stratiosphecomyioides_Brunetti_%28lectotype%29_-_ZooKeys-238-001-g002-2.jpg/240px-Parastratiosphecomyia_stratiosphecomyioides_Brunetti_%28lectotype%29_-_ZooKeys-238-001-g002-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="1050" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Parastratiosphecomyia_stratiosphecomyioides_Brunetti_(lectotype)_-_ZooKeys-238-001-g002-2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<I><A href="/wiki/Parastratiosphecomyia_sphecomyioides" class="mw-redirect" title="Parastratiosphecomyia sphecomyioides">Parastratiosphecomyia sphecomyioides</A></I></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>A number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</A> nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name <I>Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine</I> for the protein also known as <A href="/wiki/Titin" title="Titin">titin</A>, which is involved in striated muscle formation. In nature, DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names. For example, the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs,<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP> so the sequence of one of its strands, if written out in full like <I>Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl...</I>, would be about 8 billion letters long. The longest published word, <I>Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso...serine</I>, referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of <A href="/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">tobacco mosaic virus</A>, was 1,185 letters long, and appeared in the <A href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</A>'s <A href="/wiki/Chemical_Abstracts_Service" title="Chemical Abstracts Service">Chemical Abstracts Service</A> in 1964 and 1966.<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP> In 1965, the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/John_Horton_Conway" title="John Horton Conway">John Horton Conway</A> and <A href="/wiki/Landon_Curt_Noll" title="Landon Curt Noll">Landon Curt Noll</A> developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one <I>sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion</I>, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 10<SUP>3(6560+1)</SUP> = 10<SUP>19683</SUP>. Under the <A href="/wiki/Long_and_short_scales" title="Long and short scales">long number scale</A>, it would be 10<SUP>6(6560)</SUP> = 10<SUP>39360</SUP>. Jonathan Bowers has developed a system for even larger numbers (<I>enneenneconteennahecteika-enneenneconteennahectenedaka-enneenneconteennahecteyodaka-enneenneconteennahectezedaka-enneenneconteennahecteexdaka-enneenneconteennahectepedaka-enneennecontehectetedaka-enneenneconteennahectetradaka-enneenneconteennahectedoka-enneenneconteennahectehendaka-enneenneconteennahectedaka-enneenneconteennahectexenna-enneenneconteennahecteyotta-enneenneconteennahectezetta-enneenneconteennahecteexa-enneenneconteennahectepeta-enneenneconteennahectetera-enneenneconteennahectegiga-enneenneconteennahectemega-enneenneconteennahectekilla-enneenneconteennahectillion</I> for <SPAN class="mwe-math-element"><SPAN class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
  <semantics>
    <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
      <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
        <msup>
          <mn>10</mn>
          <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
            <mn>3</mn>
            <mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
            <msup>
              <mn>10</mn>
              <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
                <mn>3</mn>
                <mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
                <msup>
                  <mn>10</mn>
                  <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
                    <mn>63</mn>
                  </mrow>
                </msup>
                <mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
                <mn>3</mn>
              </mrow>
            </msup>
            <mo>+</mo>
            <mn>3</mn>
          </mrow>
        </msup>
      </mstyle>
    </mrow>
    <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{3*10^{3*10^{63}-3}+3}}</annotation>
  </semantics>
</math></SPAN><IMG src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/805a30f5ef9407d8867ab00670b0499c734febab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:14.066ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{3*10^{3*10^{63}-3}+3}}" /></SPAN>).<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP></P>
<P><I>Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis</I> is sometimes cited as the longest <A href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial name</A>—it is a kind of <A href="/wiki/Amphipod" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphipod">amphipod</A>. However, this name, proposed by <A href="/wiki/Benedykt_Dybowski" title="Benedykt Dybowski">B. Dybowski</A>, was invalidated by the <A href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</A> in 1929 after being petitioned by <A href="/wiki/Mary_J._Rathbun" title="Mary J. Rathbun">Mary J. Rathbun</A> to take up the case.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP></P>
<P><I>Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides</I> is the longest accepted binomial name. It is a species of <A href="/wiki/Stratiomyidae" title="Stratiomyidae">soldier fly</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP></P>
<P><I>Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic</I>, at 52 letters, describing the <A href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">spa</A> waters at <A href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</A>, England, is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother (1675–1737).<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP> The word is composed of the following elements:</P>
<UL>
<LI>Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP>)</LI>
<LI>Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)</LI>
<LI>Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)</LI>
<LI>Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, <I>cera</I>)</LI>
<LI>Aluminoso: <A href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</A> (Latin)</LI>
<LI>Cupreo: from "copper"</LI>
<LI>Vitriolic: resembling <A href="/wiki/Vitriol" title="Vitriol">vitriol</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notable_long_words">Notable long words</SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Place_names">Place names</SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><A href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_0577.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/New_Zealand_0577.jpg/250px-New_Zealand_0577.jpg" width="250" height="159" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/New_Zealand_0577.jpg/375px-New_Zealand_0577.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/New_Zealand_0577.jpg/500px-New_Zealand_0577.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="651" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_0577.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The sign at <A href="/wiki/Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu">Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch_station_sign_(cropped_version_1).jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch_station_sign_%28cropped_version_1%29.jpg/250px-Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch_station_sign_%28cropped_version_1%29.jpg" width="250" height="177" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch_station_sign_%28cropped_version_1%29.jpg/375px-Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch_station_sign_%28cropped_version_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch_station_sign_%28cropped_version_1%29.jpg/500px-Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch_station_sign_%28cropped_version_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="520" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch_station_sign_(cropped_version_1).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The station sign at <A href="/wiki/Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch">Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch</A> in North <A href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/List_of_long_place_names" title="List of long place names">List of long place names</A></DIV>
<P>The longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is <I><A href="/wiki/Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu">Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu</A></I> (57 letters), which is a hill in <A href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</A>. The name is in the <A href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</A>. A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters), which appears on the signpost at the location (see the photo on this page). In Māori, the digraphs <I>ng</I> and <I>wh</I> are each treated as single letters.</P>
<P>In <A href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</A>, the longest place name is <I><A href="/wiki/Dysart_et_al,_Ontario" title="Dysart et al, Ontario">Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde</A></I>, a <A href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">township</A> in <A href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</A>, at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters.<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is <A href="/wiki/Cottonshopeburnfoot" title="Cottonshopeburnfoot">Cottonshopeburnfoot</A> (19 letters) and the longest which is hyphenated is <A href="/wiki/Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe" title="Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe">Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe</A> (29 characters).</P>
<P>The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is <I><A href="/wiki/Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg" class="mw-redirect" title="Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg">Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg</A></I>, a lake in <A href="/wiki/Webster,_Massachusetts" title="Webster, Massachusetts">Webster</A>, <A href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</A>. It means "Fishing Place at the Boundaries – Neutral Meeting Grounds" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is also known as Webster Lake.<SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP> The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are <I><A href="/wiki/Winchester-on-the-Severn" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester-on-the-Severn">Winchester-on-the-Severn</A></I>, a town in <A href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</A>, and <I><A href="/wiki/Washington-on-the-Brazos" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington-on-the-Brazos">Washington-on-the-Brazos</A></I>, a notable place in <A href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</A> history.</P>
<P>The longest official geographical name in Australia is <A href="/wiki/Mamungkukumpurangkuntjunya_Hill" title="Mamungkukumpurangkuntjunya Hill">Mamungkukumpurangkuntjunya</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP> It has 26 letters and is a <A href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitjantjatjara language">Pitjantjatjara</A> word meaning "where the Devil urinates".<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In <A href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</A>, the longest English placename at 19 letters is <A href="/wiki/Newtownmountkennedy" title="Newtownmountkennedy">Newtownmountkennedy</A> in <A href="/wiki/County_Wicklow" title="County Wicklow">County Wicklow</A>.</P>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/List_of_short_place_names" title="List of short place names">List of short place names</A></DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Personal_names">Personal names</SPAN></H3>
<P><I><A href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</A></I> formerly contained a category for longest <A href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal name</A> used.</P>
<UL>
<LI>From about 1975 to 1985, the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorffvoralternwarengewissenhaftschaferswessenschafewarenwohlgepflegeundsorgfaltigkeitbeschutzenvonangreifendurchihrraubgierigfeindewelchevoralternzwolftausendjahresvorandieerscheinenwanderersteerdemenschderraumschiffgebrauchlichtalsseinursprungvonkraftgestartseinlangefahrthinzwischensternartigraumaufdersuchenachdiesternwelchegehabtbewohnbarplanetenkreisedrehensichundwohinderneurassevonverstandigmenschlichkeitkonntefortplanzenundsicherfreuenanlebenslanglichfreudeundruhemitnichteinfurchtvorangreifenvonandererintelligentgeschopfsvonhinzwischensternartigraum, Senior (746 letters), also known as <A href="/wiki/Wolfe%2B585,_Senior" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfe+585, Senior">Wolfe+585, Senior</A>.</LI>
<LI>After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name. The category was removed shortly afterward.</LI>
</UL>
<P>Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons.</P>
<UL>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/Naming_law_in_Sweden" title="Naming law in Sweden">naming law in Sweden</A> was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin, who proposed the given name "Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116" for their child (pronounced <SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈalbɪn]</A></SPAN>, 43 characters), which was rejected by a <A href="/wiki/District_court" title="District court">district court</A> in <A href="/wiki/Halmstad" title="Halmstad">Halmstad</A>, southern Sweden.</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Words_with_certain_characteristics_of_notable_length">Words with certain characteristics of notable length</SPAN></H3>
<TABLE class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation">
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/List_of_the_longest_English_words_with_one_syllable" title="List of the longest English words with one syllable">List of the longest English words with one syllable</A></DIV>
<UL>
<LI><I>Schmaltzed</I> and <I>strengthed</I> (10 letters) appear to be the longest <A href="/wiki/Monosyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosyllabic">monosyllabic</A> words recorded in <I><A href="/wiki/The_Oxford_English_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford English Dictionary">The Oxford English Dictionary</A></I>, while <I>scraunched</I> and <I>scroonched</I> appear to be the longest <A href="/wiki/Monosyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosyllabic">monosyllabic</A> words recorded in <I><A href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Third_New_International_Dictionary" title="Webster's Third New International Dictionary">Webster's Third New International Dictionary</A></I>; but <I>squirrelled</I> (11 letters) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only (as permitted in <I>The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Online_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary">Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</A></I> at <I>squirrel</I>, and in <I>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</I>). <I>Schtroumpfed</I> (12 letters) was coined by <A href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</A>, while <I>broughammed</I> (11 letters) was coined by <A href="/wiki/William_Harmon" title="William Harmon">William Harmon</A> after <I>broughamed</I> (10 letters) was coined by <A href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</A>.</LI>
<LI><I>Strengths</I> is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Euouae" title="Euouae">Euouae</A></I>, a <A href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</A> musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a <A href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</A> consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the <A href="/wiki/Doxology" title="Doxology">lesser doxology</A>. (Although <I>u</I> was often used interchangeably with <I>v</I>, and the variant "Evovae" is occasionally used, the <I>v</I> in these cases would still be a vowel.)</LI>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/Longest_words" title="Longest words">longest words</A> with <A href="/wiki/Isogram" title="Isogram">no repeated letters</A> are <I><A href="/wiki/Dermatoglyphics" title="Dermatoglyphics">dermatoglyphics</A></I>, <I>misconjugatedly</I> and <I>uncopyrightables</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter <I><A href="/wiki/Aegilops" title="Aegilops">Aegilops</A></I>, a grass genus. However, this is arguably both Latin and a <A href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper noun</A>. There are several six-letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order, including <I>abhors</I>, <I>almost</I>, <I>begins</I>, <I>biopsy</I>, <I>chimps</I> and <I>chintz</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-typewriter_30-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-typewriter-30">[30]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once, and in order, are <I>abstemiously</I>, <I>affectiously</I>, and <I>tragediously</I> (OED). <I>Fracedinously</I> and <I>gravedinously</I> (constructed from adjectives in OED) have thirteen letters; <I>Gadspreciously</I>, constructed from <I>Gadsprecious</I> (in OED), has fourteen letters. <I>Facetiously</I> is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all five vowels and the <A href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</A> <I>y</I>.</LI>
<LI>The longest single <A href="/wiki/Palindrome" title="Palindrome">palindromic</A> word in English is <I>rotavator</I>, another name for a <A href="/wiki/Rotary_tiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary tiller">rotary tiller</A> for breaking and aerating soil.</LI>
</UL>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Typed_words">Typed words</SPAN></H4>
<UL>
<LI>The longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a <A href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</A> keyboard are <I><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tesseradecade" class="extiw" title="wikt:tesseradecade">tesseradecades</A></I>, <I>aftercataracts</I>,<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP> and the more common but sometimes hyphenated <I>sweaterdresses</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-typewriter_30-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-typewriter-30">[30]</A></SUP> Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is <I><A href="/wiki/Heartsease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartsease">johnny-jump-up</A></I>, or, excluding <A href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphens</A>, <I>monimolimnion</I><SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP> and <I>phyllophyllin</I>.</LI>
<LI>The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters: <I>rupturewort</I>. Similar words with 10 letters include: <I>pepperwort</I>, <I>perpetuity</I>, <I>proprietor</I>, <I>requietory</I>, <I>repertoire</I>, <I>tripertite</I>, <I>pourriture</I> and (fittingly) <I>typewriter</I>. The word <I><A href="/wiki/Seesaw" title="Seesaw">teetertotter</A></I> (used in <A href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</A>) is longer at 12 letters, although it is usually spelled with a hyphen.</LI>
<LI>The longest using only the middle row is <I>shakalshas</I> (10 letters). Nine-letter words include <I>flagfalls</I>, <I>galahads</I> and <I>alfalfas</I>.</LI>
<LI>Since the bottom row contains no vowels, no standard words can be formed. Exceptions might include <I>Zzz</I>, seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep, or <I>m<SPAN class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</SPAN></I>, the <A href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</A> form of <I>my</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are <I>antiskepticism</I> and <I>leucocytozoans</I> respectively.<SUP id="cite_ref-typewriter_30-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-typewriter-30">[30]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>On a <A href="/wiki/Dvorak_Simplified_Keyboard" title="Dvorak Simplified Keyboard">Dvorak</A> keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are <I>epopoeia</I>, <I><A href="/wiki/Jipijapa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jipijapa (disambiguation)">jipijapa</A></I>, <I><A href="/wiki/Peekapoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Peekapoo">peekapoo</A></I>, and <I>quiaquia</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[34]</A></SUP> Other such long words are <I><A href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</A></I>, <I><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kikuyu" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kikuyu">Kikuyu</A></I>, <I>opaque</I>, and <I>upkeep</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP> <I>Kikuyu</I> is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is <A href="/wiki/Crwth" title="Crwth">crwth</A>.</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizit%C3%A4tenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft" title="Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft">Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft</A>, longest published word in German</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lipogram" title="Lipogram">Lipogram</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_the_longest_English_words_with_one_syllable" title="List of the longest English words with one syllable">List of the longest English words with one syllable</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Longest_English_sentence" title="Longest English sentence">Longest English sentence</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Longest_word_in_Spanish" title="Longest word in Spanish">Longest word in Spanish</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Longest_word_in_Turkish" title="Longest word in Turkish">Longest word in Turkish</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Number_of_words_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Number of words in English">Number of words in English</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scriptio_continua" title="Scriptio continua">Scriptio continua</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sesquipedalianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesquipedalianism">Sesquipedalianism</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Colista Moore (2011). <I>Student's Dictionary</I>. p. 524. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934669-21-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934669-21-1">978-1-934669-21-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Student%27s+Dictionary&rft.pages=524&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-934669-21-1&rft.au=Colista+Moore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">see separate article <A href="/wiki/Lopado...pterygon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopado...pterygon">Lopado...pterygon</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Donald McFarlan; Norris Dewar McWhirter; David A. Boeh (1989). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EKSHvbY5howC&pg=PA129"><I>Guinness book of world records: 1990</I></A>. Sterling. p. 129. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8069-5790-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8069-5790-6">978-0-8069-5790-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+book+of+world+records%3A+1990&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8069-5790-6&rft.au=Donald+McFarlan&rft.au=Norris+Dewar+McWhirter&rft.au=David+A.+Boeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEKSHvbY5howC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-p45-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-p45_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-p45_4-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Coined around 1935 to be the longest word; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat. First appeared in the MWNID supplement, 1939. Today OED and several others list it, but citations are almost always as "longest word". More detail at <A href="/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis" title="Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis">pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutwords/longestword">"What is the longest English word?"</A>. AskOxford. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/66sSvZqYP?url=http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutwords/longestword">Archived</A> from the original on 2012-04-12<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-08-22</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+longest+English+word%3F&rft.pub=AskOxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askoxford.com%2Fasktheexperts%2Ffaq%2Faboutwords%2Flongestword&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/page/longestword?view=uk">"What is the longest English word?"</A>. <I>oxforddictionaries.com</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxforddictionaries.com&rft.atitle=What+is+the+longest+English+word%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fpage%2Flongestword%3Fview%3Duk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.innocentenglish.com/cool-interesting-and-strange-facts/cool-strange-and-interesting-facts-page-3-3.html">http://www.innocentenglish.com/cool-interesting-and-strange-facts/cool-strange-and-interesting-facts-page-3-3.html</A> See fact #99</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0642240#m_en_gb0642240">"pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis – definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary"</A>. <I>oxforddictionaries.com</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxforddictionaries.com&rft.atitle=pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis+%E2%80%93+definition+of+pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis+in+English+from+the+Oxford+dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fview%2Fentry%2Fm_en_gb0642240%23m_en_gb0642240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/video/0048-longest_word_in_dictionary.htm">"The Longest Word in the Dictionary"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(Video)</SPAN>. <I>Ask the Editor</I>. <A href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">14 November</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ask+the+Editor&rft.atitle=The+Longest+Word+in+the+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fvideo%2F0048-longest_word_in_dictionary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-flo2.htm">"Floccinaucinihilipilification" by Michael Quinion <I>World Wide Words</I></A>;</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The <I><A href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of Records">Guinness Book of Records</A></I>, in its 1992 and previous editions, declared the longest real word in the English language to be <I>floccinaucinihilipilification</I>. More recent editions of the book have acknowledged <I>pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis</I>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutwords/longestword?view=uk">What is the longest English word? - Oxford Dictionaries Online</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">In recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator <A href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</A> Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd "Mr. President, may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York, I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago. I cannot remember just when or what the occasion was, but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment." Congressional Record June 17, 1991, p. S7887, and at the White House by <A href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</A>'s press secretary <A href="/wiki/Mike_McCurry_(press_secretary)" title="Mike McCurry (press secretary)">Mike McCurry</A>, albeit sarcastically. December 6, 1995, White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions: "But if you – as a practical matter of estimating the economy, the difference is not great. There's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here."</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Eckler, R. <I>Making the Alphabet Dance</I>, p 252, 1996.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427054251/http://www.maltron.com/words/words-longest-modern.html">"Longest Common Words – Modern"</A>. Maltron.com. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maltron.com/words/words-longest-modern.html">the original</A> on 27 April 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-08-22</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Longest+Common+Words+%E2%80%93+Modern&rft.pub=Maltron.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maltron.com%2Fwords%2Fwords-longest-modern.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/2001/12/Glossary#I18N">"Glossary of W3C Jargon"</A>. <A href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2008-10-13</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+W3C+Jargon&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2001%2F12%2FGlossary%23I18N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i18nguy.com/origini18n.html">"Origin of the Abbreviation I18n"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+Abbreviation+I18n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i18nguy.com%2Forigini18n.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-i18n">"Localization vs. Internationalization"</A>. <A href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Localization+vs.+Internationalization&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FInternational%2Fquestions%2Fqa-i18n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Paux et al. (2008) Science, Vol. 322 (5898) 101-104. A Physical Map of the 1-Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B <A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/322/5898/101.full">[1]</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Chemical Abstracts Formula Index, Jan.-June 1964</I>, Page 967F; <I>Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll. Formulas, C<SUB>23</SUB>H<SUB>32</SUB>-Z, 56-65, 1962–1966</I>, Page 6717F</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/largenumbers/home/2-4">Sbiis Sabaian's "Large Numbers" website</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation">"Opinion 105. Dybowski's (1926) Names of Crustacea Suppressed". <I>Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature: Opinions 105 to 114</I>. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. <B>73</B> (6). 1929. pp. 1–3. <A href="/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">hdl</A>:<SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10088%2F23619">10088/23619</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">BHL</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8911139">page 8911139</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Opinion+105.+Dybowski%27s+%281926%29+Names+of+Crustacea+Suppressed&rft.btitle=Opinions+Rendered+by+the+International+Commission+on+Zoological+Nomenclature%3A+Opinions+105+to+114&rft.series=Smithsonian+Miscellaneous+Collections&rft.pages=1-3&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10088%2F23619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">rjk. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com/long428.html">"World's longest name of an animal. Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly"</A>. <I>thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com&rft.atitle=World%27s+longest+name+of+an+animal.+Parastratiosphecomyia+stratiosphecomyioides+Stratiomyid+Fly+Soldier+Fly.&rft.au=rjk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com%2Flong428.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">cited in some editions of the <A href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of Records">Guinness Book of Records</A> as the longest word in English, see <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutwords/longestword">Askoxford.com</A> on the longest English word <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/66sSvZqYP?url=http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutwords/longestword">Archived</A> April 12, 2012, at <A href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://perseus.uchicago.edu/hopper/morph.jsp?l=aequo&la=la">[2]</A><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><SPAN title=" Dead link since August 2010">dead link</SPAN></A></I>]</SPAN></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206201115/http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/info/trivia_e.php">"GeoNames Government of Canada site"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/info/trivia_e.php">the original</A> on 2009-02-06.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GeoNames+Government+of+Canada+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.nrcan.gc.ca%2Finfo%2Ftrivia_e.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Belluck, Pam (2004-11-20). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/20/national/20lake.html">"What's the Name of That Lake? It's Hard to Say"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+Name+of+That+Lake%3F+It%27s+Hard+to+Say&rft.date=2004-11-20&rft.aulast=Belluck&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F11%2F20%2Fnational%2F20lake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001005330/http://www.ga.gov.au/bin/gazd01?rec=204304">"Geoscience Australia Gazeteer"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ga.gov.au/bin/gazd01?rec=204304">the original</A> on 2007-10-01.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geoscience+Australia+Gazeteer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ga.gov.au%2Fbin%2Fgazd01%3Frec%3D204304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001000850/http://www.placenames.sa.gov.au/pno/pnores.phtml?recno=SA0078626">"South Australian State Gazeteer"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.placenames.sa.gov.au/pno/pnores.phtml?recno=SA0078626">the original</A> on 2007-10-01.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Australian+State+Gazeteer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.placenames.sa.gov.au%2Fpno%2Fpnores.phtml%3Frecno%3DSA0078626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rinkworks.com/words/oddities.shtml">"Fun With Words: Word Oddities"</A>. Rinkworks.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-08-22</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fun+With+Words%3A+Word+Oddities&rft.pub=Rinkworks.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frinkworks.com%2Fwords%2Foddities.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-typewriter-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-typewriter_30-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-typewriter_30-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-typewriter_30-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questrel.com/records.html#spelling_typewriter_order">"Typewriter Words"</A>. Questrel.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-08-22</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Typewriter+Words&rft.pub=Questrel.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.questrel.com%2Frecords.html%23spelling_typewriter_order&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217081656/http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200319/000020031903A0436636.php">"Science Links Japan | Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal"</A>. Sciencelinks.jp. 2009-03-18. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200319/000020031903A0436636.php">the original</A> on 2011-02-17<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-08-22</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+Links+Japan+%26%23124%3B+Two+Unique+Aftercataracts+Requiring+Surgical+Removal&rft.pub=Sciencelinks.jp&rft.date=2009-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsciencelinks.jp%2Fj-east%2Farticle%2F200319%2F000020031903A0436636.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-monimolimnion.html?jse=0">"Dictionary entry for monimolimnion, a word that, at 13 letters, is longer than any of the words linked in the source above"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2009-08-15</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+entry+for+monimolimnion%2C+a+word+that%2C+at+13+letters%2C+is+longer+than+any+of+the+words+linked+in+the+source+above&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fdoc%2F1O13-monimolimnion.html%3Fjse%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100820154431/http://www.theworldofstuff.com/dvorak/">"The Dvorak Keyboard and You"</A>. Theworldofstuff.com. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworldofstuff.com/dvorak/">the original</A> on 2010-08-20<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-08-22</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dvorak+Keyboard+and+You&rft.pub=Theworldofstuff.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldofstuff.com%2Fdvorak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongest+word+in+English" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<DIV style="font-size: xx-small; line-height: 1.6em; margin-left: 60px;">This audio file was created from a revision of the article "<SPAN class="fn">Longest word in English</SPAN>" dated 2011-01-08, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (<A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</A>)</DIV>
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<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeff560.tripod.com/words13.html">Long words (chemical names)</A></LI>
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<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutwords/longestword"><I>What is the longest English word?</I></A>, <A href="/wiki/AskOxford.com" class="mw-redirect" title="AskOxford.com">AskOxford.com</A> "Ask the Experts"</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fun-with-words.com/word_longest.html"><I>What is the Longest Word?</I></A>, Fun-With-Words.com</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209004246/http://www.sarahmcculloch.com/luminaryuprise/longest-word.html">Full chemical name of titin</A>.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questrel.com/records.html">Taxonomy of Wordplay</A></LI>
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document_title: Longest word in English

token: Longest

token: word

token: in

token: English

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: Not

token: be

token: confused

token: with

token: words

token: The

token: identity

token: of

token: the

token: longest

token: depends

token: upon

token: definition

token: what

token: constitutes

token: a

token: language

token: how

token: length

token: should

token: compared

token: In

token: addition

token: derived

token: naturally

token: from

token: 's

token: roots

token: without

token: any

token: known

token: intentional

token: invention

token: allows

token: new

token: formed

token: by

token: coinage

token: and

token: construction

token: place

token: names

token: may

token: considered

token: technical

token: terms

token: arbitrarily

token: long

token: Length

token: understood

token: orthography

token: number

question_text: what is the longest non medical word in the dictionary