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<BODY class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Gulf_of_Mexico rootpage-Gulf_of_Mexico skin-vector action-view">		<DIV id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></DIV>
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			<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Gulf of Mexico</H1>
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<TH colspan="2" class="fn org" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Gulf of Mexico</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><A href="/wiki/File:Fixed_gulf_map.png" class="image"><IMG alt="Fixed gulf map.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fixed_gulf_map.png/250px-Fixed_gulf_map.png" width="250" height="204" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fixed_gulf_map.png/375px-Fixed_gulf_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fixed_gulf_map.png/500px-Fixed_gulf_map.png 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="600" /></A>
<DIV><A href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">Bathymetry</A> of the Gulf of Mexico</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR class="adr">
<TH scope="row">Location</TH>
<TD class="region"><A href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><SPAN title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</SPAN></TH>
<TD><SPAN class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><A class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Gulf_of_Mexico&params=25_N_90_W_region:XA_type:waterbody_scale:10000000&title=Gulf+of+Mexico"><SPAN class="geo-default"><SPAN class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><SPAN class="latitude">25°N</SPAN> <SPAN class="longitude">90°W</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="geo-multi-punct"> / </SPAN><SPAN class="geo-nondefault"><SPAN class="vcard"><SPAN class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25°N 90°W</SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> / <SPAN class="geo">25; -90</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> (<SPAN class="fn org">Gulf of Mexico</SPAN>)</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="font-size: small;"><SPAN id="coordinates"><A href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</A>: <SPAN class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><A class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Gulf_of_Mexico&params=25_N_90_W_region:XA_type:waterbody_scale:10000000&title=Gulf+of+Mexico"><SPAN class="geo-default"><SPAN class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><SPAN class="latitude">25°N</SPAN> <SPAN class="longitude">90°W</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="geo-multi-punct"> / </SPAN><SPAN class="geo-nondefault"><SPAN class="vcard"><SPAN class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25°N 90°W</SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> / <SPAN class="geo">25; -90</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> (<SPAN class="fn org">Gulf of Mexico</SPAN>)</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></TD>
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<TR>
<TH scope="row">River sources</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><SPAN title="Primary outflows: oceans, seas, straights">Ocean/sea sources</SPAN></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</A>, <A href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</A> countries</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></TH>
</TR>
<TR class="note">
<TH scope="row">Max. width</TH>
<TD>1,500 km (932.06 mi)</TD>
</TR>
<TR class="note">
<TH scope="row">Surface area</TH>
<TD>1,550,000 km<SUP>2</SUP> (600,000 sq mi)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Settlements</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</A>, <A href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tampa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampa">Tampa</A>, <A href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</A>, <A href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</A>, <A href="/wiki/Gulfport" class="mw-disambig" title="Gulfport">Gulfport</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tampico" title="Tampico">Tampico</A>, <A href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West</A></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Verner_Moore_White_-_The_Harbor_at_Galveston.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Verner_Moore_White_-_The_Harbor_at_Galveston.JPG/220px-Verner_Moore_White_-_The_Harbor_at_Galveston.JPG" width="220" height="112" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Verner_Moore_White_-_The_Harbor_at_Galveston.JPG/330px-Verner_Moore_White_-_The_Harbor_at_Galveston.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Verner_Moore_White_-_The_Harbor_at_Galveston.JPG/440px-Verner_Moore_White_-_The_Harbor_at_Galveston.JPG 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="241" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Verner_Moore_White_-_The_Harbor_at_Galveston.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Galveston harbor by <A href="/wiki/Verner_Moore_White" title="Verner Moore White">Verner Moore White</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Gulf_of_Mexico_with_ship.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gulf_of_Mexico_with_ship.jpg/220px-Gulf_of_Mexico_with_ship.jpg" width="220" height="133" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gulf_of_Mexico_with_ship.jpg/330px-Gulf_of_Mexico_with_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gulf_of_Mexico_with_ship.jpg/440px-Gulf_of_Mexico_with_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="417" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Gulf_of_Mexico_with_ship.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Ship and oil rigs in the Gulf</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>The <B>Gulf of Mexico</B> (<A href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</A>: <SPAN lang="es" xml:lang="es"><I>Golfo de México</I></SPAN>) is an <A href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">ocean basin</A> and a <A href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">marginal sea</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> largely surrounded by the <A href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</A> continent.<SUP id="cite_ref-GNIS1_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-GNIS1-2">[2]</A></SUP> It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the <A href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast of the United States</A>, on the southwest and south by <A href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</A>, and on the southeast by <A href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</A>. The <A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</A> states of <A href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</A>, <A href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</A>, <A href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</A> and <A href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</A> border the Gulf on the north, which are often referred to as the "<A href="/wiki/Third_Coast" title="Third Coast">Third Coast</A>" in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts, or sometimes the "south coast", in juxtaposition to the <A href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</A> region being the "north coast." One of the gulf's seven main areas is the <A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico_basin" title="Gulf of Mexico basin">Gulf of Mexico basin</A>.</P>
<P>The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of <A href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-HuertaOther2012a_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-HuertaOther2012a-3">[3]</A></SUP> The Gulf's basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km; 930 mi) wide and floored by <A href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</A> and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the <A href="/wiki/Florida_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Straits">Florida Straits</A> between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean (with which it forms the <A href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</A>) via the <A href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Channel" title="Yucatán Channel">Yucatán Channel</A> between Mexico and Cuba. With the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small <A href="/wiki/Tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Tides">tidal ranges</A>. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km<SUP>2</SUP> (615,000 sq mi). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters (550 quadrillion Imperial gallons, 660 quadrillion US gallons, 2.5 million km<SUP>3</SUP> or 600,000 cu mi).<SUP id="cite_ref-epa_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-epa-4">[4]</A></SUP></P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Extent"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Extent</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Geology"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Geology</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#European_exploration"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">European exploration</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Shipwrecks"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Shipwrecks</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Geography"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Geography</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#2006_earthquake"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">2006 earthquake</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Maritime_boundary_delimitation_agreements"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Maritime boundary delimitation agreements</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#Biota"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Biota</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#Pollution"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Pollution</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#Ixtoc_I_explosion_and_oil_spill"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext"><I>Ixtoc I</I> explosion and oil spill</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#Deepwater_Horizon_explosion_and_oil_spill"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext"><I>Deepwater Horizon</I> explosion and oil spill</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Minor_oil_spills"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Minor oil spills</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><A href="#Brutus_oil_spill"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext"><I>Brutus</I> oil spill</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Extent">Extent</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extent">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</A> defines the southeast limit of the Gulf of Mexico as follows:<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>A line leaving <A href="/wiki/Cape_Catoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Catoche">Cape Catoche</A> Light (<SPAN class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><A class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Gulf_of_Mexico&params=21_37_N_87_04_W_"><SPAN class="geo-default"><SPAN class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><SPAN class="latitude">21°37′N</SPAN> <SPAN class="longitude">87°04′W</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="geo-multi-punct"> / </SPAN><SPAN class="geo-nondefault"><SPAN class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.617°N 87.067°W</SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> / <SPAN class="geo">21.617; -87.067</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN>) with the Light on <A href="/wiki/Cape_San_Antonio,_Cuba" title="Cape San Antonio, Cuba">Cape San Antonio</A> in Cuba, through this island to the <A href="/wiki/83rd_meridian_west" title="83rd meridian west">meridian of 83°W</A> and to the Northward along this meridian to the latitude of the South point of the <A href="/wiki/Dry_Tortugas" title="Dry Tortugas">Dry Tortugas</A> (24°35'N), along this parallel Eastward to <A href="/wiki/Rebecca_Shoal_Light" title="Rebecca Shoal Light">Rebecca Shoal</A> (82°35'W) thence through the shoals and <A href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</A> to the mainland at eastern end of <A href="/wiki/Florida_Bay" title="Florida Bay">Florida Bay</A>, all the narrow waters between the Dry Tortugas and the mainland being considered to be within the Gulf.</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Geology">Geology</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg/200px-Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg" width="200" height="182" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg/300px-Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg/400px-Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4804" data-file-height="4381" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sediment</A> in the Gulf of Mexico</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>The consensus among geologists<SUP id="cite_ref-HuertaOther2012a_3-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-HuertaOther2012a-3">[3]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Salvador.281991.29_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Salvador.281991.29-6">[6]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-SternOther.282010.29_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SternOther.282010.29-7">[7]</A></SUP> who have studied the geology of the Gulf of Mexico, is that prior to the Late <A href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</A>, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist. Before the Late Triassic, the area now occupied by the Gulf of Mexico consisted of dry land, which included continental crust that now underlies <A href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</A>, within the middle of the large supercontinent of <A href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</A>. This land lay south of a continuous mountain range that extended from north-central Mexico, through the <A href="/wiki/Marathon_Uplift" title="Marathon Uplift">Marathon Uplift</A> in West <A href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Ouachita_Mountains" title="Ouachita Mountains">Ouachita Mountains</A> of <A href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</A>, and to <A href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</A> where it linked directly to the <A href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</A>. It was created by the collision of continental plates that formed Pangea. As interpreted by Roy Van Arsdale and Randel T. Cox, this mountain range was breached in Late <A href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</A> times by the formation of the <A href="/wiki/Mississippi_Embayment" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Embayment">Mississippi Embayment</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-VanArsdale.282009.29_8-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-VanArsdale.282009.29-8">[8]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CoxOther.282002.29_9-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CoxOther.282002.29-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Geologists and other Earth scientists agree in general that the present Gulf of Mexico basin originated in Late Triassic time as the result of <A href="/wiki/Rifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifting">rifting</A> within Pangea.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP> The rifting was associated with zones of weakness within Pangea, including sutures where the <A href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</A>, South American, and African plates collided to create it. First, there was a Late Triassic-Early <A href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</A> phase of rifting during which <A href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valleys</A> formed and filled with continental <A href="/wiki/Red_beds" title="Red beds">red beds</A>. Second, as rifting progressed through Early and Middle Jurassic time, continental crust was stretched and thinned. This thinning created a broad zone of thick transitional crust, which displays modest and uneven thinning with block faulting, and a broad zone of uniformly thinned transitional crust, which is half the typical thickness, 35 <A href="/wiki/Kilometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilometer">kilometers</A>, of normal continental crust. It was at this time that tectonics first created a connection to the Pacific Ocean across central Mexico and later eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. This flooded the subsiding basin created by rifting and crustal thinning to create the Gulf of Mexico. While the Gulf of Mexico was a restricted basin, the subsiding transitional crust was blanketed by the widespread deposition of <A href="/wiki/Louann_Salt" title="Louann Salt">Louann Salt</A> and associated <A href="/wiki/Anhydrite" title="Anhydrite">anhydrite</A> <A href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporites</A>. Initially, during the Late Jurassic, continued rifting widened the Gulf of Mexico and progressed to the point that <A href="/wiki/Sea-floor_spreading" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-floor spreading">sea-floor spreading</A> and formation of <A href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</A> occurred. At this point, sufficient circulation with the Atlantic Ocean was established that the deposition of Louann Salt ceased.<SUP id="cite_ref-Salvador.281991.29_6-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Salvador.281991.29-6">[6]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-SternOther.282010.29_7-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SternOther.282010.29-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Buffler.281991.29_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Buffler.281991.29-11">[11]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Galloway.282008.29_12-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Galloway.282008.29-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<P>During the Late Jurassic through Early Cretaceous, the basin occupied by the Gulf of Mexico experienced a period of cooling and subsidence of the crust underlying it. The subsidence was the result of a combination of crustal stretching, cooling, and loading. Initially, the combination of crustal stretching and cooling caused about 5–7 km of tectonic subsidence of the central thin transitional and oceanic crust. Because subsidence occurred faster than sediment could fill it, the Gulf of Mexico expanded and deepened.<SUP id="cite_ref-Salvador.281991.29_6-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Salvador.281991.29-6">[6]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Galloway.282008.29_12-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Galloway.282008.29-12">[12]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-SawyerOther.281991.29_13-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SawyerOther.281991.29-13">[13]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Later, loading of the crust within the Gulf of Mexico and adjacent coastal plain by the accumulation of kilometers of sediments during the rest of the <A href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</A> and all of the <A href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</A> further depressed the underlying crust to its current position about 10–20 km below sea level. Particularly during the Cenozoic, thick <A href="/wiki/Clastic_wedge" title="Clastic wedge">clastic wedges</A> built out the continental shelf along the northwestern and northern margins of the Gulf of Mexico.<SUP id="cite_ref-Salvador.281991.29_6-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Salvador.281991.29-6">[6]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Galloway.282008.29_12-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Galloway.282008.29-12">[12]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-SawyerOther.281991.29_13-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SawyerOther.281991.29-13">[13]</A></SUP></P>
<P>To the east, the stable <A href="/wiki/Florida_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida platform">Florida platform</A> was not covered by the sea until the latest Jurassic or the beginning of Cretaceous time. The Yucatán platform was emergent until the mid-Cretaceous. After both platforms were submerged, the formation of <A href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">carbonates</A> and <A href="/wiki/Evaporites" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaporites">evaporites</A> has characterized the geologic history of these two stable areas. Most of the basin was rimmed during the Early Cretaceous by carbonate platforms, and its western flank was involved during the latest Cretaceous and early <A href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</A> periods in a compressive deformation episode, the <A href="/wiki/Laramide_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Laramide Orogeny">Laramide Orogeny</A>, which created the <A href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental">Sierra Madre Oriental</A> of eastern Mexico.<SUP id="cite_ref-gulfbase_14-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gulfbase-14">[14]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2002 geologist Michael Stanton published a speculative essay suggesting an <A href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact origin</A> for the Gulf of Mexico at the close of the <A href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</A>, which could have caused the <A href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Stanton.282002.29_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Stanton.282002.29-15">[15]</A></SUP> However, Gulf Coast geologists do not regard this hypothesis as having any credibility. Instead they overwhelmingly accept plate tectonics, not an asteroid impact, as having created the Gulf of Mexico as illustrated by papers authored by Kevin Mickus and others.<SUP id="cite_ref-HuertaOther2012a_3-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-HuertaOther2012a-3">[3]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-SternOther.282010.29_7-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SternOther.282010.29-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Galloway.282008.29_12-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Galloway.282008.29-12">[12]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-MickusOther.282009.29_16-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MickusOther.282009.29-16">[16]</A></SUP> This hypothesis is not to be confused with the <A href="/wiki/Chicxulub_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicxulub Crater">Chicxulub Crater</A>, a large impact crater on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico on the Yucatán Peninsula.</P>
<P>Today, the Gulf of Mexico has the following 7 main areas:<SUP id="cite_ref-gulfbase_14-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gulfbase-14">[14]</A></SUP></P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico_basin" title="Gulf of Mexico basin">Gulf of Mexico basin</A>, which contains the <A href="/wiki/Sigsbee_Deep" title="Sigsbee Deep">Sigsbee Deep</A> and can be further divided into the continental rise, the <A href="/w/index.php?title=Sigsbee_Abyssal_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigsbee Abyssal Plain (page does not exist)">Sigsbee Abyssal Plain</A>, and the <A href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_Cone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mississippi Cone (page does not exist)">Mississippi Cone</A>.</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northeast Gulf of Mexico (page does not exist)">Northeast Gulf of Mexico</A>, which extends from a point east of the <A href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Delta" title="Mississippi River Delta">Mississippi River Delta</A> near <A href="/wiki/Biloxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Biloxi">Biloxi</A> to the eastern side of <A href="/wiki/Apalachee_Bay" title="Apalachee Bay">Apalachee Bay</A>.</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=South_Florida_Continental_Shelf_and_Slope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Florida Continental Shelf and Slope (page does not exist)">South Florida Continental Shelf and Slope</A>, which extends along the coast from Apalachee Bay to the <A href="/wiki/Straits_of_Florida" title="Straits of Florida">Straits of Florida</A> and includes the Florida Keys and <A href="/wiki/Dry_Tortugas" title="Dry Tortugas">Dry Tortugas</A>.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Campeche_Bank" title="Campeche Bank">Campeche Bank</A>, which extends from the <A href="/w/index.php?title=Yucat%C3%A1n_Straits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yucatán Straits (page does not exist)">Yucatán Straits</A> in the east to the <A href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</A>–<A href="/w/index.php?title=Campeche_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campeche Basin (page does not exist)">Campeche Basin</A> in the west and includes <A href="/wiki/Arrecife_Alacran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrecife Alacran">Arrecife Alacran</A>.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</A>, which is an isthmian <A href="/wiki/Embayment" class="mw-redirect" title="Embayment">embayment</A> extending from the western edge of Campeche Bank to the offshore regions just east of the port of <A href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</A>.</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Gulf of Mexico (page does not exist)">Western Gulf of Mexico</A>, which is located between Veracruz to the south and the <A href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</A> to the north.</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Gulf of Mexico (page does not exist)">Northwest Gulf of Mexico</A>, which extends from Alabama to the Rio Grande.</LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="European_exploration">European exploration</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: European exploration">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<TD class="mbox-text"><SPAN class="mbox-text-span">This section <B>does not <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</A> any <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</A></B>. <SPAN class="hide-when-compact">Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit">improve this section</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</A>.</SPAN> <SMALL><I>(June 2010)</I></SMALL> <SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I>(<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></SPAN></TD>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Fishing_Fleet_in_Biloxi.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Fishing_Fleet_in_Biloxi.jpg/150px-Fishing_Fleet_in_Biloxi.jpg" width="150" height="247" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Fishing_Fleet_in_Biloxi.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="320" /></A>
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Fishing boats in <A href="/wiki/Biloxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Biloxi">Biloxi</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:GulfMexTemps_2005Hurricanes.gif" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/GulfMexTemps_2005Hurricanes.gif/200px-GulfMexTemps_2005Hurricanes.gif" width="200" height="153" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/GulfMexTemps_2005Hurricanes.gif/300px-GulfMexTemps_2005Hurricanes.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/GulfMexTemps_2005Hurricanes.gif/400px-GulfMexTemps_2005Hurricanes.gif 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="931" /></A>
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Graph showing the overall water temperature of the Gulf between Hurricanes <A href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Katrina</A> and <A href="/wiki/Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Rita</A>. Although Katrina cooled waters in its path by up to 4 °C, they had rebounded by the time of Rita's appearance.</DIV>
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<P>Although <A href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</A> was credited with the discovery of the Americas by Europeans, the ships in his four voyages never reached the Gulf of Mexico. Instead, Columbus sailed into the Caribbean around Cuba and <A href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</A>. The first European exploration of the Gulf of Mexico was by <A href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</A> in 1497. He followed the coastal land mass of <A href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</A> before returning to the Atlantic Ocean via the Straits of Florida between <A href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</A> and Cuba. In his letters, Vespucci described this trip, and once <A href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</A> returned to Spain, a <A href="/wiki/Map_of_Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Map of Juan de la Cosa">famous world map</A>, depicting Cuba as an island, was produced.</P>
<P>In 1506, <A href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</A> took part in the conquest of Hispaniola and Cuba, receiving a large estate of land and <A href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indian</A> slaves for his effort. In 1510, he accompanied <A href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</A>, an aide of the governor of Hispaniola, in his expedition to conquer Cuba. In 1518 Velázquez put him in command of an expedition to explore and secure the interior of Mexico for colonization.</P>
<P>In 1517, <A href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(discoverer_of_Yucat%C3%A1n)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (discoverer of Yucatán)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba</A> discovered the <A href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</A>. This was the first <A href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">European</A> encounter with <A href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican civilizations">an advanced civilization</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</A>, with solidly built buildings and a complex social organization which they recognized as being comparable to those of the <A href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</A>; they also had reason to expect that this new land would have <A href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</A>. All of this encouraged two further expeditions, the first in 1518 under the command of <A href="/wiki/Juan_de_Grijalva" title="Juan de Grijalva">Juan de Grijalva</A>, and the second in 1519 under the command of Hernán Cortés, which led to the Spanish exploration, military invasion, and ultimately settlement and colonization known as the <A href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Mexico">Conquest of Mexico</A>. Hernández did not live to see the continuation of his work: he died in 1517, the year of his expedition, as the result of the injuries and the extreme thirst suffered during the voyage, and disappointed in the knowledge that <A href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</A> had given precedence to Grijalva as the captain of the next expedition to Yucatán.</P>
<P>In 1523, <A href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Villafa%C3%B1e" title="Ángel de Villafañe">Ángel de Villafañe</A> sailed toward <A href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</A>, but was shipwrecked en route along the coast of <A href="/wiki/Padre_Island" title="Padre Island">Padre Island</A>, Texas, in 1554. When word of the disaster reached Mexico City, the viceroy requested a rescue fleet and immediately sent Villafañe marching overland to find the treasure-laden vessels. Villafañe traveled to Pánuco and hired a ship to transport him to the site, which had already been visited from that community. He arrived in time to greet García de Escalante Alvarado (a nephew of Pedro de Alvarado), commander of the salvage operation, when Alvarado arrived by sea on July 22, 1554. The team labored until September 12 to salvage the Padre Island treasure. This loss, in combination with other ship disasters around the Gulf of Mexico, gave rise to a plan for establishing a settlement on the northern Gulf Coast to protect shipping and more quickly rescue castaways. As a result, the expedition of <A href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristán de Luna y Arellano</A> was sent and landed at <A href="/wiki/Pensacola_Bay" title="Pensacola Bay">Pensacola Bay</A> on August 15, 1559.</P>
<P>On December 11, 1526, <A href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</A> granted <A href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</A> a license to claim what is now the Gulf Coast of the United States, known as the <A href="/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition" title="Narváez expedition">Narváez expedition</A>. The contract gave him one year to gather an army, leave Spain, be large enough to found at least two towns of 100 people each, and garrison two more fortresses anywhere along the coast. On April 7, 1528, they spotted land north of what is now <A href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay" title="Tampa Bay">Tampa Bay</A>. They turned south and traveled for two days looking for a great harbor the master pilot Miruelo knew of. Sometime during these two days, one of the five remaining ships was lost on the rugged coast, but nothing else is known of it.</P>
<P>In 1697, <A href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</A> sailed for France and was chosen by the Minister of Marine to lead an expedition to rediscover the mouth of the <A href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</A> and to colonize <A href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</A> which the English coveted. Iberville's fleet sailed from Brest on October 24, 1698. On January 25, 1699, Iberville reached Santa Rosa Island in front of <A href="/wiki/Pensacola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensacola">Pensacola</A> founded by the Spanish; he sailed from there to <A href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</A> and explored Massacre Island, later renamed <A href="/wiki/Dauphin_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Dauphin Island">Dauphin Island</A>. He cast anchor between <A href="/wiki/Cat_Island_(Mississippi)" title="Cat Island (Mississippi)">Cat Island</A> and <A href="/wiki/Ship_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship Island">Ship Island</A>; and on February 13, 1699, he went to the mainland, Biloxi, with his brother <A href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Le_Moyne_de_Bienville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville">Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kevin_Knight_17-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kevin_Knight-17">[17]</A></SUP> On May 1, 1699, he completed a fort on the north-east side of the Bay of Biloxi, a little to the rear of what is now <A href="/wiki/Ocean_Springs,_Mississippi" title="Ocean Springs, Mississippi">Ocean Springs, Mississippi</A>. This fort was known as <A href="/wiki/Fort_Maurepas" title="Fort Maurepas">Fort Maurepas</A> or Old Biloxi. A few days later, on May 4, Pierre Le Moyne sailed for France leaving his teenage brother, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, as second in command to the French commandant.</P>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Shipwrecks">Shipwrecks</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shipwrecks">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The <I><A href="/w/index.php?title=Mardi_Gras_(ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mardi Gras (ship) (page does not exist)">Mardi Gras</A></I> shipwreck around the early-19th century about 35 miles off the coast of Louisiana in 4,000 feet (1220 meters) of water. She is believed to have been a <A href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</A> or trader. The shipwreck, whose real identity remains a mystery, lay forgotten at the bottom of the sea until it was discovered in 2002 by an oilfield inspection crew working for the Okeanos Gas Gathering Company (OGGC). In May 2007, an expedition, led by Texas A&M University and funded by OGGC under an agreement with the Minerals Management Service (now <A href="/wiki/BOEM" class="mw-redirect" title="BOEM">BOEM</A>), was launched to undertake the deepest scientific archaeological excavation ever attempted at that time to study the site on the seafloor and recover artifacts for eventual public display in the <A href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_Museum" title="Louisiana State Museum">Louisiana State Museum</A>. As part of the project educational outreach <A href="/wiki/Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</A> in partnership with <A href="/wiki/BOEM" class="mw-redirect" title="BOEM">BOEM</A>, Texas A&M University, the <A href="/wiki/Florida_Public_Archaeology_Network" title="Florida Public Archaeology Network">Florida Public Archaeology Network</A><SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP> and Veolia Environmental produced a one-hour HD documentary<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP> about the project, short videos for public viewing and provided video updates during the expedition. Video footage from the ROV was an integral part of this outreach and used extensively in the <I>Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck</I> documentary.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP></P>
<P>On July 30, 1942 the <I>Robert E. Lee</I>, captained by William C. Heath, was torpedoed by the <A href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-166_(1941)" title="German submarine U-166 (1941)">German submarine <I>U-166</I></A>. She was sailing southeast of the entrance to the <A href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</A> when the explosion destroyed the #3 hold, vented through the B and C decks and damaged the engines, the radio compartment and the steering gear. After the attack she was under escort by the <I>USS PC-566</I>, captained by LCDR Herbert G. Claudius, en route to <A href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</A>. The <I>USS PC-566</I> began dropping depth charges on a sonar contact, sinking the <I>U-166</I>. The badly damaged <I>Robert E. Lee</I> first listed to port then to starboard and finally sank within about 15 minutes of the attack. One officer, nine crewmen and 15 passengers were lost. Ironically the passengers aboard the <I>Robert E. Lee</I> were primarily survivors of previous torpedo attacks by German U-boats.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP> The wreck's precise location was discovered during the C & C Marine survey that located the <I>U-166</I>.</P>
<P>The German submarine <I>U-166</I> was a <A href="/wiki/German_Type_IXC_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type IXC submarine">Type IXC</A> <A href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</A> of <A href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</A>'s <I><A href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</A></I> during World War II. The submarine was laid down on December 6, 1940 at the <A href="/wiki/Seebeckwerft" title="Seebeckwerft">Seebeckwerft</A> (part of <A href="/wiki/Deutsche_Schiff-_und_Maschinenbau_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG">Deutsche Schiff- und Maschinenbau AG</A>, Deschimag) at <A href="/wiki/Bremerhaven" title="Bremerhaven">Wesermünde</A> (modern Bremerhaven) as yard number 705, launched on November 1, 1941 and commissioned on March 23, 1942 under the command of <I><A href="/wiki/Oberleutnant_zur_See" title="Oberleutnant zur See">Oberleutnant zur See</A></I> Hans-Günther Kuhlmann. After training with the <A href="/wiki/4th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="4th U-boat Flotilla">4th U-boat Flotilla</A>, <I>U-166</I> was transferred to the <A href="/wiki/10th_U-boat_Flotilla" title="10th U-boat Flotilla">10th U-boat Flotilla</A> for front-line service on June 1, 1942. The U-boat sailed on only two war patrols and sank four ships totalling 7,593 <A href="/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage" title="Gross register tonnage">gross register tons (GRT)</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP> She was sunk on July 30, 1942 in Gulf of Mexico.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2001 the wreck of <I>U-166</I> was located in 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of water, less than two miles from where it had attacked the <I>Robert E. Lee</I>. An archaeological survey of the seafloor prior to construction of a natural gas pipeline led to the discoveries by C & C Marine archaeologists Robert A. Church and Daniel J. Warren. The sonar contacts consisted of two large sections lying approximately 500 feet apart at either end of a debris field that indicated the presence of a U-boat.<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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Gulf beach near Sabine Pass</DIV>
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The <A href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_watershed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River watershed">Mississippi River Watershed</A> is the largest <A href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</A> of the Gulf of Mexico Watershed.<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP></DIV>
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Map of northern part of Gulf of Mexico</DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Caribbean_Sea_Gulf_of_Mexico_shaded_relief_bathymetry_land_map.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Caribbean_Sea_Gulf_of_Mexico_shaded_relief_bathymetry_land_map.png/200px-Caribbean_Sea_Gulf_of_Mexico_shaded_relief_bathymetry_land_map.png" width="200" height="130" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Caribbean_Sea_Gulf_of_Mexico_shaded_relief_bathymetry_land_map.png/300px-Caribbean_Sea_Gulf_of_Mexico_shaded_relief_bathymetry_land_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Caribbean_Sea_Gulf_of_Mexico_shaded_relief_bathymetry_land_map.png/400px-Caribbean_Sea_Gulf_of_Mexico_shaded_relief_bathymetry_land_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="664" /></A>
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The <A href="/wiki/Terrain_cartography" title="Terrain cartography">shaded relief</A> map of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean area.<SUP id="cite_ref-GLOBE_26-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-GLOBE-26">[26]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-ETOPO1_27-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ETOPO1-27">[27]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<P>The Gulf of Mexico's eastern, northern, and northwestern shores lie along the US states of Florida, Alabama, <A href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</A>, Louisiana, and Texas. The US portion of the Gulf coastline spans 1,680 miles (2,700 km), receiving water from 33 major rivers that drain 31 states.<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP> The Gulf's southwestern and southern shores lie along the <A href="/wiki/Mexican_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican state">Mexican states</A> of <A href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</A>, <A href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</A>, <A href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</A>, <A href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatán (state)">Yucatán</A>, and the northernmost tip of <A href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</A>. The Mexican portion of the Gulf coastline spans 1,743 miles (2,805 km). On its southeast quadrant the Gulf is bordered by Cuba. It supports major American, Mexican and Cuban fishing industries. The outer margins of the wide continental shelves of Yucatán and Florida receive cooler, <A href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</A>-enriched waters from the deep by a process known as <A href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</A>, which stimulates plankton growth in the <A href="/wiki/Euphotic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphotic zone">euphotic zone</A>. This attracts fish, shrimp, and squid.<SUP id="cite_ref-tshaonline_29-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tshaonline-29">[29]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/River" title="River">River</A> drainage and atmospheric fallout from industrial coastal cities also provide nutrients to the coastal zone.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</A>, a warm Atlantic Ocean current and one of the strongest <A href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</A> known, originates in the gulf, as a continuation of the <A href="/wiki/Caribbean_Current" title="Caribbean Current">Caribbean Current</A>-Yucatán Current-<A href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</A> system. Other circulation features include the anticyclonic <A href="/wiki/Gyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyre">gyres</A> which are shed by the Loop Current and travel westward where they eventually dissipate, and a permanent cyclonic gyre in the Bay of Campeche. The Bay of Campeche in Mexico constitutes a major arm of the Gulf of Mexico. Additionally, the gulf's shoreline is fringed by numerous bays and smaller inlets. A number of rivers empty into the gulf, most notably the Mississippi River and Rio Grande in the northern gulf, and the <A href="/wiki/Grijalva_River" title="Grijalva River">Grijalva</A> and <A href="/wiki/Usumacinta_River" title="Usumacinta River">Usumacinta</A> rivers in the southern gulf. The land that forms the gulf's coast, including many long, narrow barrier islands, is almost uniformly low-lying and is characterized by marshes and swamps as well as stretches of sandy beach.</P>
<P>The Gulf of Mexico is an excellent example of a <A href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">passive margin</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</A> is quite wide at most points along the coast, most notably at the Florida and Yucatán Peninsulas. The shelf is exploited for its <A href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</A> by means of offshore drilling rigs, most of which are situated in the western gulf and in the Bay of Campeche. Another important commercial activity is fishing; major catches include <A href="/wiki/Lutjanus_campechanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutjanus campechanus">red snapper</A>, <A href="/wiki/Amberjack" title="Amberjack">amberjack</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tilefish" title="Tilefish">tilefish</A>, <A href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</A>, and various <A href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">grouper</A>, as well as <A href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</A> and <A href="/wiki/Crabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Crabs">crabs</A>. <A href="/wiki/Oysters" class="mw-redirect" title="Oysters">Oysters</A> are also harvested on a large scale from many of the bays and sounds. Other important industries along the coast include shipping, petrochemical processing and storage, military use, paper manufacture, and tourism.</P>
<P>The gulf's warm water temperature can feed powerful Atlantic <A href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricanes</A> causing extensive human death and other destruction as happened with <A href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</A> in 2005. In the Atlantic, a hurricane will draw up cool water from the depths and making it less likely that further hurricanes will follow in its wake (warm water being one of the preconditions necessary for their formation). However, the Gulf is shallower; when a hurricane passes over the water temperature may drop but it soon rebounds and becomes capable of supporting another tropical storm.<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The Gulf is considered <A href="/wiki/Aseismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aseismic">aseismic</A>; however, mild tremors have been recorded throughout history (usually 5.0 or less on the <A href="/wiki/Richter_magnitude_scale" title="Richter magnitude scale">Richter magnitude scale</A>). Earthquakes may be caused by interactions between sediment loading on the sea floor and adjustment by the crust.<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="2006_earthquake">2006 earthquake</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2006 earthquake">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/2006_Gulf_of_Mexico_earthquake" title="2006 Gulf of Mexico earthquake">2006 Gulf of Mexico earthquake</A></DIV>
<P>On September 10, 2006, the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center</A> reported that a magnitude 6.0 <A href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</A> occurred about 250 miles (400 km) west-southwest of <A href="/wiki/Anna_Maria,_Florida" title="Anna Maria, Florida">Anna Maria, Florida</A>, around 10:56 AM <A href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EDT</A>. The quake was reportedly felt from Louisiana to Florida in the <A href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</A>. There were no reports of damage or injuries.<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP> Items were knocked from shelves and <A href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">seiches</A> were observed in swimming pools in parts of Florida.<SUP id="cite_ref-USGS_34-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-USGS-34">[34]</A></SUP> The earthquake was described by the USGS as an <A href="/wiki/Intraplate_earthquake" title="Intraplate earthquake">intraplate earthquake</A>, the largest and most widely felt recorded in the past three decades in the region.<SUP id="cite_ref-USGS_34-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-USGS-34">[34]</A></SUP> According to the September 11, 2006 issue of <I><A href="/wiki/The_Tampa_Tribune" title="The Tampa Tribune">The Tampa Tribune</A></I>, earthquake tremors were last felt in Florida in 1952, recorded in <A href="/wiki/Quincy,_Florida" title="Quincy, Florida">Quincy</A>, 20 miles (32 km) northwest of <A href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</A></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Maritime_boundary_delimitation_agreements">Maritime boundary delimitation agreements</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maritime boundary delimitation agreements">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P><B>Cuba and Mexico:</B> Exchange of notes constituting an agreement on the <A href="/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" title="Boundary delimitation">delimitation</A> of the exclusive economic zone of Mexico in the sector adjacent to Cuban maritime areas (with map), of July 26, 1976.</P>
<P><B>Cuba and United States of America:</B> <A href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">Maritime boundary</A> agreement between the United States of America and the Republic of Cuba, of December 16, 1977.</P>
<P><B>Mexico and United States of America:</B> Treaty to resolve pending boundary differences and maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the international boundary, of November 23, 1970; Treaty on maritime boundaries between the United States of America and the United Mexican States (Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean), of May 4, 1978, and Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the United Mexican States on the delimitation of the continental shelf in the Western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles (370 km), of June 9, 2000.</P>
<P>On December 13, 2007, Mexico submitted information to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) regarding the extension of Mexico's continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP> Mexico sought an extension of its continental shelf in the Western Polygon based on international law, UNCLOS, and bilateral treaties with the United States, in accordance with Mexico's domestic legislation. On March 13, 2009, the CLCS accepted Mexico's arguments for extending its continental shelf up to 350 NM into the Western Polygon. Since this would extend Mexico's continental shelf well into territory claimed by the United States, however, Mexico and the U.S. would need to enter a bilateral agreement based on international law that delimits their respective claims.</P>
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<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</A></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> </SPAN>United States<BR />
<SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</A> • <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</A> • <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</A></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</A></TD>
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<TD style="width:33%" rowspan="3"><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="480" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</A><BR />
<SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg.png" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</A></TD>
<TD><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/17px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" title="North" width="17" height="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/26px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/34px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="595" /></TD>
<TD style="width:33%" rowspan="3">Atlantic Ocean</TD>
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<DIV class="floatright"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" title="West" width="17" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/26px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="501" /></DIV>
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<TD style="""width:0%;" nowrap>  <I><B>Gulf of Mexico</B></I>  </TD>
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<DIV class="floatleft"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" title="East" width="17" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/26px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="501" /></DIV>
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<TD><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/17px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" title="South" width="17" height="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/26px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/34px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="595" /></TD>
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<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Veracruz.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veracruz.svg.png" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Veracruz.svg/35px-Flag_of_Veracruz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Veracruz.svg/46px-Flag_of_Veracruz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</A></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="480" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</A><BR />
<SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Tabasco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tabasco.svg.png" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Tabasco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tabasco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Tabasco.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tabasco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</A> • <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Campeche.svg/23px-Flag_of_Campeche.svg.png" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Campeche.svg/35px-Flag_of_Campeche.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Campeche.svg/46px-Flag_of_Campeche.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</A> • <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Yucatan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yucatan.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Yucatan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yucatan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Yucatan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yucatan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</A> • <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg.png" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg/46px-Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</A></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</A><BR />
Caribbean</TD>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Biota">Biota</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Biota">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Various biota include <A href="/wiki/Chemosynthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemosynthetic">chemosynthetic</A> communities near <A href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">cold seeps</A> and nonchemosynthetic communities such as <A href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</A> and other micro – <A href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthos</A>, <A href="/wiki/Meiofauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiofauna">meiofauna</A>, <A href="/wiki/Macrofauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrofauna">macrofauna</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</A> (larger organisms such as <A href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sea_pen" title="Sea pen">sea pens</A>, <A href="/wiki/Crinoid" title="Crinoid">crinoids</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal fish</A> and <A href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetaceans</A> including endangered ones) are living in the Gulf of Mexico.<SUP id="cite_ref-MMS_2006_36-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MMS_2006-36">[36]</A></SUP> Recently, resident <A href="/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale" title="Bryde's whale">Bryde's whales</A> within the gulf were classified as an endemic, unique subspecies and making them as one of the most endangered whales in the world.<SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[37]</A></SUP> The Gulf of Mexico yields more <A href="/wiki/Finfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Finfish">finfish</A>, shrimp, and <A href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</A> annually than the <A href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">south</A> and <A href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" title="Mid-Atlantic states">mid-Atlantic</A>, <A href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake</A>, and <A href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</A> areas combined.<SUP id="cite_ref-epa_4-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-epa-4">[4]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</A> Gulf of Mexico holdings are expected to provide an important baseline of understanding for future scientific studies on the impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP> In Congressional testimony, Dr. Jonathan Coddington, Associate Director of Research and Collections at the Smithsonian's <A href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</A>, provides a detailed overview of the Gulf collections and their sources which Museum staff have <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100623005244/http://ocean.si.edu/%5Bfield_referring_node-path%5D/science/">made available on an online map</A>. The samples were collected for years by the former Minerals Management Service (renamed the <A href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management,_Regulation_and_Enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement">Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement</A>) to help predict the potential impacts of future oil/gas explorations. Since 1979, the specimens have been deposited in the national collections of the National Museum of Natural History.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Pollution">Pollution</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pollution">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg/200px-Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg" width="200" height="155" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg/300px-Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg/400px-Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="816" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico_dead_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Mexico dead zone">Dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico</A></DIV>
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<P>The major environmental threats to the Gulf are <A href="/wiki/Agricultural_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural runoff">agricultural runoff</A> and <A href="/wiki/Oil_drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil drilling">oil drilling</A>.</P>
<P>There are frequent "<A href="/wiki/Algal_bloom#Red_tides" title="Algal bloom">red tide</A>" algae blooms<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP> that kill fish and marine mammals and cause respiratory problems in humans and some domestic animals when the blooms reach close to shore. This has especially been plaguing the southwest and southern Florida coast, from the Florida Keys to north of <A href="/wiki/Pasco_County,_Florida" title="Pasco County, Florida">Pasco County, Florida</A>.</P>
<P>The Gulf contains a <A href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxic</A> <A href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zone</A> that runs east-west along the Texas-Louisiana coastline. In July 2008, researchers reported that between 1985 and 2008, the area roughly doubled in size and now stretches from near <A href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</A>, to near <A href="/wiki/Venice,_Louisiana" title="Venice, Louisiana">Venice, Louisiana</A>. It is now about 8,000 square miles (21,000 km<SUP>2</SUP>), nearly the record.<SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[41]</A></SUP> Poor agricultural practices in the northern portion of the Gulf of Mexico have led to a tremendous increase of <A href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</A> and <A href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</A> in neighboring marine ecosystems, which has resulted in <A href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</A> blooms and a lack of available oxygen. Occurrences of <A href="/wiki/Masculinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculinization">masculinization</A> and estrogen suppression were observed as a result. An October 2007 study of the <A href="/wiki/Atlantic_croaker" title="Atlantic croaker">Atlantic croaker</A> found a disproportioned sex ratio of 61% males to 39% females in hypoxic Gulf sites. This was compared with a 52% to 48% male-female ratio found in reference sites, showing an impairment of reproductive output for fish populations inhabiting hypoxic coastal zones.<SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[42]</A></SUP></P>
<P>There are 27,000 abandoned oil and gas wells beneath the Gulf. These have generally not been checked for potential environmental problems.<SUP id="cite_ref-bfp100707_43-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bfp100707-43">[43]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Ixtoc_I_explosion_and_oil_spill"><I>Ixtoc I</I> explosion and oil spill</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ixtoc I explosion and oil spill">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Ixtoc_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixtoc I">Ixtoc I</A> and <A href="/wiki/Ixtoc_I_oil_spill" title="Ixtoc I oil spill">Ixtoc I oil spill</A></DIV>
<P>In June 1979, the <I><A href="/wiki/Ixtoc_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixtoc I">Ixtoc I</A></I> <A href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">oil platform</A> in the Bay of Campeche suffered a <A href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">blowout</A> leading to a catastrophic explosion, which resulted in a <A href="/wiki/Ixtoc_I_oil_spill" title="Ixtoc I oil spill">massive oil spill</A> that continued for nine months before the well was finally capped. This was ranked as the largest oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico until the <I>Deepwater Horizon</I> oil spill in 2010.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Deepwater_Horizon_explosion_and_oil_spill"><I>Deepwater Horizon</I> explosion and oil spill</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion" title="Deepwater Horizon explosion">Deepwater Horizon explosion</A> and <A href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</A></DIV>
<P>On April 20, 2010, the <I><A href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon" title="Deepwater Horizon">Deepwater Horizon</A></I> oil platform, located in the <A href="/wiki/Mississippi_Canyon" title="Mississippi Canyon">Mississippi Canyon</A> about 40 miles (64 km) off the Louisiana coast, suffered a catastrophic explosion; it sank a day-and-a-half later.<SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[44]</A></SUP> It was in the process of being sealed with cement for temporary abandonment, to avoid environmental problems.<SUP id="cite_ref-bfp100707_43-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bfp100707-43">[43]</A></SUP> Although initial reports indicated that relatively little oil had leaked, by April 24, it was claimed by BP that approximately 1,000 barrels (160 m<SUP>3</SUP>) of oil per day were issuing from the <A href="/wiki/Wellhead" title="Wellhead">wellhead</A>, about 1-mile (1.6 km) below the surface on the ocean floor.<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[45]</A></SUP> On April 29, the U.S. government revealed that approximately 5,000 barrels (790 m<SUP>3</SUP>) per day, five times the original estimate, were pouring into the Gulf from the wellhead.<SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[46]</A></SUP> The resulting <A href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil slick</A> quickly expanded to cover hundreds of square miles of ocean surface, posing a serious threat to <A href="/wiki/Marine_biology#Lifeforms" title="Marine biology">marine life</A> and adjacent <A href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">coastal wetlands</A>, and to the livelihoods of Gulf Coast shrimpers and fishermen.<SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[47]</A></SUP> Coast Guard Rear Adm. Sally Brice O'Hare stated that the U.S. government will be "employing booms, skimmers, chemical dispersants and controlled burns" to combat the oil spill. By May 1, 2010, the oil spill cleanup efforts were underway, but hampered by rough seas and the "tea like" consistency of the oil. Cleanup operations were resumed after conditions became favorable. On May 27, 2010, The <A href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</A> had revised the estimate of the leak from 5,000 barrels per day (790 m<SUP>3</SUP>/d) to 12,000–19,000 barrels per day (3,000 m<SUP>3</SUP>/d)<SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[48]</A></SUP> an <A href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill#Spill_flow_rate" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">increase from earlier estimates</A>. On July 15, 2010, BP announced that the leak stopped for the first time in 88 days.</P>
<P>In July 2015 BP reached an $18.7bn settlement with the US government, the states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, as well as 400 local authorities. To date BP's cost for the clean-up, environmental and economic damages and penalties has reached $54bn.<SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[49]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Minor_oil_spills">Minor oil spills</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Minor oil spills">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>According to the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard#National_Response_Center" title="United States Coast Guard">National Response Center</A>, the oil industry has thousands of minor accidents in the Gulf of Mexico every year.<SUP id="cite_ref-Chow_50-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Chow-50">[50]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Brutus_oil_spill"><I>Brutus</I> oil spill</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Brutus oil spill">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>On May 12, 2016, a release of oil from subsea infrastructure on <A href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell's</A> <I>Brutus</I> oil rig released 2,100 barrels of oil. This leak created a visible 2 mile by 13 mile oil slick in the sea about 97 miles south of <A href="/wiki/Port_Fourchon" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Fourchon">Port Fourchon</A>, <A href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</A>, according to the U.S. Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement.<SUP id="cite_ref-Chow_50-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Chow-50">[50]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:15-07-14-Yucatan-%C3%96lfelder-RalfR-WMA_0481.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/15-07-14-Yucatan-%C3%96lfelder-RalfR-WMA_0481.jpg/220px-15-07-14-Yucatan-%C3%96lfelder-RalfR-WMA_0481.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/15-07-14-Yucatan-%C3%96lfelder-RalfR-WMA_0481.jpg/330px-15-07-14-Yucatan-%C3%96lfelder-RalfR-WMA_0481.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/15-07-14-Yucatan-%C3%96lfelder-RalfR-WMA_0481.jpg/440px-15-07-14-Yucatan-%C3%96lfelder-RalfR-WMA_0481.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2719" data-file-height="1815" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:15-07-14-Yucatan-%C3%96lfelder-RalfR-WMA_0481.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Cantarell_Field" title="Cantarell Field">Cantarell Field</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brine_pool" title="Brine pool">Brine pool</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Charlotte_Harbor_(estuary)" title="Charlotte Harbor (estuary)">Charlotte Harbor Estuary, Florida</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico_Foundation" title="Gulf of Mexico Foundation">Gulf of Mexico Foundation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jack_2" title="Jack 2">Jack 2</A> (a test well in the deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Orca_Basin" title="Orca Basin">Orca Basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Outer_Continental_Shelf" title="Outer Continental Shelf">Outer Continental Shelf</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Caribbean" title="Territorial evolution of the Caribbean">Territorial evolution of the Caribbean</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P><B>US Gulf of Mexico Protraction areas</B></P>
<DIV class="div-col columns column-count column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;">
<UL>
<LI>Atwater Valley</LI>
<LI>East Cameron</LI>
<LI>Eugene Island</LI>
<LI>Garden Banks</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Green_Canyon" title="Green Canyon">Green Canyon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Keathley_Canyon" title="Keathley Canyon">Keathley Canyon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mississippi_Canyon" title="Mississippi Canyon">Mississippi Canyon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sigsbee_Escarpment" title="Sigsbee Escarpment">Sigsbee Escarpment</A></LI>
<LI>South Marsh Island</LI>
<LI>Walker Ridge</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.deepseawaters.com/Gulf_of_Mexico.htm">http://www.deepseawaters.com/Gulf_of_Mexico.htm</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-GNIS1-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-GNIS1_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:558730">"Gulf of Mexico"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</A>. January 1, 2000<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 8,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.btitle=Gulf+of+Mexico&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fpls%2Fgnispublic%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A3%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP3_FID%3A558730&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-HuertaOther2012a-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-HuertaOther2012a_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-HuertaOther2012a_3-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-HuertaOther2012a_3-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Huerta, A.D., and D.L. Harry (2012) <I>Wilson cycles, tectonic inheritance, and rifting of the North American Gulf of Mexico continental margin.</I> Geosphere. 8(1):GES00725.1, first published on March 6, 2012, <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGES00725.1">10.1130/GES00725.1</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-epa-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-epa_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-epa_4-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/about/facts.html">"General Facts about the Gulf of Mexico"</A>. epa.gov<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 27,</SPAN> 2006</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.btitle=General+Facts+about+the+Gulf+of+Mexico&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=epa.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fgmpo%2Fabout%2Ffacts.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf">"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. International Hydrographic Organization. 1953<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">February 7,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas%2C+3rd+edition&rft.date=1953&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=International+Hydrographic+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iho.int%2Fiho_pubs%2Fstandard%2FS-23%2FS-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Salvador.281991.29-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Salvador.281991.29_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Salvador.281991.29_6-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Salvador.281991.29_6-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Salvador.281991.29_6-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Salvador, A. (1991) <I>Origin and development of the Gulf of Mexico basin</I>, in A. Salvador, ed., p. 389-444, The Gulf of Mexico Basin: The Geology of North America, v. J., Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SternOther.282010.29-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SternOther.282010.29_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SternOther.282010.29_7-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SternOther.282010.29_7-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Stern, R.J., and W.R. Dickinson (2010) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geosphere.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/6/6/739"><I>The Gulf of Mexico is a Jurassic backarc basin.</I></A> Geosphere. 6(6):739–754.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-VanArsdale.282009.29-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-VanArsdale.282009.29_8-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Van Arsdale, R. B. (2009) <I>Adventures Through Deep Time: The Central Mississippi River Valley and Its Earthquakes.</I> Special Paper no. 455, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. 107 pp.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CoxOther.282002.29-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CoxOther.282002.29_9-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cox, R. T., and R. B. Van Arsdale (2002) <I>The Mississippi Embayment, North America: a first order continental structure generated by the Cretaceous superplume mantle event.</I> Journal of Geodynamics. 34:163–176.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Zell,P., Stinnesbeck, W., Beckmann,S., (2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boletinsgm.igeolcu.unam.mx/bsgm/vols/epoca04/6803/%288%29Zell.pdf">"Late Jurassic aptychi from the La Caja Formation of northeastern Mexico"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana</I>. <B>68</B>: 515–536.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=Late+Jurassic+aptychi+from+the+La+Caja+Formation+of+northeastern+Mexico&rft.au=Zell%2CP.%2C+Stinnesbeck%2C+W.%2C+Beckmann%2CS.%2C&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+de+la+Sociedad+Geol%C3%B3gica+Mexicana&rft.pages=515-536&rft.volume=68&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboletinsgm.igeolcu.unam.mx%2Fbsgm%2Fvols%2Fepoca04%2F6803%2F%25288%2529Zell.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Buffler.281991.29-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Buffler.281991.29_11-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Buffler, R. T., 1991, <I>Early Evolution of the Gulf of Mexico Basin</I>, in D. Goldthwaite, ed., pp. 1–15, Introduction to Central Gulf Coast Geology, New Orleans Geological Society, New Orleans, Louisiana.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Galloway.282008.29-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Galloway.282008.29_12-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Galloway.282008.29_12-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Galloway.282008.29_12-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Galloway.282008.29_12-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Galloway, W. E., 2008, <I>Depositional evolution of the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin.</I> in K.J. Hsu, ed., pp. 505–549, The Sedimentary Basins of the United States and Canada, Sedimentary Basins of the World. v. 5, Elsevier, The Netherlands.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SawyerOther.281991.29-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SawyerOther.281991.29_13-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SawyerOther.281991.29_13-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sawyer, D. S., R. T. Buffler, and R. H. Pilger, Jr., 1991, <I>The crust under the Gulf of Mexico basin</I>, in A. Salvador, ed., pp. 53–72, The Gulf of Mexico Basin: The Geology of North America, v. J., <A href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America" title="Geological Society of America">Geological Society of America</A>, <A href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-gulfbase-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-gulfbase_14-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-gulfbase_14-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulfbase.org/facts.php">gulfbase.org</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Stanton.282002.29-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Stanton.282002.29_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Stanton, M. S., 2002, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2002/12dec/gom_impact.pdf"><I>Is the Gulf's Origin Heaven Sent?</I></A> AAPG Explorer (Dec. 2002) American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Tulsa Oklahoma.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-MickusOther.282009.29-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-MickusOther.282009.29_16-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Mickus, K., R. J. Stern2, G. R. Keller, and E. Y. Anthony (2009) <I>Potential field evidence for a volcanic rifted margin along the Texas Gulf Coast.</I> Journal of Geology. v. 37, p. 387-390.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Kevin_Knight-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Kevin_Knight_17-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Kevin Knight (2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07614b.htm">"Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville"</A>. newadvent.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">May 8,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.au=Kevin+Knight&rft.btitle=Pierre+Le+Moyne%2C+Sieur+d%27Iberville&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F07614b.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flpublicarchaeology.org/">"FPAN Home"</A>. <I>Florida Public Archaeology</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=FPAN+Home&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+Public+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flpublicarchaeology.org%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nautilusproductions.com/projects/mystery-mardi-gras-shipwreck-documentary">"Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck"</A>. <I>Nautilus Productions</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=Mystery+Mardi+Gras+Shipwreck&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nautilus+Productions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnautilusproductions.com%2Fprojects%2Fmystery-mardi-gras-shipwreck-documentary&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mua.apps.uri.edu/in_the_field/mardigras.html">"Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck Documentary"</A>. <I>MUA</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=Mystery+Mardi+Gras+Shipwreck+Documentary&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MUA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmua.apps.uri.edu%2Fin_the_field%2Fmardigras.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Helgason, Guðmundur. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uboat.net/allies/merchants/1981.html">"Robert E. Lee"</A>. <I>German U-boats of World War II – uboat.net</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">August 1,</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=Robert+E.+Lee&rft.aufirst=Gu%C3%B0mundur&rft.aulast=Helgason&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+U-boats+of+World+War+II+%E2%80%93+uboat.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uboat.net%2Fallies%2Fmerchants%2F1981.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Helgason, Guðmundur. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uboat.net/boats/u166.htm">"U-166"</A>. <I>German U-boats of World War II – uboat.net</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 31,</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=U-166&rft.aufirst=Gu%C3%B0mundur&rft.aulast=Helgason&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+U-boats+of+World+War+II+%E2%80%93+uboat.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuboat.net%2Fboats%2Fu166.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017144555/http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/regulate/environ/archaeological/world_war_II.html">"Historic Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico"</A>. <I>gomr.mms.gov</I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gomr.mms.gov/homepg/regulate/environ/archaeological/world_war_II.html">the original</A> on October 17, 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">February 22,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=Historic+Shipwrecks+in+the+Gulf+of+Mexico&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gomr.mms.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gomr.mms.gov%2Fhomepg%2Fregulate%2Fenviron%2Farchaeological%2Fworld_war_II.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Daniel J. Warren, Robert A. Church. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cctechnol.com/Files/Articles/170_0.pdf">"The Discovery of U – 166 : Rewriting History with New Technology"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Offshore Technology Conference<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 31,</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.+Church&rft.aulast=Daniel+J.+Warren&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+U+%E2%80%93+166+%3A++Rewriting+History+with+New+Technology&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Offshore+Technology+Conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cctechnol.com%2FFiles%2FArticles%2F170_0.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<LI id="cite_note-GLOBE-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-GLOBE_26-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">National Geophysical Data Center, 1999. Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) v.1. Hastings, D. and P.K. Dunbar. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/topo/gltiles.html">National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA</A>. doi:10.7289/V52R3PMS [access date: March 16, 2015]</SPAN></LI>
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<LI id="cite_note-tshaonline-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tshaonline_29-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rrg07">"Gulf of Mexico"</A>. <I>Handbook of Texas Online</I>. Texas State Historical Association<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">June 26,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=Gulf+of+Mexico&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Frrg07&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001040517/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17038">"Warm Waters Provide Fuel for Potential Storms"</A>. <A href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17038">the original</A> on October 1, 2006<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">May 5,</SPAN> 2006</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.btitle=Warm+Waters+Provide+Fuel+for+Potential+Storms&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NASA+Earth+Observatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FNewsroom%2FNewImages%2Fimages.php3%3Fimg_id%3D17038&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/russo/florida_eq.html">"Earthquakes in the Gulf of Mexico"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 27,</SPAN> 2006</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.btitle=Earthquakes+in+the+Gulf+of+Mexico&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clas.ufl.edu%2Fusers%2Frusso%2Fflorida_eq.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070828130901/http://www.wftv.com/news/9817047/detail.html">"Central Florida Feels Quake"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wftv.com/news/9817047/detail.html">the original</A> on August 28, 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 27,</SPAN> 2006</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.btitle=Central+Florida+Feels+Quake&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wftv.com%2Fnews%2F9817047%2Fdetail.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.observernews.net/artman/publish/article_001724.shtml">Observer News</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-USGS-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-USGS_34-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-USGS_34-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2006/usslav/#summary">United States Geological Survey, September 11, 2006</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061014050751/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2006/usslav/">Archived</A> October 14, 2006, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/revista/pdf/MexicanLawReview/10/nte/nte8.pdf">"Mexico's Attempt to Extend its Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles Serves as a Model for the International Community, Mexican Law Review, Volume V, Number 2, Jan.– June 2013"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.btitle=Mexico%27s+Attempt+to+Extend+its+Continental+Shelf+Beyond+200+Nautical+Miles+Serves+as+a+Model+for+the+International+Community%2C+Mexican+Law+Review%2C+Volume+V%2C+Number+2%2C+Jan.%E2%80%93+June+2013&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.juridicas.unam.mx%2Frevista%2Fpdf%2FMexicanLawReview%2F10%2Fnte%2Fnte8.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-MMS_2006-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-MMS_2006_36-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Minerals_Management_Service" title="Minerals Management Service">Minerals Management Service</A> Gulf of Mexico OCS Region (November 2006). "Gulf of Mexico OCS Oil and Gas Lease Sales: 2007–2012. Western Planning Area Sales 204, 207, 210, 215, and 218. Central Planning Area Sales 205, 206, 208, 213, 216, and 222. Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Volume I: Chapters 1–8 and Appendices". U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans. page 3-27–3-34 <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PDFs/2006/2006-062-Vol1.pdf">PDF</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326005638/http://www.gomr.mms.gov/PDFs/2006/2006-062-Vol1.pdf">Archived</A> March 26, 2009, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>..</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Rosel E. P.. Corkeron P.. Engleby L.. Epperson D.. Mullin D. K.. Soldevilla S. M.. Taylor L. B.. 2016. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cio.noaa.gov/services_programs/prplans/pdfs/ID337_BrydesWhale_FinalProduct.pdf.">STATUS REVIEW OF BRYDE’S WHALES (BALAENOPTERA EDENI) IN THE GULF OF MEXICO UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT</A>. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFSC-692</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Zongker, Brett (July 21, 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724092358/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100721/ap_on_re_us/us_smithsonian_gulf_coast">"Smithsonian Holdings to Aid Researchers in the Gulf"</A>. Associated Press. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100721/ap_on_re_us/us_smithsonian_gulf_coast">the original</A> on July 24, 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 29,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=Smithsonian+Holdings+to+Aid+Researchers+in+the+Gulf&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft.aulast=Zongker&rft.date=2010-07-21&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fap%2F20100721%2Fap_on_re_us%2Fus_smithsonian_gulf_coast&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Coddington, Jonathan (June 15, 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resourcescommittee.house.gov/images/Documents/20100615/testimony_coddington.pdf">"Testimony to the Subcommittee on Insular Affairs, Oceans and Wildlife; Committee on Natural Resources; U.S. House of Representatives"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. [Smithsonian Ocean Portal]<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 29,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=Testimony+to+the+Subcommittee+on+Insular+Affairs%2C+Oceans+and+Wildlife%3B+Committee+on+Natural+Resources%3B+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Coddington&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresourcescommittee.house.gov%2Fimages%2FDocuments%2F20100615%2Ftestimony_coddington.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tulane.edu/~bfleury/envirobio/enviroweb/DeadZone.htm">"The Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone and Red Tides"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 27,</SPAN> 2006</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.btitle=The+Gulf+of+Mexico+Dead+Zone+and+Red+Tides&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulane.edu%2F~bfleury%2Fenvirobio%2Fenviroweb%2FDeadZone.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Joel Achenbach, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/07/31/ST2008073100349.html?hpid=topnews">"A 'Dead Zone' in The Gulf of Mexico: Scientists Say Area That Cannot Support Some Marine Life Is Near Record Size"</A>, <I>Washington Post</I>, July 31, 2008</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Thomas, Peter; Md Saydur Rahman (2012). "Extensive Reproductive Disruption, Ovarian Masculinization and Aromatase Suppression in Atlantic Croaker in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone". <I>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</I>. <B>279</B> (1726): 28–38. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2011.0529">10.1098/rspb.2011.0529</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=Extensive+Reproductive+Disruption%2C+Ovarian++Masculinization+and+Aromatase+Suppression+in+Atlantic+Croaker+in+the+Northern+Gulf+of+Mexico+Hypoxic+Zone&rft.au=Md+Saydur+Rahman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1726&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.pages=28-38&rft.volume=279&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2011.0529&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-bfp100707-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-bfp100707_43-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-bfp100707_43-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Donn, Jeff (July 7, 2010). "Gulf home to 27,000 abandoned wells". Burlington, Vermont: Burlington Free Press. pp. 1A.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=Gulf+home+to+27%2C000+abandoned+wells&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.aulast=Donn&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft.genre=article&rft.pages=1A&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/04/23/burning_oil_rig_sinks_setting_stage_for_spill_11_still_missing">"Burning oil rig sinks, setting stage for spill; 11 still missing"</A>, by Kevin McGill and Holbrook Mohr (<A href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</A>), <I><A href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</A></I>, April 23, 2010</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/green/articles/2010/04/25/well_from_sunken_rig_leaking_oil">"Well from sunken rig leaking oil"</A>, by Cain Burdeau (<A href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</A>), <I><A href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</A></I>, April 25, 2010</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Robertson, Campbell; Kaufman, Leslie (April 28, 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/29/us/29spill.html">"Size of Spill in Gulf of Mexico Is Larger Than Thought"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=Size+of+Spill+in+Gulf+of+Mexico+Is+Larger+Than+Thought&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Leslie&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.date=2010-04-28&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F04%2F29%2Fus%2F29spill.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/green/articles/2010/04/27/race_to_plug_leaking_oil_well_off_la_spurs_new_tactics">"Race to plug leaking oil well off La. spurs new tactics"</A>, by Cain Burdeau (<A href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</A>), <I><A href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</A></I>, April 27, 2010</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/05/100527-energy-nation-gulf-oil-spill-top-kill-obama/">"Gulf Oil Spill Worst in U.S. History; Drilling Postponed"</A>, by Marianne Lavelle, <I><A href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</A></I>, May 27, 2010</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Ed Crooks, Christopher Adams,. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0a71ce8c-24b9-11e5-9c4e-a775d2b173ca.html">"BP: Into uncharted waters"</A>. <I>ft.com</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">August 10,</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=BP%3A+Into+uncharted+waters&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Adams%2C&rft.aulast=Ed+Crooks&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ft.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F0a71ce8c-24b9-11e5-9c4e-a775d2b173ca.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Chow-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Chow_50-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Chow_50-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Chow, Lorraine. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecowatch.com/2016/05/13/shell-oil-spill-gulf-mexico/">"Shell Oil Spill Dumps Nearly 90,000 Gallons of Crude Into Gulf"</A>. <I>EcoWatch</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">June 6,</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=Shell+Oil+Spill+Dumps+Nearly+90%2C000+Gallons+of+Crude+Into+Gulf&rft.aufirst=Lorraine&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EcoWatch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecowatch.com%2F2016%2F05%2F13%2Fshell-oil-spill-gulf-mexico%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gulfbase.org/">Resource Database for Gulf of Mexico Research</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfsci.usgs.gov/">Gulf of Mexico Integrated Science</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shipwreckworld.com/articles/mystery-mardi-gras-shipwreck-hd-documentary">Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck</A></LI>
<LI><IMG alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <CITE class="citation encyclopaedia">"<A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mexico,_Gulf_of" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mexico, Gulf of">Mexico, Gulf of</A>". <I><A href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</A></I> (11th ed.). 1911.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=Mexico%2C+Gulf+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1911&rft.edition=11th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></A> <CITE class="citation encyclopaedia">"<A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Mexico,_Gulf_of" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Mexico, Gulf of">Mexico, Gulf of</A>". <I><A href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</A></I>. 1921.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGulf+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=Mexico%2C+Gulf+of&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo45168">Bathymetry of the Northern Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean East of Florida</A> <A href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4397/">The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe</A> written by <A href="/wiki/Thomas_Kitchin" title="Thomas Kitchin">Thomas Kitchin</A>, 1778, in which Kitchin discusses, in chapter 1, why the Gulf should have been called the "West Indian Sea."</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/tags/127868273/bp-oil-spill">BP Oil Spill</A>, NPR</LI>
</UL>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth.27s_oceans_and_seas" style="padding:3px">
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<DIV id="Earth.27s_oceans_and_seas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</A>'s <A href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</A> and <A href="/wiki/List_of_seas" title="List of seas">seas</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prince_Gustav_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustav Adolf Sea">Prince Gustav Adolf Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea" title="Queen Victoria Sea">Queen Victoria Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf of Mexico</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Marmara Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ceram_Sea" title="Ceram Sea">Ceram Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shantar_Sea" title="Shantar Sea">Shantar Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Endorheic basins</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
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<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI> <B><IMG alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <A href="/wiki/Book:Seas" title="Book:Seas">Book</A></B></LI>
<LI> <B><IMG alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <A href="/wiki/Category:Seas" title="Category:Seas">Category</A></B></LI>
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</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV id="Petroleum_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum industry</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">Primary energy</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">Benchmarks</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Argus_Sour_Crude_Index" title="Argus Sour Crude Index">Argus Sour</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bonny_Light_oil" title="Bonny Light oil">Bonny Light</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dubai_Crude" title="Dubai Crude">Dubai</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Basket" title="Indian Basket">Indian Basket</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indonesian_Crude_Price" title="Indonesian Crude Price">Indonesian</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Isthmus-34_Light" title="Isthmus-34 Light">Isthmus-34 Light</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Japan_Crude_Cocktail" title="Japan Crude Cocktail">Japan Cocktail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tapis_crude" title="Tapis crude">Tapis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Urals_oil" title="Urals oil">Urals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Select" title="Western Canadian Select">Western Canadian Select</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;text-align:left;">Data</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">Natural gas</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_consumption" title="List of countries by natural gas consumption">Consumption</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">Production</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">Reserves</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_imports" title="List of countries by natural gas imports">Imports</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Exports</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Natural_gas_prices" title="Natural gas prices">Price</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">Petroleum</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">Consumption</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">Production</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">Reserves</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">Imports</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Exports</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price</A> (<A href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">of gasoline and diesel</A>)</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Exploration</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">Core sampling</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Geophysics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Integrated_asset_modelling" title="Integrated asset modelling">Integrated asset modelling</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reservoir_simulation" title="Reservoir simulation">Reservoir simulation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seismic_to_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic to simulation">Seismic to simulation</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petrophysics" title="Petrophysics">Petrophysics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">Reflection seismology</A> (<A href="/wiki/Seismic_inversion" title="Seismic inversion">Seismic inversion</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seismic_source" title="Seismic source">Seismic source</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">Drilling</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">Blowout</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)" title="Completion (oil and gas wells)">Completion</A> (<A href="/wiki/Squeeze_job" title="Squeeze job">Squeeze job</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Differential_sticking" title="Differential sticking">Differential sticking</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">Directional drilling</A> (<A href="/wiki/Geosteering" title="Geosteering">Geosteering</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Drilling_engineering" title="Drilling engineering">Drilling engineering</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">Drilling fluid</A> (<A href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid_invasion" title="Drilling fluid invasion">invasion</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Drill_stem_test" title="Drill stem test">Drill stem test</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lost_circulation" title="Lost circulation">Lost circulation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Measurement_while_drilling" title="Measurement while drilling">Measurement</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tracer_use_in_the_oil_industry" title="Tracer use in the oil industry">Tracers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Underbalanced_drilling" title="Underbalanced drilling">Underbalanced drilling</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Production</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petroleum_fiscal_regime" title="Petroleum fiscal regime">Petroleum fiscal regime</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petroleum_licensing" title="Petroleum licensing">Concessions</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Production_sharing_agreement" title="Production sharing agreement">Production sharing agreements</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Artificial_lift" title="Artificial lift">Artificial lift</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pumpjack" title="Pumpjack">Pumpjack</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump (ESP)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gas_lift" title="Gas lift">Gas lift</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">Downstream</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Steam_injection_(oil_industry)" title="Steam injection (oil industry)">Steam injection</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gas_reinjection" title="Gas reinjection">Gas reinjection</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Midstream" title="Midstream">Midstream</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">Petroleum product</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline transport</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Refining</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">Upstream</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Water_injection_(oil_production)" title="Water injection (oil production)">Water injection</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Well_intervention" title="Well intervention">Well intervention</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_well)" title="Christmas tree (oil well)">XT</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;text-align:left;"><A href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="Category:History of the petroleum industry">History</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/1967_Oil_Embargo" title="1967 Oil Embargo">1967 Oil Embargo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/1979_energy_crisis" title="1979 energy crisis">1979 energy crisis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/1990_oil_price_shock" title="1990 oil price shock">1990 oil price shock</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">2010s oil glut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Founders_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="Category:Founders of the petroleum industry">Founders</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="History of the petroleum industry">History of the petroleum industry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_oil_supplies" title="Nationalization of oil supplies">Nationalization</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">GECF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">Seven Sisters</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Oil_market_timelines" title="Category:Oil market timelines">Oil market timelines</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;text-align:left;">Provinces<BR />
and fields</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_fields" title="List of natural gas fields">List of natural gas fields</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_oil_fields" title="List of oil fields">List of oil fields</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Oil_Province" title="East Midlands Oil Province">East Midlands Oil Province</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_Texas_Oil_Field" title="East Texas Oil Field">East Texas</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Gulf of Mexico</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Niger_Delta#Nigerian_oil" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field" title="Prudhoe Bay Oil Field">Prudhoe Bay Oil Field</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Russia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Venezuela" title="Oil reserves in Venezuela">Venezuela</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" title="Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin">Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;text-align:left;">Other topics</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_acronyms_in_oil_and_gas_exploration_and_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acronyms in oil and gas exploration and production">Acronyms</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oil_shale_gas" title="Oil shale gas">Oil shale gas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mitigation_of_peak_oil" title="Mitigation of peak oil">mitigation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">timing</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:People_in_the_petroleum_industry" title="Category:People in the petroleum industry">People</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petrocurrency</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petrodollar_recycling" title="Petrodollar recycling">Petrodollar recycling</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">Shale gas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">Swing producer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Unconventional_oil" title="Unconventional oil">Unconventional oil</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy crude</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton3" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="Companies_and_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Companies and organisations</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;text-align:left;">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Major <A href="/wiki/List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies" title="List of oil exploration and production companies">petroleum<BR />
companies</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Supermajor" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermajor">Supermajors</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Total_S.A." title="Total S.A.">Total</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">National oil<BR />
companies</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_National_Oil_Company" title="Abu Dhabi National Oil Company">ADNOC (UAE)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">CNOOC (China)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">CNPC (China)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ecopetrol" title="Ecopetrol">Ecopetrol (Colombia)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom (Russia)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/KazMunayGas" title="KazMunayGas">KazMunayGas (Kazakhstan)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kuwait_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Kuwait Petroleum Corporation">Kuwait Petroleum Corporation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Grupa_Lotos" title="Grupa Lotos">Lotos (Poland)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nigerian_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation">Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">NIOC (Iran)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Iranian_South_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian South Oil Company">NISOC (Iran)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oil_and_Gas_Development_Company" title="Oil and Gas Development Company">OGDCL (Pakistan)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">ONGC (India)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA (Venezuela)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/PKN_Orlen" title="PKN Orlen">PKN Orlen (Poland)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex (Mexico)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina (Indonesia)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petrobangla" title="Petrobangla">PetroBangla (Bangladesh)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras (Brazil)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas (Malaysia)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petrovietnam" title="Petrovietnam">Petrovietnam</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited" title="PTT Public Company Limited">PTT (Thailand)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Qatar_Petroleum" title="Qatar Petroleum">Qatar Petroleum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft (Russia)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec (China)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/SOCAR" title="SOCAR">SOCAR (Azerbaijan)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sonangol_Group" title="Sonangol Group">Sonangol (Angola)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach (Algeria)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Statoil" title="Statoil">Statoil (Norway)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_Petrolleri_Anonim_Ortakl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı">TPAO (Turkey)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/YPF" title="YPF">YPF (Argentina)</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Energy_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy trading">Energy trading</A></TH>
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						<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><A href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_van_Meksiko" title="Golf van Meksiko – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am"><A href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B2%E1%8A%AE_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%A5%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%A4" title="የሜክሲኮ ባሕር ሥላጤ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83" title="خليج المكسيك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><A href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfu_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Golfu de México – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><A href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika_k%C3%B6rf%C9%99zi" title="Meksika körfəzi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb"><A href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="مکزیک خلیجی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><A href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="মেক্সিকো উপসাগর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><A href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%CC%8Dk-se-ko_Oan" title="Be̍k-se-ko Oan – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><A href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D2%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Мексика ҡултығы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><A href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%9E" title="Мексіканскі заліў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><A href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мэксыканская затока – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Мексикански залив – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><A href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goif_vo_Mexiko" title="Goif vo Mexiko – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><A href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksi%C4%8Dki_zaliv" title="Meksički zaliv – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><A href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleg-mor_Mec%27hiko" title="Pleg-mor Mec'hiko – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_de_M%C3%A8xic" title="Golf de Mèxic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><A href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D3%B3%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Мексика кӳлмекĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><A href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulpo_sa_Mehiko" title="Gulpo sa Mehiko – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexick%C3%BD_z%C3%A1liv" title="Mexický záliv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlff_Mecsico" title="Gwlff Mecsico – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicanske_Golf" title="Mexicanske Golf – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_von_Mexiko" title="Golf von Mexiko – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehhiko_laht" title="Mehhiko laht – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Κόλπος του Μεξικού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Golfo de México – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika_Golfo" title="Meksika Golfo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexikoko_golkoa" title="Mexikoko golkoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="خلیج مکزیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><A href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikofl%C3%B3gvin" title="Meksikoflógvin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfe_du_Mexique" title="Golfe du Mexique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><A href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_fan_Meksiko" title="Golf fan Meksiko – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><A href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murascaill_Mheicsiceo" title="Murascaill Mheicsiceo – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><A href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camas_Mheagsago" title="Camas Mheagsago – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Golfo de México – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><A href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%CC%8Dt-s%C3%AE-k%C3%B4-v%C3%A2n" title="Me̍t-sî-kô-vân – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94_%EB%A7%8C" title="멕시코 만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Մեքսիկական ծոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="मेक्सिको की खाड़ी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb"><A href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiski_zaliw" title="Mexiski zaliw – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksi%C4%8Dki_zaljev" title="Meksički zaljev – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><A href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfo_di_Mexikia" title="Gulfo di Mexikia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><A href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpo_ti_Mehiko" title="Golpo ti Mehiko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Meksiko" title="Teluk Meksiko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><A href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_de_Mexico" title="Golfo de Mexico – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mex%C3%ADk%C3%B3fl%C3%B3i" title="Mexíkóflói – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_del_Messico" title="Golfo del Messico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95" title="מפרץ מקסיקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="მექსიკის ყურე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><A href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghuba_ya_Meksiko" title="Ghuba ya Meksiko – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><A href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendava_Meks%C3%AEk%C3%AA" title="Kendava Meksîkê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><A href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D2%A3%D1%83" title="Мексика бою ойдуңу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_Mexicanus" title="Sinus Mexicanus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikas_l%C4%ABcis" title="Meksikas līcis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><A href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_vu_Mexiko" title="Golf vu Mexiko – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikos_%C4%AFlanka" title="Meksikos įlanka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><A href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_va_Mexico" title="Golf va Mexico – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><A href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mexygu%27e_xamsi" title="mexygu'e xamsi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexik%C3%B3i-%C3%B6b%C3%B6l" title="Mexikói-öböl – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><A href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Мексикански Залив – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="മെക്സിക്കോ കടലിടുക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><A href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="मेक्सिकोचे आखात – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><A href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%B8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="მექსიკაშ ჸუჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><A href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="مکزیکو دریامونا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Mexico" title="Teluk Mexico – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><A href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мексикийн булан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><A href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayollohco_Mexihco" title="Ayollohco Mexihco – Nāhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_van_Mexico" title="Golf van Mexico – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B3%E6%B9%BE" title="メキシコ湾 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><A href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мексикан айма – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr"><A href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_faan_Meksiko" title="Golf faan Meksiko – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicogolfen" title="Mexicogolfen – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicogolfen" title="Mexicogolfen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_de_Mexic" title="Golf de Mexic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><A href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika_qo%CA%BBltig%CA%BBi" title="Meksika qoʻltigʻi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><A href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਮੈਕਸੀਕੋ ਦੀ ਖਾੜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><A href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="خلیج میکسیکو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zatoka_Meksyka%C5%84ska" title="Zatoka Meksykańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_do_M%C3%A9xico" title="Golfo do México – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golful_Mexic" title="Golful Mexic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Мексиканский залив – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_o_Mexico" title="Gulf o Mexico – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><A href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjiri_i_Meksik%C3%ABs" title="Gjiri i Meksikës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><A href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfu_d%C3%BB_M%C3%A8ssicu" title="Gulfu dû Mèssicu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexick%C3%BD_z%C3%A1liv" title="Mexický záliv – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehi%C5%A1ki_zaliv" title="Mehiški zaliv – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><A href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کەنداوی مەکسیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Мексички залив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksi%C4%8Dki_zaliv" title="Meksički zaliv – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikonlahti" title="Meksikonlahti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexikanska_golfen" title="Mexikanska golfen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="மெக்சிகோ வளைகுடா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab"><A href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abagu_n_Miksik" title="Abagu n Miksik – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><A href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Мексика култыгы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="อ่าวเม็กซิโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika_K%C3%B6rfezi" title="Meksika Körfezi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексиканська затока – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><A href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="خلیج میکسیکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><A href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golfo_del_M%C3%A8sico" title="Golfo del Mèsico – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8Bnh_M%C3%A9xico" title="Vịnh México – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><A href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golpo_han_Mehiko" title="Golpo han Mehiko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><A href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="איינגאס פון מעקסיקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%81%A3" title="墨西哥灣 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E6%B9%BE" title="墨西哥湾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>					</UL>
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document_title: Gulf of Mexico

token: Gulf

token: of

token: Mexico

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token: Bathymetry

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token: Location

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token: American

token: Mediterranean

token: Sea

token: Coordinates

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token: River

token: sources

token: Rio

token: Grande

token: Mississippi

token: Ocean

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token: Atlantic

token: Caribbean

token: Basin

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token: States

token: Cuba

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token: Settlements

token: српскохрватски

question_text: map of gulf of mexico and atlantic ocean