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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Sodom and Gomorrah</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the biblical cities. For other uses, see <A href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sodom and Gomorrah (disambiguation)">Sodom and Gomorrah (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
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<I>The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah</I>, <A href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">John Martin</A>, 1852</DIV>
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Sodom and Gomorrah being destroyed in the background of <A href="/wiki/Lucas_van_Leyden" title="Lucas van Leyden">Lucas van Leyden</A>'s 1520 painting <I>Lot and his Daughters</I></DIV>
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<P><B>Sodom</B> and <B>Gomorrah</B> (<SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<SPAN style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><SPAN title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</SPAN><SPAN title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</SPAN><SPAN title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</SPAN><SPAN title="'d' in 'dye'">d</SPAN><SPAN title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</SPAN></SPAN>/</A></SPAN></SPAN>; <SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<SPAN style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><SPAN title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</SPAN><SPAN title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</SPAN><SPAN title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</SPAN><SPAN title="'m' in 'my'">m</SPAN><SPAN title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</SPAN><SPAN title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</SPAN></SPAN>/</A></SPAN></SPAN><SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP>) were cities mentioned in the <A href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</A><SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> and throughout the <A href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-Metzger2004_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Metzger2004-3">[3]</A></SUP> the <A href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</A> and in the <A href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</A>, as well as in the <A href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP></P>
<P>According to the <A href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</A>, the kingdoms of Sodom and Gomorrah were allied with the cities of <A href="/wiki/Admah" title="Admah">Admah</A>, <A href="/wiki/Zeboim_(biblical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeboim (biblical)">Zeboim</A> and <A href="/wiki/Zoara" title="Zoara">Bela</A>. These five cities, also known as the "cities of the plain" (from Genesis in the <A href="/wiki/Authorized_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized Version">Authorized Version</A>), were situated on the <A href="/wiki/River_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="River Jordan">Jordan River</A> plain in the southern region of the land of <A href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</A>. The plain, which corresponds to the area just north of the modern-day <A href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP> was compared to the garden of Eden<SUP class="nourlexpansion reference"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+13%3A10&version=NIV">[Gen.13:10]</A></SUP> as being well-watered and green, suitable for grazing livestock.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Divine_judgment" title="Divine judgment">Divine judgment</A> by <A href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</A> was passed upon Sodom and Gomorrah and two neighboring cities, which were completely consumed by <A href="/wiki/Fire_and_brimstone" title="Fire and brimstone">fire and brimstone</A>. Neighboring <A href="/wiki/Zoara" title="Zoara">Zoar</A> (Bela) was the only city to be spared. In <A href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</A>, Sodom and Gomorrah have become synonymous with impenitent sin, and their fall with a proverbial manifestation of <A href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">divine retribution</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP class="nourlexpansion reference"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jude+1%3A7&version=NRSV">[Jude 1:7]</A></SUP> Sodom and Gomorrah have been used historically and today as <A href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</A> for <A href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">vice</A> and <A href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</A>, although a close reading of the text and other Ancient Near Eastern sources suggest that this association may be incorrect.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The story has therefore given rise to words in several languages. These include the English word <I><A href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</A></I>, which is used in <A href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">sodomy laws</A> to describe sexual "crimes against nature", namely <A href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">anal</A> or <A href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral sex</A> (particularly <A href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</A>), or <A href="/wiki/Bestiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiality">bestiality</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Phelps_9-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Phelps-9">[9]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Scheb_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Scheb-10">[10]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Newton_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Newton-11">[11]</A></SUP> Some Islamic societies incorporate punishments associated with Sodom and Gomorrah into <A href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Etymology"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Etymology</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Historicity"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Historicity</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#In_the_Book_of_Genesis"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">In the Book of Genesis</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Battle_of_Siddim"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Battle of Siddim</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#The_Judgment_upon_Sodom_and_Gomorrah"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">The Judgment upon Sodom and Gomorrah</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Other_references"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Other references</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Moses"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Moses</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Major_Prophets"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Major Prophets</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Minor_Prophets"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Minor Prophets</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#New_Testament"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">New Testament</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#Deuterocanonical_references"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Deuterocanonical references</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#Religious_views"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Religious views</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Jewish"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Jewish</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><A href="#Christian"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Christian</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><A href="#Islamic"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Islamic</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><A href="#Modern_Sodom"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Modern Sodom</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><A href="#Second_World_War"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Second World War</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The etymology of both names is uncertain.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP> The exact original meanings of the names are also uncertain. Some believe, the name <I>Sodom</I> (<A href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</A>: <SPAN lang="he" dir="rtl" xml:lang="he">סְדֹם</SPAN> <I>Səḏōm</I>) could be a word from an early Semitic language ultimately related to the Arabic <I>sadama</I>, meaning "fasten", "fortify", "strengthen", but that is unlikely as the Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon defines the hebrew word Sodom (Cēdom) as burning.<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP> Gomorrah (<A href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</A>: <SPAN lang="he" dir="rtl" xml:lang="he">עֲמֹרָה</SPAN> <I>‘Ămōrāh</I>) could be based on the root <I>gh m r</I>, which means "be deep", "copious (water),"<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP> but this is also in dispute as it is classically known as עֲמֹרָה ʻĂmôrâh, am-o-raw'; from H6014; a (ruined) heap; Amorah, a place in Palestine:—Gomorrah.<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Historicity">Historicity</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historicity">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Pillar_of_salt_at_Usdum.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pillar_of_salt_at_Usdum.jpg/220px-Pillar_of_salt_at_Usdum.jpg" width="220" height="169" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pillar_of_salt_at_Usdum.jpg/330px-Pillar_of_salt_at_Usdum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pillar_of_salt_at_Usdum.jpg/440px-Pillar_of_salt_at_Usdum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="636" /></A>
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Painting from <A href="/wiki/William_Francis_Lynch" class="mw-redirect" title="William Francis Lynch">William Francis Lynch</A> book <I>The Narrative of the United States Expedition of the River Jordan and the Dead Sea</I>. Published in 1849</DIV>
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<P>There are other stories and historical names which bear a resemblance to the Biblical stories of Sodom and Gomorrah. Some possible natural explanations for the events described have been proposed, but no widely accepted or strongly verified sites for the cities have been found. Of the five "cities of the plain", only Bela, modern-day <A href="/wiki/Zoara" title="Zoara">Zoara</A>, is securely identified, and it remained a settlement long after the biblical period.</P>
<P>The ancient Greek historiographer <A href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</A> states that locals living near Moasada (as opposed to <A href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</A>) say that "there were once thirteen inhabited cities in that region of which Sodom was the metropolis". Strabo identifies <A href="/wiki/Mount_Sodom" title="Mount Sodom">a limestone and salt hill</A> at the south western tip of the Dead Sea, and <A href="/wiki/Mount_Sodom" title="Mount Sodom">Kharbet Usdum</A> (Hebrew: הר סדום, <I>Har Sedom</I> or Arabic: جبل السدوم, <I>Jabal(u) 'ssudūm</I>) ruins nearby as the site of biblical Sodom.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Archibald_Sayce" title="Archibald Sayce">Archibald Sayce</A> translated an <A href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</A> poem describing cities that were destroyed in a rain of fire, written from the view of a person who escaped the destruction; the names of the cities are not given.<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP> However, Sayce later mentions that the story more closely resembles the doom of <A href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</A>'s host.<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 1976 <A href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pettinato" title="Giovanni Pettinato">Giovanni Pettinato</A> claimed that a <A href="/wiki/Cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</A> tablet that had been found in the newly discovered library at <A href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</A> contained the names of all five of the cities of the plain (Sodom, Gomorrah, <A href="/wiki/Admah" title="Admah">Admah</A>, <A href="/wiki/Zeboim_(Hebrew_Bible)" title="Zeboim (Hebrew Bible)">Zeboim</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Zoara" title="Zoara">Bela</A>), listed in the same order as in Genesis. The names <I>si-da-mu</I> [TM.76.G.524] and <I>ì-ma-ar</I> [TM.75.G.1570 and TM.75.G.2233] were identified as representing Sodom and Gomorrah, which gained some acceptance at the time.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP> However, Alfonso Archi states that, judging from the surrounding city names in the cuneiform list, <I>si-da-mu</I> lies in northern Syria and not near the Dead Sea, and <I>ì-ma-ar</I> is a variant of <I>ì-mar</I>, known to represent <A href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</A>, an ancient city located near Ebla.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP> Today, the scholarly consensus is that "Ebla has no bearing on ... Sodom and Gomorra."<SUP id="cite_ref-Y_22-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Y-22">[22]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Certain skeptics of the biblical account have theorized that, provided that the cities existed at all, that they might have been destroyed by <A href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</A>. One such idea is that the Dead Sea was devastated by an <A href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</A> between 2100 and 1900 BCE. This might have unleashed showers of steaming tar.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP> It is possible that the towns were destroyed by an earthquake, especially if they lay along a major fault such as the <A href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</A>. There is a lack of contemporary accounts of seismic activity within the necessary timeframe, however, to corroborate this theory.<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP> Another idea is that the destruction was caused by the plume of a <A href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteor</A> that impacted in the Alps, as possibly shown in a <A href="/wiki/Planisphere" title="Planisphere">planisphere</A> inscribed on a cuneiform tablet. <SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 1973, Walter E. Rast and R. Thomas Schaub discovered or visited a number of possible sites of the cities, including <A href="/wiki/Bab_edh-Dhra" title="Bab edh-Dhra">Bab edh-Dhra</A>, which was originally excavated in 1965 by archaeologist Paul Lapp, and later finished by Rast and Schaub following his death. Other possibilities include <A href="/wiki/Numeira" title="Numeira">Numeira</A>, al-Safi, Feifa, and <A href="/wiki/Khanazir" title="Khanazir">Khanazir</A>, which were also visited by Schaub and Rast. Each of the sites were near the <A href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</A> and showed evidence of burning and traces of <A href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP> According to Schaub, however, who dug at Bab edh-Dhra, Numeira was destroyed in 2600 BCE at a different time period than Bab edh-Dhra (2350–2067 BCE).<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP> Archaeological remains excavated from Bab edh-Dhra are currently displayed in <A href="/wiki/Karak_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Karak Archaeological Museum">Karak Archaeological Museum</A> (Karak Castle), <A href="/wiki/Amman_Citadel" title="Amman Citadel">Amman Citadel</A> Museum, and the <A href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</A>.</P>
<P>Another candidate for Sodom is the <A href="/wiki/Tall_el-Hammam_Excavation_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall el-Hammam Excavation Project">Tall el Hammam</A> dig site which began in 2006 under the direction of <A href="/wiki/Steven_Collins_(archaeologist)" title="Steven Collins (archaeologist)">Steven Collins</A>. Tall el Hammam is located in the southern Jordan river valley approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) northeast of the Dead Sea, and according to Collins fits the biblical descriptions of the lands of Sodom.<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP> The ongoing dig is a result of joint cooperation between <A href="/wiki/Trinity_Southwest_University" title="Trinity Southwest University">Trinity Southwest University</A> and the Department of Antiquities of the <A href="/wiki/Hashemite_Kingdom_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan">Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2014)">better source needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>Professor <A href="/wiki/Eugene_H._Merrill_(academic)" title="Eugene H. Merrill (academic)">Eugene H. Merrill</A> believes that the identification of Tall el-Hammam with Sodom would require an unacceptable restructuring of the biblical chronology.<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[34]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The Jewish historian <A href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</A> identifies the <A href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</A> in geographic proximity to the ancient biblical city of Sodom. He refers to the lake by its Greek name, Asphaltites.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="In_the_Book_of_Genesis">In the Book of Genesis</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the Book of Genesis">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="mbox-text-span">This section <B>does not <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</A> any <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</A></B>. <SPAN class="hide-when-compact">Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit">improve this section</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</A>.</SPAN> <SMALL><I>(August 2017)</I></SMALL> <SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I>(<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV>
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<P>The <A href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</A> is the primary source that mentions the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Battle_of_Siddim">Battle of Siddim</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle of Siddim">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siddim" title="Battle of Siddim">Battle of Siddim</A></DIV>
<P>The Battle of Siddim is described in <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0114.htm#1">Genesis 14:1-17</A>. Sodom and Gomorrah's political situation is described when <A href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</A> had encamped in Sodom's territory. At this time, "the men of Sodom [were] wicked and sinners before the L<SPAN class="smallcaps" style="font-size:83%">ORD</SPAN> exceedingly". Sodom was ruled by King <A href="/wiki/Bera_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bera (Bible)">Bera</A> while Gomorrah was ruled by King <A href="/wiki/Birsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Birsha">Birsha</A>. Their kingship, however, was not sovereign, because all of the river Jordan plain was under <A href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</A> rule for 12 years. The kingdom of Elam was ruled by King <A href="/wiki/Chedorlaomer" title="Chedorlaomer">Chedorlaomer</A>. In the 13th year of subjugation to Elam, the five kings of the river Jordan plain allied to rebel against Elamite rule. These kings included those of Sodom and Gomorrah as well as their neighbors: King <A href="/wiki/Shinab" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinab">Shinab</A> of <A href="/wiki/Admah" title="Admah">Admah</A>, King <A href="/wiki/Shemeber" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemeber">Shemeber</A> of <A href="/wiki/Zeboyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeboyim">Zeboiim</A>, and the unnamed king of <A href="/wiki/Zoara" title="Zoara">Bela</A> (later called Zoar).</P>
<P>In response, Elam's King <A href="/wiki/Chedorlaomer" title="Chedorlaomer">Chedorlaomer</A>, gathered additional forces from <A href="/wiki/Shinar" title="Shinar">Shinar</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ellasar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellasar">Ellasar</A> and <A href="/wiki/Goyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Goyim">Goyim</A> to suppress this rebellion from the cities of the plain. They waged war in the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siddim" title="Battle of Siddim">Vale of Siddim</A> in the 14th year. The battle was brutal with heavy losses in the cities of the plain, with their resultant defeat, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0114.htm#10">Genesis 14:10</A>. Sodom and Gomorrah were spoiled of their goods, and captives were taken, including Lot. The tide of war turned when Lot's uncle, <A href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</A>, gathered an elite force that slaughtered King Chedorlaomer's forces in Hobah, north of <A href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</A>. The success of his mission freed the cities of the plain from under Elam's rule.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="The_Judgment_upon_Sodom_and_Gomorrah"><SPAN id="Judgement"></SPAN><SPAN id="Judgment"></SPAN>The Judgment upon Sodom and Gomorrah</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Judgment upon Sodom and Gomorrah">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Hospitality#Judaism" title="Hospitality">Hospitality § Judaism</A></DIV>
<P>The story of the judgment of Sodom and Gomorrah is told in <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0118.htm#1">Genesis 18-19</A>. Three men, thought by most commentators to have been angels appearing as men,<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> came to Abraham in the plains of Mamre. After the angels received the hospitality of Abraham and Sarah, his wife, "the Lord" revealed to Abraham that he would confirm what he had heard against Sodom and Gomorrah, "and because their sin is very grievous".</P>
<P>In response, Abraham inquired of the Lord if he would spare the city if 50 righteous people were found in it, to which the Lord agreed he would not destroy it for the sake of the righteous yet dwelling therein. Abraham then inquired of God for mercy at lower numbers (first 45, then 40, then 30, then 20, and finally at 10), with the Lord agreeing each time.<SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[36]</A></SUP> Two angels were sent to Sodom to investigate and were met by Abraham's nephew <A href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</A>, who convinced the angels to lodge with him, and they ate with Lot.</P>
<P><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0119.htm#4">Genesis 19:4-5</A> described what followed, which confirmed its end:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>4 But before they lay down, the men of the city, even the men of Sodom, compassed the house round, both young and old, all the people from every quarter.<BR />
5 And they called unto Lot, and said unto him: 'Where are the men that came in to thee this night? bring them out unto us, that we may know them.'</P>
<P>(<A href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">NRSV</A>: know them, <A href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">NIV</A>: can have sex with them, <A href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Bible" title="New Jerusalem Bible">NJB</A>: can have intercourse with them).</P>
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Sodom and Gomorrah from the <A href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</A> by <A href="/wiki/Hartmann_Schedel" title="Hartmann Schedel">Hartmann Schedel</A>, 1493. <A href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Lot's wife</A>, already transformed into a salt pillar, is in the center.</DIV>
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<P>Lot refused to give his guests to the inhabitants of Sodom and, instead, offered them his two <A href="/wiki/Almah" title="Almah">virgin</A> daughters "which have not <U>known</U> man" and to "do ye to them as <I>[is]</I> good in your eyes". However, they refused this offer, complained about this alien, namely Lot, giving orders, and then came near to break down the door. Lot's angelic guests rescued him and struck the men with blindness and they informed Lot of their mission to destroy the city. Then (not having found even 10 righteous people in the city), they commanded Lot to gather his family and leave. As they made their escape, one angel commanded Lot to "look not behind thee" (singular "thee"). However, as Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed with <A href="/wiki/Fire_and_brimstone" title="Fire and brimstone">brimstone and fire</A> from the Lord, <A href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Lot's wife</A> looked back at the city, and she became a pillar of salt.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Other_references">Other references</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other references">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P><A href="/wiki/Major_prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Major prophets">Major</A> and <A href="/wiki/Minor_prophets" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor prophets">minor prophets</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</A> have referred to Sodom and Gomorrah to parallel their prophetic events. The <A href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</A> also contains passages of parallels to the destruction and surrounding events that pertained to these cities and those who were involved. Later <A href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanonical">deuterocanonical</A> texts attempt to glean additional insights about these cities of the Jordan Plain and their residents.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Moses">Moses</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Moses">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Moses referred to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+29%3A22-23&version=9%3BNIV">Deuteronomy 29:22-23</A></SPAN>:</P>
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<P>"Your children who follow you in later generations and foreigners who come from distant lands will see the calamities that have fallen on the land and the diseases with which the Lord has afflicted it. The whole land will be a burning waste of salt and sulfur—nothing planted, nothing sprouting, no vegetation growing on it. It will be like the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, <A href="/wiki/Admah" title="Admah">Admah</A> and <A href="/wiki/Zeboyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeboyim">Zeboyim</A>, which the Lord overthrew in fierce anger." —NIV</P>
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See also: <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Deuteronomy+32%3A32-33&version=NRSV">Deuteronomy 32:32-33</A></SPAN></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Major_Prophets">Major Prophets</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Major Prophets">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P><SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+1%3A9-10&version=NRSV">Isaiah 1:9-10</A></SPAN>, <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+3%3A9&version=NRSV">Isaiah 3:9</A></SPAN> and <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+13%3A19-22&version=NRSV">Isaiah 13:19-22</A></SPAN> addresses people as from Sodom and Gomorrah, associates Sodom with shameless sinning and tells Babylon that it will end like those two cities.</P>
<P><SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+23%3A14&version=NRSV">Jeremiah 23:14</A></SPAN>, <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+49%3A17-18&version=NRSV">Jeremiah 49:17-18</A></SPAN>, <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+50%3A39-40&version=NRSV">Jeremiah 50:39-40</A></SPAN> and <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lamentations+4%3A6&version=NRSV">Lamentations 4:6</A></SPAN> associate Sodom and Gomorrah with adultery and lies, prophesies the fate of Edom, south of the Dead Sea, predicts the fate of Babylon and uses Sodom as a comparison.</P>
<P>In <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel+16%3A48-50&version=NIV">Ezekiel 16:48-50</A></SPAN>, God compares <A href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</A> to Sodom, saying "Sodom never did what you and your daughters have done." He explains that the sin of Sodom was that "She and her daughters were arrogant, overfed and unconcerned; they did not help the poor and needy. They were haughty and did detestable things before me."</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Minor_Prophets">Minor Prophets</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Minor Prophets">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>In <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Amos+4%3A1-11&version=NIV">Amos 4:1-11</A></SPAN>, God tells the Israelites that although he treated them like Sodom and Gomorrah, they still did not repent.</P>
<P>In <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Zephaniah+2%3A9&version=NIV">Zephaniah 2:9</A></SPAN>, <A href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</A> tells Moab and Ammon, southeast and northeast of the Dead Sea, that they will end up like Sodom and Gomorrah.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="New_Testament">New Testament</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New Testament">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>In <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+10%3A1-15&version=NIV">Matthew 10:1-15</A></SPAN>, cf. <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+10%3A1-12&version=NIV">Luke 10:1-12</A></SPAN>, Jesus declares certain cities more damnable than Sodom and Gomorrah, due to their response to Jesus' disciples, in the light of greater grace (<A href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">RSV</A>):</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>"And if any one will not receive you or listen to your words, shake off the dust from your feet as you leave that house or town. Truly, I say to you, it shall be more tolerable on the day of judgment for the land of Sodom and Gomor'rah than for that town."</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>In <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+11%3A20-24&version=NIV">Matthew 11:20-24</A></SPAN>, Jesus prophesies the fate of some cities where he did some of his works (<A href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">RSV</A>):</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>"And you, Caper'na-um, will you be exalted to heaven? You shall be brought down to Hades. For if the mighty works done in you had been done in Sodom, it would have remained until this day. But I tell you that it shall be more tolerable on the day of judgment for the land of Sodom than for you."</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>In <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+17%3A28-30&version=NRSV">Luke 17:28-30</A></SPAN>, Jesus compares his second-coming to the judgment of Sodom and Gomorrah (<A href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">RSV</A>):</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>"Likewise as it was in the days of Lot—they ate, they drank, they bought, they sold, they planted, they built, but on the day when Lot went out from Sodom fire and sulphur rained from heaven and destroyed them all—so will it be on the day when the Son of man is revealed."</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>In <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans+9%3A29&version=RSV">Romans 9:29</A></SPAN>, <A href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</A> quotes <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+1%3A9&version=NRSV">Isaiah 1:9</A></SPAN> (<A href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">RSV</A>): "And as Isaiah predicted, 'If the Lord of hosts had not left us children, we would have fared like Sodom and been made like Gomor'rah.'"</P>
<P>In <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Peter+2%3A4-10&version=NRSV">2 Peter 2:4-10</A></SPAN>, <A href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</A> says that just as God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah and saved Lot, he will deliver godly people from temptations and punish the wicked on Judgement Day.</P>
<P><SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jude+1%3A7&version=NRSV">Jude 1:7</A></SPAN> records that both Sodom and Gomorrah were "giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire".</P>
<P><SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+11%3A7-8&version=NRSV">Revelation 11:7-8</A></SPAN> makes an allegorical use of Sodom when it describes the places where the <A href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">two witnesses</A> will descend during the <A href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Deuterocanonical_references">Deuterocanonical references</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Deuterocanonical references">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P><SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Wisdom+10%3A6-8&version=RSV">Wisdom 10:6-8</A></SPAN> refers to the <A href="/wiki/Pentapolis#Significant_historical_cases" title="Pentapolis">Five Cities</A>:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>Wisdom rescued a righteous man when the ungodly were perishing; he escaped the fire that descended on the Five Cities. Evidence of their wickedness still remains: a continually smoking wasteland, plants bearing fruit that does not ripen, and a pillar of salt standing as a monument to an unbelieving soul. For because they passed wisdom by, they not only were hindered from recognizing the good, but also left for mankind a reminder of their folly, so that their failures could never go unnoticed.</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Wisdom+19%3A17&version=GNT">Wisdom 19:17</A></SPAN> says that the Egyptians who enslaved the Israelites were "struck with blindness, like the men of Sodom who came to the door of that righteous man Lot. They found themselves in total darkness, as each one groped around to find his own door."</P>
<P><SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Sirach+16%3A8&version=RSV">Sirach 16:8</A></SPAN> says "[God] did not spare the neighbors of Lot, whom he loathed on account of their insolence."</P>
<P>In <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=3+Maccabees+2%3A5&version=RSV">3 Maccabees 2:5</A></SPAN>, the high priest Simon says that God "consumed with fire and sulphur the men of Sodom who acted arrogantly, who were notorious for their vices; and you made them an example to those who should come afterward".</P>
<P><SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Esdras+2%3A8-9&version=RSV">2 Esdras 2:8-9</A></SPAN> says "Woe to you, Assyria, who conceal the unrighteous in your midst! O wicked nation, remember what I did to Sodom and Gomor′rah, whose land lies in lumps of pitch and heaps of ashes. So will I do to those who have not listened to me, says the Lord Almighty."</P>
<P><SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Esdras+5%3A1-13&version=RSV">2 Esdras 5:1-13</A></SPAN> describes signs of the <A href="/wiki/End_time" title="End time">end times</A>, one of which is that "the sea of Sodom shall cast up fish".</P>
<P>In <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Esdras+7%3A106&version=RSV">2 Esdras 7:106</A></SPAN>, <A href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</A> says that Abraham prayed for the people of Sodom.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Religious_views">Religious views</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religious views">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Jewish">Jewish</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jewish">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P><A href="/wiki/Rictor_Norton" title="Rictor Norton">Rictor Norton</A> views classical Jewish texts as stressing the cruelty and lack of <A href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</A> of the inhabitants of Sodom to the "stranger".<SUP id="cite_ref-The_Inhospitable_Sodomites_37-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-The_Inhospitable_Sodomites-37">[37]</A></SUP> The people of Sodom were seen as guilty of many other significant sins. <A href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbinic</A> writings affirm that the Sodomites also committed economic crimes, blasphemy and bloodshed.<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP> One of the worst was to give money or even gold ingots to beggars, after inscribing their names on them, and then subsequently refusing to sell them food. The unfortunate stranger would end up starving and after his death, the people who gave him the money would reclaim it.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Jon_D._Levenson" title="Jon D. Levenson">Jon D. Levenson</A> views a rabbinic tradition described in the <A href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</A> as postulating that the sin of Sodom was a violation of conventional hospitality in addition to homosexual conduct, describing Sodom's lack of generosity with the saying, "What is mine is mine; what is yours is yours" (<I>m. Avot</I> 5.10).<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP></P>
<P>A modern orthodox position is one that holds, "The paradigmatic instance of such aberrant behavior is found in the demand of the men of Sodom to 'know' the men visiting Lot, the nephew of Abraham, thus lending their name to the practice of 'sodomy'."<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Jay_Michaelson" title="Jay Michaelson">Jay Michaelson</A> proposes a reading of the story of Sodom that emphasizes the violation of hospitality as well as the violence of the Sodomites. "Homosexual rape is the way in which they violate hospitality—not the essence of their transgression. Reading the story of Sodom as being about homosexuality is like reading the story of an ax murderer as being about an ax."<SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[41]</A></SUP> Michaelson places the story of Sodom in context with other Genesis stories regarding Abraham's hospitality to strangers, and argues that when other texts in the Hebrew Bible mention Sodom, they do so without commentary on homosexuality. The verses cited by Michaelson include Jeremiah 23:14,<SUP class="nourlexpansion reference"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+23%3A14&version=KJ21">[Jeremiah 23:14]</A></SUP> where the sins of Jerusalem are compared to Sodom and are listed as adultery, lying, and strengthening the hands of evildoers; Amos 4:1-11 (oppressing the poor and crushing the needy);<SUP class="nourlexpansion reference"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Amos+4%3A1-11&version=KJ21">[Amos 4:1-11]</A></SUP> and Ezekiel 16:49-50,<SUP class="nourlexpansion reference"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel+16%3A49-50&version=KJ21">[Ezekiel 16:49-50]</A></SUP> which defines the sins of Sodom as "pride, fullness of bread, and abundance of idleness was in her and in her daughters, neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy. And they were haughty, and did <I>toevah</I> before me, and I took them away as I saw fit." Michaelson uses <I>toevah</I> in place of <I>abomination</I> to emphasize the original Hebrew, which he explains as being more correctly translated as "taboo".<SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[42]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Christian">Christian</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Christian">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Several theories have been advanced in <A href="/wiki/Christian" title="Christian">Christian</A> thought concerning the sin of Sodom. One area of dispute is whether the mob was demanding the homosexual rape of Lot's guests. A second area of dispute is whether the act of homosexuality or the act of inhospitality and violence towards foreigners is the more significant ethical downfall of Sodom.<SUP id="cite_ref-Wenham_43-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Wenham-43">[43]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Boswell_44-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Boswell-44">[44]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The first contention between the two positions primarily focuses upon the meaning of the Hebrew verb ידע (yada), translated as <I>know</I> in the King James Version:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>And they called unto Lot, and said unto him, Where [are] the men which came in to thee this night? bring them out unto us, that we may know them. —<SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+19%3A5&version=9">Genesis 19:5</A></SPAN></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>However, the word "know" in the King James Version has been used to refer to sexual intercourse. One example can be found in <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+4%3A1&version=KJV">Genesis 4:1</A> between Adam and Eve:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a man from the L<SPAN class="smallcaps" style="font-size:83%">ORD</SPAN>.—<SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+4%3A1&version=KJV">Genesis 4:1</A></SPAN></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Some Hebrew scholars believe that <I>yada</I>, unlike the English word <I>know</I>, requires the existence of a "personal and intimate relationship".<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[45]</A></SUP> For this reason, many of the most popular of the 20th century translations, including the New International Version, the New King James Version, and the New Living Translation, translate <I>yada</I> as "have sex with" or "know ... carnally" in <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gen+19%3A5&version=NRSV">Gen 19:5</A></SPAN><SUP id="cite_ref-CBA_46-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CBA-46">[46]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Those who favor the non-sexual interpretation argue against a denotation of sexual behavior in this context, noting that while the Hebrew word for <I>know</I> appears over 900 times in the Hebrew Scriptures, only approximately 1% (13–14 times)<SUP id="cite_ref-The_Inhospitable_Sodomites_37-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-The_Inhospitable_Sodomites-37">[37]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[47]</A></SUP> of those references is it clearly used as a euphemism for realizing sexual intimacy.<SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[48]</A></SUP> Instead, those who hold to this interpretation usually see the demand to know as demanding the right to interrogate the strangers.<SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[49]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Countering this is the observation that one of the examples of <I>know</I> meaning to know sexually occurs when Lot responds to the <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gen+19%3A5&version=NRSV">Gen 19:5</A></SPAN> request, by offering his daughters for rape, only three verses later in the same narrative:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>Behold now, I have two daughters which have not known man; let me, I pray you, bring them out unto you, and do ye to them as is good in your eyes: only unto these men do nothing.... —<SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+19%3A8&version=NRSV">Genesis 19:8</A></SPAN></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>The following is a major text in regard to these conflicting opinions:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>Even as Sodom and Gomorrah, and the cities about them in like manner, giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire. —<SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jude+1%3A7&version=NRSV">Jude 1:7</A></SPAN></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>This reference to "going after strange flesh" is understood in different ways to include something akin to bestiality, having illicit sex with strangers, having sex with angels, but most often God's destruction of the populations of the four cities is interpreted to mean <A href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</A> (same-sex) relations.<SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[50]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Many who interpret the stories in a non-sexual context contend that as the word for "strange" is akin to "another", "other", "altered" or even "next", the meaning is unclear, and if the condemnation of Sodom was the result of sexual activities perceived to be perverse, then it is likely that it was because women sought to commit fornication with "other than human" angels,<SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[51]</A></SUP> perhaps referring to <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+6&version=NRSV">Genesis 6</A></SPAN> or the apocryphal <A href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</A>. Countering this, it is pointed out that <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+6&version=NRSV">Genesis 6</A></SPAN> refers to angels seeking women, not men seeking angels, and that both Sodom and Gomorrah were engaged in the sin Jude describes before the angelic visitation, and that, regardless, it is doubtful that the Sodomites knew they were angels. In addition, it is argued the word used in the King James Version of the Bible for "strange", can mean unlawful or corrupted (<SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rm.+7%3A3&version=NRSV">Rm. 7:3</A></SPAN>; <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gal.+1%3A6&version=NRSV">Gal. 1:6</A></SPAN>), and that the apocryphal <A href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Enoch" title="Second Book of Enoch">Second Book of Enoch</A> (different from the Book of Enoch which Jude quotes from) condemns "sodomitic" sex (2 Enoch 10:3; 34:1),<SUP id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-52">[52]</A></SUP> thus indicating that homosexual relations was the prevalent <I>physical</I> sin of Sodom.<SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[53]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Both the non-sexual and the <A href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</A> view invoke certain classical writings as well as other portions of the Bible.<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[54]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-55">[55]</A></SUP></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>Now this was the sin of Sodom: She and her daughters were arrogant, overfed and unconcerned; they did not help the poor and needy. They were haughty and did detestable things before me. Therefore I did away with them as you have seen. —<SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel+16%3A49-50&version=NRSV">Ezekiel 16:49-50</A></SPAN></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Here the nonsexual view focuses on the inhospitality aspect, while the other notes the description <I>detestable</I> or <I><A href="/wiki/Abomination_(Bible)" title="Abomination (Bible)">abomination</A></I>, the Hebrew word for which often denotes moral sins, including those of a sexual nature.<SUP id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-56">[56]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-57">[57]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the <A href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</A> (and corresponding verse) when <A href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</A> warns of a worse judgment for some cities than Sodom, inhospitality is perceived by some as the sin, while others see it fundamentally being impenitence:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>If anyone will not welcome you or listen to your words, shake the dust off your feet when you leave that home or town. I tell you the truth, it will be more bearable for Sodom and Gomorrah on the day of judgment than for that town. —<SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+10%3A14-15&version=NRSV">Matthew 10:14-15</A></SPAN></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>The nonsexual view focuses on the cultural importance of hospitality, which this biblical story shares with other ancient civilizations, such as <A href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</A> and <A href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</A>, where <A href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</A> was of singular importance and strangers were under the protection of the gods.<SUP id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-58">[58]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Within the Christian Churches that agree on the possible sexual interpretation of <I>know</I> (yada) in this context, there is still a difference of opinion on whether homosexuality is important. On its website, the <A href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</A> presents the argument that the story is "not even vaguely about homosexual love or relationships", but is instead "about dominance and <A href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</A>, by definition an act of violence, not of sex or love". This argument that the violence and the threat of violence towards foreign visitors is the true ethical downfall of Sodom (and not homosexuality), also observes the similarity between the Sodom and Gomorrah and the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibeah" title="Battle of Gibeah">Battle of Gibeah</A> Bible stories. In both stories, an inhospitable mob demands the homosexual rape of a foreigner or foreigners. As the mob instead settles for the rape and murder of the foreigner's female concubine in the Battle of Gibeah story, the homosexual aspect is generally seen as inconsequential, and the ethical downfall is understood to be the violence and the threat of violence towards foreigners by the mob. This <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+22%3A21-24&version=NRSV">Exodus 22:21-24</A></SPAN> lesson is viewed by Anglicans as a more historically accurate way to interpret the Sodom and Gomorrah story.<SUP id="cite_ref-Wenham_43-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Wenham-43">[43]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-59">[59]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Islamic">Islamic</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islamic">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lot in Islam</A></DIV>
<P>The Quran contains twelve references to "the people of Lut", the biblical Lot, but meaning the residents of Sodom and Gomorrah (references 6:86-90; 7:80–84; 11:74–83; 15:58-77; 21:74-75; 26:160–173; 27:54–58; 29:28–30, 33-35; 37:133-138; 51:32-37; 54:33-38 and 66:10), and their destruction by God is associated explicitly with their sexual practices:<SUP id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-60">[60]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-MC_61-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MC-61">[61]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The 'people of Lot' transgressed consciously against the bounds of God. Their avarice led to inhospitality and robbery, which in turn led to the humiliation of strangers by mistreatment and rape. It was their <A href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">abominable sin</A> of homosexual sex which was seen as symptomatic of their attitudes,<SUP id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-62">[62]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-cite_quran|26|165|166_63-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-cite_quran|26|165|166-63">[63]</A></SUP> and upon Lot's exhorting them to abandon their transgression against God, they ridiculed him,<SUP id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-64">[64]</A></SUP> and threatened him with dire consequences;<SUP id="cite_ref-cite_quran|26|165|166_63-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-cite_quran|26|165|166-63">[63]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-65">[65]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-66">[66]</A></SUP> Lot only prayed to God to be saved from doing as they did. Then Gabriel met Lot and said that he must leave the city quickly, as God had given this command to Lot for saving his life. In the Quran it was written that Lot's wife stayed behind as she had transgressed. She met her fate in the disaster, and only Lot and his family were saved during the destruction of their city,<SUP id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-67">[67]</A></SUP> with the understanding that the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah are identified in Genesis, but "the location remains unnamed in the Qur'an"<SUP id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-68">[68]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the Quran, surah (chapter) 26 Ash-Shu`arā' (The Poets) –</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>So, We saved him and his family, all. Except an old woman among those who remained behind.</P>
<DIV class="templatequotecite">— <CITE><A href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D26%3Averse%3D170">26:170–171</A></CITE></DIV>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>Commentary: This was his wife, who was a bad old woman. She stayed behind and was destroyed with whoever else was left. This is similar to what Allah says about them in Surat Al-A`raf and Surat Hud, and in Surat Al-Hijr, where Allah commanded him to take his family at night, except for his wife, and not to turn around when they heard the Sayhah as it came upon his people. So they patiently obeyed the command of Allah and persevered, and Allah sent upon the people a punishment which struck them all, and rained upon them stones of baked clay, piled up.</P>
<DIV class="templatequotecite">— <CITE><A href="/wiki/Tafsir_ibn_Kathir" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafsir ibn Kathir">Tafsir ibn Kathir</A> (Commentary by <A href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</A>)<SUP id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-69">[69]</A></SUP></CITE></DIV>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Modern_Sodom">Modern Sodom</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern Sodom">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The site of the present <A href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Works" title="Dead Sea Works">Dead Sea Works</A>, a large operation for the extraction of Dead Sea minerals, is called "<I>Sdom</I>" (סדום) according to its traditional Arab name, <I>Khirbet as-sudūm</I> (خربت السدوم). Nearby is <A href="/wiki/Mount_Sodom" title="Mount Sodom">Mount Sodom</A> (הר סדום in Hebrew and جبل السدوم in Arabic) which consists mainly of salt. In the Plain of Sdom (מישור סדום) to the south there are a few springs and two small agricultural villages, Neot Hakikar and Ein Tamar<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Second_World_War">Second World War</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>"Operation Gomorrah" was the appropriate name given to the <A href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Bombing of Hamburg</A> in July 1943, in which 42,600 civilians were killed, and where use of incendiaries caused a vortex and whirling updraft of super-heated air which created a 460 meter high tornado of fire.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">The Bible and homosexuality</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bab_edh-Dhra" title="Bab edh-Dhra">Bab edh-Dhra</A> and <A href="/wiki/Numeira" title="Numeira">Numeira</A>, two adjacent archeological sites said by some to be the two cities' locations</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Christianity and homosexuality</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christianity_and_sexual_orientation" title="Christianity and sexual orientation">Christianity and sexual orientation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Judaism" title="Homosexuality and Judaism">Homosexuality and Judaism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible">Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT in Islam</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Religion_and_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and homosexuality">Religion and homosexuality</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBT_people" title="Religion and LGBT people">Religion and LGBT people</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tripura_(mythology)" title="Tripura (mythology)">Tripura</A>, cities likewise destroyed by <A href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine intervention</A> as described in Hindu mythology</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vayeira_(parsha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vayeira (parsha)">Vayeira</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Parsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsha">Torah portion</A> concerning Sodom and Gomorrah</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm/pronunciation?lang=eng">"Book of Mormon Pronunciation Guide"</A>. LDS.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-02-25</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Mormon+Pronunciation+Guide&rft.pub=LDS.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lds.org%2Fscriptures%2Fbofm%2Fpronunciation%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">IPA</A> format given from «ga-mōr´a».</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Schwartz, Howard; Loebel-Fried, Caren; Ginsburg, Elliot K. (2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=60iVk1p8Y9IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tree+of+Souls+:+The+Mythology+of+Judaism:+The+Mythology+of+Judaism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMIr_eu8dCjxwIVBFWSCh2EgAGr#v=onepage&q=Tree%20of%20Souls%20%3A%20The%20Mythology%20of%20Judaism%3A%20The%20Mythology%20of%20Judaism&f=false"><I>Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism</I></A>. Oxford University Press. p. 465.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tree+of+Souls%3A+The+Mythology+of+Judaism&rft.pages=465&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft.au=Loebel-Fried%2C+Caren&rft.au=Ginsburg%2C+Elliot+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D60iVk1p8Y9IC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DTree%2Bof%2BSouls%2B%3A%2BThe%2BMythology%2Bof%2BJudaism%3A%2BThe%2BMythology%2Bof%2BJudaism%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMIr_eu8dCjxwIVBFWSCh2EgAGr%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DTree%2520of%2520Souls%2520%253A%2520The%2520Mythology%2520of%2520Judaism%253A%2520The%2520Mythology%2520of%2520Judaism%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Metzger2004-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Metzger2004_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Metzger, Bruce Manning; Coogan, Michael D (2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=amlXOOaSuLMC"><I>The Oxford Guide To People And Places Of The Bible</I></A>. Oxford University Press. p. 294. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517610-0">978-0-19-517610-0</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 22,</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+To+People+And+Places+Of+The+Bible&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517610-0&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Manning&rft.au=Coogan%2C+Michael+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DamlXOOaSuLMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Jackson, Roy (2014). <I>What is Islamic Philosophy?</I>. p. 119.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Islamic+Philosophy%3F&rft.pages=119&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</A> (1863). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topicalbible.org/s/sodom.htm">"Sodom"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Bible_Dictionary" title="Smith's Bible Dictionary">Smith's Bible Dictionary</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2011-08-15</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smith%27s+Bible+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Sodom&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopicalbible.org%2Fs%2Fsodom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2010). <I>Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practises</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World%2C+Second+Edition%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs+and+Practises&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft.au=Baumann%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</A>(S15) <A href="/wiki/Al-Hijr" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr">Al-Hijr</A>:72-73</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Jordan, Mark (1999). <I>The Invention of Sodomy in Christian Theology</I>. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 89-95.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Sodomy+in+Christian+Theology&rft.place=Chicago+IL&rft.pages=89-95&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Phelps-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Phelps_9-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Shirelle Phelps (2001). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izwvAQAAIAAJ&q"><I>World of Criminal Justice: N-Z</I></A>. <A href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale Group</A>. p. 686. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0787650730" title="Special:BookSources/0787650730">0787650730</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 13,</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+of+Criminal+Justice%3A+N-Z&rft.pages=686&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0787650730&rft.au=Shirelle+Phelps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DizwvAQAAIAAJ%26q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Scheb-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Scheb_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Scheb, John & John Scheb II (2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZoWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185"><I>Criminal Law and Procedure</I></A>. <A href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</A>. p. 185. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/128554613X" title="Special:BookSources/128554613X">128554613X</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 13,</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Law+and+Procedure&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=128554613X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZoWAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_authors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Newton-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Newton_11-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">David Newton (2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gjcUFK4RZNcC&pg=PA85"><I>Gay and Lesbian Rights: A Reference Handbook, Second Edition</I></A>. <A href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</A>. p. 85. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1598843079" title="Special:BookSources/1598843079">1598843079</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 13,</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+and+Lesbian+Rights%3A+A+Reference+Handbook%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=1598843079&rft.au=David+Newton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgjcUFK4RZNcC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Kolig, Erich (2012). <I>Conservative Islam: A Cultural Anthropology</I>. p. 160.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservative+Islam%3A+A+Cultural+Anthropology&rft.pages=160&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kolig&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer; Fabry, Heinz-Josef, eds. (2000). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_eJiX4seBxgC&pg=PA155&dq=Sodom+etymology&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAmoVChMI053VmrSPxgIVlD3bCh1LXAAg#v=onepage&q=Sodom%20etymology&f=false"><I>Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, Volume 10</I></A>. Wm Eeerdmans. p. 155. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2334-2">978-0-8028-2334-2</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">14 June</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Dictionary+of+the+Old+Testament%2C+Volume+10&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Wm+Eeerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2334-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_eJiX4seBxgC%26pg%3DPA155%26dq%3DSodom%2Betymology%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CC0Q6AEwAmoVChMI053VmrSPxgIVlD3bCh1LXAAg%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DSodom%2520etymology%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">J. Strong (2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H5467&t=KJV"><I>"Strong's Concordance"</I></A>. Hendrickson Publishing.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Strong%27s+Concordance%22&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.au=J.+Strong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3FStrongs%3DH5467%26t%3DKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">B. Macdonald (2000). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asor.org/pubs/books-monographs/macdonald.pdf"><I>"East of the Jordan": Territories and Sites of the Hebrew Scriptures</I></A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. American Schools of Oriental Research. p. 52. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89757-031-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89757-031-6">0-89757-031-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22East+of+the+Jordan%22%3A+Territories+and+Sites+of+the+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-89757-031-6&rft.au=B.+Macdonald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asor.org%2Fpubs%2Fbooks-monographs%2Fmacdonald.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">J. Strong (2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=H6017&t=KJV"><I>"Strong's Concordance"</I></A>. Hendrickson Publishing.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Strong%27s+Concordance%22&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.au=J.+Strong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Flang%2Flexicon%2Flexicon.cfm%3FStrongs%3DH6017%26t%3DKJV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">de Saulcy, Ferdinand (1853). <I>Voyage autour de la mer Morte et dans les terres bibliques</I>. Paris: Gide et J. Baudry.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+autour+de+la+mer+Morte+et+dans+les+terres+bibliques&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Gide+et+J.+Baudry&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=de+Saulcy&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Sayce, A.H. <I>"The Overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah (Accadian Account)" Records of the Past XI 115</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Overthrow+of+Sodom+and+Gomorrah+%28Accadian+Account%29%22+Records+of+the+Past+XI+115&rft.au=Sayce%2C+A.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Archibald Sayce (1887). <I>The Hibbert Lectures, 1887: Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion</I>. p. 309.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hibbert+Lectures%2C+1887%3A+Lectures+on+the+Origin+and+Growth+of+Religion&rft.pages=309&rft.date=1887&rft.au=Archibald+Sayce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Hershel Shanks (September–October 1980). "BAR Interviews Giovanni Pettinato". <I><A href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</A></I>. <B>6</B> (5).</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=BAR+Interviews+Giovanni+Pettinato&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1980-09%2F1980-10&rft.au=Hershel+Shanks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Alfonso Archi (November–December 1981). "Are "The Cities of the Plain" Mentioned in the Ebla Tablets?". <I><A href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</A></I>. <B>7</B> (6).</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Are+%22The+Cities+of+the+Plain%22+Mentioned+in+the+Ebla+Tablets%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1981-11%2F1981-12&rft.au=Alfonso+Archi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Y-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Y_22-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Chavalas, Mark W., and K. Lawson Younger, Jr. (eds.) Mesopotamia and the Bible: Comparative Explorations. 2003, p. 41</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Isbouts, Jean-Pierre (2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UTEQRDWYJ0kC&lpg=PP1&pg=PR57#v=onepage&q&f=false"><I>The Biblical World: An Illustrated Atlas</I></A>. <A href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Books">National Geographic Books</A>. p. 71. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1426201389" title="Special:BookSources/1426201389">1426201389</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+World%3A+An+Illustrated+Atlas&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=1426201389&rft.aulast=Isbouts&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUTEQRDWYJ0kC%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DPR57%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">J. Penrose Harland (September 1943). "Sodom and Gomorrah: The Destruction of the Cities of the Plain". <I><A href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Archaeologist">Biblical Archaeologist</A></I>. <B>6</B> (3).</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Sodom+and+Gomorrah%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Cities+of+the+Plain&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1943-09&rft.au=J.+Penrose+Harland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Atkinson, Nancy (April 10, 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/13560/evidence-of-asteroid-impact-for-sodom-and-gomorrah/">Evidence of Asteroid Impact For Sodom and Gomorrah?</A>, Universe Today; retrieved August 27, 2013.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/societyWork/sciencenature/Biblical_Archeology_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.asp">"Does Archeological Data Support the Biblical Story?"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Does+Archeological+Data+Support+the+Biblical+Story%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2FsocietyWork%2Fsciencenature%2FBiblical_Archeology_Sodom_and_Gomorrah.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050208203746/http://www.abu.nb.ca/ecm/topics/arch5.htm">"Archaeology - Sodom & Gomorrah"</A>. <I>Atlantic Baptist University</I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abu.nb.ca/ecm/topics/arch5.htm">the original</A> on 2005-02-08<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-10-21</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Baptist+University&rft.atitle=Archaeology+-+Sodom+%26+Gomorrah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abu.nb.ca%2Fecm%2Ftopics%2Farch5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cline, Eric H. <I>From Eden to Exile: Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible</I> (Tampa, FL: National Geographic, 2007), 60.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Collins, Steven & Latayne C. Scott. <I>Discovering the City of Sodom: The Fascinating, True Account of the Discovery of the Old Testament’s Most Infamous City.</I> New York, N.Y.: <A href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</A>, 2013. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number (identifier)">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451684308" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451684308">978-1451684308</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Becca Stanek (2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theweek.com/speedreads/580159/archaeologists-discover-possible-ruins-ancient-sodom-holy-land">"Archaeologists discover possible ruins of ancient Sodom in the Holy Land"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 25,</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeologists+discover+possible+ruins+of+ancient+Sodom+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Becca+Stanek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Fspeedreads%2F580159%2Farchaeologists-discover-possible-ruins-ancient-sodom-holy-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tallelhammam.com">"tallelhammam.com"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=tallelhammam.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tallelhammam.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Merrill, Eugene H. "Texts, Talls, and Old Testament Chronology: Tall Hammam as a Case Study." <I>Artifax</I> 27, no. 4 (2012): 20–21.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Bolen, Todd (2013-02-27). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/arguments-against-locating-sodom-at-tall-el-hammam">"Arguments Against Locating Sodom at Tall el-Hammam"</A>. Biblical Archaeology Society<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 3,</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arguments+Against+Locating+Sodom+at+Tall+el-Hammam&rft.pub=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft.aulast=Bolen&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Fdaily%2Fbiblical-sites-places%2Fbiblical-archaeology-sites%2Farguments-against-locating-sodom-at-tall-el-hammam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Contra Collins, Steven. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tallelhammam.com/uploads/BRB-2013-1-Collins_Answers_Merrill.pdf">Tall el-Hammam Is Still Sodom: Critical Data-Sets Cast Serious Doubt on E. H. Merrill’s Chronological Analysis" (PDF)</A>, <I>Biblical Research Bulletin</I> 13, no. 1 (2013): 1–31.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</A>.</I> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/ant-1.htm">Book I. Chapter 9</A>; retrieved October 25, 2015.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">This is compared with the <A href="/wiki/Sorites_paradox" title="Sorites paradox">Sorites paradox</A> in <I>Geocomputation</I>, Stan Openshaw, Robert J. Abrahart, 2000, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zc0OAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA163">p. 167</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-The_Inhospitable_Sodomites-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-The_Inhospitable_Sodomites_37-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-The_Inhospitable_Sodomites_37-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rictornorton.co.uk/homopho2.htm">"The Inhospitable Sodomites"</A>. Rictornorton.co.uk<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-04-25</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Inhospitable+Sodomites&rft.pub=Rictornorton.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frictornorton.co.uk%2Fhomopho2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">James Alfred Loader (1990). <I>A tale of two cities : Sodom and Gomorrah in the Old Testament, early Jewish and early Christian traditions</I>. Peeters Publishers. p. 28.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+tale+of+two+cities+%3A+Sodom+and+Gomorrah+in+the+Old+Testament%2C+early+Jewish+and+early+Christian+traditions&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.au=James+Alfred+Loader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Fishbane, Michael, eds. (2004). <I>The Jewish Study Bible</I>. Oxford University Press. p. 41. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195297515" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195297515">978-0195297515</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Study+Bible&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0195297515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090723185911/https://www.jonahweb.org/sections.php?secId=183">"Jewish Ethics and Halakhah For Our Time"</A>. JONAH (Jews Offering New Alternatives to Homosexuality). 2002<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2014-03-27</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Ethics+and+Halakhah+For+Our+Time&rft.pub=JONAH+%28Jews+Offering+New+Alternatives+to+Homosexuality%29&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090723185911%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.jonahweb.org%2Fsections.php%3FsecId%3D183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><BR />
*Cf. Genesis Rabbah 50:5, on Gen. 9:22 ff.<BR />
*More generally see <A href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Kasher" title="Menachem Mendel Kasher">M. Kasher</A>, <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVDYAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=two+angels">Torah Shelemah</A></I>, vol. 3 to Gen 19:5.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Michaelson, Jay (2011). <I>God Vs. Gay? The Religious Case for Equality</I>. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. 68–69. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807001592" title="Special:BookSources/9780807001592">9780807001592</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Vs.+Gay%3F+The+Religious+Case+for+Equality&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780807001592&rft.aulast=Michaelson&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Michaelson, Jay. <I>God vs. Gay</I>. pp. 69–70.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+vs.+Gay&rft.pages=69-70&rft.aulast=Michaelson&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Wenham-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Wenham_43-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Wenham_43-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_attitude_wenham.html">"<SPAN style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</SPAN>The Old Testament Attitude to Homosexuality", <I>Expository Times</I> 102 (1991): 259-363"</A>. Biblicalstudies.org.uk<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-04-25</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Old+Testament+Attitude+to+Homosexuality%22%2C+Expository+Times+102+%281991%29%3A+259-363&rft.pub=Biblicalstudies.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalstudies.org.uk%2Farticle_attitude_wenham.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Boswell-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Boswell_44-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell">Boswell, John</A> (1980). <I>Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality</I>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 94.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%2C+Social+Tolerance%2C+and+Homosexuality&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/emagazine/029.html">"Ancient Hebrew Research Center Biblical Hebrew E-Magazine July, 2006, Issue #029"</A>. Ancient Hebrew Research Center<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 14,</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Hebrew+Research+Center+Biblical+Hebrew+E-Magazine+July%2C+2006%2C+Issue+%23029&rft.pub=Ancient+Hebrew+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient-hebrew.org%2Femagazine%2F029.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CBA-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CBA_46-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbaonline.org/nm/documents/BSLs/Bible_Translations.pdf">"August 2009 CBA Best Sellers"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Christian Business Association<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2011-02-09</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=August+2009+CBA+Best+Sellers&rft.pub=Christian+Business+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbaonline.org%2Fnm%2Fdocuments%2FBSLs%2FBible_Translations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gn+4%3A1%2C17%2C25&version=NRSV">Gn 4:1,17,25</A></SPAN>,<SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gn+24%3A16&version=NRSV">24:16</A></SPAN>,<SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Gn+38%3A26&version=NRSV">38:26</A></SPAN>; <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Num+31%3A17%2C18%2C35&version=NRSV">Num 31:17,18,35</A></SPAN>; <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jdg+11%3A39&version=NRSV">Jdg 11:39</A></SPAN>, <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jdg+19%3A25&version=NRSV">19:25</A></SPAN>, <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jdg+21%3A11%2C12&version=NRSV">21:11,12</A></SPAN>; <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Sam+1%3A19&version=NRSV">1Sam 1:19</A></SPAN>, <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Ki+1%3A4&version=NRSV">1Ki 1:4</A></SPAN>, cf. <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+1%3A25&version=NRSV">Mt 1:25</A></SPAN>, <SPAN class="nourlexpansion nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lk+1%3A34&version=NRSV">Lk 1:34</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Jack Bartlet, Rogers (2006). <I>Jesus, the Bible, and Homosexuality: Explode the myths, heal the church</I>. Louisville, Kentucky: John Knox Press. p. 139.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+the+Bible%2C+and+Homosexuality%3A+Explode+the+myths%2C+heal+the+church&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Jack+Bartlet&rft.aufirst=Rogers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Howard, Kevin L. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928154135/http://www.neednotfret.com/content/view/124/89">"The Old Testament and Homosexuality"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neednotfret.com/content/view/124/89/">the original</A> on September 28, 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 March</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Old+Testament+and+Homosexuality&rft.au=Howard%2C+Kevin+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neednotfret.com%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F124%2F89%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Miller, David. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apologeticspress.org/articles/2596"><I>"Homosexuality and 'Strange Flesh'"</I></A>; accessed August 1, 2017.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bailey, <I>Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition</I>, pp. 11-16; Boswell, <I>Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality</I>, p.97</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-52"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050424200238/http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/enoch/2enoch01-68.htm">"The Book of the Secrets of Enoch, Chapters 1-68"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/enoch/2enoch01-68">the original</A> on 2005-04-24<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">March 29,</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Secrets+of+Enoch%2C+Chapters+1-68&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibliotecapleyades.net%2Fenoch%2F2enoch01-68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Gagnon, Robert A.J. (1989-10-11). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robgagnon.net/RevCountryman.htm">"response to prof. l. William Countryman's review in Anglican theological review; On Careless Exegesis and Jude 7"</A>. Robgagnon.net<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-04-25</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=response+to+prof.+l.+William+Countryman%27s+review+in+Anglican+theological+review%3B+On+Careless+Exegesis+and+Jude+7&rft.pub=Robgagnon.net&rft.date=1989-10-11&rft.au=Gagnon%2C+Robert+A.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robgagnon.net%2FRevCountryman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bailey, Homosexuality and Western Tradition, pp. 1-28; McNeil, Church and the Homosexual, pp. 42-50; Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, pp. 92-97</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-55"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robgagnon.net/articles/homoBalchHBTReview2.pdf">"A Comprehensive and Critical Review Essay of Homosexuality, Science, and the "Plain Sense" of Scripture, Part 2"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-04-25</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+and+Critical+Review+Essay+of+Homosexuality%2C+Science%2C+and+the+%22Plain+Sense%22+of+Scripture%2C+Part+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robgagnon.net%2Farticles%2FhomoBalchHBTReview2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-56"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lv.18:22; 26-27,29,30; 20:13; Dt. 23:18; 24:4 1Ki. 14:24; Ezek. 22:11; 33:26</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-57"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">cf. Straight & Narrow?: Compassion and Clarity in the Homosexuality Debate, Thomas E. Schmidt</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-58"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Harry_Thurston_Peck" title="Harry Thurston Peck">Peck, Harry Thurston</A> (1898). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin//ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062;query=id%3D%238285;layout=;loc=hospitium-1"><I>Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities</I></A>. New York: Harper and Brothers<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2006-03-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harpers+Dictionary+of+Classical+Antiquities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Harry+Thurston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2F%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0062%3Bquery%3Did%253D%25238285%3Blayout%3D%3Bloc%3Dhospitium-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-59"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Mills, Rev. Edward J. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglicancommunion.org/listening/book_resources/docs/Mills_Listening_Process.pdf">"The Bible and Homosexuality—Introduction and Overview"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">14 January</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+Homosexuality%E2%80%94Introduction+and+Overview&rft.pub=Anglican+Communion&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Rev.+Edward+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicancommunion.org%2Flistening%2Fbook_resources%2Fdocs%2FMills_Listening_Process.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-60"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Duran (1993) p. 179</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-MC-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-MC_61-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Kligerman (2007) pp. 53–54</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-62"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D07%3Averse%3D81">07:81</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-cite_quran|26|165|166-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-cite_quran|26|165|166_63-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-cite_quran|26|165|166_63-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D26%3Averse%3D165">26:165</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-64"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D29%3Averse%3D29">29:29</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-65"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D54%3Averse%3D33">54:33</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-66"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-66"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D7%3Averse%3D80">7:80</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-67"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-67"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D26%3Averse%3D168">26:168</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-68"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-68"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Kaltner, John (1999). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGqy_OgxNU4C&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=lot,+Sodom+and+Gomorrah+in+Quran&source=bl&ots=wR049CNG30&sig=opwbbg4Ijwu-2PjZV47FNCpWC30&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9x1RUJ7bEIf68gS_6oCYBA&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=lot%2C%20Sodom%20and%20Gomorrah%20in%20Quran&f=false"><I>Ishmael Instructs Isaac: An Introduction to the Qurʼan for Bible Readers</I></A>. Liturgical Press (via Google Books). p. 97.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ishmael+Instructs+Isaac%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Qur%CA%BCan+for+Bible+Readers&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press+%28via+Google+Books%29&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kaltner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGqy_OgxNU4C%26pg%3DPA97%26lpg%3DPA97%26dq%3Dlot%2C%2BSodom%2Band%2BGomorrah%2Bin%2BQuran%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DwR049CNG30%26sig%3Dopwbbg4Ijwu-2PjZV47FNCpWC30%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D9x1RUJ7bEIf68gS_6oCYBA%26ved%3D0CDYQ6AEwAg%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dlot%252C%2520Sodom%2520and%2520Gomorrah%2520in%2520Quran%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-69"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-69"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2260&Itemid=82">"Tafsir Ibn Kathir"</A>. <I>Quran 26:170-171</I>. qtafsir.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">August 1,</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quran+26%3A170-171&rft.atitle=Tafsir+Ibn+Kathir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qtafsir.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D2260%26Itemid%3D82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodom+and+Gomorrah" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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					<LI class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sodom" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</A></LI><LI class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote"><A href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</A></LI><LI class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage"><A href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:Bad_jokes_and_other_deleted_nonsense/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</A></LI>				</UL>
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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am"><A href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%B6%E1%88%9D" title="ሰዶም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="سدوم وعمورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><A href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="সদোম ও গোমোরাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Содом и Гомор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><A href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_ha_Gomorra" title="Sodom ha Gomorra – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_i_Gomorra" title="Sodoma i Gomorra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_a_Gomora" title="Sodoma a Gomora – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_a_Gomorra" title="Sodom a Gomorra – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_og_Gomorra" title="Sodoma og Gomorra – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_und_Gomorra" title="Sodom und Gomorra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soodom_ja_Gomorra" title="Soodom ja Gomorra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodomo_kaj_Gomoro" title="Sodomo kaj Gomoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_eta_Gomorra" title="Sodoma eta Gomorra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="سدوم و گموراه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B4_%D6%87_%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Սոդոմ և Գոմոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_i_Gomora" title="Sodoma i Gomora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_dan_Gomora" title="Sodom dan Gomora – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3d%C3%B3ma_og_G%C3%B3morra" title="Sódóma og Gómorra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מהפכת סדום ועמורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><A href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_lan_Gomora" title="Sodom lan Gomora – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="სოდომისა და გომორის დაქცევა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_(urbs)" title="Sodoma (urbs) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_un_Gomora" title="Sodoma un Gomora – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_ir_Gomora" title="Sodoma ir Gomora – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szodoma_%C3%A9s_Gomora" title="Szodoma és Gomora – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%82" title="സദൂം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_dan_Gomorrah" title="Sodom dan Gomorrah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_en_Gomorra" title="Sodom en Gomorra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%89%E3%83%A0%E3%81%A8%E3%82%B4%E3%83%A2%E3%83%A9" title="ソドムとゴモラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_og_Gomorra" title="Sodoma og Gomorra – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sod%C3%B2ma_e_Gom%C3%B2rra" title="Sodòma e Gomòrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_i_Gomora" title="Sodoma i Gomora – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_e_Gomorra" title="Sodoma e Gomorra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_%C8%99i_Gomora" title="Sodoma și Gomora – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Содом и Гоморра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><A href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="සොදොම් හා ගොමෝරා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_a_Gomora" title="Sodoma a Gomora – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><A href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sod%C5%AFma_a_G%C5%AFmora" title="Sodůma a Gůmora – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Содома и Гомора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_i_Gomora" title="Sodoma i Gomora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoma_ja_Gomorra" title="Sodoma ja Gomorra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_och_Gomorra" title="Sodom och Gomorra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="சொதோம் கொமோரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_ve_Gomora" title="Sodom ve Gomora – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%96_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Содом і Гоморра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><A href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%81" title="سدوم وعمورہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><A href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodom_u_Gomora" title="Sodom u Gomora – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%80%E5%A4%9A%E7%91%AA%E8%88%87%E8%9B%BE%E6%91%A9%E6%8B%89" title="所多瑪與蛾摩拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				</UL>
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