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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><I>Frankenstein</I></H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a novel by Mary Shelley. For the characters, see <A href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein">Victor Frankenstein</A> and <A href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</A>. For the historic German castles and other uses, see <A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Frankenstein (disambiguation)">Frankenstein (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
<TABLE class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em">
<CAPTION style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0.2em;">Frankenstein;<BR />
or, The Modern Prometheus</CAPTION>
<TBODY><TR>
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<DIV>Volume I, first edition</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Author</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Country</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Language</TH>
<TD>English</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Genre</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Gothic_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic novel">Gothic novel</A>, <A href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</A>, <A href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">soft science fiction</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Published</TH>
<TD>1 January 1818 (Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor & Jones)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Pages</TH>
<TD>280</TD>
</TR>
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<P><I><B>Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</B></I> is a <A href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</A> written by English author <A href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</A> (1797–1851) that tells the story of <A href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein">Victor Frankenstein</A>, a young scientist who creates a grotesque but <A href="/wiki/Sapience" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapience">sapient</A> <A href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">creature</A> in an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was 18, and the first edition of the novel was published anonymously in London on 1 January 1818, when she was 20.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> Her name first appeared on the second edition, published in France in 1823.</P>
<P>Shelley travelled through Europe in 1814, journeying along the river <A href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</A> in Germany with a stop in <A href="/wiki/Gernsheim" title="Gernsheim">Gernsheim</A> which is 17 kilometres (11 mi) away from <A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Castle" title="Frankenstein Castle">Frankenstein Castle</A>, where, two centuries before, an <A href="/wiki/Alchemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemist">alchemist</A> was engaged in experiments.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP> Later, she travelled in the region of <A href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</A> (Switzerland)—where much of the story takes place—and the topic of <A href="/wiki/Galvanism" title="Galvanism">galvanism</A> and other similar <A href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</A> ideas were themes of conversation among her companions, particularly her lover and future husband, <A href="/wiki/Percy_Shelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Shelley">Percy Shelley</A>. Mary, Percy, <A href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</A> and <A href="/wiki/John_Polidori" class="mw-redirect" title="John Polidori">John Polidori</A> decided to have a competition to see who could write the best <A href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</A> story. After thinking for days, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made; her dream later evolved into the novel's story.</P>
<P><I>Frankenstein</I> is infused with elements of the <A href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic novel</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</A> movement. At the same time, it is an early example of <A href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</A>. <A href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</A> has argued that it should be considered the first true science fiction story because, in contrast to previous stories with fantastical elements resembling those of later science fiction, the central character "makes a deliberate decision" and "turns to modern experiments in the laboratory" to achieve fantastic results.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP> It has had a considerable influence in literature and popular culture and spawned a complete genre of <A href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</A> stories, films and plays.</P>
<P>Since the novel's publication, the name "Frankenstein" has often been used to refer to the monster itself. This usage is sometimes considered erroneous, but usage commentators regard it as well-established and acceptable.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP> In the novel, the monster is identified by words such as "creature", "monster", "demon", "wretch", "abortion", "fiend" and "it". Speaking to Victor Frankenstein, the wretch refers to himself as "the Adam of your labours", and elsewhere as someone who "would have [been] your Adam", but is instead "your fallen angel" (which ties to <A href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</A> in <I><A href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</A></I>, which the monster reads, and which relates to the disobedience of <A href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</A> in the book's subtitle).</P>
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<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Summary"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Summary</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><A href="#Captain_Walton's_Introductory_Frame_Narrative"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Captain Walton's Introductory Frame Narrative</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Victor_Frankenstein's_Narrative"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Victor Frankenstein's Narrative</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#The_Creature's_Narrative"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">The Creature's Narrative</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Victor_Frankenstein's_Narrative_Resumes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Victor Frankenstein's Narrative Resumes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Captain_Walton's_Concluding_Frame_Narrative"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Captain Walton's Concluding Frame Narrative</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Characters"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Characters</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#Composition"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Composition</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#Publication"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Publication</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#Frankenstein_and_the_Monster"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Frankenstein and the Monster</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#The_Creature"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">The Creature</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#Victor_Frankenstein's_Surname"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Victor Frankenstein's Surname</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Victor_Frankenstein's_Given_Name"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Victor Frankenstein's Given Name</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><A href="#Modern_Prometheus"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Modern Prometheus</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#Shelley's_sources"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Shelley's sources</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><A href="#Reception"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Reception</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><A href="#Derivative_works"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Derivative works</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><A href="#Films,_plays_and_television"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Films, plays and television</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><A href="#Editions"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Editions</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><A href="#1818_text"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">1818 text</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><A href="#1831_text"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13.1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">1831 text</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">14</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Summary">Summary</SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Editions_of_Frankenstein.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Editions_of_Frankenstein.jpg/220px-Editions_of_Frankenstein.jpg" width="220" height="76" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Editions_of_Frankenstein.jpg/330px-Editions_of_Frankenstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Editions_of_Frankenstein.jpg/440px-Editions_of_Frankenstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2907" data-file-height="1008" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Editions_of_Frankenstein.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
A variety of different editions</DIV>
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</DIV>
<P><I>Frankenstein</I> is written in the form of a <A href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">frame story</A> that starts with Captain Robert Walton writing letters to his sister. It takes place at an unspecified time in the 18th century, as the letters' dates are given as "17—".</P>
<H3><SPAN id="Captain_Walton.27s_Introductory_Frame_Narrative"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Captain_Walton's_Introductory_Frame_Narrative">Captain Walton's Introductory Frame Narrative</SPAN></H3>
<P>The novel <I>Frankenstein</I> is written in <A href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">epistolary form</A>, documenting a fictional correspondence between Captain Robert Walton and his sister, Margaret Walton Saville. Walton is a failed writer and captain who sets out to explore the <A href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</A> and expand his scientific knowledge in hopes of achieving fame. During the voyage, the crew spots a dog sled driven by a gigantic figure. A few hours later, the crew rescues a nearly frozen and emaciated man named <A href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein">Victor Frankenstein</A>. Frankenstein has been in pursuit of the gigantic man observed by Walton's crew. Frankenstein starts to recover from his exertion; he sees in Walton the same obsession that has destroyed him, and recounts a story of his life's miseries to Walton as a warning. The recounted story serves as the frame for Frankenstein's narrative.</P>
<H3><SPAN id="Victor_Frankenstein.27s_Narrative"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Victor_Frankenstein's_Narrative">Victor Frankenstein's Narrative</SPAN></H3>
<P>Victor begins by telling of his childhood. Born in <A href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</A>, into a wealthy <A href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Genevan</A> family, Victor and his brothers, Ernest and William, all three being sons of Alphonse Frankenstein by the former Caroline Beaufort, are encouraged to seek a greater understanding of the world through chemistry. As a young boy, Victor is obsessed with studying outdated theories that focus on simulating natural wonders. When Victor is five years old, his parents adopt <A href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Lavenza" title="Elizabeth Lavenza">Elizabeth Lavenza</A>, the orphaned daughter of an expropriated Italian nobleman, with whom Victor later falls in love. During this period, Victor's parents, Alphonse and Caroline, take in yet another orphan, Justine Moritz, who becomes William's nanny.</P>
<P>Weeks before he leaves for the <A href="/wiki/University_of_Ingolstadt" title="University of Ingolstadt">University of Ingolstadt</A> in Germany, his mother dies of <A href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</A>; Victor buries himself in his experiments to deal with the grief. At the university, he excels at chemistry and other sciences, soon developing a secret technique to impart life to non-living matter. Eventually, he undertakes the creation of a humanoid, but due to the difficulty in replicating the minute parts of the human body, Victor makes the Creature tall, about 8 feet (2.4 m) in height and proportionally large. Despite his intentions, the beautiful creation of his dreams is instead hideous, with yellow eyes and skin that barely conceals the muscle tissue and blood vessels underneath. Repulsed by his work, Victor flees and dismisses him when it awakens. While wandering the streets, he meets his childhood friend, Henry Clerval, and takes Henry back to his apartment, fearful of Henry's reaction if he sees the monster. Victor does not have to deal with that issue, however, because the monster has escaped.</P>
<P>Victor falls ill from the experience and is nursed back to health by Henry. After a four-month recovery, he returns home when he learns of the murder of his brother William. Upon arriving in Geneva, Victor sees the Creature near the crime scene and climbing a mountain, leading him to believe his creation is responsible. Justine Moritz, William's nanny, is convicted of the crime after William's locket, which had contained a miniature portrait of Caroline, is found in her pocket. Victor is helpless to stop her from being hanged, as he knows no one would believe his story.</P>
<P>Ravaged by grief and guilt, Victor retreats into the mountains. The Creature finds him and pleads for Victor to hear his tale.</P>
<H3><SPAN id="The_Creature.27s_Narrative"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="The_Creature's_Narrative">The Creature's Narrative</SPAN></H3>
<P>Intelligent and articulate, the Creature relates his first days of life, living alone in the wilderness and finding that people were afraid of and hated him due to his appearance, which led him to fear and hide from them. While living in an abandoned structure connected to a cottage, he grew fond of the poor family living there, and discreetly collected firewood for them. Secretly living among the family for months, the Creature learned to speak by listening to them and he taught himself to read after discovering a lost satchel of books in the woods. When he saw his reflection in a pool, he realized his physical appearance was hideous, and it terrified him as it terrifies normal humans. Nevertheless, he approached the family in hopes of becoming their friend. Initially he was able to befriend the blind father figure of the family, but the rest of them were frightened and they all fled their home, resulting in the Creature burning the cottage in a fit of rage. He then swore revenge on his creator for bringing him into a world that hated him. He traveled to Victor's family estate using details from Victor's journal, murdered William, and framed Justine.</P>
<P>The Creature demands that Victor create a female companion like himself. He argues that as a living being, he has a right to happiness. The Creature promises that he and his mate will vanish into the South American wilderness, never to reappear, if Victor grants his request. Should Victor refuse his request, The Creature also threatens to kill Victor's remaining friends and loved ones and not stop until he completely ruins him.</P>
<P>Fearing for his family, Victor reluctantly agrees. The Creature says he will watch over Victor's progress.</P>
<H3><SPAN id="Victor_Frankenstein.27s_Narrative_Resumes"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Victor_Frankenstein's_Narrative_Resumes">Victor Frankenstein's Narrative Resumes</SPAN></H3>
<P>Clerval accompanies him to <A href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</A>, but they separate at Victor's insistence at <A href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</A>, <A href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</A>. Victor suspects that the Creature is following him. Working on the female creature on the <A href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney Islands</A>, he is plagued by premonitions of disaster, such as the female hating the Creature or becoming more evil than him, but more particularly the two creatures might lead to the breeding of a race that could plague mankind. He tears apart the unfinished female creature after he sees the Creature, who had indeed followed Victor, watching through a window. The Creature later confronts and tries to threaten Victor into working again, but Victor is convinced that the Creature is evil and that its mate would be evil as well, and the pair would threaten all humanity. Victor destroys his work and the Creature vows that he will "be with [him] on [his] wedding night". Victor interprets this as a threat upon his life, believing that the Creature will kill him after finally becoming happy. When Victor lands in <A href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</A>, he is soon imprisoned for Clerval's murder, as the Creature had strangled Clerval to death and left the corpse to be found where his creator had arrived, causing the latter to suffer another mental breakdown in prison. After being acquitted, Victor returns home with his father, who has restored to Elizabeth some of her father's fortune.</P>
<P>In Geneva, Victor is about to marry Elizabeth and prepares to fight the Creature to the death, arming himself with pistols and a dagger. The night following their wedding, Victor asks Elizabeth to stay in her room while he looks for "the fiend". While Victor searches the house and grounds, the Creature strangles Elizabeth to death. From the window, Victor sees the Creature, who tauntingly points at Elizabeth's corpse; Victor tries to shoot him, but the Creature escapes. After getting back to Geneva, Victor's father, weakened by age and by the death of his precious Elizabeth, dies a few days later. Seeking revenge, Victor pursues the Creature to the <A href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</A>, but collapses from exhaustion and <A href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</A> before he can find his quarry.</P>
<H3><SPAN id="Captain_Walton.27s_Concluding_Frame_Narrative"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Captain_Walton's_Concluding_Frame_Narrative">Captain Walton's Concluding Frame Narrative</SPAN></H3>
<P>At the end of Victor's narrative, Captain Walton resumes the telling of the story, closing the frame around Victor's recounting. A few days after the Creature vanished, the ship becomes trapped in <A href="/wiki/Pack_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack ice">pack ice</A> and multiple crewmen die in the cold, before the rest of Walton's crew insists on returning south once it is freed. Walton sees Victor's story as a warning, and decides to turn the ship around.</P>
<P>Victor dies shortly thereafter, but not before telling Walton to "avoid ambition". Walton discovers the Creature on his ship, mourning over Victor's body. The Creature tells Walton that Victor's death has not brought him peace; rather, his crimes have left him completely alone. The Creature vows to kill himself so that no others will ever know of his existence. Walton watches as the Creature drifts away on an ice raft that is soon lost in darkness and distance, never to be seen again.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Characters">Characters</SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein">Victor Frankenstein</A></B> - Protagonist and narrator of most of the story. Creates the monster.</LI>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">The creature (Frankenstein's monster)</A></B> - The hideous creature created by Victor Frankenstein.</LI>
<LI><B>Mrs. Margaret Saville</B> - Resident of England. Sister of Robert Walton. Addressee of letters written by him.</LI>
<LI><B>Captain Robert Walton</B> - Captain of the boat which picked up Victor. Brother of Mrs. Margaret Saville, and writer of letters addressed to her.</LI>
<LI><B>Beaufort</B> - A Merchant. Caroline Beaufort’s father. One of the most intimate friends of Victor’s father.</LI>
<LI><B>Caroline Beaufort</B> - Beaufort’s daughter, Victor’s mother.</LI>
<LI><B>Ernest</B> - Victor’s brother. Seven years younger than Victor.</LI>
<LI><B>Henry Clerval</B> - Victor’s best friend from childhood. The son of a merchant of Geneva.</LI>
<LI><B>Justine Moritz</B> - Daughter of Madame Moritz. Moved in with the Frankenstein family at age of 12, and hanged for the murder of William.</LI>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Lavenza" title="Elizabeth Lavenza">Elizabeth Lavenza</A></B> - Daughter of a Milanese nobleman. Her mother was a German and had died on giving birth to her. Raised as Victor’s “cousin” in the Frankenstein home.</LI>
<LI><B>William</B> - Victor’s youngest brother.</LI>
<LI><B>M. Krempe</B> - professor of natural philosophy at university of Ingolstadt. He was an uncouth man, but deeply imbued in the secrets of his science. Influenced Victor.</LI>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/Doctor_Waldman" title="Doctor Waldman">M. Waldman</A></B> - A professor, at Ingolstadt. Influenced Victor.</LI>
<LI><B>Agatha</B> - Daughter of De Lacey. Felix’s sister.</LI>
<LI><B>Felix</B> - Son of De Lacey.</LI>
<LI><B>De Lacey</B> - Blind old man descended from a good family in France. Father of Agatha and Felix. His family was observed by the monster, and unbeknownst to them, taught him to speak and read.</LI>
<LI><B>Safie</B> - Daughter of a Turkish Merchant and a Christian Arab.</LI>
<LI><B>Mr. Kirwin</B> - A magistrate.</LI>
<LI><B>Daniel Nugent</B> - A witness against Victor in his murder trial.</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Composition">Composition</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:FrankensteinDraft.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/FrankensteinDraft.jpg/220px-FrankensteinDraft.jpg" width="220" height="331" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/FrankensteinDraft.jpg/330px-FrankensteinDraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/FrankensteinDraft.jpg/440px-FrankensteinDraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="753" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:FrankensteinDraft.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Draft of <I>Frankenstein</I> ("It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld my man completed ...")</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>"How I, then a young girl, came to think of, and to dilate upon, so very hideous an idea?" — Mary Shelley<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>During the rainy summer of 1816, the "<A href="/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer" title="Year Without a Summer">Year Without a Summer</A>", the world was locked in a long cold <A href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">volcanic winter</A> caused by the eruption of <A href="/wiki/Mount_Tambora" title="Mount Tambora">Mount Tambora</A> in 1815.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</A>, aged 18, and her lover (and later husband) <A href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</A>, visited <A href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</A> at the <A href="/wiki/Villa_Diodati" title="Villa Diodati">Villa Diodati</A> by <A href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</A> in Switzerland. The weather was consistently too cold and dreary that summer to enjoy the outdoor holiday activities they had planned, so the group retired indoors until dawn.</P>
<P>Sitting around a log fire at Byron's villa, the company amused themselves by reading German ghost stories translated into French from the book <I><A href="/wiki/Fantasmagoriana" title="Fantasmagoriana">Fantasmagoriana</A></I>,<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP> then Byron proposed that they "each write a ghost story".<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP> Unable to think of a story, young Mary became anxious: "<I>Have you thought of a story?</I> I was asked each morning, and each morning I was forced to reply with a mortifying negative."<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP> During one evening in the middle of summer, the discussions turned to the nature of the principle of life. "Perhaps a corpse would be re-animated", Mary noted, "<A href="/wiki/Galvanism" title="Galvanism">galvanism</A> had given token of such things".<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP> It was after midnight before they retired, and unable to sleep, she became possessed by her imagination as she beheld the <I>grim terrors</I> of her "waking dream".<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>I saw the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together. I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out, and then, on the working of some powerful engine, show signs of life, and stir with an uneasy, half vital motion. Frightful must it be; for supremely frightful would be the effect of any human endeavour to mock the stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world.<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>In September 2011, astronomer Donald Olson, after a visit to the Lake Geneva villa the previous year, and inspecting data about the motion of the moon and stars, concluded that her "waking dream" took place "between 2 a.m. and 3 a.m." on 16 June 1816, several days after the initial idea by Lord Byron that they each write a ghost story.<SUP id="cite_ref-astro_17-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-astro-17">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<P>She began writing what she assumed would be a short story. With Percy Shelley's encouragement, she expanded the tale into a full-fledged novel.<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP> She later described that summer in Switzerland as the moment "when I first stepped out from childhood into life".<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP> Shelley wrote the first four chapters in the weeks following the suicide of her half-sister Fanny.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP> This was one of many personal tragedies that impacted Shelley's work. Shelley's first child died in infancy, and when she began composing <I>Frankenstein</I> in 1816, she was likely nursing her second child, who would also be dead at <I>Frankenstein</I>'s publication.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Byron managed to write just a fragment based on the <A href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</A> legends he heard while travelling the <A href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</A>, and from this <A href="/wiki/John_Polidori" class="mw-redirect" title="John Polidori">John Polidori</A> created <I><A href="/wiki/The_Vampyre" title="The Vampyre">The Vampyre</A></I> (1819), the progenitor of the romantic vampire literary genre. Thus two legendary horror tales originated from the conclave.</P>
<P>The group talked about <A href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (philosophy)">Enlightenment</A> and <A href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</A> ideas as well. Shelley believed the Enlightenment idea that society could progress and grow if political leaders used their powers responsibly; however, she also believed the Romantic ideal that misused power could destroy society (Bennett 36–42).<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Mary's and Percy Bysshe Shelley's manuscripts for the first three-volume edition in 1818 (written 1816–1817), as well as Mary Shelley's fair copy for her publisher, are now housed in the <A href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</A> in <A href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</A>. The Bodleian acquired the papers in 2004, and they belong now to the <A href="/wiki/Baron_Abinger" title="Baron Abinger">Abinger</A> Collection.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP> In 2008, the Bodleian published a new edition of <I>Frankenstein</I>, edited by Charles E. Robinson, that contains comparisons of Mary Shelley's original text with Percy Shelley's additions and interventions alongside.<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Publication">Publication</SPAN></H2>
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<A href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</A> by <A href="/wiki/Richard_Rothwell" title="Richard Rothwell">Richard Rothwell</A> (1840–41)</DIV>
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<P>Shelley completed her writing in April/May 1817, and <I>Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</I> was published on 1 January 1818<SUP id="cite_ref-Robinson1996_25-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Robinson1996-25">[25]</A></SUP> by the small London publishing house Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones.<SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP> It was issued anonymously, with a preface written for Mary by <A href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</A> and with a dedication to philosopher <A href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</A>, her father. It was published in an edition of just 500 copies in three volumes, the standard "<A href="/wiki/Three-volume_novel" title="Three-volume novel">triple-decker</A>" format for 19th-century first editions.</P>
<P>The second edition of <I>Frankenstein</I> was published on 11 August 1822 in two volumes (by G. and W. B. Whittaker) following the success of the stage play <I>Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein</I> by <A href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Peake" title="Richard Brinsley Peake">Richard Brinsley Peake</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP> This edition credited Mary Shelley as the book's author on its title page.</P>
<P>On 31 October 1831, the first "popular" edition in one-volume appeared, published by <A href="/wiki/Henry_Colburn" title="Henry Colburn">Henry Colburn</A> & Richard Bentley.<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP> This edition was heavily revised by Mary Shelley, partially to make the story less radical. It included a lengthy new preface by the author, presenting a somewhat embellished version of the genesis of the story. This edition is the one most widely published and read now, although a few editions follow the 1818 text.<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP> Some scholars prefer the original version, arguing that it preserves the spirit of Mary Shelley's vision (see Anne K. Mellor's "Choosing a Text of <I>Frankenstein</I> to Teach" in the <A href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</A> Critical edition).</P>
<P>In 2008, a new edition of the novel, titled <I>The Original Frankenstein</I>, edited by Charles E. Robinson, was published. Robinson examined the original manuscript by Mary Shelley and noted the edits that Percy Bysshe Shelley made to it.<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP></P>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Frankenstein_and_the_Monster">Frankenstein and the Monster</SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="The_Creature">The Creature</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</A></DIV>
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An English editorial cartoonist conceives the Irish <A href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian movement</A> as akin to Frankenstein's creature, in the wake of the <A href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_murders" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Park murders">Phoenix Park murders</A>.<BR />
Illustration from an 1882 issue of <I><A href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</A></I><SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<P>Part of Frankenstein's rejection of his creation is the fact that he does not give it a name, which causes a lack of identity. Instead it is referred to by words such as "wretch", "monster", "creature", "demon", "devil", "fiend", and "it". When Frankenstein converses with the creature in Chapter 10, he addresses it as "vile insect", "abhorred monster", "fiend", "wretched devil", and "abhorred devil".</P>
<P>During a telling of Frankenstein, Shelley referred to the creature as "<A href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</A>".<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><SPAN title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2017)">not in citation given</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> Shelley was referring to the <A href="/wiki/List_of_first_men_or_women_in_mythology_and_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first men or women in mythology and religion">first man</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</A>, as in her epigraph:</P>
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<DD>Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay</DD>
<DD>To mould Me man? Did I solicit thee</DD>
<DD>From darkness to promote me?
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<DD><A href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</A></I> (X. 743–5)</DD>
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<P>Although the creature would be described in later works as a composite of whole body parts grafted together from cadavers and <A href="/wiki/Reanimation_(science_fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reanimation (science fiction)">reanimated</A> by the use of electricity, this description is not entirely consistent with Shelley's work; both the use of electricity and the cobbled-together image of Frankenstein's monster were more the result of <A href="/wiki/James_Whale" title="James Whale">James Whale</A>'s popular 1931 <A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">film adaptation of the story</A>, and other early motion-picture works based upon the creature. In Shelley's original work, Dr. Frankenstein discovers a previously unknown but elemental principle of life, and that insight allows him to develop a method to imbue vitality into inanimate matter, though the exact nature of the process is left largely ambiguous. After a great deal of hesitation in exercising this power, Frankenstein spends two years painstakingly constructing the creature's body (one anatomical feature at a time, from raw materials supplied by "the dissecting room and the slaughter-house"), which he then brings to life using his unspecified process.</P>
<P>The creature has often been mistakenly called "Frankenstein". In 1908 one author said "It is strange to note how well-nigh universally the term "Frankenstein" is misused, even by intelligent people, as describing some hideous monster".<SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[34]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</A>'s <I><A href="/wiki/The_Reef_(novel)" title="The Reef (novel)">The Reef</A></I> (1916) describes an unruly child as an "infant Frankenstein."<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/David_Lindsay_(novelist)" title="David Lindsay (novelist)">David Lindsay</A>'s "The Bridal Ornament", published in <I>The Rover</I>, 12 June 1844, mentioned "the maker of poor Frankenstein." After the release of Whale's cinematic <I>Frankenstein</I>, the public at large began speaking of the creature itself as "Frankenstein". This also occurs in Frankenstein films, including <I><A href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein" title="Bride of Frankenstein">Bride of Frankenstein</A></I> (1935) and several subsequent films, as well as in film titles such as <I><A href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello_Meet_Frankenstein" title="Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein">Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein</A></I>. Furthermore, future renditions and adaptations of the story include an evil laboratory assistant <A href="/wiki/Igor_(character)" title="Igor (character)">Igor</A> or Ygor, who does not actually exist within the original narrative.</P>
<H3><SPAN id="Victor_Frankenstein.27s_Surname"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Victor_Frankenstein's_Surname">Victor Frankenstein's Surname</SPAN></H3>
<P>Mary Shelley maintained that she derived the name <I>Frankenstein</I> from a dream-vision. Despite her public claims of originality, however, a number of other sources have been suggested as Shelley's actual inspiration. The German name <I>Frankenstein</I> means "stone of the <A href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</A>", and it is associated with various places in Germany, including <A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Castle" title="Frankenstein Castle">Frankenstein Castle</A> (<I>Burg Frankenstein</I>) in <A href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</A>, <A href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</A>, and Frankenstein Castle in <A href="/wiki/Frankenstein,_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Frankenstein, Rhineland-Palatinate">Frankenstein</A>, a town in the <A href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</A>. There is also a castle called Frankenstein in <A href="/wiki/Bad_Salzungen" title="Bad Salzungen">Bad Salzungen</A>, Thuringia, and a municipality called <A href="/wiki/Frankenstein,_Saxony" title="Frankenstein, Saxony">Frankenstein</A> in Saxony. Until 1945, <A href="/wiki/Z%C4%85bkowice_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Ząbkowice Śląskie">Ząbkowice Śląskie</A>, now a city in <A href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian Voivodeship</A>, <A href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</A>, was mainly populated by <A href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</A> and named <I>Frankenstein</I> in German, and was the site of a <A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afera_grabarzy_z_Frankenstein" class="extiw" title="pl:Afera grabarzy z Frankenstein">scandal involving gravediggers</A> in 1606, which has been suggested as an inspiration to the author.<SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[36]</A></SUP> Finally, the name is borne by the aristocratic <A href="/wiki/House_of_Franckenstein" title="House of Franckenstein">House of Franckenstein</A> from <A href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</A>.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Radu_Florescu" title="Radu Florescu">Radu Florescu</A> argues that Mary and Percy Shelley visited Frankenstein Castle near Darmstadt in 1814 during their return to England from their elopement to Switzerland. It was at this castle that a notorious alchemist, <A href="/wiki/Johann_Conrad_Dippel" title="Johann Conrad Dippel">Conrad Dippel</A>, had experimented with human bodies, and Florescu reasons that Mary suppressed mention of her visit in order to maintain her public claim of originality.<SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[37]</A></SUP> A literary essay by A. J. Day supports Florescu's position that Mary Shelley knew of and visited Frankenstein Castle before writing her debut novel.<SUP id="cite_ref-Day2008_38-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Day2008-38">[38]</A></SUP> Day includes details of an alleged description of the Frankenstein castle that exists in Mary Shelley's 'lost' journals. According to Jörg Heléne, the 'lost journals', as well as Florescu's claims, cannot be verified.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN id="Victor_Frankenstein.27s_Given_Name"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Victor_Frankenstein's_Given_Name">Victor Frankenstein's Given Name</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein">Victor Frankenstein</A></DIV>
<P>A possible interpretation of the name Victor is derived from <I><A href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</A></I> by <A href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</A>, a great influence on Shelley (a quotation from <I>Paradise Lost</I> is on the opening page of <I>Frankenstein</I> and Shelley even has the monster himself read it).<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[41]</A></SUP> Milton frequently refers to God as "the Victor" in <I>Paradise Lost</I>, and Shelley sees Victor as playing God by creating life. In addition, Shelley's portrayal of the monster owes much to the character of <A href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</A> in <I>Paradise Lost</I>; indeed, the monster says, after reading the epic poem, that he empathizes with Satan's role in the story.</P>
<P>There are many similarities between Victor and Percy Shelley, Mary's husband. Victor was a pen name of Percy Shelley's, as in the collection of poetry he wrote with his sister Elizabeth, <I><A href="/wiki/Original_Poetry_by_Victor_and_Cazire" title="Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire">Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire</A></I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[42]</A></SUP> There is speculation that one of Mary Shelley's models for Victor Frankenstein was Percy, who at Eton had "experimented with electricity and magnetism as well as with gunpowder and numerous chemical reactions", and whose rooms at Oxford were filled with scientific equipment.<SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[43]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Percy Shelley was the first-born son of a wealthy country squire with strong political connections and a descendant of Sir <A href="/wiki/Bysshe_Shelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bysshe Shelley">Bysshe Shelley</A>, 1st Baronet of <A href="/wiki/Castle_Goring" title="Castle Goring">Castle Goring</A>, and Richard Fitzalan, 10th <A href="/wiki/Earl_of_Arundel" title="Earl of Arundel">Earl of Arundel</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[44]</A></SUP> Victor's family is one of the most distinguished of that republic and his ancestors were counselors and <A href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">syndics</A>. Percy had a sister named Elizabeth; Victor had an adopted sister named Elizabeth.</P>
<P>On 22 February 1815, Mary Shelley gave birth to a baby two months prematurely, and the baby died two weeks later. Percy did not care about the condition of this premature infant and left with Claire, Mary's stepsister, for a lurid affair.<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[45]</A></SUP> When Victor saw the creature come to life he fled the apartment, though the newborn creature approached him, as a child would a parent. The question of Victor's responsibility to the creature is one of the main themes of the book.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Modern_Prometheus">Modern Prometheus</SPAN></H3>
<P><I>The Modern Prometheus</I> is the novel's subtitle (though some modern editions now drop the subtitle, mentioning it only in an introduction).<SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[46]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</A>, in later versions of Greek mythology, was the <A href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" title="Titan (mythology)">Titan</A> who created mankind at the behest of <A href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</A>. He made a being in the image of the gods that could have a spirit breathed into it.<SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[47]</A></SUP> Prometheus taught man to hunt, read, and heal their sick, but after he tricked Zeus into accepting poor-quality offerings from humans, Zeus kept fire from mankind. Prometheus, being the creator, took back the fire from Zeus to give to man. When Zeus discovered this, he sentenced Prometheus to be eternally punished by fixing him to a rock of <A href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</A>, where each day an eagle would peck out his liver, only for the liver to regrow the next day because of his immortality as a god. He was intended to suffer alone for eternity, but eventually <A href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</A> (<A href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</A>) released him.</P>
<P>Prometheus was also a myth told in Latin, but was a very different story. In this version Prometheus makes man from clay and water, again a very relevant theme to <I>Frankenstein</I>, as Victor rebels against the laws of nature (how life is naturally made) and as a result is punished by his creation.</P>
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In 1910, <A href="/wiki/Edison_Studios" title="Edison Studios">Edison Studios</A> released the <A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film)" title="Frankenstein (1910 film)">first motion-picture adaptation</A> of Shelley's story.</DIV>
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<P>The Titan in the Greek mythology of Prometheus parallels Victor Frankenstein. Victor's work by creating man by new means reflects the same innovative work of the Titan in creating humans.</P>
<P>Some have argued that Mary Shelley saw Prometheus not as a hero but rather as something of a devil, and blamed him for bringing fire to man and thereby seducing the human race to the vice of eating meat (fire brought cooking which brought hunting and killing).<SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[48]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Byron was particularly attached to the play <I><A href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</A></I> by <A href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</A>, and Percy Shelley would soon write his own <I><A href="/wiki/Prometheus_Unbound_(Shelley)" title="Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)">Prometheus Unbound</A></I> (1820). The term "Modern Prometheus" was actually coined by <A href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</A> in reference to <A href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</A> and his experiments with electricity.<SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[49]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN id="Shelley.27s_sources"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Shelley's_sources">Shelley's sources</SPAN></H2>
<P>Shelley incorporated a number of different sources into her work, one of which was the <A href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Promethean</A> myth from <A href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</A>. The influence of <A href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</A>'s <I><A href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</A></I>, and <A href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</A>'s <I><A href="/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner" title="The Rime of the Ancient Mariner">The Rime of the Ancient Mariner</A></I>, are also clearly evident within the novel. Mary is likely to have acquired some ideas for Frankenstein's character from <A href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</A>'s book <I>Elements of Chemical Philosophy</I>, in which he had written that "science has ... bestowed upon man powers which may be called creative; which have enabled him to change and modify the beings around him ...". References to the <A href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</A> run through the novel; a possible source may lie in <A href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois-F%C3%A9lix_Nogaret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François-Félix Nogaret (page does not exist)">François-Félix Nogaret</A><SPAN class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> (<A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-F%C3%A9lix_Nogaret" class="extiw" title="fr:François-Félix Nogaret">fr</A>)</SPAN>'s <I>Le Miroir des événemens actuels, ou la Belle au plus offrant</I> (1790): a political parable about scientific progress featuring an inventor named Frankésteïn who creates a life-sized automaton.<SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[50]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Within the past thirty years or so, many writers and historians have attempted to associate several then popular natural philosophers (now called physical scientists) with Shelley's work on account of several notable similarities. Two of the most notable natural philosophers among Shelley's contemporaries were <A href="/wiki/Giovanni_Aldini" title="Giovanni Aldini">Giovanni Aldini</A>, who made many public attempts at human reanimation through bio-electric Galvanism in London<SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[51]</A></SUP> and <A href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Dippel" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Konrad Dippel">Johann Konrad Dippel</A>, who was supposed to have developed chemical means to extend the life span of humans. While Shelley was obviously aware of both these men and their activities, she makes no mention of or reference to them or their experiments in any of her published or released notes.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Reception">Reception</SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg/170px-Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg" width="170" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg/255px-Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg/340px-Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="3636" /></A>
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Illustration by <A href="/wiki/Theodor_von_Holst" title="Theodor von Holst">Theodor von Holst</A> from the frontispiece of the 1831 edition<SUP id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-52">[52]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<P><I>Frankenstein</I> has been both well received and disregarded since its anonymous publication in 1818. Critical reviews of that time demonstrate these two views, along with confused speculation as to the identity of the author. <A href="/wiki/Belle_Assemblee" class="mw-redirect" title="Belle Assemblee">The Belle Assemblee</A> described the novel as "very bold fiction" (139). The <I>Quarterly Review</I> stated that "the author has the power of both conception and language" (185). <A href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</A>, writing in <I><A href="/wiki/Blackwood%27s_Magazine" title="Blackwood's Magazine">Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine</A></I> congratulated "the author's original genius and happy power of expression" (620), although he is less convinced about the way in which the monster gains knowledge about the world and language.<SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[53]</A></SUP> The <I>Edinburgh Magazine</I> and <I>Literary Miscellany</I> hoped to see "more productions from this author" (253). On the other hand, the <I><A href="/wiki/Quarterly_Review" title="Quarterly Review">Quarterly Review</A></I> described it "a tissue of horrible and disgusting absurdity".<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[54]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In two other reviews where the author is known as the daughter of William Godwin, the criticism of the novel makes reference to the feminine nature of Mary Shelley. The <I><A href="/wiki/British_Critic" title="British Critic">British Critic</A></I> attacks the novel's flaws as the fault of the author: "The writer of it is, we understand, a female; this is an aggravation of that which is the prevailing fault of the novel; but if our authoress can forget the gentleness of her sex, it is no reason why we should; and we shall therefore dismiss the novel without further comment" (438). <I>The Literary Panorama and National Register</I> attacks the novel as a "feeble imitation of Mr. Godwin's novels" produced by the "daughter of a celebrated living novelist" (414). Despite the reviews, <I>Frankenstein</I> achieved an almost immediate popular success. It became widely known especially through melodramatic theatrical adaptations—Mary Shelley saw a production of <I>Presumption; or The Fate of Frankenstein</I>, a play by <A href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Peake" title="Richard Brinsley Peake">Richard Brinsley Peake</A>, in 1823. A French translation appeared as early as 1821 (<I>Frankenstein: ou le Prométhée Moderne</I>, translated by Jules Saladin).</P>
<P>Critical reception of <I>Frankenstein</I> has been largely positive since the mid-20th century.<SUP id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-55">[55]</A></SUP> Major critics such as M. A. Goldberg and <A href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</A> have praised the "aesthetic and moral" relevance of the novel,<SUP id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-56">[56]</A></SUP> although there are also critics such as <A href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</A>, who criticized the novel as terrible due to technical and narrative defects (such as it featuring three narrators that speak in the same way).<SUP id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-57">[57]</A></SUP> In more recent years the novel has become a popular subject for psychoanalytic and feminist criticism:Lawrence Lipking states 'even the <A href="/wiki/Lacanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacanian">Lacanian</A> subgroup of psychoanalytic criticism, for instance, has produced at least half a dozen discrete readings of the novel'<SUP id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-58">[58]</A></SUP> The novel today is generally considered to be a landmark work of romantic and gothic literature, as well as science fiction.<SUP id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-59">[59]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Film director <A href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</A> describes <I>Frankenstein</I> as "the quintessential teenage book", adding "You don't belong. You were brought to this world by people that don't care for you and you are thrown into a world of pain and suffering, and tears and hunger. It's an amazing book written by a teenage girl. It's mind blowing."<SUP id="cite_ref-BBC_2018_60-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BBC_2018-60">[60]</A></SUP> Professor of philosophy <A href="/wiki/Patricia_MacCormack" title="Patricia MacCormack">Patricia MacCormack</A> says the creature, brought to life by Victor Frankenstein, addresses the most fundamental human questions: "It's the idea of asking your maker what your purpose is. Why are we here, what can we do?"<SUP id="cite_ref-BBC_2018_60-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BBC_2018-60">[60]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Derivative_works">Derivative works</SPAN></H2>
<P>There are numerous novels retelling or continuing the story of Frankenstein and his monster.</P>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on derivative works: <A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_popular_culture" title="Frankenstein in popular culture">Frankenstein in popular culture</A></DIV>
<H2><SPAN id="Films.2C_plays_and_television"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Films,_plays_and_television">Films, plays and television</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="List of films featuring Frankenstein's monster">List of films featuring Frankenstein's monster</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Charles_Ogle_In_Frankenstein_1910.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Charles_Ogle_In_Frankenstein_1910.jpg/170px-Charles_Ogle_In_Frankenstein_1910.jpg" width="170" height="204" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Charles_Ogle_In_Frankenstein_1910.jpg/255px-Charles_Ogle_In_Frankenstein_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Charles_Ogle_In_Frankenstein_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="383" /></A>
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A photo of <A href="/wiki/Charles_Stanton_Ogle" title="Charles Stanton Ogle">Charles Ogle</A> as the monster in <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film)" title="Frankenstein (1910 film)">Frankenstein</A></I> (1910)</DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Frankenstein%27s_monster_(Boris_Karloff).jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg/170px-Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg" width="170" height="213" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg/255px-Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg/340px-Frankenstein%27s_monster_%28Boris_Karloff%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1499" /></A>
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A promotional photo of <A href="/wiki/Boris_Karloff" title="Boris Karloff">Boris Karloff</A>, as Frankenstein's monster, using <A href="/wiki/Jack_Pierce_(makeup_artist)" title="Jack Pierce (makeup artist)">Jack Pierce's</A> makeup design</DIV>
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<UL>
<LI>1823: <A href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Peake" title="Richard Brinsley Peake">Richard Brinsley Peake</A>'s adaptation, <I><A href="/wiki/Presumption;_or,_the_Fate_of_Frankenstein" title="Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein">Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein</A></I>, was seen by <A href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</A> and her father <A href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</A> at the <A href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London" title="Lyceum Theatre, London">English Opera House</A>.</LI>
<LI>1826: <A href="/wiki/Henry_M._Milner" title="Henry M. Milner">Henry M. Milner</A>'s adaptation, <I>The Man and The Monster; or The Fate of Frankenstein</I> opened on 3 July at the <A href="/wiki/Old_Vic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Vic">Royal Coburg Theatre</A>, London.<SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[61]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>1887: <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein,_or_The_Vampire%27s_Victim" title="Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim">Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim</A></I> was a <A href="/wiki/Victorian_burlesque" title="Victorian burlesque">musical burlesque</A> written by <A href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_(pseudonym)" title="Richard Henry (pseudonym)">Richard Henry</A> (a pseudonym of <A href="/wiki/Richard_Butler_(author)" title="Richard Butler (author)">Richard Butler</A> and <A href="/wiki/Henry_Chance_Newton" title="Henry Chance Newton">Henry Chance Newton</A>).</LI>
<LI>1910: <A href="/wiki/Edison_Studios" title="Edison Studios">Edison Studios</A> produced the first <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film)" title="Frankenstein (1910 film)">Frankenstein</A></I> film, directed by <A href="/wiki/J._Searle_Dawley" title="J. Searle Dawley">J. Searle Dawley</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-BBC_2018_60-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BBC_2018-60">[60]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>1915: <I><A href="/wiki/Life_Without_Soul" title="Life Without Soul">Life Without Soul</A></I>, the second film adaptation of Mary Shelley's novel, was released. No known print of the film has survived.</LI>
<LI>1920: <I><A href="/wiki/The_Monster_of_Frankenstein_(film)" title="The Monster of Frankenstein (film)">The Monster of Frankenstein</A></I>, Directed by <A href="/wiki/Eugenio_Testa" title="Eugenio Testa">Eugenio Testa</A>, starring <A href="/wiki/Luciano_Albertini" title="Luciano Albertini">Luciano Albertini</A> and Umberto Guarracino.</LI>
<LI>1931: <A href="/wiki/Universal_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Studios">Universal Studios</A>' <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">Frankenstein</A></I>, directed by <A href="/wiki/James_Whale" title="James Whale">James Whale</A>, starring <A href="/wiki/Colin_Clive" title="Colin Clive">Colin Clive</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mae_Clarke" title="Mae Clarke">Mae Clarke</A>, <A href="/wiki/John_Boles_(actor)" title="John Boles (actor)">John Boles</A>, <A href="/wiki/Edward_Van_Sloan" title="Edward Van Sloan">Edward Van Sloan</A>, <A href="/wiki/Dwight_Frye" title="Dwight Frye">Dwight Frye</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Boris_Karloff" title="Boris Karloff">Boris Karloff</A> as the monster.<SUP id="cite_ref-BBC_2018_60-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BBC_2018-60">[60]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>1935: <A href="/wiki/James_Whale" title="James Whale">James Whale</A> directed the sequel <I><A href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein" title="Bride of Frankenstein">Bride of Frankenstein</A></I>, starring <A href="/wiki/Colin_Clive" title="Colin Clive">Colin Clive</A> as Frankenstein, and <A href="/wiki/Boris_Karloff" title="Boris Karloff">Boris Karloff</A> as the monster once more. This incorporated the novel's plot motif of Frankenstein creating a bride for the monster omitted from Whale's earlier film. There were two more sequels, prior to the Universal "monster rally" films combining multiple monsters from various movie series or film franchises.<SUP id="cite_ref-BBC_2018_60-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BBC_2018-60">[60]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>1939: <I><A href="/wiki/Son_of_Frankenstein" title="Son of Frankenstein">Son of Frankenstein</A></I> was another Universal monster movie with <A href="/wiki/Boris_Karloff" title="Boris Karloff">Boris Karloff</A> as the Creature. Also in the film were <A href="/wiki/Basil_Rathbone" title="Basil Rathbone">Basil Rathbone</A> as the title character and <A href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</A> as the sinister assistant Ygor. Karloff ended playing the Frankenstein monster with this film.</LI>
<LI>1942: <I><A href="/wiki/The_Ghost_of_Frankenstein" title="The Ghost of Frankenstein">The Ghost of Frankenstein</A></I> featured brain transplanting and a new monster, played by <A href="/wiki/Lon_Chaney_Jr." title="Lon Chaney Jr.">Lon Chaney Jr.</A> The film also starred <A href="/wiki/Evelyn_Ankers" title="Evelyn Ankers">Evelyn Ankers</A> and <A href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</A>.</LI>
<LI>1942–1948: Universal did "monster rally" films featuring Frankenstein's Monster, Dracula and the Wolf Man. Included would be <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Meets_the_Wolf_Man" title="Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man">Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man</A></I>, <I><A href="/wiki/House_of_Frankenstein_(1944_film)" title="House of Frankenstein (1944 film)">House of Frankenstein</A></I>, <I><A href="/wiki/House_of_Dracula" title="House of Dracula">House of Dracula</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello_Meet_Frankenstein" title="Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein">Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein</A></I>. The last three films introduced <A href="/wiki/Glenn_Strange" title="Glenn Strange">Glenn Strange</A> as Frankenstein's monster.</LI>
<LI>1957–1974: <A href="/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions" title="Hammer Film Productions">Hammer Films</A> in England did a string of Frankenstein films starring <A href="/wiki/Peter_Cushing" title="Peter Cushing">Peter Cushing</A>, including <I><A href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Frankenstein" title="The Curse of Frankenstein">The Curse of Frankenstein</A></I>, <I><A href="/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Frankenstein" title="The Revenge of Frankenstein">The Revenge of Frankenstein</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Must_Be_Destroyed" title="Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed">Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed</A></I>. Co-starring in these films were <A href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</A>, <A href="/wiki/Hazel_Court" title="Hazel Court">Hazel Court</A>, <A href="/wiki/Veronica_Carlson" title="Veronica Carlson">Veronica Carlson</A> and <A href="/wiki/Simon_Ward" title="Simon Ward">Simon Ward</A>. Another Hammer film, <I><A href="/wiki/The_Horror_of_Frankenstein" title="The Horror of Frankenstein">The Horror of Frankenstein</A></I>, starred <A href="/wiki/Ralph_Bates" title="Ralph Bates">Ralph Bates</A> as the main character, Victor Frankenstein.<SUP id="cite_ref-BBC_2018_60-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BBC_2018-60">[60]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>1965: <A href="/wiki/Toho_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Toho Studios">Toho Studios</A> created the film <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Conquers_the_World" title="Frankenstein Conquers the World">Frankenstein Conquers the World</A></I> or <I>Frankenstein vs. Baragon</I>, followed by <I><A href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Gargantuas" title="The War of the Gargantuas">The War of the Gargantuas</A></I>.</LI>
<LI>1972: A comedic stage adaptation, <I>Frankenstein's Monster</I>, was written by Sally Netzel and produced by the <A href="/wiki/Dallas_Theater_Center" title="Dallas Theater Center">Dallas Theater Center</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-62">[62]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>1973: The TV film <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_The_True_Story" title="Frankenstein: The True Story">Frankenstein: The True Story</A></I> appeared on <A href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</A>. The movie starred <A href="/wiki/Leonard_Whiting" title="Leonard Whiting">Leonard Whiting</A>, <A href="/wiki/Michael_Sarrazin" title="Michael Sarrazin">Michael Sarrazin</A>, <A href="/wiki/James_Mason" title="James Mason">James Mason</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour_(actress)" title="Jane Seymour (actress)">Jane Seymour</A>.</LI>
<LI>1981: A Broadway adaptation by <A href="/wiki/Victor_Gialanella" title="Victor Gialanella">Victor Gialanella</A> played for one performance (after 29 previews) and was considered the most expensive flop ever produced to that date.<SUP id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-63">[63]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>1984: The flop Broadway production yielded a TV film starring <A href="/wiki/Robert_Powell" title="Robert Powell">Robert Powell</A>, <A href="/wiki/Carrie_Fisher" title="Carrie Fisher">Carrie Fisher</A>, <A href="/wiki/David_Warner_(actor)" title="David Warner (actor)">David Warner</A>, and <A href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</A>.</LI>
<LI>1992: <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1992_film)" title="Frankenstein (1992 film)">Frankenstein</A></I> became a Turner Network Television film directed by David Wickes, starring <A href="/wiki/Patrick_Bergin" title="Patrick Bergin">Patrick Bergin</A> and <A href="/wiki/Randy_Quaid" title="Randy Quaid">Randy Quaid</A>. <A href="/wiki/John_Mills" title="John Mills">John Mills</A> played the blind man.</LI>
<LI>1994: <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1994_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankenstein (1994 film)">Mary Shelley's Frankenstein</A></I> appeared in theatres, directed by and starring <A href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</A>, with <A href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</A> and <A href="/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter" title="Helena Bonham Carter">Helena Bonham Carter</A>. Its all-star cast also included <A href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ian_Holm" title="Ian Holm">Ian Holm</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Tom_Hulce" title="Tom Hulce">Tom Hulce</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-BBC_2018_60-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BBC_2018-60">[60]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>2004: <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(miniseries)" title="Frankenstein (miniseries)">Frankenstein</A></I> A two-episode mini-series starring <A href="/wiki/Alec_Newman" title="Alec Newman">Alec Newman</A>, with <A href="/wiki/Luke_Goss" title="Luke Goss">Luke Goss</A> and <A href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</A>. This is the only T.V. or movie adaption that is faithful to the novel.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></LI>
<LI>2011: In March, <A href="/wiki/BBC3" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC3">BBC3</A> broadcast <A href="/wiki/Colin_Teague" title="Colin Teague">Colin Teague</A>'s live production from <A href="/wiki/Kirkstall_Abbey" title="Kirkstall Abbey">Kirkstall Abbey</A>, <A href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</A>, billed as <I>Frankenstein's Wedding, Live in Leeds.</I><SUP id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-64">[64]</A></SUP> About the same time, the <A href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">National Theatre</A>, London presented a <A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2011_play)" title="Frankenstein (2011 play)">stage version</A> of <I>Frankenstein</I>, which ran until 2 May 2011. The play was written by <A href="/wiki/Nick_Dear" title="Nick Dear">Nick Dear</A> and directed by <A href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</A>. <A href="/wiki/Jonny_Lee_Miller" title="Jonny Lee Miller">Jonny Lee Miller</A> and <A href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</A> alternated the roles of Frankenstein and the Creature.<SUP id="cite_ref-BBc_2018_65-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BBc_2018-65">[65]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">National Theatre</A> broadcast live performances of the play worldwide on 17 March.</LI>
<LI>2012: An interactive ebook app created by <A href="/wiki/Inkle_(video_game_company)" title="Inkle (video game company)">Inkle</A> and <A href="/wiki/Profile_Books" title="Profile Books">Profile Books</A> that retells the story with added interactive elements.<SUP id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-66">[66]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>2014: <I><A href="/wiki/Penny_Dreadful_(TV_series)" title="Penny Dreadful (TV series)">Penny Dreadful</A></I> is a horror TV series that airs on Showtime, that features Victor Frankenstein as well as his creature.</LI>
<LI>2015: <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2015_film)" title="Frankenstein (2015 film)">Frankenstein</A></I>, a modern-day adaptation written and directed by <A href="/wiki/Bernard_Rose_(director)" title="Bernard Rose (director)">Bernard Rose</A>.</LI>
<LI>2015: <I><A href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein_(film)" title="Victor Frankenstein (film)">Victor Frankenstein</A></I> is an American film directed by <A href="/wiki/Paul_McGuigan_(filmmaker)" title="Paul McGuigan (filmmaker)">Paul McGuigan</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-67">[67]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>2016: <I>Frankenstein</I>, a full length ballet production by <A href="/wiki/Liam_Scarlett" title="Liam Scarlett">Liam Scarlett</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-68">[68]</A></SUP> Some performances were also live simulcasts worldwide.<SUP id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-69">[69]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>2019: <I>Bride of Frankenstein</I>, the currently postponed second film in the <A href="/wiki/Universal_Monsters#DarkUniverse" title="Universal Monsters">Dark Universe</A>, a <A href="/wiki/Reboot_(fiction)" title="Reboot (fiction)">reboot</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)#Sequels_and_parodies" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">Universal series</A> in which <A href="/wiki/Javier_Bardem" title="Javier Bardem">Javier Bardem</A> is currently slated to portray Frankenstein's monster.<SUP id="cite_ref-announcement_70-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-announcement-70">[70]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-71">[71]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DT>Loose adaptations</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI>1967: <I>I'm Sorry the Bridge Is Out, You'll Have to Spend the Night</I> and its sequel, <I>Frankenstein Unbound (Another Monster Musical)</I>, are a pair of <A href="/wiki/Musical_Comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical Comedy">musical comedies</A> written by <A href="/wiki/Bobby_Pickett" title="Bobby Pickett">Bobby Pickett</A> and <A href="/wiki/Sheldon_Allman" title="Sheldon Allman">Sheldon Allman</A>. The casts of both feature several classic horror characters including Dr. Frankenstein and his monster.</LI>
<LI>1973: <I><A href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Show">The Rocky Horror Show</A></I>, is a British <A href="/wiki/Horror_comedy_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror comedy (genre)">horror comedy</A> <A href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">stage musical</A> written by <A href="/wiki/Richard_O%27Brian" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard O'Brian">Richard O'Brian</A> in which Dr. Frank N. Furter has created a creature (Rocky), to satisfy his (pro)creative drives. Elements are similar to <I>I'm Sorry the Bridge Is Out, You'll Have to Spend the Night</I>.</LI>
<LI>1973: <I><A href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol%27s_Frankenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Warhol's Frankenstein">Andy Warhol's Frankenstein</A></I>. Usually, Frankenstein is a man whose dedication to science takes him too far, but here his interest is to rule the world by creating a new species that will obey him and do his bidding.</LI>
<LI>1974: <I><A href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein" title="Young Frankenstein">Young Frankenstein</A></I>. Directed by Mel Brooks, this sequel-spoof has been listed<SUP id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-72">[72]</A></SUP> as one of the best movie comedies of any comedy genre ever made, even prompting an American film preservation program to include it on its listings. It reuses many props from James Whale's 1931 <I>Frankenstein</I> and is shot in black-and-white with 1930s-style credits. <A href="/wiki/Gene_Wilder" title="Gene Wilder">Gene Wilder</A> portrayed the descendant of Dr. Frankenstein, with <A href="/wiki/Peter_Boyle" title="Peter Boyle">Peter Boyle</A> as the Monster.</LI>
<LI>1975: <I><A href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Picture Show">The Rocky Horror Picture Show</A></I> is the <A href="/wiki/1975_in_film" title="1975 in film">1975 film</A> adaptation of the <A href="/wiki/British_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="British rock">British rock</A> <A href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical stageplay</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Show" title="The Rocky Horror Show">The Rocky Horror Show</A></I> (1973), written by <A href="/wiki/Richard_O%27Brien" title="Richard O'Brien">Richard O'Brien</A>.</LI>
<LI>1984: <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenweenie_(1984_film)" title="Frankenweenie (1984 film)">Frankenweenie</A></I> is a parody short film directed by <A href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</A>, starring <A href="/wiki/Barrett_Oliver" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrett Oliver">Barrett Oliver</A>, <A href="/wiki/Shelley_Duvall" title="Shelley Duvall">Shelley Duvall</A> and <A href="/wiki/Daniel_Stern_(actor)" title="Daniel Stern (actor)">Daniel Stern</A>.</LI>
<LI>1985: <I><A href="/wiki/The_Bride_(1985_film)" title="The Bride (1985 film)">The Bride</A></I> starring <A href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</A> as Baron Charles Frankenstein and <A href="/wiki/Jennifer_Beals" title="Jennifer Beals">Jennifer Beals</A> as <A href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein_(character)" title="Bride of Frankenstein (character)">Eva</A>, a woman he creates in the same fashion as his infamous <A href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">monster</A>.</LI>
<LI>1986: <I><A href="/wiki/Gothic_(film)" title="Gothic (film)">Gothic</A></I>, directed by <A href="/wiki/Ken_Russell" title="Ken Russell">Ken Russell</A>, is the story of the night that Mary Shelley gave birth to <I>Frankenstein</I>. Starring <A href="/wiki/Gabriel_Byrne" title="Gabriel Byrne">Gabriel Byrne</A>, <A href="/wiki/Julian_Sands" title="Julian Sands">Julian Sands</A>, <A href="/wiki/Natasha_Richardson" title="Natasha Richardson">Natasha Richardson</A>.</LI>
<LI>1988: <I>Frankenstein</I> (フランケンシュタイン) is a <A href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</A> adaptation of Shelley's novel by <A href="/wiki/Junji_Ito" title="Junji Ito">Junji Ito</A>.</LI>
<LI>1989: <I>Frankenstein the Panto</I>. A <A href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</A> script by David Swan, combining elements of Frankenstein, <A href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</A>, and traditional British panto.</LI>
<LI>1990: <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Unbound" title="Frankenstein Unbound">Frankenstein Unbound</A></I>. Combines a time-travel story with the story of Shelley's novel. Scientist Joe Buchanan accidentally creates a time-rift which takes him back to the events of the novel. Filmed as a low-budget independent film in 1990, based on a novel published in 1973 by <A href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</A>. This novel bears no relation to the 1967 stage musical with the same name listed above.</LI>
<LI>1991: <A href="/wiki/Khatra_(film)" title="Khatra (film)">Khatra (film)</A> is a <A href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</A> movie of <A href="/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</A> made by director H. N. Singh loosely based on the story, Frankenstein.</LI>
<LI>1995: <I><A href="/wiki/Monster_Mash_(1995_film)" title="Monster Mash (1995 film)">Monster Mash</A></I> is a film adaptation of <I>I'm Sorry the Bridge Is Out, You'll Have to Spend the Night</I> starring Bobby Pickett as Dr. Frankenstein. The film also features <A href="/wiki/Candace_Cameron_Bure" title="Candace Cameron Bure">Candace Cameron Bure</A>, <A href="/wiki/Anthony_Crivello" title="Anthony Crivello">Anthony Crivello</A> and <A href="/wiki/Mink_Stole" title="Mink Stole">Mink Stole</A>.</LI>
<LI>1998: <I><A href="/wiki/Billy_Frankenstein" title="Billy Frankenstein">Billy Frankenstein</A></I> is a very loose adaptation about a boy who moves into a mansion with his family and brings the Frankenstein monster to life. The film was directed by <A href="/wiki/Fred_Olen_Ray" title="Fred Olen Ray">Fred Olen Ray</A>.</LI>
<LI>2003: <I>Reading Frankenstein</I>,<SUP id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-73">[73]</A></SUP> a new media performance work in which Mary Shelley is a genetic engineer and artificial life scientist and her Creature a hybrid form of computational a-life. It was co-created by director Annie Loui and artist-writer <A href="/wiki/Antoinette_LaFarge" title="Antoinette LaFarge">Antoinette LaFarge</A> for <A href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">UC Irvine</A>.</LI>
<LI>2004: <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2004_film)" title="Frankenstein (2004 film)">Frankenstein</A></I> made-for-TV film based on <I><A href="/wiki/Dean_Koontz%27s_Frankenstein" title="Dean Koontz's Frankenstein">Dean Koontz's Frankenstein</A></I>.</LI>
<LI>2005: <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_vs._the_Creature_from_Blood_Cove" title="Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove">Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove</A></I>, a 90-minute feature film homage of classic monsters and Atomic Age creature features, shot in black and white, and directed by <A href="/wiki/William_Winckler" title="William Winckler">William Winckler</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Monster" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankenstein Monster">Frankenstein Monster</A> design and make-up was based on the character descriptions in Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley's novel.</LI>
<LI>2009: <I><A href="/wiki/The_Diary_of_Anne_Frankenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="The Diary of Anne Frankenstein">The Diary of Anne Frankenstein</A></I>, a short film from Chillerrama.</LI>
<LI>2009: <A href="/wiki/Anuman_Interactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuman Interactive">Anuman Interactive</A> (French publisher) launches <I>Frankestein</I>, a <A href="/wiki/Hidden_objects_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden objects game">hidden objects game</A> freely inspired by Mary Shelley’s book, on <A href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</A> and <A href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-74">[74]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>2011: <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_Day_of_the_Beast" title="Frankenstein: Day of the Beast">Frankenstein: Day of the Beast</A></I> is an independent horror film based loosely on the original book.</LI>
<LI>2011: Victor Frankenstein appears in the ABC show <I><A href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)">Once Upon a Time</A></I>, a fantasy series on <A href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</A> that features multiple characters from fairy tales and classic literature trapped in the real world.</LI>
<LI>2012: <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)" title="Frankenweenie (2012 film)">Frankenweenie</A></I>, Tim Burton's feature film remake of his 1984 short film of the same name.</LI>
<LI>2012: In the <I><A href="/wiki/Adventure_Time" title="Adventure Time">Adventure Time</A></I> episode "<A href="/wiki/Princess_Monster_Wife" title="Princess Monster Wife">Princess Monster Wife</A>", the Ice King removes body parts from all the princesses that rejected him and creates a jigsaw wife to love him.</LI>
<LI>2012: <I>A Nightmare on Lime Street</I>, <A href="/wiki/Fred_Lawless" title="Fred Lawless">Fred Lawless</A>'s comedy play starring <A href="/wiki/David_Gest" title="David Gest">David Gest</A> staged at the <A href="/wiki/Royal_Court_Theatre,_Liverpool" title="Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool">Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-75">[75]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>2014: <I><A href="/wiki/I,_Frankenstein" title="I, Frankenstein">I, Frankenstein</A></I> is a 2014 fantasy action film. The film stars <A href="/wiki/Aaron_Eckhart" title="Aaron Eckhart">Aaron Eckhart</A> as Adam Frankenstein and <A href="/wiki/Bill_Nighy" title="Bill Nighy">Bill Nighy</A>. The film is based on the graphic novel.</LI>
<LI>2014: <I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein,_MD" title="Frankenstein, MD">Frankenstein, MD</A></I>, A web show by Pemberly Digital starring Victoria, a female adaptation of Victor.</LI>
<LI>2015: The <I><A href="/wiki/Supernatural_(U.S._TV_series)" title="Supernatural (U.S. TV series)">Supernatural</A></I> <A href="/wiki/Supernatural_(season_10)" title="Supernatural (season 10)">season 10</A> episodes <I>Book of the Damned</I>, <I>Dark Dynasty</I> and <I>The Prisoner</I> feature the Styne Family which member Eldon Styne identifies as the descendants of the house of Frankenstein. According to Eldon, Mary Shelley had learned their secrets while on a visit to Castle Frankenstein and wrote a book based on her experiences, forcing the Frankensteins underground as the Stynes. The Stynes, through bioengineering and surgical enhancements, feature many of the superhuman features of Frankenstein's monster.</LI>
<LI>2015: <I><A href="/wiki/The_Frankenstein_Chronicles" title="The Frankenstein Chronicles">The Frankenstein Chronicles</A></I>, is a British television drama series - starring <A href="/wiki/Sean_Bean" title="Sean Bean">Sean Bean</A> as John Marlott and <A href="/wiki/Anna_Maxwell_Martin" title="Anna Maxwell Martin">Anna Maxwell Martin</A> as <A href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</A></LI>
<LI>2016: <I><A href="/wiki/Second_Chance_(2016_TV_series)" title="Second Chance (2016 TV series)">Second Chance</A></I>, a TV series known at one point as <I>Frankenstein</I>, was inspired by the classic.<SUP id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-76">[76]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN></H2>
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<LI style="display:table-row"><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><A href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></A></SPAN><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Books portal</A></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transhumanism#Dehumanization" title="Transhumanism"><I>Frankenstein</I> argument</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_Baghdad" title="Frankenstein in Baghdad">Frankenstein in Baghdad</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_popular_culture" title="Frankenstein in popular culture">Frankenstein in popular culture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">Golem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus">Homunculus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Johann_Conrad_Dippel" title="Johann Conrad Dippel">Johann Conrad Dippel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_dreams" title="List of dreams">List of dreams</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Staff writer (1 January 1818). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/32751068">"Books Published This Day"</A>. <I>The Times</I> (10342). London, England. p. 4 – via <A href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</A>. <Q>This day is published, in 3 vols., price 16s. 6d., a Work of Imagination, to be entitled Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Books+Published+This+Day&rft.issue=10342&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1818-01-01&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F32751068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hobbler, Dorthy and Thomas. <I>The Monsters: Mary Shelley and the Curse of Frankenstein</I>. Back Bay Books; 20 August 2007.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Garrett, Martin. <I>Mary Shelley</I>. Oxford University Press, 2002</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Seymour, Miranda. <I>Mary Shelley</I>. Atlanta, GA: Grove Press, 2002. pg 110-111</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>The Detached Retina: Aspects of SF and Fantasy</I> by Brian Aldiss (1995), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1WWSRVeOC8C&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false">page 78</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bergen Evans, <I>Comfortable Words</I>, New York: Random House, 1957</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bryan Garner, <I>A Dictionary of Modern American Usage</I>, New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of American English</I>, Merriam-Webster: 2002</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"Preface", 1831 edition of <I>Frankenstein</I></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sunstein, 118.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Dr. John Polidori, "The Vampyre" 1819, The New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register; London: H. Colburn, 1814–1820. Vol. 1, No. 63.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">paragraph 7, Introduction, Frankenstein 1831 edition</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">paragraph 8, Introduction, Frankenstein 1831 edition</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">paragraph 10, Introduction, Frankenstein 1831 edition</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Shelley, Mary. Paragraphs 11–13, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42324/42324-h/42324-h.htm">"Introduction" <I>Frankenstein</I> (1831 edition)</A> Gutenberg</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Quoted in Spark, 157, from Mary Shelley's introduction to the 1831 edition of <I>Frankenstein</I>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-astro-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-astro_17-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Radford, Tim, <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/26/frankenstein-hour-creation-identified-astronomers">Frankenstein's hour of creation identified by astronomers</A></I>, The Guardian, Sunday 25 September 2011 (retrieved 5 January 2014)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bennett, <I>An Introduction</I>, 30–31; Sunstein, 124.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sunstein, 117.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hay, 103.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Lepore, Jill (February 5, 2018). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/02/12/the-strange-and-twisted-life-of-frankenstein">"The Strange and Twisted Life of 'Frankenstein<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. <I>The New Yorker</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Strange+and+Twisted+Life+of+%27Frankenstein%27&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft.aulast=Lepore&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2018%2F02%2F12%2Fthe-strange-and-twisted-life-of-frankenstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bennett, Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: An Introduction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/1500-1900/abinger/abinger.html">"OX.ac.uk"</A>. Bodley.ox.ac.uk. 15 December 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">28 August</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OX.ac.uk&rft.pub=Bodley.ox.ac.uk&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bodley.ox.ac.uk%2Fdept%2Fscwmss%2Fwmss%2Fonline%2F1500-1900%2Fabinger%2Fabinger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Mary Shelley, with Percy Shelley (2008). Charles E. Robinson, ed. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134955/http://www.bodleianshop.co.uk/the-original-frankenstein.html"><I>The Original Frankenstein</I></A>. Oxford: Bodleian Library. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-851-24396-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-851-24396-9">978-1-851-24396-9</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodleianshop.co.uk/the-original-frankenstein.html">the original</A> on 25 September 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Original+Frankenstein&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Bodleian+Library&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-851-24396-9&rft.au=Mary+Shelley%2C+with+Percy+Shelley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bodleianshop.co.uk%2Fthe-original-frankenstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Robinson1996-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Robinson1996_25-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Robinson, Charles (1996). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Frankenstein_Notebooks.html?id=9q6tjgEACAAJ"><I>The Frankenstein Notebooks: A Facsimile Edition</I></A>. <B>1</B>. Garland Publishing, Inc. p. xxv. <Q>She began that novel as Mary Godwin in June 1816 when she was eighteen years old, she finished it as Mary Shelley in April/May 1817 when she was nineteen . . . and she published it anonymously on 1 January 1818 when she was twenty.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frankenstein+Notebooks%3A+A+Facsimile+Edition&rft.pages=xxv&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Frankenstein_Notebooks.html%3Fid%3D9q6tjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bennett, Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft. <I>Shelley: An Introduction.</I> Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">D. L. Macdonald and Kathleen Scherf, "A Note on the Text", Frankenstein, 2nd ed., Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1999.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Wollstonecraft Shelley, Mary</A> (2000). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qykBJvG0iJQC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=Presumption;+or,+the+Fate+of+Frankenstein+shelley&source=bl&ots=oSVYNcxkcK&sig=_irYl8LMfaANIpdNHZqQg3WQkNA&hl=en&ei=v3W5TZ68CY2LhQeo4PH9Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Presumption%3B%20or%2C%20the%20Fate%20of%20Frankenstein%20shelley&f=false"><I>Frankenstein</I></A>. Bedford Publishing. p. 3.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Bedford+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Wollstonecraft+Shelley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqykBJvG0iJQC%26pg%3DPA3%26lpg%3DPA3%26dq%3DPresumption%3B%2Bor%2C%2Bthe%2BFate%2Bof%2BFrankenstein%2Bshelley%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DoSVYNcxkcK%26sig%3D_irYl8LMfaANIpdNHZqQg3WQkNA%26hl%3Den%26ei%3Dv3W5TZ68CY2LhQeo4PH9Dg%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D10%26ved%3D0CFQQ6AEwCQ%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DPresumption%253B%2520or%252C%2520the%2520Fate%2520of%2520Frankenstein%2520shelley%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">See forward to <I>Barnes and Noble</I> classic edition.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The edition published by <I>Forgotten Books</I> is the original text, as is the "Ignatius Critical Edition". <I>Vintage Books</I> has an edition presenting both versions.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">James Grande (2008-11-25). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-original-frankenstein-by-mary-shelley-with-percy-shelley-ed-charles-e-robinson-1017483.html">"The Original Frankenstein, By Mary Shelley with Percy Shelley ed Charles E Robinson"</A>. <I>The Independent</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-10-04</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Original+Frankenstein%2C+By+Mary+Shelley+with+Percy+Shelley+ed+Charles+E+Robinson&rft.date=2008-11-25&rft.au=James+Grande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Freviews%2Fthe-original-frankenstein-by-mary-shelley-with-percy-shelley-ed-charles-e-robinson-1017483.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/frankenstein/escaping.html">Frankenstein:Celluloid Monster</A> at the National Library of Medicine website of the (U.S.) National Institutes of Health</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061204162542/http://www.ala.org/ala/ppo/currentprograms/frankenstein/exhibittext.pdf">"Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature / Exhibit Text"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</A> and ALA Public Programs Office. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/ala/ppo/currentprograms/frankenstein/exhibittext.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 4 December 2006<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">31 December</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frankenstein%3A+Penetrating+the+Secrets+of+Nature+%2F+Exhibit+Text&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Medicine+and+ALA+Public+Programs+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ala.org%2Fala%2Fppo%2Fcurrentprograms%2Ffrankenstein%2Fexhibittext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> from the traveling exhibition <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/ala/ppo/currentprograms/frankenstein/frankensteinpenetrating.cfm">Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109215920/http://www.ala.org/ala/ppo/currentprograms/frankenstein/frankensteinpenetrating.cfm">Archived</A> 9 November 2007 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rBoOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA238"><I>Author's Digest: The World's Great Stories in Brief</I></A>, by Rossiter Johnson, 1908</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A href="/wiki/The_Reef_(novel)" title="The Reef (novel)">The Reef</A></I>, page 96.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">zapomniana, Historia (24 January 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historiamniejznanaizapomniana.wordpress.com/2016/01/24/afera-grabarzy-z-frankenstein/">"Afera grabarzy z Frankenstein"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afera+grabarzy+z+Frankenstein&rft.date=2016-01-24&rft.aulast=zapomniana&rft.aufirst=Historia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoriamniejznanaizapomniana.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F01%2F24%2Fafera-grabarzy-z-frankenstein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFFlorescu1996">Florescu 1996</A>, pp. 48–92.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Day2008-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Day2008_38-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Day, A.J. (2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=szyuBymktB4C&pg=PA150"><I>Fantasmagoriana (Tales of the Dead)</I></A>. Fantasmagoriana Press. pp. 149–151. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-5291-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-5291-0">978-1-4116-5291-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantasmagoriana+%28Tales+of+the+Dead%29&rft.pages=149-151&rft.pub=Fantasmagoriana+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4116-5291-0&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DszyuBymktB4C%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Helene, Jorge (12 September 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darmundestat.wordpress.com/sonstiges/mary-shelleys-frankenstein-castle-frankenstein-and-the-alchemist-johann-conrad-dippel">"Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Castle Frankenstein and the alchemist Johann Conrad Dippel"</A>. <I>Darmstadt</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-06-23</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Darmstadt&rft.atitle=Mary+Shelley%E2%80%99s+Frankenstein%2C+Castle+Frankenstein+and+the+alchemist+Johann+Conrad+Dippel&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Helene&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdarmundestat.wordpress.com%2Fsonstiges%2Fmary-shelleys-frankenstein-castle-frankenstein-and-the-alchemist-johann-conrad-dippel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/Articles/wade.html">Wade, Phillip. "Shelley and the Miltonic Element in Mary Shelley's <I>Frankenstein</I>." <I>Milton and the Romantics</I>, 2 (December, 1976), 23–25.</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFJones1952">Jones 1952</A>, pp. 496–7.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Sandy, Mark (20 September 2002). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=3010">"Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Literary_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Literary Encyclopedia">The Literary Encyclopedia</A></I>. The Literary Dictionary Company<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2 January</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Literary+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Original+Poetry+by+Victor+and+Cazire&rft.date=2002-09-20&rft.aulast=Sandy&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litencyc.com%2Fphp%2Fsworks.php%3Frec%3Dtrue%26UID%3D3010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dickinson.edu/~nicholsa/Romnat/pbshelley.htm">"Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822)"</A>. <I>Romantic Natural History</I>. Department of English, <A href="/wiki/Dickinson_College" title="Dickinson College">Dickinson College</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2 January</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romantic+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Percy+Bysshe+Shelley+%281792%E2%80%931822%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dickinson.edu%2F~nicholsa%2FRomnat%2Fpbshelley.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Percy_Shelley#Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Shelley">Percy Shelley#Ancestry</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"<I>Journal 6 December</I>—Very Unwell. Shelley & Clary walk out, as usual, to heaps of places ... A letter from Hookham to say that Harriet has been brought to bed of a son and heir. Shelley writes a number of circular letters on this event, which ought to be ushered in with ringing of bells, etc., for it is the son of his <I>wife</I>." Quoted in Spark, 39.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">For example, the Longman study edition published in India in 2007 by Pearson Education</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">In the best-known versions of the Prometheus story, by Hesiod and Aeschylus, Prometheus merely brings fire to mankind. But in other versions, such as several of Aesop's fables (See in particular Fable 516), Sappho (Fragment 207), and Ovid's Metamorphoses, Prometheus is the actual creator of humanity.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">(Leonard Wolf, p. 20).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/exhibitions/2006/benjamin-franklin/">RoyalSoc.ac.uk</A> "Benjamin Franklin in London." The Royal Society. Retrieved 8 August 2007.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Douthwaite, "The Frankenstein of the French Revolution" chapter 2 of The Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France (<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo13265096.html">Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France</A>, 2012).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Ruston, Sharon (25 November 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicdomainreview.org/2015/11/25/the-science-of-life-and-death-in-mary-shelleys-frankenstein/">"The Science of Life and Death in Mary Shelley's <I>Frankenstein</I>"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Public_Domain_Review" title="The Public Domain Review">The Public Domain Review</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Domain+Review&rft.atitle=The+Science+of+Life+and+Death+in+Mary+Shelley%E2%80%99s+Frankenstein&rft.date=2015-11-25&rft.aulast=Ruston&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicdomainreview.org%2F2015%2F11%2F25%2Fthe-science-of-life-and-death-in-mary-shelleys-frankenstein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-52"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">This illustration is reprinted in the frontispiece to the <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/098092104X">2008 edition of <I>Frankenstein</I></A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crossref-it.info/textguide/Frankenstein/7/400">"Crossref-it.info"</A>. Crossref-it.info<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">28 August</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crossref-it.info&rft.pub=Crossref-it.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crossref-it.info%2Ftextguide%2FFrankenstein%2F7%2F400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092624956;view=1up;seq=389">"Review of <I>Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus</I>"</A>. <I>The Quarterly Review</I>. <B>18</B>: 379–385. January 1818.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Frankenstein%2C+or+the+Modern+Prometheus&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=379-385&rft.date=1818-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044092624956%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-55"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/nineteenth-century-criticism/frankenstein-modern-prometheus-mary-wollstonecraft">"Enotes.com"</A>. Enotes.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">28 August</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enotes.com&rft.pub=Enotes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enotes.com%2Fnineteenth-century-criticism%2Ffrankenstein-modern-prometheus-mary-wollstonecraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-56"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/crunyon/CE/Frankenstein/Bloom/4-7_BloomIntro.htm">"KCTCS.edu"</A>. Octc.kctcs.edu<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">28 August</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KCTCS.edu&rft.pub=Octc.kctcs.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.octc.kctcs.edu%2Fcrunyon%2FCE%2FFrankenstein%2FBloom%2F4-7_BloomIntro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-57"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Germaine Greer (2007-04-09). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/09/gender.books">"Yes, Frankenstein really was written by Mary Shelley. It's obvious - because the book is so bad"</A>. <I>The Guardian</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-10-04</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+Frankenstein+really+was+written+by+Mary+Shelley.+It%27s+obvious+-+because+the+book+is+so+bad&rft.date=2007-04-09&rft.au=Germaine+Greer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fapr%2F09%2Fgender.books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-58"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">L Lipking Frankenstein the True Story; or <A href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</A> Judges Jean-Jacques. (Published in the <A href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">Norton</A> critical edition.1996)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-59"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utm.edu/staff/lalexand/frankqst.htm">UTM.edu</A> Lynn Alexander, Department of English, <A href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</A> at Martin. Retrieved 27 August 2009.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BBC_2018-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-BBC_2018_60-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BBC_2018_60-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BBC_2018_60-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BBC_2018_60-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BBC_2018_60-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BBC_2018_60-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BBC_2018_60-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-42411484">"Frankenstein: Behind the monster smash"</A>. BBC. 1 January 2018.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Frankenstein%3A+Behind+the+monster+smash&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-42411484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Lawson, Shanon (11 February 1998). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/chronologies/mschronology/smchron3.html">"A Chronology of the Life of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: 1825–1835"</A>. umd.edu<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 July</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Chronology+of+the+Life+of+Mary+Wollstonecraft+Shelley%3A+1825%E2%80%931835&rft.pub=umd.edu&rft.date=1998-02-11&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Shanon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rc.umd.edu%2Freference%2Fchronologies%2Fmschronology%2Fsmchron3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-62"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Blood on the Stage, 1950–1975: Milestone Plays of Crime, Mystery and Detection</I>, by Amnon Kabatchnik. Scarecrow Press, 2011, p. 300</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-63"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Lawson, Carol (7 January 1981). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/07/theater/frankenstein-nearly-came-back-to-life.html?scp=1&sq=Frankenstein&st=nyt">"<SPAN style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</SPAN>FRANKENSTEIN" NEARLY CAME BACK TO LIFE"</A>. <I>New York Times</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 January</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%22FRANKENSTEIN%22+NEARLY+CAME+BACK+TO+LIFE&rft.date=1981-01-07&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F01%2F07%2Ftheater%2Ffrankenstein-nearly-came-back-to-life.html%3Fscp%3D1%26sq%3DFrankenstein%26st%3Dnyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-64"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Hickling, Alfred (20 March 2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2011/mar/20/frankensteins-wedding-review">"Frankenstein's Wedding – review"</A>. The Guardian<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">23 May</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Frankenstein%27s+Wedding+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2011-03-20&rft.aulast=Hickling&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2F2011%2Fmar%2F20%2Ffrankensteins-wedding-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BBc_2018-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-BBc_2018_65-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">Cite error: The named reference <CODE>BBc 2018</CODE> was invoked but never defined (see the <A href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</A>).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-66"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-66"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profilebooks.com/blog/announcing-frankenstein-a-new-interactive-literary-app-for-ipad-and-iphone">"Announcing FRANKENSTEIN, a new interactive literary app for iPad and iPhone"</A>. <I>Profile Books</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 December</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Profile+Books&rft.atitle=Announcing+FRANKENSTEIN%2C+a+new+interactive+literary+app+for+iPad+and+iPhone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofilebooks.com%2Fblog%2Fannouncing-frankenstein-a-new-interactive-literary-app-for-ipad-and-iphone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-67"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-67"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2517033/Daniel-Radcliffe-set-Igor-new-Frankenstein-movie.html">Hello Igor... Daniel Radcliffe gets into character on the set of the brand new Frankenstein movie</A>, The Daily Mail</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-68"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-68"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roh.org.uk/productions/frankenstein-by-liam-scarlett">"Frankenstein 4–27 May 2016. Main Stage. The world premiere of Liam Scarlett's new full-length ballet, inspired by Mary Shelley's Gothic masterpiece"</A>. <I>roh.org.uk</I>. Royal Opera House<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">24 May</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=roh.org.uk&rft.atitle=Frankenstein+4%E2%80%9327+May+2016.+Main+Stage.+The+world+premiere+of+Liam+Scarlett%E2%80%99s+new+full-length+ballet%2C+inspired+by+Mary+Shelley%E2%80%99s+Gothic+masterpiece&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roh.org.uk%2Fproductions%2Ffrankenstein-by-liam-scarlett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-69"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-69"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Slavin, Rose (11 May 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roh.org.uk/news/frankenstein-to-be-relayed-live-to-bp-big-screens-in-the-uk-and-cinemas-around-the-world-on-18-may-2016">"Frankenstein to be relayed live to BP Big Screens in the UK and cinemas around the world on 18 May 2016"</A>. Royal Opera House<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">19 September</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Frankenstein+to+be+relayed+live+to+BP+Big+Screens+in+the+UK+and+cinemas+around+the+world+on+18+May+2016&rft.date=2016-05-11&rft.aulast=Slavin&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roh.org.uk%2Fnews%2Ffrankenstein-to-be-relayed-live-to-bp-big-screens-in-the-uk-and-cinemas-around-the-world-on-18-may-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-announcement-70"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-announcement_70-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Universal Pictures (22 May 2017). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/universal-pictures-unveils-dark-universe-with-name-mark-and-musical-theme-for-its-classic-monsters-series-of-films-300461496.html">"Universal Pictures Unveils "Dark Universe" With Name, Mark and Musical Theme for its Classic Monsters Series of Films"</A>. <I>PR Newswire</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PR+Newswire&rft.atitle=Universal+Pictures+Unveils+%22Dark+Universe%22+With+Name%2C+Mark+and+Musical+Theme+for+its+Classic+Monsters+Series+of+Films&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft.au=Universal+Pictures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Funiversal-pictures-unveils-dark-universe-with-name-mark-and-musical-theme-for-its-classic-monsters-series-of-films-300461496.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-71"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-71"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Fleming Jr., Mike (5 October 2017). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deadline.com/2017/10/bride-of-frankenstein-postponed-bill-condon-javier-bardem-angelina-jolie-1202182510/">"<SPAN style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</SPAN>Bride Of Frankenstein' Back To Lab As London Pre-Production Postponed; Javier Bardem & Angelina Jolie Expected To Wait"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Deadline.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Deadline.com">Deadline Hollywood</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98Bride+Of+Frankenstein%E2%80%99+Back+To+Lab+As+London+Pre-Production+Postponed%3B+Javier+Bardem+%26+Angelina+Jolie+Expected+To+Wait&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft.aulast=Fleming+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2017%2F10%2Fbride-of-frankenstein-postponed-bill-condon-javier-bardem-angelina-jolie-1202182510%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-72"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-72"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/100years/laughs.aspx">"AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs"</A>. <A href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 November</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFI%27s+100+Years...100+Laughs&rft.pub=American+Film+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afi.com%2F100years%2Flaughs.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-73"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-73"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">LaFarge, Antoinette, and Annie Loui. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adanewmedia.org/2013/11/issue3-lafargeloui/">"Excerpts from <I>Reading Frankenstein</I>: Mary Shelley as 21st Century Artificial Life Scientist"</A>. <I>Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media & Technology</I>, Fall 2013.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-74"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-74"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeuvideo.afjv.com/press_0912/091216_hdo_aventure.htm">"Communiqués officiels des jeux vidéo"</A>. <I>AFJV</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AFJV&rft.atitle=Communiqu%C3%A9s+officiels+des+jeux+vid%C3%A9o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeuvideo.afjv.com%2Fpress_0912%2F091216_hdo_aventure.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-75"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-75"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalcourtliverpool.ticketsolve.com/shows/126522067/events/">"A Nightmare On Lime Street – Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Nightmare+On+Lime+Street+%E2%80%93+Royal+Court+Theatre%2C+Liverpool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalcourtliverpool.ticketsolve.com%2Fshows%2F126522067%2Fevents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-76"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-76"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Pedersen, Erik (2 March 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deadline.com/2015/03/rob-kazinsky-frankenstein-fox-pilot-1201384886/">"Rob Kazinsky Is Fox's 'Frankenstein' Monster"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood" title="Deadline Hollywood">Deadline Hollywood</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">30 March</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=Rob+Kazinsky+Is+Fox%27s+%27Frankenstein%27+Monster&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2015%2F03%2Frob-kazinsky-frankenstein-fox-pilot-1201384886%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<UL>
<LI>Aldiss, Brian W. "On the Origin of Species: Mary Shelley". <I>Speculations on Speculation: Theories of Science Fiction</I>. Eds. James Gunn and Matthew Candelaria. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow, 2005.</LI>
<LI>Baldick, Chris. <I>In Frankenstein's Shadow: Myth, Monstrosity, and Nineteenth-Century Writing</I>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.</LI>
<LI>Bann, Stephen, ed. <I>"Frankenstein": Creation and Monstrosity</I>. London: Reaktion, 1994.</LI>
<LI>Behrendt, Stephen C., ed. <I>Approaches to Teaching Shelley's "Frankenstein"</I>. New York: MLA, 1990.</LI>
<LI>Bennett, Betty T. and Stuart Curran, eds. <I>Mary Shelley in Her Times</I>. Baltimore: <A href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</A>, 2000.</LI>
<LI>Bennett, Betty T. <I>Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: An Introduction.</I> Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5976-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5976-X">0-8018-5976-X</A>.</LI>
<LI>Bohls, Elizabeth A. "Standards of Taste, Discourses of 'Race', and the Aesthetic Education of a Monster: Critique of Empire in <I>Frankenstein</I>". <I>Eighteenth-Century Life</I> 18.3 (1994): 23–36.</LI>
<LI>Botting, Fred. <I>Making Monstrous: "Frankenstein", Criticism, Theory</I>. New York: St. Martin's, 1991.</LI>
<LI>Chapman, D. <I>That Not Impossible She: A study of gender construction and Individualism in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein</I>, UK: Concept, 2011. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1480047617" title="Special:BookSources/978-1480047617">978-1480047617</A></LI>
<LI>Clery, E. J. <I>Women's Gothic: From Clara Reeve to Mary Shelley</I>. Plymouth: Northcote House, 2000.</LI>
<LI>Conger, Syndy M., Frederick S. Frank, and Gregory O'Dea, eds. <I>Iconoclastic Departures: Mary Shelley after "Frankenstein": Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley's Birth</I>. Madison, New Jersey: <A href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University Press">Fairleigh Dickinson University Press</A>, 1997.</LI>
<LI>Donawerth, Jane. <I>Frankenstein's Daughters: Women Writing Science Fiction</I>. Syracuse: <A href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</A>, 1997.</LI>
<LI>Douthwaite, Julia V. "The Frankenstein of the French Revolution," chapter two of <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo13265096.html">The Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France</A>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.</LI>
<LI>Dunn, Richard J. "Narrative Distance in <I>Frankenstein</I>". <I>Studies in the Novel</I> 6 (1974): 408–17.</LI>
<LI>Eberle-Sinatra, Michael, ed. <I>Mary Shelley's Fictions: From "Frankenstein" to "Falkner"</I>. New York: <A href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</A>, 2000.</LI>
<LI>Ellis, Kate Ferguson. <I>The Contested Castle: Gothic Novels and the Subversion of Domestic Ideology</I>. Urbana: <A href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</A>, 1989.</LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFFlorescu1996" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Radu_Florescu" title="Radu Florescu">Florescu, Radu</A> (1996). <I>In Search of Frankenstein: Exploring the Myths Behind Mary Shelley's Monster</I> (2nd ed.). London: <A href="/wiki/Robson_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Robson Books">Robson Books</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-861-05033-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-861-05033-5">978-1-861-05033-5</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Frankenstein%3A+Exploring+the+Myths+Behind+Mary+Shelley%27s+Monster&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Robson+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-861-05033-5&rft.aulast=Florescu&rft.aufirst=Radu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI>Forry, Steven Earl. <I>Hideous Progenies: Dramatizations of "Frankenstein" from Mary Shelley to the Present</I>. Philadelphia: <A href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</A>, 1990.</LI>
<LI>Freedman, Carl. "Hail Mary: On the Author of <I>Frankenstein</I> and the Origins of Science Fiction". <I>Science Fiction Studies</I> 29.2 (2002): 253–64.</LI>
<LI>Gigante, Denise. "Facing the Ugly: The Case of <I>Frankenstein</I>". <I>ELH</I> 67.2 (2000): 565–87.</LI>
<LI>Gilbert, Sandra and Susan Gubar. <I>The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination</I>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.</LI>
<LI>Hay, Daisy "Young Romantics" (2010): 103.</LI>
<LI>Heffernan, James A. W. "Looking at the Monster: <I>Frankenstein</I> and Film". <I>Critical Inquiry</I> 24.1 (1997): 133–58.</LI>
<LI>Hodges, Devon. "<I>Frankenstein</I> and the Feminine Subversion of the Novel". <I>Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature</I> 2.2 (1983): 155–64.</LI>
<LI>Hoeveler, Diane Long. <I>Gothic Feminism: The Professionalization of Gender from Charlotte Smith to the Brontës</I>. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(biographer)" title="Richard Holmes (biographer)">Holmes, Richard</A>. <I>Shelley: The Pursuit</I>. 1974. London: Harper Perennial, 2003. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-720458-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-720458-2">0-00-720458-2</A>.</LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFJones1952" class="citation journal">Jones, Frederick L. (1952). "Shelley and Milton". <I>Studies in Philology</I>. <B>49</B> (3): 488–519. <A href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4173024">4173024</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Philology&rft.atitle=Shelley+and+Milton&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=488-519&rft.date=1952&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4173024&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Frederick+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI>Knoepflmacher, U. C. and George Levine, eds. <I>The Endurance of "Frankenstein": Essays on Mary Shelley's Novel</I>. Berkeley: <A href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</A>, 1979.</LI>
<LI>Lew, Joseph W. "The Deceptive Other: Mary Shelley's Critique of Orientalism in <I>Frankenstein</I>". <I>Studies in Romanticism</I> 30.2 (1991): 255–83.</LI>
<LI>Lauritsen, John. "The Man Who Wrote <I>Frankenstein</I>". Pagan Press, 2007.</LI>
<LI>London, Bette. "Mary Shelley, <I>Frankenstein</I>, and the Spectacle of Masculinity". <I>PMLA</I> 108.2 (1993): 256–67.</LI>
<LI>Mellor, Anne K. <I>Mary Shelley: Her Life, Her Fiction, Her Monsters</I>. New York: Methuen, 1988.</LI>
<LI>Michaud, Nicolas, <I>Frankenstein and Philosophy: The Shocking Truth</I>, Chicago: Open Court, 2013.</LI>
<LI>Miles, Robert. <I>Gothic Writing 1750–1820: A Genealogy</I>. London: Routledge, 1993.</LI>
<LI>Milner, Andrew. <I>Literature, Culture and Society</I>. London: Routledge, 2005, ch.5.</LI>
<LI>O'Flinn, Paul. "Production and Reproduction: The Case of <I>Frankenstein</I>". <I>Literature and History</I> 9.2 (1983): 194–213.</LI>
<LI>Poovey, Mary. <I>The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen</I>. Chicago: <A href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</A>, 1984.</LI>
<LI>Rauch, Alan. "The Monstrous Body of Knowledge in Mary Shelley's <I>Frankenstein</I>". <I>Studies in Romanticism</I> 34.2 (1995): 227–53.</LI>
<LI>Selbanev, Xtopher. "Natural Philosophy of the Soul", Western Press, 1999.</LI>
<LI>Schor, Esther, ed. <I>The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley</I>. Cambridge: <A href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</A>, 2003.</LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation web">Scott, Grant F. (1934). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02666286.2012.687545">"Victor's Secret: Queer Gothic in Lynd Ward's Illustrations to Frankenstein"</A>. <I>Word & Image - 28 (April–June 2012)</I>. pp. 206–232.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Word+%26+Image+-+28+%28April%E2%80%93June+2012%29&rft.atitle=Victor%27s+Secret%3A+Queer+Gothic+in+Lynd+Ward%27s+Illustrations+to+Frankenstein&rft.pages=206-232&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Grant+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F02666286.2012.687545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI>Smith, Johanna M., ed. <I>Frankenstein</I>. <I>Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism</I>. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1992.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Muriel_Spark" title="Muriel Spark">Spark, Muriel</A>. <I>Mary Shelley</I>. London: Cardinal, 1987. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7474-0318-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7474-0318-X">0-7474-0318-X</A>.</LI>
<LI>Stableford, Brian. "<I>Frankenstein</I> and the Origins of Science Fiction". <I>Anticipations: Essays on Early Science Fiction and Its Precursors</I>. Ed. David Seed. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Emily_W_Sunstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Emily W Sunstein">Sunstein, Emily W.</A> <I>Mary Shelley: Romance and Reality</I>. 1989. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4218-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4218-2">0-8018-4218-2</A>.</LI>
<LI>Tropp, Martin. <I>Mary Shelley's Monster</I>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976.</LI>
<LI>Veeder, William. <I>Mary Shelley & Frankenstein: The Fate of Androgyny</I>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.</LI>
<LI>Williams, Anne. <I>The Art of Darkness: A Poetics of Gothic</I>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(biographer)" title="Richard Holmes (biographer)">Richard Holmes</A>, "Out of Control" (review of <A href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</A>, <I>Frankenstein, Or, The Modern Prometheus: Annotated for Scientists, Engineers, and Creators of All Kinds</I>, edited by David H. Guston, Ed Finn, and Jason Scott Robert, <A href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</A>, 277 pp.; and <A href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</A>, <I>The New Annotated Frankenstein</I>, edited and with a foreword and notes by <A href="/wiki/Leslie_S._Klinger" title="Leslie S. Klinger">Leslie S. Klinger</A>, <A href="/wiki/Liveright" class="mw-redirect" title="Liveright">Liveright</A>, 352 pp.), <I><A href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</A></I>, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp.38, 40–41.</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Editions">Editions</SPAN></H3>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="1818_text">1818 text</SPAN></H4>
<UL>
<LI>Shelley, Mary <I>Frankenstein: 1818 text</I> (Oxford University Press, 2009). Edited with an introduction and notes by <A href="/wiki/Marilyn_Butler" title="Marilyn Butler">Marilyn Butler</A>.</LI>
</UL>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="1831_text">1831 text</SPAN></H4>
<UL>
<LI>Fairclough, Peter (ed.) <I>Three Gothic Novels: Walpole / Castle of Otranto, Beckford / Vathek, Mary Shelley / Frankenstein</I> (Penguin English Library, 1968). With an introductory essay by <A href="/wiki/Mario_Praz" title="Mario Praz">Mario Praz</A>.</LI>
<LI>Shelley, Mary <I>Frankenstein</I> (Oxford University Press, 2008). Edited with an introduction and notes by <A href="/wiki/M._K._Joseph" title="M. K. Joseph">M. K. Joseph</A>.</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN></H2>
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<TD class="mbox-text plainlist"><A href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</A> has original text related to this article:
<DIV style="margin-left: 10px;"><B><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Frankenstein" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Frankenstein"><I>Frankenstein</I></A></B></DIV>
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<LI><SPAN class="citation gutenberg"><I><A href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/84" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:84">Frankenstein</A></I> at <A href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</A></SPAN></LI>
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<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="citation gutenberg"><I><A href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/41445" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:41445">Frankenstein 1818 edition</A></I> at <A href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="15" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Frankenstein&author=Shelley&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><I>Frankenstein</I></A> public domain audiobook at <A href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/chronologies/mschronology/mws.html">Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Chronology and Resource Site</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/PShelley/frankrev.html">"On <I>Frankenstein</I>"</A>, review by <A href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/51771/13-ways-of-looking-at-frankenstein">"13 Ways of Looking at <I>Frankenstein</I>"</A>, slideshow by <I><A href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</A></I></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maryshelley.nl">"My Hideous Progeny: Mary Shelley's <I>Frankenstein</I>"</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.quipo.it/frankenstein"><I>Frankenstein</I>: a new reality!</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frankensteinfilms.com/">Inside look at the "<I>Frankenstein</I> Phenomenon"</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inkitt.com/stories/10568/">Inside look at the "Read original <I>Frankenstein</I> by Mary Shelley"</A></LI>
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<LI>Crash Course Literature - Frankenstein <A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyyrwoCec1k">[1]</A><A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRDjmyEvmBI">[2]</A></LI>
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<DIV id="Mary_Shelley&#039;s_Frankenstein" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</A>'s <I><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Frankenstein</A></I></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Characters</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein">Victor Frankenstein</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein_(character)" title="Bride of Frankenstein (character)">Bride of Frankenstein</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Doctor_Waldman" title="Doctor Waldman">Doctor Waldman</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Lavenza" title="Elizabeth Lavenza">Elizabeth Lavenza</A></LI>
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<DIV id="Films_(expands_on_the_right)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="List of films featuring Frankenstein's monster">Films</A> (expands on the right)</DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Film characters</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Igor_(character)" title="Igor (character)">Igor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Doctor_Septimus_Pretorius" title="Doctor Septimus Pretorius">Doctor Septimus Pretorius</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wolf_Frankenstein" title="Wolf Frankenstein">Wolf Frankenstein</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Universal series</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1931)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein" title="Bride of Frankenstein">Bride of Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1935)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Son_of_Frankenstein" title="Son of Frankenstein">Son of Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1939)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Ghost_of_Frankenstein" title="The Ghost of Frankenstein">The Ghost of Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1942)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Meets_the_Wolf_Man" title="Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man">Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1943)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/House_of_Frankenstein_(1944_film)" title="House of Frankenstein (1944 film)">House of Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1944)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/House_of_Dracula" title="House of Dracula">House of Dracula</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1945)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello_Meet_Frankenstein" title="Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein">Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1948)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Hammer series</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Frankenstein" title="The Curse of Frankenstein">The Curse of Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1957)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Frankenstein" title="The Revenge of Frankenstein">The Revenge of Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1958)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Evil_of_Frankenstein" title="The Evil of Frankenstein">The Evil of Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1964)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Created_Woman" title="Frankenstein Created Woman">Frankenstein Created Woman</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1967)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Must_Be_Destroyed" title="Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed">Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1969)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Horror_of_Frankenstein" title="The Horror of Frankenstein">The Horror of Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1970)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_and_the_Monster_from_Hell" title="Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell">Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1974)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Toho series</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Conquers_the_World" title="Frankenstein Conquers the World">Frankenstein Conquers the World</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1965)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Gargantuas" title="The War of the Gargantuas">The War of the Gargantuas</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1966)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Parodies</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Mad_Monster_Party%3F" title="Mad Monster Party?">Mad Monster Party?</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1967)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Mad_Mad_Mad_Monsters" title="Mad Mad Mad Monsters">Mad Mad Mad Monsters</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1972)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein" title="Young Frankenstein">Young Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1974)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_-_Italian_Style" title="Frankenstein - Italian Style">Frankenstein - Italian Style</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1975)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenweenie_(1984_film)" title="Frankenweenie (1984 film)">Frankenweenie</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1984)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Transylvania_6-5000_(1985_film)" title="Transylvania 6-5000 (1985 film)">Transylvania 6-5000</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1985)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Monster_Squad" title="The Monster Squad">The Monster Squad</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1987)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenhooker" title="Frankenhooker">Frankenhooker</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1990)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Monster_Mash_(1995_film)" title="Monster Mash (1995 film)">Monster Mash</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1995)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks_Meet_Frankenstein" title="Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein">Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1999)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Monster_Mash_(2000_film)" title="Monster Mash (2000 film)">Monster Mash</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2000)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenthumb" title="Frankenthumb">Frankenthumb</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2002)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania" title="Hotel Transylvania">Hotel Transylvania</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2012)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)" title="Frankenweenie (2012 film)">Frankenweenie</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2012)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_2" title="Hotel Transylvania 2">Hotel Transylvania 2</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2015)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Monster_Family" title="Monster Family">Monster Family</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2017)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Others</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film)" title="Frankenstein (1910 film)">Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1910)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Life_Without_Soul" title="Life Without Soul">Life Without Soul</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1915)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Monster_of_Frankenstein_(film)" title="The Monster of Frankenstein (film)">The Monster of Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1920)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/I_Was_a_Teenage_Frankenstein" title="I Was a Teenage Frankenstein">I Was a Teenage Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1957)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_1970" title="Frankenstein 1970">Frankenstein 1970</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1958)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Daughter" title="Frankenstein's Daughter">Frankenstein's Daughter</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1958)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Meets_the_Space_Monster" title="Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster">Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1965)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Jesse_James_Meets_Frankenstein%27s_Daughter" title="Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter">Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1966)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Los_Monstruos_del_Terror" title="Los Monstruos del Terror">Los Monstruos del Terror</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1970)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Lady_Frankenstein" title="Lady Frankenstein">Lady Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1971)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Dracula_vs._Frankenstein" title="Dracula vs. Frankenstein">Dracula vs. Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1971)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_%2780" title="Frankenstein '80">Frankenstein '80</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1972)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol%27s_Frankenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Warhol's Frankenstein">Andy Warhol's Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1973)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Blackenstein" title="Blackenstein">Blackenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1973)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Castle_of_Freaks" title="Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks">Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1974)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Kyoufu_Densetsu_Kaiki!_Frankenstein" title="Kyoufu Densetsu Kaiki! Frankenstein">Frankenstein Legend of Terror</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1981)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Island" title="Frankenstein Island">Frankenstein Island</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1981)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Bride_(1985_film)" title="The Bride (1985 film)">The Bride</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1985)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Unbound" title="Frankenstein Unbound">Frankenstein Unbound</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1990)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1992_film)" title="Frankenstein (1992 film)">Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1992)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley%27s_Frankenstein_(film)" title="Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (film)">Mary Shelley's Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1994)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Van_Helsing_(film)" title="Van Helsing (film)">Van Helsing</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2004)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_vs._the_Creature_from_Blood_Cove" title="Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove">Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2005)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Vampire_Girl_vs._Frankenstein_Girl" title="Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl">Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2009)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/House_of_the_Wolf_Man" title="House of the Wolf Man">House of the Wolf Man</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2009)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_Day_of_the_Beast" title="Frankenstein: Day of the Beast">Frankenstein: Day of the Beast</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2011)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Army" title="Frankenstein's Army">Frankenstein's Army</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2013)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Frankenstein_Theory" title="The Frankenstein Theory">The Frankenstein Theory</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2013)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/I,_Frankenstein" title="I, Frankenstein">I, Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2014)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Army_of_Frankensteins" title="Army of Frankensteins">Army of Frankensteins</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2014)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2015_film)" title="Frankenstein (2015 film)">Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2015)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein_(film)" title="Victor Frankenstein (film)">Victor Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2015)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Television</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Tales_of_Frankenstein" title="Tales of Frankenstein">Tales of Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1958)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Jr._and_The_Impossibles" title="Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles">Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1966–1968)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Groovie_Goolies" title="Groovie Goolies">Groovie Goolies</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1970)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_The_True_Story" title="Frankenstein: The True Story">Frankenstein: The True Story</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1973)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Struck_by_Lightning_(TV_series)" title="Struck by Lightning (TV series)">Struck by Lightning</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1979)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/House_of_Frankenstein_(miniseries)" title="House of Frankenstein (miniseries)">House of Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1997)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2004_film)" title="Frankenstein (2004 film)">Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2004, TV film)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(miniseries)" title="Frankenstein (miniseries)">Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2004, miniseries)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2007_film)" title="Frankenstein (2007 film)">Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2007)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley%27s_Frankenhole" title="Mary Shelley's Frankenhole">Mary Shelley's Frankenhole</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2010)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)">Once Upon a Time</A></I>
<UL>
<LI>"<A href="/wiki/The_Doctor_(Once_Upon_a_Time)" title="The Doctor (Once Upon a Time)">The Doctor</A>" <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2012)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>"<A href="/wiki/In_the_Name_of_the_Brother" title="In the Name of the Brother">In the Name of the Brother</A>" <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2013)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Penny_Dreadful_(TV_series)" title="Penny Dreadful (TV series)">Penny Dreadful</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2014–2016)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Frankenstein_Chronicles" title="The Frankenstein Chronicles">The Frankenstein Chronicles</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2015)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Second_Chance_(2016_TV_series)" title="Second Chance (2016 TV series)">Second Chance</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2016)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Stage</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Presumption;_or,_the_Fate_of_Frankenstein" title="Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein">Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1823)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein,_or_The_Vampire%27s_Victim" title="Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim">Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1887)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Joined_At_The_Heart" title="Joined At The Heart">Joined At The Heart</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2007)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_%E2%80%93_A_New_Musical" title="Frankenstein – A New Musical">Frankenstein – A New Musical</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2007)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein_(musical)" title="Young Frankenstein (musical)">Young Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2007)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2011_play)" title="Frankenstein (2011 play)">Frankenstein</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2011 play)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Wedding" title="Frankenstein's Wedding">Frankenstein's Wedding</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2011 play)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Novels</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Aunt_(novel)" title="Frankenstein's Aunt (novel)">Frankenstein's Aunt</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1978)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Aunt_Returns" title="Frankenstein's Aunt Returns">Frankenstein's Aunt Returns</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1989)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Cat" title="Frankenstein's Cat">Frankenstein's Cat</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2001)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Dean_Koontz%27s_Frankenstein" title="Dean Koontz's Frankenstein">Dean Koontz's Frankenstein</A></I>
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Prodigal_Son_(novel)" title="Prodigal Son (novel)">Prodigal Son</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2005)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/City_of_Night_(Koontz_and_Gorman_novel)" title="City of Night (Koontz and Gorman novel)">City of Night</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2005)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Dead_and_Alive_(Koontz_novel)" title="Dead and Alive (Koontz novel)">Dead and Alive</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2009)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Lost_Souls_(Koontz_novel)" title="Lost Souls (Koontz novel)">Lost Souls</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2010)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_Baghdad" title="Frankenstein in Baghdad">Frankenstein in Baghdad</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2013)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Comics</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Bernie_Wrightson%27s_Frankenstein" title="Bernie Wrightson's Frankenstein">Bernie Wrightson's Frankenstein</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(DC_Comics)" title="Frankenstein (DC Comics)">Frankenstein (DC Comics)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Dell_Comics)" title="Frankenstein (Dell Comics)">Frankenstein (Dell Comics)</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Doc_Frankenstein" title="Doc Frankenstein">Doc Frankenstein</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Embalming_(manga)" title="Embalming (manga)">Embalming</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Monster_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Frankenstein's Monster (Marvel Comics)">Frankenstein's Monster (Marvel Comics)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Prize_Comics)" title="Frankenstein (Prize Comics)"><I>Frankenstein</I> (Prize Comics)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein_(comics)" title="Young Frankenstein (comics)">Young Frankenstein</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Video games</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(video_game)" title="Frankenstein (video game)">Frankenstein</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_The_Monster_Returns" title="Frankenstein: The Monster Returns">Frankenstein: The Monster Returns</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Dr._Franken" title="Dr. Franken">Dr. Franken</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley%27s_Frankenstein_(video_game)" title="Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (video game)">Mary Shelley's Frankenstein</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_Through_the_Eyes_of_the_Monster" title="Frankenstein: Through the Eyes of the Monster">Frankenstein: Through the Eyes of the Monster</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Van_Helsing_(video_game)" title="Van Helsing (video game)">Van Helsing</A></I></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Related</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_popular_culture" title="Frankenstein in popular culture"><I>Frankenstein</I> in popular culture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Castle" title="Frankenstein Castle">Frankenstein Castle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Johann_Conrad_Dippel" title="Johann Conrad Dippel">Johann Conrad Dippel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frankenstrat" title="Frankenstrat">Frankenstrat</A> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(guitar)</SPAN></LI>
<LI>"<A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(instrumental)" title="Frankenstein (instrumental)">Frankenstein</A>" <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1973 single)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Death_Race)" title="Frankenstein (Death Race)">Frankenstein (<I>Death Race</I>)</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein,_MD" title="Frankenstein, MD">Frankenstein, MD</A></I> <SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(2014)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
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<DIV id="Mary_Shelley" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</A></DIV>
</TH>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Mary_Shelley" title="List of works by Mary Shelley">Works</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/History_of_a_Six_Weeks%27_Tour" title="History of a Six Weeks' Tour">History of a Six Weeks' Tour</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Frankenstein</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Mathilda_(novella)" title="Mathilda (novella)">Mathilda</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Proserpine_(play)" title="Proserpine (play)">Proserpine</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Midas_(Shelley_play)" title="Midas (Shelley play)">Midas</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Valperga_(novel)" title="Valperga (novel)">Valperga</A></I></LI>
<LI>"<A href="/wiki/Maurice_(Shelley)" title="Maurice (Shelley)">Maurice</A>"</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Last_Man" title="The Last Man">The Last Man</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Perkin_Warbeck" title="The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck">The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck</A></I></LI>
<LI>"<A href="/wiki/The_Mortal_Immortal" title="The Mortal Immortal">The Mortal Immortal</A>"</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Lodore" title="Lodore">Lodore</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Falkner_(novel)" title="Falkner (novel)">Falkner</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Rambles_in_Germany_and_Italy" title="Rambles in Germany and Italy">Rambles in Germany and Italy</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_Literary_and_Scientific_Men" title="Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men">Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men</A></I></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<DIV><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-82px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg" width="82" height="100" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-123px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-164px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2109" /></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</A> (husband)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Percy_Florence_Shelley" title="Percy Florence Shelley">Percy Florence Shelley</A> (son)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</A> (mother)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</A> (father)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</A> (half-sister)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</A> (stepsister)</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Mounseer_Nongtongpaw" title="Mounseer Nongtongpaw">Mounseer Nongtongpaw</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_popular_culture" title="Frankenstein in popular culture"><I>Frankenstein</I> in popular culture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rowing_with_the_Wind" title="Rowing with the Wind"><I>Rowing with the Wind</I> <SMALL>(1988 film)</SMALL></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_Polidori" class="mw-redirect" title="John Polidori">John Polidori</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hogg" title="Thomas Jefferson Hogg">Thomas Jefferson Hogg</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
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</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" style="padding:3px">
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<DIV id="Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation in fiction</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels and<BR />
short stories</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Frankenstein</A></I> (1818)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Les_Mains_d%27Orlac" title="Les Mains d'Orlac">Les Mains d'Orlac</A></I> (1920)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/A_Gift_from_Earth" title="A Gift from Earth">A Gift from Earth</A></I> (1968)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Coma_(novel)" title="Coma (novel)">Coma</A></I> (1977)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Pegasus_in_Flight" title="Pegasus in Flight">Pegasus in Flight</A></I> (1990)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Flatlander_(short_story_collection)" title="Flatlander (short story collection)">Flatlander</A></I> (1995)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/My_Sister%27s_Keeper_(novel)" title="My Sister's Keeper (novel)">My Sister's Keeper</A></I> (2004)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Never_Let_Me_Go_(novel)" title="Never Let Me Go (novel)">Never Let Me Go</A></I> (2005)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Unwind_(novel)" title="Unwind (novel)">Unwind</A></I> (2007)</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Hands_of_Orlac_(1924_film)" title="The Hands of Orlac (1924 film)">The Hands of Orlac</A></I> (1924)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">Frankenstein</A></I> (1931)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Mad_Love_(1935_film)" title="Mad Love (1935 film)">Mad Love</A></I> (1935)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Hands_of_Orlac_(1960_film)" title="The Hands of Orlac (1960 film)">The Hands of Orlac</A></I> (1960)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Hands_of_a_Stranger" title="Hands of a Stranger">Hands of a Stranger</A></I> (1962)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Bloody_Apes_(film)" title="Night of the Bloody Apes (film)">Night of the Bloody Apes</A></I> (1969)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Transplant" title="The Amazing Transplant">The Amazing Transplant</A></I> (1970)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Percy_(film)" title="Percy (film)">Percy</A></I> (1971)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Incredible_2-Headed_Transplant" title="The Incredible 2-Headed Transplant">The Incredible 2-Headed Transplant</A></I> (1971)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Resurrection_of_Zachary_Wheeler" title="The Resurrection of Zachary Wheeler">The Resurrection of Zachary Wheeler</A></I> (1971)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Thing_with_Two_Heads" title="The Thing with Two Heads">The Thing with Two Heads</A></I> (1972)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Mansion_of_the_Doomed" title="Mansion of the Doomed">Mansion of the Doomed</A></I> (1976)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Coma_(1978_film)" title="Coma (1978 film)">Coma</A></I> (1978)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Parts:_The_Clonus_Horror" title="Parts: The Clonus Horror">Parts: The Clonus Horror</A></I> (1979)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Fleisch_(film)" title="Fleisch (film)">Fleisch</A></I> (1979)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Man_with_Two_Brains" title="The Man with Two Brains">The Man with Two Brains</A></I> (1983)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Body_Parts_(film)" title="Body Parts (film)">Body Parts</A></I> (1991)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Body_Bags_(film)" title="Body Bags (film)">Body Bags</A></I> (1993)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Eye_(2002_film)" title="The Eye (2002 film)">The Eye</A></I> (2002)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Dirty_Pretty_Things_(film)" title="Dirty Pretty Things (film)">Dirty Pretty Things</A></I> (2002)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/21_Grams" title="21 Grams">21 Grams</A></I> (2003)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Island_(2005_film)" title="The Island (2005 film)">The Island</A></I> (2005)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Turistas" title="Turistas">Turistas</A></I> (2006)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Awake_(film)" title="Awake (film)">Awake</A></I> (2007)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Seven_Pounds_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Pounds (film)">Seven Pounds</A></I> (2008)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Repo!_The_Genetic_Opera" title="Repo! The Genetic Opera">Repo! The Genetic Opera</A></I> (2008)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/My_Sister%27s_Keeper_(film)" title="My Sister's Keeper (film)">My Sister's Keeper</A></I> (2009)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Never_Let_Me_Go_(2010_film)" title="Never Let Me Go (2010 film)">Never Let Me Go</A></I> (2010)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Repo_Men" title="Repo Men">Repo Men</A></I> (2010)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Harvest_(2013_film)" title="The Harvest (2013 film)">The Harvest</A></I> (2013)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Pound_of_Flesh_(2015_film)" title="Pound of Flesh (2015 film)">Pound of Flesh</A></I> (2015)</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI>"<A href="/wiki/Spock%27s_Brain" title="Spock's Brain">Spock's Brain</A>" (1968)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Brain_of_Morbius" title="The Brain of Morbius">The Brain of Morbius</A></I> (1976)</LI>
<LI>"<A href="/wiki/Appointment_on_Route_17" title="Appointment on Route 17">Appointment on Route 17</A>" (1988)</LI>
<LI>"<A href="/wiki/Phage_(Star_Trek:_Voyager)" title="Phage (Star Trek: Voyager)">Phage</A>" (<A href="/wiki/Vidiians" title="Vidiians">Vidiians</A>) (1995)</LI>
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<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Coma_(U.S._miniseries)" title="Coma (U.S. miniseries)">Coma</A></I> (2012)</LI>
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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فرانكنشتاين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><A href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_o%27l_modernu_Prometeo" title="Frankenstein o'l modernu Prometeo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><A href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franken%C5%9Fteyn" title="Frankenşteyn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><A href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8)" title="ফ্রাঙ্কেনস্টাইন (উপন্যাস) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Франкенщайн (роман) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><A href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_ili_moderni_Prometej" title="Frankenstein ili moderni Prometej – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_(Roman)" title="Frankenstein (Roman) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%AE_%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Φρανκενστάιν ή ο Σύγχρονος Προμηθέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_o_el_moderno_Prometeo" title="Frankenstein o el moderno Prometeo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franken%C5%9Dtejno" title="Frankenŝtejno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فرانکنشتاین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_ou_le_Prom%C3%A9th%C3%A9e_moderne" title="Frankenstein ou le Prométhée moderne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><A href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_ou_o_moderno_Prometeo" title="Frankenstein ou o moderno Prometeo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%BC%84%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="프랑켄슈타인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%81_%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A9%D6%87%D5%BD" title="Ֆրանկենշթեյն կամ ժամանակակից Պրոմեթևս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="फ्रैंकनस्टाइन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_ili_moderni_Prometej" title="Frankenstein ili moderni Prometej – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_(novel)" title="Frankenstein (novel) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פרנקנשטיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><A href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಫ್ರಾಂಕೆನ್‌ಸ್ಟೈನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><A href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Франкенштейн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franken%C5%A1teins" title="Frankenšteins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><A href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franken%C5%A1teinas_(knyga)" title="Frankenšteinas (knyga) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="ഫ്രാങ്കൻസ്റ്റീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_(roman)" title="Frankenstein (roman) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="フランケンシュタイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_o_lo_Promet%C3%A8u_mod%C3%A8rne" title="Frankenstein o lo Prometèu modèrne – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><A href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਫਰੈਂਕਨਸਟਾਇਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_(roman)" title="Frankenstein (roman) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Франкенштейн, или Современный Прометей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><A href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_(rumanzu)" title="Frankenstein (rumanzu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Франкенштајн или модерни Прометеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein,_or_The_Modern_Prometeus" title="Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometeus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="பிராங்கென்ஸ்டைன் (புதினம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><A href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫ్రాంకెన్‌స్టెయిన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="แฟรงเกนสไตน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Франкенштейн, або Сучасний Прометей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><A href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%80%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="科學怪人 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%80%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="科學怪人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				</UL>
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document_title: Frankenstein

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question_text: where do frankenstein and the monster first meet