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<TITLE>Geography of Nigeria - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Geography of Nigeria</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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Location of Nigeria</DIV>
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Nigeria map of Köppen climate classification.</DIV>
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<P><B>Nigeria</B> is a country in <A href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</A>. <A href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</A> shares land <A href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">borders</A> with the Republic of <A href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</A> in the west, <A href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</A> and <A href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</A> in the east, and <A href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</A> in the north. Its coast lies on the <A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</A> in the south and it borders <A href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</A> to the northeast. Noted geographical features in Nigeria include the <A href="/wiki/Adamawa_highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamawa highlands">Adamawa highlands</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mambilla_Plateau" title="Mambilla Plateau">Mambilla Plateau</A>, <A href="/wiki/Jos_Plateau" title="Jos Plateau">Jos Plateau</A>, <A href="/wiki/Obudu_Plateau" title="Obudu Plateau">Obudu Plateau</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</A>, <A href="/wiki/River_Benue" class="mw-redirect" title="River Benue">River Benue</A> and <A href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</A>.</P>
<P>Nigeria is found in the <A href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropics</A>, where the climate is seasonally damp and very humid. Nigeria is affected by four <A href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">climate types</A>; these climate types are distinguishable, as one moves from the <A href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">southern part of Nigeria</A> to the <A href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Nigeria">northern part of Nigeria</A> through Nigeria's <A href="/wiki/Middle_Belt" title="Middle Belt">middle belt</A>.</P>
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<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
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<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
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<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Climate_types_found_in_Nigeria"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Climate types found in Nigeria</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Seasons"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Seasons</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Trade_winds"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Trade winds</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Tropical_maritime_airmass"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Tropical maritime airmass</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Tropical_continental_airmass"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Tropical continental airmass</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><A href="#Effects_of_the_tropical_continental_airmass"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Effects of the tropical continental airmass</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Temperature"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Temperature</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#Topography"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Topography</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#Niger_Delta"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Niger Delta</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#Vegetation_of_the_Niger_Delta"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Vegetation of the Niger Delta</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#Human_population_in_the_Niger_Delta"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Human population in the Niger Delta</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#Rainfall_in_Niger_Delta"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Rainfall in Niger Delta</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#Vegetation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Vegetation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#Natural_resources_and_land_use"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Natural resources and land use</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#Extreme_points"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Extreme points</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Climate_types_found_in_Nigeria">Climate types found in Nigeria</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Climate types found in Nigeria">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</A>, designated by the <A href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</A> as "Am", is found in the southern part of the country. This climate is influenced by the <A href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</A> originating from the South <A href="/wiki/Atlantic_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic ocean">Atlantic ocean</A>, which is brought into the country by the (maritime tropical) MT <A href="/wiki/Airmass" class="mw-redirect" title="Airmass">airmass</A>, a warm moist sea to land seasonal wind. Its warmth and high humidity gives it a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious rainfall, which is a result of the condensation of water vapour in the rapidly rising air.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The Tropical monsoon climate has a very small temperature range. Then temperature ranges are almost constant throughout the year, for example, <A href="/wiki/Warri" title="Warri">Warri town</A> in the southern part of Nigeria, records a maximum of 28 °C (82.4 °F) for its hottest month while its lowest temperature is 26 °C (78.8 °F) in its coldest month. The temperature difference of Warri town is not more than 2 °C (5 °F).</P>
<P>The southern part of Nigeria experiences heavy and abundant rainfall. These storms are usually <A href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">convectional</A> in nature due to the regions proximity, to the <A href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equatorial belt</A>. The annual rainfall received in this region is very high, usually above the 2,000 mm (78.7 in) rainfall totals giving for tropical rainforest climates worldwide. Over 4,000 mm (157.5 in) of rainfall is received in the coastal region of Nigeria around the <A href="/wiki/Niger_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger delta">Niger delta</A> area. Bonny town found in the coastal region of the Niger delta area in southern Nigeria receives well over 4,000 mm (157.5 in) of rainfall annually. The rest of the southeast receives between 2,000 and 3,000 mm (118.1 in) of rain per year.</P>
<P>The southern region of Nigeria experiences a double rainfall maxima characterised by two high rainfall peaks, with a short dry season and a longer dry season falling between and after each peaks. The first rainy season begins around March and last to the end of July with a peak in June, this rainy season is followed by a short dry break in August known as the August break which is a short dry season lasting for two to three weeks in August. This break is broken by the short rainy season starting around early September and lasting to Mid October with a peak period at the end of September. The ending of the short rainy season in October is followed by long dry season. This period starts from late October and lasts till early March with peak dry conditions between early December and late February.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate</A>, is extensive in area and covers most of Western Nigeria to central Nigeria beginning from the Tropical rainforest climate boundary in southern Nigeria to the <A href="/wiki/Middle_Belt" title="Middle Belt">central</A> part of Nigeria, where it exerts enormous influence on the region.</P>
<P>This climate, the tropical savanna climate exhibits a well marked rainy season and a dry season with a single peak known as the summer maximum due to its distance from the equator. Temperatures are above 18 °C (64 °F) throughout the year. <A href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</A>, Nigeria's capital city found in central Nigeria, has a temperature range of 18.45 °C (65.21 °F) to 36.9 °C (98.4 °F), and an annual rainfall of about 1,500 mm (59.1 in) with a single rainfall maxima in September.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The single Dry season experienced in this climate, the tropical savanna climate in central Nigeria beginning from December to march, is hot and dry with the <A href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</A> wind, a continental tropical (CT) airmass laden with dust from the <A href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</A> Desert prevailing throughout this period.</P>
<P>With the <A href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)</A> swinging northward over West Africa from the <A href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</A> in April, heavy showers coming from pre-monsoonal convective clouds mainly in the form of <A href="/wiki/Squall_line" title="Squall line">squall lines</A> also known as the north easterlies formed mainly as a result of the interactions of the two dominant airmasses in Nigeria known as the Maritime tropical(south westerlies) and the Continental tropical(north easterlies),<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP> begins in central Nigeria while the Monsoons from the south atlantic ocean arrives in central Nigeria in July bringing with it high humidity, heavy cloud cover and heavy rainfall which can be daily occurrence lasting till September when the monsoons gradually begin retreating southward to the southern part of Nigeria.Rainfall totals in central Nigeria varies from 1,100 mm (43.3 in) in the lowlands of the river Niger Benue trough to over 2,000 mm (78.7 in) along the south western escarpment of the <A href="/wiki/Jos_Plateau" title="Jos Plateau">Jos Plateau</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel climate or tropical dry climate</A>, is the predominant climate type in the northern part of Nigeria. Annual rainfall totals are lower compared to the southern and central part of Nigeria.<BR />
The rainy season in the northern part of Nigeria last for only three to four months (June–September). The rest of the year is hot and dry with temperatures climbing as high as 40 °C (104.0 °F) .</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">Alpine climate or highland climate or mountain climate</A> are found on highlands regions in Nigeria. Highlands with the alpine climate in Nigeria, are well over 1,520 metres (4,987 ft) above sea level. Due to their location in the tropics, this elevation is high enough to reach the temperate climate line in the tropics thereby giving the highlands, mountains and the <A href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau regions</A> standing above this height, a cool mountain climate.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Seasons">Seasons</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Seasons">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Nigeria, like the rest of West Africa and other tropical lands, has only two <A href="/wiki/Seasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasons">seasons</A>. These are the dry season and the rainy season. The dry season is accompanied by a dust laden airmass from the Sahara Desert, locally known as <A href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</A>, or by its main name, The Tropical Continental (CT) airmass, while the rainy season is heavily influenced by an airmass originating from the south atlantic ocean, locally known as the south west wind, or by its main name, The Tropical Maritime (MT) airmass. These two major wind systems in Nigeria are known as the <A href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Trade_winds">Trade winds</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trade winds">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Tropical_maritime_airmass">Tropical maritime airmass</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tropical maritime airmass">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The tropical maritime airmass (MT) is responsible for Nigeria's rainy season. This wind (the tropical maritime airmass) invades the country from February in the southern part of Nigeria while it takes longer for the wind to fully cover the whole of the country, reaching the northern part of Nigeria in June. Its invasion is as a result of the northward retreat, of the tropical continental airmass (CT) known as the harmattan. The northward retreat of the tropical continental airmass (CT), is caused by the sun's northward shift from the <A href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">tropic of capricorn</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">southern hemisphere</A> to the <A href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">tropic of cancer</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">northern hemisphere</A>. This shift begins from February and ends in June, when the sun is fully overhead, at the <A href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">tropic of cancer</A> in the northern hemisphere.</P>
<P>During this northward migration of the sun as a result of the earth tilting along its axis, the sun crosses the equator (around March), moving over west Africa at this time on its journey to the northern hemisphere. West Africa comes directly under the sun at this time. The sun is overhead throughout west Africa and over Nigeria during this period of the sun's northward migration to the <A href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">tropic of cancer</A> in the northern hemisphere.</P>
<P>The whole of West Africa is heated intensely as result of the increased <A href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</A> received from the sun being overhead over west Africa. Temperatures can climb as high as 35 °C (95.0 °F) over west Africa during this time. Temperatures in the northern part of Nigeria can go as high as 48 °C (118.4 °F) in cities like Maiduguri.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The high temperatures coupled with an increase in insolation causes a region of low pressure to develop over west Africa and Nigeria (between March to May). The Tropical continental airmass (CT) from the Sahara Desert in the northern part of West Africa, is weakened due to the overheating of the land surface in west Africa and Nigeria at this time. The Tropical continental airmass (CT) begins to retreat northwards to the Sahara Desert due to massive heating of the land which transfers heat in the form of convection into the Tropical continental airmass (CT) which constitutes the main layer of air above the land. This transfer of heat in the Tropical continental airmass (CT) in turn, causes the wind to expand and become lighter as this is the normal behaviour for winds moving above intensely heated grounds. The Tropical continental airmass (CT) loses its strength as a major airmass in the region of west Africa and over Nigeria at this time (around February in the southern part of Nigeria to June in northern Nigeria) and begins to retreat coupled with the rising of air in form of convection within this airmass (Tropical continental airmass (CT)), further weakening the dominance of the wind over west Africa and Nigeria. The Tropical continental airmass (CT) finally retreats from most part of Nigeria, and the West African <A href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</A> around April to May, leaving an empty atmosphere over Nigeria. The sun's rays enters into the atmosphere of Nigeria more intense than it does during the presence of the Tropical continental airmass, which contained dust (in form of haze) that reduced the intensity of the sun.<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP> The overheating of the west Africa land mass and Nigeria in particular creates a low pressure region over west Africa and Nigeria. This low pressure zone attracts the Tropical Maritime Airmass (MT) from the south Atlantic Ocean since areas of low pressures experiences inward blowing winds because winds are moving air blowing outwards from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure.</P>
<P>The Tropical Maritime Airmass is a warm <A href="/wiki/Humid" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid">humid</A> and unstable trade wind due to its warmth. Convectional currents are easily set up within the airmass whenever there is little instability in the airmass as a result of a slight to a very high orographic uplift in mountainous regions like the <A href="/wiki/Obudu_Plateau" title="Obudu Plateau">obudu plateau</A> or the heating of the land which can trigger the formation of <A href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulonimbus clouds">cumulonimbus cloud</A> leading to <A href="/wiki/Thunderstorms" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderstorms">thunderstorms</A> within the airmass.</P>
<P>During the dominance of the Tropical Maritime Airmass (MT) in the rainy season of Nigeria, mornings are bright and sunny, the sun's heating of the land in the mornings and afternoons sets up convectional currents, these currents rise vertically and <A href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulonimbus">cumulonimbus</A> clouds are formed, by afternoons to evenings, torrential downpour follows.</P>
<P>The Easterly wave or the African easterly waves is another major contributor of rainfall during the summer monsoons months of May to September in Nigeria.</P>
<P>The nature of this waves changes at about the <A href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">15 degrees line</A>. The waves that pass south of this line carry moisture and create convection that leads to rain clouds.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP> Nigeria's northern end is south of the 15 degrees line at about 14 degrees.<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP> Nigeria's location in the wetter part of the easterly waves south of the 15 degree line creates wetter climatic conditions for Nigeria especially during the monsoons.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Tropical_continental_airmass">Tropical continental airmass</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tropical continental airmass">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The Tropical Continental Airmass (CT) locally known as the <A href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">harmattan</A>, is a wind originating from <A href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</A> which crosses the Sahara Desert into west Africa to Nigeria. This airmass dominates Nigeria's climate during the dry season from December to March. The Tropical continental airmass is dusty and creates a haze within the atmosphere of west Africa and Nigeria when it predominates. The haze is as a result of the dust within the airmass limiting visibility and blocking much of the sun's rays from reaching the earth.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Effects_of_the_tropical_continental_airmass">Effects of the tropical continental airmass</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effects of the tropical continental airmass">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>The mass has no ability of forming rain due to low humidity within the airmass, since it crosses the Sahara Desert, it picks up dust instead of water thereby creating little chances for rainfall.</P>
<P>The airmass makes life difficult as a result of low visibility which hampers transportation. The dust haze creates an almost desert conditions in the country during the dominance of the Tropical continental airmass (the harmattan). But its coming brings some relief to farmers since the low humidity present in the air quickens the drying of their <A href="/wiki/Crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Crops">crops</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Temperature">Temperature</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Temperature">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Nigeria's location in the tropics has given her a tropical hot climate. Temperatures in Nigeria vary according to the <A href="/wiki/Seasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasons">seasons</A> of the year as with other lands found in the tropics. Nigeria's seasons are determined by rainfall with rainy season and dry season being the major seasons in Nigeria.</P>
<P>The rainy season of Nigeria brings in cooler weather to the country as a result of an increased cloud cover that acts as a blockage to the intense sunshine of the tropics by blocking much of the suns rays in the rainy season; this in turn cools the land, and the winds above the ground remains cool thereby making for cooler temperatures during the rainy season. But afternoons in the rainy season can be hot and humid, a feature of tropical climates. In the rainy season it is damp, and the rainfalls are usually abundant.</P>
<P>The dry season of Nigeria is a period of little cloud cover in the southern part of Nigeria to virtually no cloud cover in the northern part of Nigeria. The sun shines through the atmosphere with little obstructions from the clear skies making the dry season in Nigeria a period of warm weather conditions.In the middle of the dry season around December, a dusty wind from the Sahara Desert called the harmattan enters Nigeria from the northeastern part of the country blocking sun rays partially from shining and also creating haze in the atmosphere, this activities of the wind lowers temperatures considerably saving inhabitants for sometime, from the scorching heat that would have occurred as a result of clearer skies during the dry season. But with the withdrawal of this wind around March to April following the onset of the rainy season, temperatures can go as high as 44 °C (111.2 °F) in some parts of Nigeria.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Semi temperate weather conditions prevail on the highlands in <A href="/wiki/Middle_Belt" title="Middle Belt">central Nigeria</A> above 1,200 metres (3,937 ft) above sea level, namely the <A href="/wiki/Jos_Plateau" title="Jos Plateau">Jos Plateau</A>. Temperatures on the Jos plateau ranges between 21 °C to 25 °C which are cool all year round.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">Temperate</A> weather conditions occur on the highlands along the Nigeria <A href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</A> border, in the eastern part of Nigeria. Highlands in these region attain an average height of more than 1,524 m (5,000 ft) to some standing above 2,000 metres (6,562 ft) above sea level. The climate on these highlands is temperate all year round. The major highlands in this region are the <A href="/wiki/Obudu_Plateau" title="Obudu Plateau">Obudu Plateau</A> above 1,584 m (5,197 ft), <A href="/wiki/Mambilla_Plateau" title="Mambilla Plateau">Mambilla Plateau</A> above 1,524 m (5,000 ft) and <A href="/wiki/Chappal_Waddi" title="Chappal Waddi">Mt Chappal Waddi</A> above 2,000 m (6,562 ft).</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Topography">Topography</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Topography">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Nigeria_Topography.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nigeria_Topography.png/220px-Nigeria_Topography.png" width="220" height="199" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nigeria_Topography.png/330px-Nigeria_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Nigeria_Topography.png/440px-Nigeria_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="1547" /></A>
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Topography of Nigeria</DIV>
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<P>Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the <A href="/wiki/Valleys" class="mw-redirect" title="Valleys">valleys</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</A> and <A href="/wiki/Benue_River" title="Benue River">Benue River</A> valleys (which merge into each other and form a "y" shaped <A href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</A> at <A href="/wiki/Lokoja" title="Lokoja">Lokoja</A>).<SUP id="cite_ref-encarta_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-encarta-11">[11]</A></SUP> Plains rise to the north of the valleys. To the southwest of the Niger there is "rugged" <A href="/wiki/Highland_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland (geography)">highland</A>, and to the southeast of the Benue hills and mountains are found all the way to the border with <A href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</A>. <A href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plains</A> are found in both the southwest and the southeast.<SUP id="cite_ref-encarta_11-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-encarta-11">[11]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Niger_Delta">Niger Delta</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Niger Delta">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<P>The <A href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</A> is located in the southern part of Nigeria. It is one of the world's largest <A href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">arcuate</A> fan-shaped <A href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river deltas</A>.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Riverine" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverine">riverine</A> area of the Niger Delta is a coastal belt of swamps bordering the <A href="/wiki/Atlantic_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic ocean">Atlantic ocean</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Swamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamps">swamps</A> are vegetated tidal flats formed by a reticulate pattern of interconnected meandering <A href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">creeks</A> and distributaries of the <A href="/wiki/River_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="River Niger">River Niger</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Vegetation_of_the_Niger_Delta">Vegetation of the Niger Delta</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vegetation of the Niger Delta">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</A> consist mainly of <A href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</A> <A href="/wiki/Swamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamps">swamps</A>. The forest are of two types, nearest the <A href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</A> is a belt of saline/brackish <A href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</A> swamp separated from the sea by sand beach <A href="/wiki/Ridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridges">ridges</A> within the mangrove swamp. Numerous sandy <A href="/wiki/Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands">islands</A> occur with fresh water vegetation. <A href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh water</A> swamps gradually supersede the mangrove on the landward side. About 70% of Nigeria's <A href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</A> and <A href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</A> production is from the area.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Human_population_in_the_Niger_Delta">Human population in the Niger Delta</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Human population in the Niger Delta">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<P>The riverine area is home to a large population of people living mainly in small <A href="/wiki/Villages" class="mw-redirect" title="Villages">villages</A> scattered along the banks of <A href="/wiki/Rivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers">rivers</A> and <A href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">creeks</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Rainfall_in_Niger_Delta">Rainfall in Niger Delta</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rainfall in Niger Delta">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Rainfall in the <A href="/wiki/Coastal" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal">coastal</A> belt of the Niger Delta is heavy due to the closeness of the Delta region to the <A href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</A>. Annual rainfall totals vary from 2400 to over 4000 millimeters.</P>
<P>Niger Delta cities and their annually rainfall totals in millimeters:</P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Warri" title="Warri">Warri</A> — 2,730mm</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Forcados" class="mw-redirect" title="Forcados">Forcados</A> (coastal town in the Niger Delta) — 4,870mm</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</A> — 2,400mm</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Calabar" title="Calabar">Calabar</A> (coastal city) — 3,070mm (rainiest city with over one million people in Nigeria)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bonny,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonny, Nigeria">Bonny</A> (south of Port Harcourt) — 4,200mm</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Vegetation">Vegetation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vegetation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Nigeria_veg_1979.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Nigeria_veg_1979.jpg/220px-Nigeria_veg_1979.jpg" width="220" height="210" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Nigeria_veg_1979.jpg/330px-Nigeria_veg_1979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Nigeria_veg_1979.jpg/440px-Nigeria_veg_1979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="699" /></A>
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Vegetation map of Nigeria.</DIV>
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</DIV>
<P>Nigeria is covered by three types of vegetation: forests (where there is significant tree cover), savannahs (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees), and <A href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">montane</A> land. (The latter is the least common, and is mainly found in the mountains near the Cameroon border.) Both the forest zone and the savannah zone are divided into three parts.<SUP id="cite_ref-gai4_12-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gai4-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Some of the forest zone's most southerly portion, especially around the <A href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</A> and <A href="/wiki/Cross_River_(Nigeria)" title="Cross River (Nigeria)">Cross River</A> deltas, is <A href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</A> swamp (see <A href="/wiki/Central_African_mangroves" title="Central African mangroves">Central African mangroves</A>). North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water mangrove swamps, and north of that is rain forest.<SUP id="cite_ref-gai4_12-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gai4-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The savannah zone's three categories are divided into mm' <A href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</A>, made up of plains of tall grass which are interrupted by trees, the most common across the country; Sudan savannah, similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees; and <A href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</A> savannah patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast.<SUP id="cite_ref-gai4_12-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gai4-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Natural_resources_and_land_use">Natural resources and land use</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Natural resources and land use">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Nigeria's natural resources include but are not limited to <A href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</A> (see <A href="/wiki/Petroleum_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum in Nigeria">petroleum in Nigeria</A>), <A href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</A>, <A href="/wiki/Columbite" title="Columbite">columbite</A>, <A href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</A>, <A href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</A>, <A href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</A>, <A href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</A>, <A href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</A>, <A href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</A>, <A href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Extreme_points">Extreme points</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Extreme points">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>This is a list of the extreme points of <A href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</A>, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.</P>
<UL>
<LI>Northernmost point – unnamed location on the border with <A href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</A> immediately northwest of the town of <A href="/w/index.php?title=Chadawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chadawa (page does not exist)">Chadawa</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sokoto_State" title="Sokoto State">Sokoto State</A>.</LI>
<LI>Easternmost point – unnamed location on the border with <A href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</A> immediately east of the village of <A href="/w/index.php?title=Munyego&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Munyego (page does not exist)">Munyego</A>, <A href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno State</A>.</LI>
<LI>Southernmost point – unnamed headland south of the town of <A href="/w/index.php?title=Egeregere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egeregere (page does not exist)">Egeregere</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa State</A>.</LI>
<LI>Westernmost point – unnamed location on the border with <A href="/wiki/Benin_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin Republic">Benin Republic</A> immediately east of the Beninoise town of <A href="/wiki/Jabata" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabata">Jabata</A>, <A href="/wiki/Oyo_State" title="Oyo State">Oyo State</A>.</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/390302/monsoon">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/390302/monsoon</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511223039/http://www.cometonigeria.com/nigeria/climate.html">"Archived copy"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cometonigeria.com/nigeria/climate.html">the original</A> on 2011-05-11<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2011-05-27</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cometonigeria.com%2Fnigeria%2Fclimate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Nigeria" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://iahs.info/redbooks/a281/iahs_281_277.pdf">http://iahs.info/redbooks/a281/iahs_281_277.pdf</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Adedoyin J. A. (1989). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/w33602907w473v31/">"Initiation of West African squall lines"</A>. <I>Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics</I>. <B>41</B>: 99–103. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01043455">10.1007/BF01043455</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteorology+and+Atmospheric+Physics&rft.atitle=Initiation+of+West+African+squall+lines&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=99-103&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01043455&rft.au=Adedoyin+J.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw33602907w473v31%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Nigeria" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1010">"Jos Plateau forest-grassland mosaic"</A>. <I>Terrestrial Ecoregions</I>. World Wildlife Fund.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Jos+Plateau+forest-grassland+mosaic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fat1010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Nigeria" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3565:maiduguri-residents-how-we-cope-under-harsh-48-degree-celsius&catid=41:latest-news&Itemid=26">http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3565:maiduguri-residents-how-we-cope-under-harsh-48-degree-celsius&catid=41:latest-news&Itemid=26</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830073021/http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3565%3Amaiduguri-residents-how-we-cope-under-harsh-48-degree-celsius&catid=41%3Alatest-news&Itemid=26">Archived</A> 2011-08-30 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://desertification.wordpress.com/2010/03/25/late-dust-storm-covers-nigeria-google-ap/">http://desertification.wordpress.com/2010/03/25/late-dust-storm-covers-nigeria-google-ap/</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">College Park MD (SPX) (Jun 11, 2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/news/eo-04zzf.html">"EARTH OBSERVATION Researchers Seeing Double On African Monsoons"</A>. SPACE MEDIA NETWORK PROMOTIONS<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">27 May</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EARTH+OBSERVATION+Researchers+Seeing+Double+On+African+Monsoons&rft.pub=SPACE+MEDIA+NETWORK+PROMOTIONS&rft.date=2004-06-11&rft.au=College+Park+MD+%28SPX%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacedaily.com%2Fnews%2Feo-04zzf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Nigeria" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110316152855/http://www.canuk.org.uk/aboutnigeria.aspx">"About the Country Nigeria"</A>. CANUK. 2011. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canuk.org.uk/aboutnigeria.aspx">the original</A> on 16 March 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">27 May</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Country+Nigeria&rft.pub=CANUK&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canuk.org.uk%2Faboutnigeria.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Nigeria" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nigeria-weather.com/">http://www.nigeria-weather.com/</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-encarta-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-encarta_11-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-encarta_11-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation encyclopaedia"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5kwpluZiN?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557915/Nigeria.html">"Nigeria"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</A></I>. <A href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557915/Nigeria.html">the original</A> on 2009-11-01<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2007-07-19</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nigeria&rft.btitle=Encarta&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761557915%2FNigeria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Nigeria" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-gai4-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-gai4_12-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-gai4_12-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-gai4_12-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328172528/http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html">"The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria"</A>. <I>Geographical Alliance of Iowa</I>. <A href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Iowa" title="University of Northern Iowa">University of Northern Iowa</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html">the original</A> on 2010-03-28<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2007-08-13</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Alliance+of+Iowa&rft.atitle=The+Human+and+Physical+Characteristics+of+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni.edu%2Fgai%2FNigeria%2FBackground%2FStandard4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeography+of+Nigeria" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">History</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fulani_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani Empire">Fulani</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Kanem-Bornu</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Nri</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Civil War</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Adamawa_Plateau" title="Adamawa Plateau">Adamawa Plateau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nigeria" title="List of cities in Nigeria">Cities</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Nigeria" title="List of ecoregions in Nigeria">Ecoregions</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Environmental issues in the Niger Delta">Environmental issues</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Islands of Nigeria">Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jos_Plateau" title="Jos Plateau">Jos Plateau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Mountains of Nigeria">Mountains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Nigeria" title="List of national parks of Nigeria">National parks</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Rivers of Nigeria">Rivers</A>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/River_Benue" class="mw-redirect" title="River Benue">Benue</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Nigeria" title="Subdivisions of Nigeria">Administrative divisions</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nigeria" title="Cabinet of Nigeria">Cabinet</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">Constitution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nigeria" title="Elections in Nigeria">Elections</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federal_Ministries_of_Nigeria" title="Federal Ministries of Nigeria">Federal Executive Council</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nigeria" title="Foreign relations of Nigeria">Foreign relations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">Human rights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Law enforcement in Nigeria">Law enforcement</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Nigeria">LGBT history</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces" title="Nigerian Armed Forces">Military</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Nigeria">National Assembly</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nigerian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nigerian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Senate">Senate</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nigeria" title="List of political parties in Nigeria">Political parties</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" title="People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)">PDP</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress" title="All Progressives Congress">APC</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of Nigeria">Vice-President</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria" title="Supreme Court of Nigeria">Supreme Court</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Economy</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nigeria" title="Agriculture in Nigeria">Agriculture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="Central Bank of Nigeria">Central Bank</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nigeria" title="Economic history of Nigeria">Economic history</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nigeria" title="Energy in Nigeria">Energy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Nigeria" title="Mining industry of Nigeria">Mining</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Naira <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petroleum_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum in Nigeria">Petroleum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nigerian_Stock_Exchange" title="Nigerian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Telecommunications</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nigeria" title="Tourism in Nigeria">Tourism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nigeria" title="Transport in Nigeria">Transport</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Category:Nigerian_society" title="Category:Nigerian society">Society</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nigeria" title="Capital punishment in Nigeria">Capital punishment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria" title="Corruption in Nigeria">Corruption</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">Demographics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nigerian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian diaspora">Diaspora</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Education</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Nigeria">Ethnic groups</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">MASSOB</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People" title="Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People">MOSOP</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oodua_Peoples_Congress" title="Oodua Peoples Congress">Oodua Peoples Congress</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Health_in_Nigeria" title="Health in Nigeria">Health</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Languages</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nigerian_organized_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian organized crime">Organized crime</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nigeria" title="Poverty in Nigeria">Poverty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Nigeria" title="International rankings of Nigeria">Rankings</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of Nigeria">Refugees</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nigeria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria">Water supply and sanitation</A></LI>
</UL>
<P><BR /></P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist insurgency in Nigeria">Islamist insurgency</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</A>, <A href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflict</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/2016_Biafra_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Biafra conflict">2016 Biafra conflict</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Culture of Nigeria">Culture</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arise,_O_Compatriots" title="Arise, O Compatriots">Anthem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Cinema</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nollywood" title="Nollywood">Nollywood</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Filmmaking_in_Colonial_Nigeria" title="Filmmaking in Colonial Nigeria">Colonial era</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Golden Age</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Video_film_era" title="Video film era">Video film era</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Wave</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria" title="Coat of arms of Nigeria">Coat of arms</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Cuisine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_demonyms_for_states_in_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of demonyms for states in Nigeria (page does not exist)">Demonyms</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nigeria" title="Flag of Nigeria">Flag</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerians" title="List of Nigerians">List of Nigerians</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Literature</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Media_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nigeria">Media</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Nigeria" title="List of newspapers in Nigeria">Newspapers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Nigeria" title="List of radio stations in Nigeria">Radio</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Africa#.C2.A0Nigeria" title="List of television stations in Africa">TV</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Music</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nigeria" title="Public holidays in Nigeria">Public holidays</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Religion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Nigeria" title="Smoking in Nigeria">Smoking</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Sport in Nigeria">Sport</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Nigeria" title="Video gaming in Nigeria">Video gaming</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">
<DIV>
<DIV style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nigeria" title="Outline of Nigeria">Outline</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Index_of_Nigeria-related_articles" title="Index of Nigeria-related articles">Index</A></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Nigeria" title="Category:Nigeria">Category</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Portal</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Africa" style="padding:3px">
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<TBODY><TR>
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<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Africa" title="Template:Geography of Africa"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
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<DIV id="Geography_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography of Africa</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Algeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Angola" title="Geography of Angola">Angola</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Benin" title="Geography of Benin">Benin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Botswana" title="Geography of Botswana">Botswana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Geography of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi" title="Geography of Burundi">Burundi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cameroon" title="Geography of Cameroon">Cameroon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cape_Verde" title="Geography of Cape Verde">Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Geography of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chad" title="Geography of Chad">Chad</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Comoros" title="Geography of the Comoros">Comoros</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Djibouti" title="Geography of Djibouti">Djibouti</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Egypt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Geography of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eritrea" title="Geography of Eritrea">Eritrea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gabon" title="Geography of Gabon">Gabon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Gambia" title="Geography of the Gambia">The Gambia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana" title="Geography of Ghana">Ghana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea" title="Geography of Guinea">Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Geography of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Geography of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya" title="Geography of Kenya">Kenya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lesotho" title="Geography of Lesotho">Lesotho</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Liberia" title="Geography of Liberia">Liberia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Libya" title="Geography of Libya">Libya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Madagascar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malawi" title="Geography of Malawi">Malawi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mali" title="Geography of Mali">Mali</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritania" title="Geography of Mauritania">Mauritania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritius" title="Geography of Mauritius">Mauritius</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Morocco" title="Geography of Morocco">Morocco</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mozambique" title="Geography of Mozambique">Mozambique</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Namibia" title="Geography of Namibia">Namibia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Niger" title="Geography of Niger">Niger</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Nigeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rwanda" title="Geography of Rwanda">Rwanda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Geography of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Senegal" title="Geography of Senegal">Senegal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Seychelles" title="Geography of Seychelles">Seychelles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Geography of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somalia" title="Geography of Somalia">Somalia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">South Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Sudan" title="Geography of South Sudan">South Sudan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan" title="Geography of Sudan">Sudan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Swaziland" title="Geography of Swaziland">Swaziland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tanzania" title="Geography of Tanzania">Tanzania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Togo" title="Geography of Togo">Togo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tunisia" title="Geography of Tunisia">Tunisia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uganda" title="Geography of Uganda">Uganda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zambia" title="Geography of Zambia">Zambia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Geography of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">States with limited<BR />
recognition</DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Somaliland">Somaliland</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<BR />
other territories</DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</A> / <A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ceuta">Ceuta</A> / <A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Melilla">Melilla</A>  <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Madeira">Madeira</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mayotte" title="Geography of Mayotte">Mayotte</A> / <A href="/wiki/Geography_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Geography of Réunion">Réunion</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(France)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Helena" title="Geography of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</A> / <A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</A> / <A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Geography of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_of_Africa" style="padding:3px">
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<DIV id="Climate_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Africa" title="Climate of Africa">Climate of Africa</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Algeria">Algeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Angola">Angola</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Benin">Benin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Botswana">Botswana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Burundi">Burundi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Cameroon">Cameroon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Cape Verde">Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Chad">Chad</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Comoros">Comoros</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Djibouti">Djibouti</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Egypt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ghana" title="Climate of Ghana">Ghana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Guinea">Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Guinea-Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mauritius">Mauritius</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Morocco">Morocco</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Namibia">Namibia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Niger">Niger</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Rwanda">Rwanda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Senegal">Senegal</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mayotte">Mayotte</A> / <A href="/wiki/Climate_of_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Réunion">Réunion</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(France)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</A> / <A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</A> / <A href="/wiki/Climate_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</SPAN></LI>
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<P><SPAN style="font-size: small;"><SPAN id="coordinates"><A href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</A>: <SPAN class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><A class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Geography_of_Nigeria&params=10.00_N_8.00_E_source:eswiki"><SPAN class="geo-nondefault"><SPAN class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><SPAN class="latitude">10°00′N</SPAN> <SPAN class="longitude">8°00′E</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="geo-multi-punct"> / </SPAN><SPAN class="geo-default"><SPAN class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.00°N 8.00°E</SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> / <SPAN class="geo">10.00; 8.00</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>

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document_title: Geography of Nigeria

token: Geography

token: of

token: Nigeria

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: Location

token: map

token: Köppen

token: climate

token: classification

token: Satellite

token: image

token: is

token: a

token: country

token: in

token: West

token: shares

token: land

token: borders

token: with

token: Republic

token: Benin

token: west

token: Chad

token: and

token: Cameroon

token: east

token: Niger

token: north

token: Its

token: coast

token: lies

token: on

token: Gulf

token: Guinea

token: south

token: it

token: Lake

token: northeast

token: Noted

token: geographical

token: features

token: include

token: Adamawa

token: highlands

token: Mambilla

token: Plateau

token: Jos

token: Obudu

token: River

token: Benue

token: Delta

token: found

question_text: the south west wind blows across nigeria between