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<TITLE>Battle of Lake Erie - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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			<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Battle of Lake Erie</H1>
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<TBODY><TR>
<TD>
<TABLE class="infobox vevent" style="border-spacing:2px;;width:315px">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Lake Erie</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <A href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><A href="/wiki/File:Battle_erie.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Battle erie.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Battle_erie.jpg/300px-Battle_erie.jpg" width="300" height="186" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Battle_erie.jpg/450px-Battle_erie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Battle_erie.jpg/600px-Battle_erie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="379" /></A><BR />
<I>Battle of Lake Erie</I> by <A href="/wiki/William_Henry_Powell" title="William Henry Powell">William Henry Powell</A>, painted 1865, shows <A href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry" title="Oliver Hazard Perry">Oliver Hazard Perry</A> transferring from <A href="/wiki/USS_Lawrence_(1813)" title="USS Lawrence (1813)"><I>Lawrence</I></A> to <A href="/wiki/USS_Niagara_(1813)" title="USS Niagara (1813)"><I>Niagara</I></A><SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[A]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2">
<TABLE style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH style="padding-right:1em">Date</TH>
<TD>10 September 1813</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding-right:1em">Location</TH>
<TD><SPAN class="location"><A href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</A>, near <A href="/wiki/Put-in-Bay,_Ohio" title="Put-in-Bay, Ohio">Put-in-Bay</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding-right:1em">Result</TH>
<TD>Decisive American victory</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg/21px-Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg.png" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg/32px-Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg/42px-Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A></TD>
<TD style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><IMG alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><IMG alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg/21px-Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg.png" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg/32px-Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg/42px-Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry" title="Oliver Hazard Perry">Oliver Hazard Perry</A><BR />
<SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><IMG alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg/21px-Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg.png" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg/32px-Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg/42px-Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Jesse_Elliot" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesse Elliot">Jesse Elliot</A></TD>
<TD style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><IMG alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Robert_Heriot_Barclay" title="Robert Heriot Barclay">Robert Heriot Barclay</A><BR />
<SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><IMG alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Finnis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Finnis (page does not exist)">Robert Finnis</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<DIV class="plainlist">
<UL>
<LI>5 schooners</LI>
<LI>3 brigs</LI>
<LI>1 sloop</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<DIV class="plainlist">
<UL>
<LI>2 <A href="/wiki/Full_rigged_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Full rigged ship">ships</A></LI>
<LI>1 <A href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</A></LI>
<LI>2 <A href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooners</A></LI>
<LI>1 <A href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">sloop</A><SUP id="cite_ref-rooz_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-rooz-3">[2]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<DIV class="plainlist">
<UL>
<LI>27 killed</LI>
<LI>96 wounded</LI>
<LI>1 brig severely damaged</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<DIV class="plainlist">
<UL>
<LI>41 killed</LI>
<LI>93 wounded</LI>
<LI>306 captured</LI>
<LI>entire squadron captured</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
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<DIV id="Naval_campaigns_of_the_War_of_1812" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><SPAN style="line-height:1.6em">Naval campaigns of the <A href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</A></SPAN></DIV>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"><B>Atlantic Ocean</B>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/USS_Essex_vs_HMS_Alert" title="USS Essex vs HMS Alert">USS <I>Essex</I> vs HMS <I>Alert</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">USS <I>Constitution</I> vs HMS <I>Guerriere</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Frolic" title="Capture of HMS Frolic">Capture of HMS <I>Frolic</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">USS <I>United States</I> vs HMS <I>Macedonian</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)#Engagement_with_USS_Constitution" title="HMS Java (1811)">USS <I>Constitution</I> vs HMS <I>Java</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">Sinking of HMS <I>Peacock</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rappahannock_River" title="Battle of Rappahannock River">Rappahannock River</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">Capture of USS <I>Chesapeake</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Dominica" title="Capture of HMS Dominica">Capture of HMS <I>Dominica</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/USS_Argus_(1803)#Capture_by_HMS_Pelican" title="USS Argus (1803)">Capture of USS <I>Argus</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Boxer" title="Capture of HMS Boxer">Capture of HMS <I>Boxer</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/USS_Frolic_(1813)#Career" title="USS Frolic (1813)">Capture of USS <I>Frolic</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Epervier" title="Capture of HMS Epervier">Capture of HMS <I>Epervier</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Reindeer" title="Sinking of HMS Reindeer">Sinking of HMS <I>Reindeer</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Avon" title="Sinking of HMS Avon">Sinking of HMS <I>Avon</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayal" title="Battle of Fayal">Fayal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">Capture of USS <I>President</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane_and_HMS_Levant" title="Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant">Capture of HMS <I>Cyane</I> and HMS <I>Levant</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">Capture of HMS <I>Penguin</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_East_India_Company_ship_Nautilus" title="Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus">Capture of East India Company ship <I>Nautilus</I></A></LI>
</UL>
<HR />
<P><B>East Coast</B></P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla" title="Chesapeake Bay Flotilla">Chesapeake Bay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria" title="Raid on Alexandria">Alexandria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Baltimore</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampden" title="Battle of Hampden">Hampden</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Peter" title="Battle of Fort Peter">Fort Peter</A></LI>
</UL>
<HR />
<P><B>Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River</B></P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">1st Sacket's Harbor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">York</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">Fort George</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">2nd Sacket's Harbor</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Lake Erie</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Fort Oswego</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Lake Huron</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Lake Champlain</A></LI>
</UL>
<HR />
<P><B>West Indies / Gulf Coast</B></P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira_(1812)" title="Battle of La Guaira (1812)">La Guaira</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">1st Fort Bowyer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Action_of_13_December_1814_(Louisiana_Campaign)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 13 December 1814 (Louisiana Campaign)">Action of 13 December 1814</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">New Orleans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1815)" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1815)">Fort St. Philip</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">2nd Fort Bowyer</A></LI>
</UL>
<HR />
<P><B>Pacific Ocean</B></P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Action_off_James_Island" title="Action off James Island">James Island</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Action_off_Charles_Island" title="Action off Charles Island">Charles Island</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Nuku Hiva</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign#Downes_Expedition" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Downes Expedition</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign#Porter_Expedition" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Porter Expedition</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign#Battle_of_Typee_Valley" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Typee Valley</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valparaiso" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Valparaiso">Valparaiso (Capture of USS <I>Essex</I>)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign#Seringapatam_Mutiny" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign"><I>Seringapatam</I> Mutiny</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign#Seringapatam_Mutiny" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Action of 9 May 1814</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
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</DIV>
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<P>The <B>Battle of Lake Erie</B>, sometimes called the <B>Battle of Put-in-Bay</B>, was fought on 10 September 1813, in <A href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</A> off the coast of <A href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</A> during the <A href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</A>. Nine vessels of the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</A> defeated and captured six vessels of the British <A href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</A>. This ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war, which in turn allowed the Americans to recover <A href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</A> and win the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Battle of the Thames</A> to break the <A href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indian</A> confederation of <A href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</A>. It was one of the biggest naval battles of the War of 1812.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Background"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Background</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><A href="#1812"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">1812</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#1813"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">1813</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Blockades_of_Presque_Isle_and_Amherstburg"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Blockades of Presque Isle and Amherstburg</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Battle"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Battle</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Casualties"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Casualties</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Aftermath"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Aftermath</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#Reconstructions_and_memorials"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Reconstructions and memorials</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#Reasons_for_the_American_victory"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Reasons for the American victory</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#Order_of_battle"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Order of battle</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#Footnotes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Footnotes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="1812">1812</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1812">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>When the war broke out, the British immediately seized control of Lake Erie. They already had a small force of warships there: the <A href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop-of-war</A> <A href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_(1812_ship)" title="Queen Charlotte (1812 ship)"><I>Queen Charlotte</I></A> and the <A href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</A> <A href="/wiki/HMS_Hunter_(1812)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Hunter (1812)"><I>General Hunter</I></A>. The <A href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</A> <A href="/wiki/USS_Lady_Prevost_(1812)" title="USS Lady Prevost (1812)"><I>Lady Prevost</I></A> was under construction and was put into service a few weeks after the outbreak of war. These vessels were controlled by the <A href="/wiki/Canadian_Units_of_the_War_of_1812#The_Provincial_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Units of the War of 1812">Provincial Marine</A>, which was a military transport service and not a naval service. Nevertheless, the Americans lacked any counter to the British armed vessels. The only American warship on Lake Erie, the brig <I>Adams</I>, was not ready for service at the start of the war, and when the American army of Brigadier General <A href="/wiki/William_Hull" title="William Hull">William Hull</A> abandoned its invasion of Canada, <I>Adams</I> was pinned down in <A href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit</A> by the British batteries at <A href="/wiki/Sandwich,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandwich, Ontario">Sandwich</A> on the Canadian side of the <A href="/wiki/Detroit_River" title="Detroit River">Detroit River</A>. The British <A href="/wiki/Major-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General">Major-General</A> <A href="/wiki/Isaac_Brock" title="Isaac Brock">Isaac Brock</A> used his control of the lake to defeat Hull's army at the <A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">Siege of Detroit</A>, by cutting the American supply lines and rapidly transferring himself and some reinforcements to <A href="/wiki/Amherstburg" title="Amherstburg">Amherstburg</A> from where they launched a successful landing on the American side of the Detroit River.</P>
<P>The British took <I>Adams</I> when Detroit was surrendered, renaming her <A href="/wiki/HMS_Detroit_(1812)" title="HMS Detroit (1812)"><I>Detroit</I></A>. Together with the brig <A href="/wiki/USS_Caledonia_(1812)" title="USS Caledonia (1812)"><I>Caledonia</I></A>, which had been commandeered from the Canadian <A href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</A>, she was boarded and captured near <A href="/wiki/Fort_Erie,_Ontario" title="Fort Erie, Ontario">Fort Erie</A> on 9 October, by American sailors and soldiers led by Lieutenant <A href="/wiki/Jesse_Elliot" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesse Elliot">Jesse Elliot</A>. <I>Detroit</I> ran aground on an island in the middle of the <A href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</A> and was set on fire to prevent her being recaptured. <I>Caledonia</I> was taken to the navy yard at <A href="/wiki/Black_Rock,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Rock, New York">Black Rock</A> and commissioned into the United States Navy.<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[3]</A></SUP> Also present at Black Rock were the schooners <A href="/wiki/USS_Somers_(1812)" title="USS Somers (1812)"><I>Somers</I></A> and <A href="/wiki/USS_Ohio_(1812)" title="USS Ohio (1812)"><I>Ohio</I></A> and the sloop-rigged <A href="/wiki/USS_Trippe_(1812)" title="USS Trippe (1812)"><I>Trippe</I></A>, which had all been purchased by the United States Navy and were being converted into gunboats.<SUP id="cite_ref-Roosevelt141_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Roosevelt141-5">[4]</A></SUP> While the British held Fort Erie and the nearby batteries which dominated the Niagara River, all these vessels were pinned down and unable to leave Black Rock.</P>
<P>Late in 1812, <A href="/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Paul Hamilton (politician)">Paul Hamilton</A>, the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">United States Secretary of the Navy</A> had received long-time American lake mariner <A href="/wiki/Daniel_Dobbins" title="Daniel Dobbins">Daniel Dobbins</A>, who had escaped capture at Detroit and brought information on the British forces on Lake Erie. Dobbins recommended the bay of Presque Isle in Erie, Pennsylvania as a naval base on the lake. ("<I>Presqu'isle</I>" is French for "<A href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</A>", literally "almost an island"). Dobbins was dispatched to build four gunboats there, although Lieutenant Elliot objected to the lack of facilities.<SUP id="cite_ref-Elting.2C_p.90_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Elting.2C_p.90-6">[5]</A></SUP> Commodore <A href="/wiki/Isaac_Chauncey" title="Isaac Chauncey">Isaac Chauncey</A> had been appointed to command of the United States naval forces on the Great Lakes in September 1812. He made one brief visit to Erie on 1 January 1813<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[6]</A></SUP> where he approved Dobbins's actions and recommended collecting materials for a larger vessel, but then returned to <A href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</A> where he afterwards concentrated his energies.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="1813">1813</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1813">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>In January 1813, <A href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</A> (who had replaced Hamilton as the United States Secretary of the Navy) ordered the construction of two brig-rigged <A href="/wiki/Corvettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvettes">corvettes</A> at Presque Isle, and transferred shipwright <A href="/wiki/Noah_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah Brown">Noah Brown</A> there from <A href="/wiki/Sackets_Harbor,_New_York" title="Sackets Harbor, New York">Sackets Harbor</A> on Lake Ontario to take charge of construction. Other than their rig and crude construction (such as using wooden pegs instead of nails because of shortages of the latter), the two brigs were close copies of the contemporary <A href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(1805,_brig)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Hornet (1805, brig)">USS <I>Hornet</I></A>. The heaviest armament for the ships came from foundries on <A href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</A>, and were moved to Presque Isle only with great difficulty. (The Americans were fortunate in that some of their largest cannon had been dispatched shortly before raiding parties under Rear-Admiral <A href="/wiki/Sir_George_Cockburn,_10th_Baronet" title="Sir George Cockburn, 10th Baronet">George Cockburn</A> destroyed a foundry at Frenchtown on the eastern seaboard.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[7]</A></SUP>) However, the Americans could get other materials and fittings from <A href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh</A>, which was expanding as a manufacturing center, and smaller guns were borrowed from the Army.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Master_Commandant" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Commandant">Master Commandant</A> <A href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry" title="Oliver Hazard Perry">Oliver Hazard Perry</A> had earlier been appointed to command on Lake Erie, through lobbying by <A href="/wiki/Jeremiah_B._Howell" title="Jeremiah B. Howell">Jeremiah B. Howell</A>, the Senior Senator from <A href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[8]</A></SUP> supplanting Lieutenant Elliot. He arrived at Presque Isle to take command at the end of March. Having arranged for the defense of Presque Isle, he proceeded to Lake Ontario to obtain reinforcements of seamen from Commodore Isaac Chauncey. After commanding the American schooners and gunboats at the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">Battle of Fort George</A>, he then went to Black Rock where the American vessels had been released when the British abandoned Fort Erie at the end of May. Perry had them towed by draft oxen up the Niagara, an operation which took six days, and sailed with them along the shore to Presque Isle.<SUP id="cite_ref-Roosevelt141_5-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Roosevelt141-5">[4]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Meanwhile, Commander <A href="/wiki/Robert_Heriot_Barclay" title="Robert Heriot Barclay">Robert Heriot Barclay</A> was appointed to command the British squadron on Lake Erie. Another British officer had already endangered his career by refusing the appointment as success appeared unlikely.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[9]</A></SUP> Barclay missed a rendezvous with <I>Queen Charlotte</I> at <A href="/wiki/Point_Abino,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Abino, Ontario">Point Abino</A> and was forced to make the tedious journey to <A href="/wiki/Amherstburg,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Amherstburg, Ontario">Amherstburg</A> overland, arriving on 10 June. He brought with him only a handful of officers and seamen. When he took command of his squadron, the crews of his vessels numbered only seven British seamen, 108 officers and men of the Provincial Marine (whose quality Barclay disparaged), 54 men of the <A href="/wiki/Canadian_Units_of_the_War_of_1812#The_Royal_Newfoundland_Fencibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Units of the War of 1812">Royal Newfoundland Fencibles</A> and 106 soldiers, effectively landsmen, from the <A href="/wiki/41st_(Welch)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="41st (Welch) Regiment of Foot">41st Foot</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[10]</A></SUP> Nevertheless, he immediately set out in <I>Queen Charlotte</I> and <I>Lady Prevost</I>. He first reconnoitred Perry's base at Presque Isle and determined that it was defended by 2,000 Pennsylvania militia, with <A href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">batteries</A> and <A href="/wiki/Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortifications">redoubts</A>. He then cruised the eastern end of Lake Erie, hoping to intercept the American vessels from Black Rock. The weather was hazy, and he missed them.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[11]</A></SUP></P>
<P>During July and August, Barclay received two small vessels, the schooner <A href="/wiki/HMS_Chippeway_(1812)" title="HMS Chippeway (1812)"><I>Chippeway</I></A> and the <A href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">sloop</A> <A href="/wiki/HMS_Little_Belt_(1812)" title="HMS Little Belt (1812)"><I>Little Belt</I></A>, which had been reconstructed at <A href="/wiki/Chatham,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatham, Ontario">Chatham</A><SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[12]</A></SUP> on the <A href="/wiki/Thames_River_(Ontario)" title="Thames River (Ontario)">Thames River</A> and attempted to complete the ship-rigged <A href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</A> <A href="/wiki/HMS_Detroit_(1813)" title="HMS Detroit (1813)">HMS <I>Detroit</I></A> at Amherstburg. Because the Americans controlled Lake Ontario and occupied the <A href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara Peninsula</A> in early 1813, supplies for Barclay had to be carried overland from <A href="/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto, Ontario">York</A>. The American victory earlier in the year at the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">Battle of York</A> resulted in the guns (24-pounder <A href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">carronades</A>) intended for <I>Detroit</I> falling into American hands.<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[13]</A></SUP> <I>Detroit</I> had to be completed with a miscellany of guns from the fortifications of <A href="/wiki/Amherstburg,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Amherstburg, Ontario">Amherstburg</A>. Barclay claimed at his court martial that these guns lacked <A href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock</A> firing mechanisms and matches, and that they could be fired only by snapping flintlock pistols over powder piled in the vent holes.</P>
<P>Barclay repeatedly requested men and supplies from <A href="/wiki/Commodore_(rank)" title="Commodore (rank)">Commodore</A> <A href="/wiki/James_Lucas_Yeo" title="James Lucas Yeo">James Lucas Yeo</A>, commanding on Lake Ontario, but received very little. The commander of the British troops on the Detroit frontier, Major-General <A href="/wiki/Henry_Procter_(British_Army_officer)" title="Henry Procter (British Army officer)">Henry Procter</A>, was similarly starved of soldiers and munitions by his superiors. He declined to make an attack on Presque Isle unless he was reinforced, and instead he incurred heavy losses in an unsuccessful attack on <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Fort Stephenson</A>, which he mounted at the urgings of some of his Indian warriors.<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[14]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Blockades_of_Presque_Isle_and_Amherstburg">Blockades of Presque Isle and Amherstburg</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Blockades of Presque Isle and Amherstburg">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>By mid-July, the American squadron was almost complete, although not yet fully manned (Perry claimed to have only 120 men fit for duty). The British squadron maintained a blockade of Presque Isle for ten days from 20 July to 29 July. The harbour had a sandbar across its mouth, with only 5 feet (1.5 m) of water over it, which prevented Barclay sailing in to attack the American ships (although Barclay briefly skirmished with the defending batteries on 21 July), but also prevented the Americans leaving in fighting order. Barclay had to lift the blockade on 29 July because of shortage of supplies and bad weather. It has also been suggested that Barclay left to attend a banquet in his honour, or that he wished the Americans to cross the bar and hoped to find them in disarray when he returned.<SUP id="cite_ref-Elting.2C_p.90_6-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Elting.2C_p.90-6">[5]</A></SUP> Perry immediately began to move his vessels across the sandbar. This was an exhausting task. The guns had to be removed from all the boats, and the largest of them had to be raised between "camels" (barges or lighters which were then emptied of ballast). When Barclay returned four days later, he found that Perry had nearly completed the task. Perry's two largest brigs were not ready for action, but the gunboats and smaller brigs formed a line so confidently that Barclay withdrew to await the completion of <I>Detroit</I>.</P>
<P>Chauncey had dispatched 130 extra sailors under Lieutenant Jesse Elliot to Presque Isle.<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[15]</A></SUP> Although Perry described some of them as "wretched", at least 50 of them were experienced sailors drafted from <A href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <I>Constitution</I></A>, then undergoing a refit in <A href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[16]</A></SUP> Perry also had a few volunteers from the Pennsylvania militia.</P>
<P>His vessels first proceeded to Sandusky, where they received further contingents of volunteers from Major General <A href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</A>'s <A href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Northwest_(United_States)" title="Army of the Northwest (United States)">Army of the Northwest</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[17]</A></SUP> After twice appearing off Amherstburg, Perry established an anchorage at <A href="/wiki/Put-in-Bay,_Ohio" title="Put-in-Bay, Ohio">Put-in-Bay, Ohio</A>. For the next five weeks, Barclay was effectively blockaded and unable to move supplies to Amherstburg. His sailors, Procter's troops, and the very large numbers of Indian warriors and their families there quickly ran out of supplies. After receiving a last-minute reinforcement of two naval officers, three warrant officers and 36 sailors transferred from a transport temporarily laid up in <A href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec</A><SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[18]</A></SUP> under Lieutenant George Bignall, Barclay had no choice but to put out again and seek battle with Perry.</P>
<P>In the days preceding the battle, Perry told his friend, Purser <A href="/wiki/Samuel_Hambleton_(United_States_Navy_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Hambleton (United States Navy officer)">Samuel Hambleton</A>, that he wanted a signal flag, or battle flag, to signal to his fleet when to engage the enemy. Hambleton suggested using the dying words of Perry's friend Captain <A href="/wiki/James_Lawrence" title="James Lawrence">James Lawrence</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</A> <A href="/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)" title="USS Chesapeake (1799)">USS <I>Chesapeake</I></A>, "Don't Give up the Ship". Hambleton had the flag sewn by women of Erie, and presented it to Perry the day before the battle. The flag would become an icon in American naval history.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Battle">Battle</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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Movements of the squadrons of Perry and Barclay on the morning of 10 September</DIV>
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<P>On the morning of 10 September, the Americans saw Barclay's vessels heading for them, and got under way from their anchorage at Put-in-Bay. The wind was light. Barclay initially held the <A href="/wiki/Weather_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather gauge">weather gauge</A>, but the wind shifted and allowed Perry to close and attack. Both squadrons were in <A href="/wiki/Line_of_battle" title="Line of battle">line of battle</A>, with their heaviest vessels near the centre of the line. Perry hoped to get his two largest brigs, his flagship <A href="/wiki/USS_Lawrence_(1813)" title="USS Lawrence (1813)"><I>Lawrence</I></A> and <A href="/wiki/USS_Niagara_(1813)" title="USS Niagara (1813)"><I>Niagara</I></A>, into <A href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">carronade</A> range quickly, but in the light wind his vessels were making very little speed and <I>Lawrence</I> was battered by the assortment of long guns mounted in <I>Detroit</I> for at least 20 minutes before being able to reply effectively. When <I>Lawrence</I> was finally within carronade range at 12:45, her fire was not as effective as Perry hoped, her gunners apparently having overloaded the carronades with shot.<SUP id="cite_ref-Roosevelt147_20-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Roosevelt147-20">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Astern of <I>Lawrence</I>, <I>Niagara</I>, under Elliot, was slow to come into action and remained far out of effective carronade range. It is possible that Elliott was under orders to engage his opposite number, <I>Queen Charlotte</I>, and that <I>Niagara</I> was obstructed by <I>Caledonia</I>, but Elliot's actions would become a matter of dispute between him and Perry for many years. Aboard <I>Queen Charlotte</I>, the British ship opposed to <I>Niagara</I>, the commander (Robert Finnis) and First Lieutenant were both killed. The next most senior officer, Lieutenant Irvine of the Provincial Marine, found that both <I>Niagara</I> and the American gunboats were far out of range, and passed the brig <I>General Hunter</I> to engage <I>Lawrence</I> at close range.<SUP id="cite_ref-Roosevelt147_20-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Roosevelt147-20">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Although the American gunboats at the rear of the American line of battle steadily pounded the British ships in the centre of the action with raking shots from their long guns from a distance, <I>Lawrence</I> was reduced by the two British ships to a wreck. Four-fifths of <I>Lawrence</I><SPAN class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</SPAN>s crew were killed or wounded. Both of the fleet's surgeons were sick with <A href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">lake fever</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[20]</A></SUP> so the wounded were taken care of by the assistant, <A href="/w/index.php?title=Usher_Parsons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usher Parsons (page does not exist)">Usher Parsons</A>. When the last gun on <I>Lawrence</I> became unusable, Perry decided to transfer his flag. He was rowed a half mile (1 km) through heavy gunfire to <I>Niagara</I> while <I>Lawrence</I> was surrendered. (It was later alleged that he left <I>Lawrence</I> after the surrender, but Perry had actually taken down only his personal pennant, in blue bearing the motto, "Don't give up the ship".)</P>
<P>When <I>Lawrence</I> surrendered, firing died away briefly.<SUP id="cite_ref-Forester146_22-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Forester146-22">[21]</A></SUP> <I>Detroit</I> collided with <I>Queen Charlotte</I>, both ships being almost unmanageable with damaged rigging and almost every officer killed or severely wounded. Barclay was severely wounded and his first lieutenant was killed, leaving Lieutenant Inglis in command. Most of the smaller British vessels were also disabled and drifting to leeward.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[22]</A></SUP> The British nevertheless expected <I>Niagara</I> to lead the American schooners away in retreat.<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[23]</A></SUP> Instead, once aboard <I>Niagara</I>, Perry dispatched Elliot to bring the schooners into closer action, while he steered <I>Niagara</I> at Barclay's damaged ships, helped by the strengthening wind.</P>
<P><I>Niagara</I> broke through the British line ahead of <I>Detroit</I> and <I>Queen Charlotte</I> and <A href="/wiki/Luffing" title="Luffing">luffed up</A> to fire raking broadsides from ahead of them, while <I>Caledonia</I> and the American gunboats fired from astern. Although the crews of <I>Detroit</I> and <I>Queen Charlotte</I> managed to untangle the two ships<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[24]</A></SUP> they could no longer offer any effective resistance. Both ships surrendered at about 3:00 pm. The smaller British vessels tried to flee but were overtaken and also surrendered.<SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[25]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Although Perry won the battle on <I>Niagara</I>, he received the British surrender on the deck of the recaptured <I>Lawrence</I> to allow the British to see the terrible price his men had paid.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Casualties">Casualties</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The British lost 41 killed and 94 wounded. The surviving crews, including the wounded, numbered 306. Captain Barclay, who had previously lost his left arm in 1809, lost a leg and part of his thigh in the action while his remaining arm was rendered "permanently motionless". The Americans lost 27 killed and 96 wounded, of whom 2 later died.<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[26]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Of the vessels involved, the three most battered (the American brig <I>Lawrence</I> and the British ships <I>Detroit</I> and <I>Queen Charlotte</I>) were converted into hospital ships. A gale swept the lake on 13 September and dismasted <I>Detroit</I> and <I>Queen Charlotte</I>, further shattering the already battered ships. Once the wounded had been ferried to Erie, <I>Lawrence</I> was restored to service for 1814, but the two British ships were effectively reduced to hulks.<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[27]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Aftermath">Aftermath</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<P>Perry's vessels and prizes were anchored and hasty repairs were underway near West Sister Island when Perry composed his now famous message to Harrison. Scrawled in pencil on the back of an old envelope, Perry wrote:</P>
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<P>Dear General:</P>
<P>We have met the enemy and they are ours. Two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop.</P>
<P>Yours with great respect and esteem,<BR />
<I>O.H. Perry</I><SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[B]</A></SUP></P>
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<P>Perry next sent the following message to the Secretary of the Navy, William Jones:</P>
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<P>Brig Niagara, off the Western Sister,<BR />
Head of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813, 4 P.M.</P>
<P>Sir:- It has pleased the Almighty to give to the arms of the United States a signal victory over their enemies on this lake. The British squadron, consisting of two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop, have this moment surrendered to the force under my command after a sharp conflict.</P>
<P>I have the honor to be, Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,<BR />
<I>O. H. Perry</I></P>
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<P>Once his usable vessels and prizes were patched up, Perry ferried 2,500 American soldiers to Amherstburg, which was captured without opposition on 27 September. Meanwhile, 1,000 mounted troops led by <A href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard Mentor Johnson</A> moved by land to Detroit, which also was recaptured without fighting on or about the same day. The British army under Procter had made preparations to abandon its positions even before Procter knew the result of the battle. In spite of exhortations from <A href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</A>, who led the confederation of Indian tribes allied to Britain, Procter had already abandoned Amherstburg and Detroit and began to retreat up the <A href="/wiki/Thames_River_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames River (Canada)">Thames River</A> on 27 September. Lacking supplies, Tecumseh's Indians had no option but to accompany him. Harrison caught up with Procter's retreating force and defeated them on 5 October at the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Battle of the Thames</A>, where Tecumseh was killed, as was his second-in command and most experienced warrior, Wyandot Chief Roundhead.</P>
<P>The victory on Lake Erie had disproportionate strategic import.<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[29]</A></SUP> The Americans controlled Lake Erie for the remainder of the war. This accounted for much of the Americans' successes on the <A href="/wiki/Niagara_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Niagara peninsula">Niagara peninsula</A> in 1814 and also removed the threat of a British attack on <A href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</A>, <A href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</A>, or Western <A href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York</A>.</P>
<P>However, an expedition in 1814 to recover <A href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island" title="Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</A> on <A href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</A> <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island_(1814)" title="Battle of Mackinac Island (1814)">failed</A>, and the Americans lost eight of their smaller vessels and prizes. (Four were destroyed when the British captured Black Rock, where they were laid up, following the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffalo" title="Battle of Buffalo">Battle of Buffalo</A> at the end of 1813, and four were boarded and captured in separate incidents on Lake Erie and Lake Huron.)</P>
<P>After the war, there was a bitter quarrel between Perry and Elliot over their respective parts in the action, mostly fought at second hand in the press. On the British side, Barclay was exonerated of any blame by a <A href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</A> but was too badly injured to see service again for several years.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Reconstructions_and_memorials">Reconstructions and memorials</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reconstructions and memorials">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>In 1820 <I>Lawrence</I> and <I>Niagara</I> were intentionally sunk near Misery Bay in Lake Erie, as they had "went to rot."<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[30]</A></SUP> In 1875, <I>Lawrence</I> was raised and moved to <A href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</A>, where she was displayed at the <A href="/wiki/1876_Centennial_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="1876 Centennial Exposition">1876 Centennial Exposition</A>. Later that year, the ship burned when the <A href="/wiki/Pavilion" title="Pavilion">pavilion</A> that housed it caught fire. Although <I>Niagara</I> was raised and restored in 1913, she subsequently fell into disrepair. She was eventually disassembled, and portions of her were used in a reconstructed <I>Niagara</I>, which is now on view in <A href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, Pennsylvania</A>.</P>
<P>The 352-foot (107 m) high Perry Monument within <A href="/wiki/Perry%27s_Victory_and_International_Peace_Memorial" title="Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial">Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial</A> now stands at <A href="/wiki/Put-in-Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Put-in-Bay">Put-in-Bay</A>, commemorating the men who fought in the battle.</P>
<P>Another 101-foot (31 m) high Perry Monument is located at the eastern end of Presque Isle in Erie Pennsylvania. It stands next to Presque Isle Bay, where <I>Niagara</I> and <I>Lawrence</I> were built, stationed along with the rest of the American Squadron, and then scuttled after the war.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Reasons_for_the_American_victory">Reasons for the American victory</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reasons for the American victory">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Most historians attribute the American victory to what Theodore Roosevelt described as, "Superior heavy metal".<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[31]</A></SUP> Perry's leadership, particularly in the latter stages of the action, is also mentioned as a factor. The British historian C.S. Forester commented, "...it was as fortunate for the Americans that the <I>Lawrence</I> still possessed a boat that would float, as it was that Perry was not hit."<SUP id="cite_ref-Forester146_22-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Forester146-22">[21]</A></SUP></P>
<P>On the British side, William Bell served as constructor and built <I>Detroit</I>, which was the best-built ship on the lake. However, <I>Detroit</I> was built slowly, in part due to Bell's perfectionism, and indeed it was the only purpose-built British warship constructed on Lake Erie during the war. The guns intended for <I>Detroit</I> were seized by the Americans at the time of their raid on Fort York the year before. This building imbalance, given the fact that six American ships were built in the same time frame, was another important cause of the American victory (although it might be argued that, even if Barclay had possessed more hulls, he would have been unable to obtain armament and crews for them).</P>
<P>The court-martial of Captain Barclay and his surviving officers determined that the Captain, his officers and men had "conducted themselves in the most gallant manner" and found that the defeat was the result of American superiority, an insufficient number of able seamen and the early fall of superior officers in the action.<SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[32]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Order of battle">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Listed in order of sailing:<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[C]</A></SUP></P>
<TABLE class="wikitable">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH style="background:#efefef; width:7em;"><B>Navy</B></TH>
<TH style="background:#efefef;"><B>Name</B></TH>
<TH style="background:#efefef;"><B>Rig</B></TH>
<TH style="background:#efefef;"><B>Tonnage</B></TH>
<TH style="background:#efefef;"><B>Crew</B></TH>
<TH style="background:#efefef;"><B>Armament</B></TH>
<TH style="background:#efefef;"><B>Commander</B></TH>
<TH style="background:#efefef;"><B>Notes</B></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD rowspan="6"><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="22" height="11" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/33px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/44px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="360" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/HMS_Chippeway_(1812)" title="HMS Chippeway (1812)"><I>Chippeway</I></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">Schooner</A></TD>
<TD align="right">70 <A href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</A>  </TD>
<TD>  15</TD>
<TD>1 × 9-pounder <A href="/wiki/Naval_long_gun" title="Naval long gun">long gun</A></TD>
<TD>Master's Mate J. Campbell</TD>
<TD>captured</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/HMS_Detroit_(1813)" title="HMS Detroit (1813)"><I>Detroit</I></A></TD>
<TD>Ship</TD>
<TD align="right">490 tons  </TD>
<TD>150</TD>
<TD>1 × 18-pounder (on swivel)<BR />
2 × 24-pounder long guns<BR />
6 × 12-pounder long guns<BR />
8 × 9-pounder long guns<BR />
1 × 24-pounder <A href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">carronade</A><BR />
1 × 18-pounder carronade</TD>
<TD>Commander <A href="/wiki/Robert_Heriot_Barclay" title="Robert Heriot Barclay">Robert Heriot Barclay</A></TD>
<TD>captured</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/HMS_Hunter_(1812)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Hunter (1812)"><I>Hunter</I></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">Brig</A></TD>
<TD align="right">180 tons  </TD>
<TD>  45</TD>
<TD>4 × 6-pounder long guns<BR />
2 × 4-pounder long guns<BR />
2 × 2-pounder long guns<BR />
2 × 12-pounder carronades</TD>
<TD>Lieutenant George Bignall</TD>
<TD>captured</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_(1812_ship)" title="Queen Charlotte (1812 ship)"><I>Queen Charlotte</I></A></TD>
<TD>Ship</TD>
<TD align="right">400 tons  </TD>
<TD>126</TD>
<TD>1 × 12-pounder long gun<BR />
2 × 9-pounder long guns<BR />
12 × 24-pounder carronades</TD>
<TD>Commander <A href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Finnis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Finnis (page does not exist)">Robert Finnis</A></TD>
<TD>captured</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/HMS_Lady_Prevost" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Lady Prevost"><I>Lady Prevost</I></A></TD>
<TD>Schooner<SUP id="cite_ref-rooz_3-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-rooz-3">[2]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD align="right">230 tons  </TD>
<TD>  86</TD>
<TD>1 × 9-pounder long gun<BR />
2 × 6-pounder long guns<BR />
10 × 12-pounder carronades</TD>
<TD>Lieutenant Edward Buchan</TD>
<TD>captured (lost rudder)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/HMS_Little_Belt_(1812)" title="HMS Little Belt (1812)"><I>Little Belt</I></A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">Sloop</A></TD>
<TD align="right">90 tons  </TD>
<TD>  18</TD>
<TD>1 × 12-pounder long gun<BR />
2 × 6-pounder long guns</TD>
<TD>Lieutenant John F. Breman</TD>
<TD>captured</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Total</TD>
<TD>6 warships</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD align="right">1,460 tons  </TD>
<TD>450</TD>
<TD>330 lb shot from long guns<BR />
474 lb shot from carronades</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD rowspan="9"><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg/22px-Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg.png" width="22" height="16" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg/33px-Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg/44px-Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/USS_Scorpion_(1813)" title="USS Scorpion (1813)"><I>Scorpion</I></A></TD>
<TD>Schooner</TD>
<TD align="right">86 tons  </TD>
<TD>  35</TD>
<TD>1 × 32-pounder long gun<BR />
1 × 32-pounder carronade</TD>
<TD>Sailing Master <A href="/wiki/Stephen_Champlin" title="Stephen Champlin">Stephen Champlin</A></TD>
<TD>Long gun dismounted (overcharged)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/USS_Ariel_(1813)" title="USS Ariel (1813)"><I>Ariel</I></A></TD>
<TD>Schooner</TD>
<TD align="right">112 tons  </TD>
<TD>  36</TD>
<TD>4 × 12-pounder long guns</TD>
<TD>Lieutenant John H. Packet</TD>
<TD>One gun exploded (overcharged)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/USS_Lawrence_(1813)" title="USS Lawrence (1813)"><I>Lawrence</I></A></TD>
<TD>Brig</TD>
<TD align="right">480 tons  </TD>
<TD>136</TD>
<TD>2 × 12-pounder long guns<BR />
18 × 32-pounder carronades</TD>
<TD>Master Commandant <A href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry" title="Oliver Hazard Perry">Oliver Hazard Perry</A></TD>
<TD>surrendered but recaptured</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/USS_Caledonia_(1812)" title="USS Caledonia (1812)"><I>Caledonia</I></A></TD>
<TD>Brig</TD>
<TD align="right">180 tons  </TD>
<TD>  53</TD>
<TD>2 × 24-pounder long guns<BR />
1 × 32-pounder carronade</TD>
<TD>Lieutenant <A href="/wiki/Daniel_Turner_(naval_officer)" title="Daniel Turner (naval officer)">Daniel Turner</A></TD>
<TD>captured from British 9 October 1812</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/USS_Niagara_(1813)" title="USS Niagara (1813)"><I>Niagara</I></A></TD>
<TD>Brig</TD>
<TD align="right">480 tons  </TD>
<TD>155</TD>
<TD>2 × 12-pounder long guns<BR />
18 × 32-pounder carronades</TD>
<TD>Master Commandant <A href="/wiki/Jesse_Elliott" title="Jesse Elliott">Jesse Elliott</A></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/USS_Somers_(1812)" title="USS Somers (1812)"><I>Somers</I></A></TD>
<TD>Schooner</TD>
<TD align="right">94 tons  </TD>
<TD>  30</TD>
<TD>1 × 24-pounder long gun<BR />
1 × 32-pounder carronade</TD>
<TD>Lieutenant A. H. M. Conklin</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/USS_Porcupine_(1813)" title="USS Porcupine (1813)"><I>Porcupine</I></A></TD>
<TD>Schooner</TD>
<TD align="right">83 tons  </TD>
<TD>  25</TD>
<TD>1 × 32-pounder long gun</TD>
<TD>Acting Master George Serrat</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/USS_Tigress_(1813)" title="USS Tigress (1813)"><I>Tigress</I></A></TD>
<TD>Schooner</TD>
<TD align="right">82 tons  </TD>
<TD>  35</TD>
<TD>1 × 32-pounder long gun</TD>
<TD>Sailing Master Thomas C. Abny</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/USS_Trippe_(1812)" title="USS Trippe (1812)"><I>Trippe</I></A></TD>
<TD>Sloop</TD>
<TD align="right">60 tons  </TD>
<TD>  35</TD>
<TD>1 × 24-pounder long gun</TD>
<TD>Lieutenant <A href="/wiki/Thomas_Holdup_Stevens" title="Thomas Holdup Stevens">Thomas Holdup Stevens</A></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Total</TD>
<TD>9 warships</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD align="right"><SPAN class="nowrap">1,657 tons  </SPAN></TD>
<TD>540</TD>
<TD>288 lb shot from long guns<BR />
<SPAN class="nowrap">1,248 lb shot from carronades</SPAN></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: upper-alpha;">
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Perry's younger brother James Alexander Perry is the seated figure waving the hat. <A href="/w/index.php?title=Hannibal_Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannibal Collins (page does not exist)">Hannibal Collins</A>, a freed slave, is one of the oarsman.<SUP id="cite_ref-copes_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-copes-1">[1]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The British order of battle was actually two ships, <I>one</I> brig, <I>two</I> schooners and one sloop.<SUP id="cite_ref-rooz_3-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-rooz-3">[2]</A></SUP> "Perry's message was inaccurate." <SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[28]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Vessel tonnages, rig and armament taken from Roosevelt (2004), pp.144-145. Vessels' commanders from the same source, p.146</SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-copes-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-copes_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Copes 1994, p. 63.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-rooz-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-rooz_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-rooz_3-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-rooz_3-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Roosevelt 2004, pp. 260–261.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Elliott to Hamiliton, Oct. 9th, 1812 in <CITE class="citation book">Dudley (ed.), William S. <I>The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History</I>. <B>1</B>. pp. 327–331.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.aufirst=William+S&rft.aulast=Dudley+%28ed.%29&rft.btitle=The+Naval+War+of+1812%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=327-331&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Extra_text:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Roosevelt141-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Roosevelt141_5-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Roosevelt141_5-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Roosevelt 2004, p. 141.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Elting.2C_p.90-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Elting.2C_p.90_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Elting.2C_p.90_6-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Elting 1995, p. 90.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Malcomson 1998, p. 74.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Forester 2005, p. 136.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Forester 2005, p. 143.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Forester 2005, p. 137.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hitsman 1999, p. 166.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Ernest A. Cruikshank, <I>The Contest for Command of Lake Erie in 1812–13</I>, in Zaslow 1964, p. 93.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Ernest A. Cruikshank, <I>The Contest for Command of Lake Erie, 1812–13</I>, in Zaslow 1964, p. 90.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">C.P.Stacey, <I>Another look at the Battle of Lake Erie</I>, in Zaslow 1964, p. 108.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hitsman 1999, pp. 167–168.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Forester 2005, p. 140.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/Warof1812/2007/Issue7/c_ironsidesonthelake.html">NapoleonSeries.org, "Ironsides on the Lake"</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Elting 1995, p. 96.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hitsman 1999, p. 170.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Roosevelt147-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Roosevelt147_20-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Roosevelt147_20-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Roosevelt 2004, p. 147.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquusmorbus.com/English/EnglishL.htm">Archaic Medical Terms English List L</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Forester146-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Forester146_22-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Forester146_22-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Forester 2005, p. 146.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Ernest A. Cruikshank, <I>The Contest for Command of Lake Erie, 1812–13</I>, in Zaslow 1964, p. 100.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Forester 2005, p. 147.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Earnest A. Cruickshank, <I>The contest for the command of Lake Erie in 1812–1813</I> in Zaslow 1964, p. 102.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Roosevelt 2004, p. 148.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Roosevelt 2004, pp. 148–149.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Benjamin J. Lossing (1869). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wcarr1/Lossing2/Chap25.html">"Field Book of the War of 1812"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 December</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.au=Benjamin+J.+Lossing&rft.btitle=Field+Book+of+the+War+of++1812&rft.date=1869&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~wcarr1%2FLossing2%2FChap25.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Altoff (1999) Note 129, p. 97.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Symonds, Craig L.; Clipson, William J. (2001). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_HIcc8n3K4C&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=British+squadron+surrender+Lake+Erie&source=bl&ots=KuW6fswKQZ&sig=DnTARyoda6Ofi7kDU6IKkOYYulc&hl=en&ei=nT2jTJPFDY74nAfzqP2IBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CCcQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=British%20squadron%20surrender%20Lake%20Erie&f=false"><I>The Naval Institute historical atlas of the U.S. Navy</I></A>. Naval Institute Press. p. 48. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-984-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-984-0">978-1-55750-984-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.au=Clipson%2C+William+J.&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rft.aulast=Symonds&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Institute+historical+atlas+of+the+U.S.+Navy&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-984-0&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_HIcc8n3K4C%26pg%3DPA48%26lpg%3DPA48%26dq%3DBritish%2Bsquadron%2Bsurrender%2BLake%2BErie%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DKuW6fswKQZ%26sig%3DDnTARyoda6Ofi7kDU6IKkOYYulc%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DnT2jTJPFDY74nAfzqP2IBA%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D7%26ved%3D0CCcQ6AEwBg%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DBritish%2520squadron%2520surrender%2520Lake%2520Erie%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hickey, Donald R. <I>Don't Give Up The Ship</I>, p. 355.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Roosevelt 2004, p. 152.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">William James <I>The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by Trace in 1793, to the Accession of George IV.</I> Volume 6 Richard Bentley 1847 Page 252</SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Altoff, Gerard T. (1999). <I>Oliver Hazard Perry and the Battle of Lake Erie</I>. Put-in-Bay, OH: The Perry Group. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1887794039" title="Special:BookSources/978-1887794039">978-1887794039</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.aufirst=Gerard+T.&rft.aulast=Altoff&rft.btitle=Oliver+Hazard+Perry+and+the+Battle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1887794039&rft.place=Put-in-Bay%2C+OH&rft.pub=The+Perry+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation journal">Copes, Jan M. (Fall 1994). "The Perry Family: A Newport Naval Dynasty of the Early Republic". <I>Newport History: Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society</I>. Newport, RI: Newport Historical Society. 66, Part 2 (227): 49–77.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.atitle=The+Perry+Family%3A+A+Newport+Naval+Dynasty+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.aufirst=Jan+M.&rft.aulast=Copes&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=227&rft.jtitle=Newport+History%3A+Bulletin+of+the+Newport+Historical+Society&rft.pages=49-77&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=66%2C+Part+2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI>"The Dobbins Papers." Severance, Frank H. ed. Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society v. 3 (Buffalo, New York: Buffalo Historical Society, 1905)</LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Elting, John R. (1995). <I>Amateurs to Arms: A military history of the War of 1812</I>. New York: Da Capo. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80653-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80653-3">0-306-80653-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.aulast=Elting&rft.btitle=Amateurs+to+Arms%3A+A+military+history+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-306-80653-3&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Emerson, George D. (Compiled by) (1912). <I>The Perry's Victory Centenary – Report of The Perry's Victory Centennial Commission, State of New York</I>. Albany: J. B. Lyon Company.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.aufirst=George+D.+%28Compiled+by%29&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.btitle=The+Perry%27s+Victory+Centenary+%E2%80%93+Report+of+The+Perry%27s+Victory+Centennial+Commission%2C+State+of+New+York&rft.date=1912&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lyon+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/C.S._Forester" class="mw-redirect" title="C.S. Forester">Forester, C.S.</A> (2005). <I>The Age of Fighting Sail: The Story of the Naval War of 1812</I>. New English Library. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939218-06-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-939218-06-2">0-939218-06-2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.aufirst=C.S.&rft.aulast=Forester&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Fighting+Sail%3A+The+Story+of+the+Naval+War+of+1812&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-939218-06-2&rft.pub=New+English+Library&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>; Forester was a famous novelist but this is his history book</LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/w/index.php?title=J._Mackay_Hitsman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Mackay Hitsman (page does not exist)">Hitsman, J. Mackay</A>; Donald E. Graves (1999). <I>The Incredible War of 1812</I>. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896941-13-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-896941-13-3">1-896941-13-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.au=Donald+E.+Graves&rft.aufirst=J.+Mackay&rft.aulast=Hitsman&rft.btitle=The+Incredible+War+of+1812&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-896941-13-3&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Robin+Brass+Studio&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Mahan, Alfred Thayer</A> (1840–1914)(1905) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seapowerwar181201mahauoft"><I>Sea Power in Its Relation to the War of 1812</I> (2 vols.)</A> (Boston: <A href="/wiki/Little_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Brown">Little Brown</A>) American Library Association.</LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Malcomson, Robert (1998). <I>Lords of the Lake: The Naval War on Lake Ontario 1812–1814</I>. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896941-08-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-896941-08-7">1-896941-08-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Malcomson&rft.btitle=Lords+of+the+Lake%3A+The+Naval+War+on+Lake+Ontario+1812%E2%80%931814&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-896941-08-7&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Robin+Brass+Studio&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Miller, Arthur P.; Miller, Marjorie L. (2000). <I>Pennsylvania Battlefields and Military Landmarks</I>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-2876-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-2876-5">0-8117-2876-5</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.au=Miller%2C+Marjorie+L.&rft.aufirst=Arthur+P.&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.btitle=Pennsylvania+Battlefields+and+Military+Landmarks&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8117-2876-5&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt, Theodore</A> (2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/9104"><I>The Naval War of 1812</I></A>. New York: The Modern Library. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-75419-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-75419-9">0-375-75419-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.btitle=The+Naval+War+of+1812&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-375-75419-9&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Modern+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fetext%2F9104&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Skaggs, David; Atloff, Gerard (1997). <I>A Signal Victory: The Lake Erie Campaign, 1812–13</I>. Naval Institute Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-892-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-892-5">1-55750-892-5</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.au=Atloff%2C+Gerard&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Skaggs&rft.btitle=A+Signal+Victory%3A+The+Lake+Erie+Campaign%2C+1812%E2%80%9313&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-55750-892-5&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Symonds, Craig (2005). <I>Decision at Sea</I>. Oxford University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517145-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517145-4">0-19-517145-4</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.aulast=Symonds&rft.btitle=Decision+at+Sea&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-517145-4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Zaslow, Morris (ed). (1964). <I>The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812</I>. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7705-1242-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7705-1242-9">0-7705-1242-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.aufirst=Morris+%28ed%29.&rft.aulast=Zaslow&rft.btitle=The+Defended+Border%3A+Upper+Canada+and+the+War+of+1812&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7705-1242-9&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Macmillan+of+Canada&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI>Axelrod, Alen; Phillips, Charles. <I>The MacMillan Dictionary of Military Biography</I> (New York: MacMillan, 1998.) p. 343.]</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">Bancroft, George, 1800–1891;</A><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlelakeerie00bancrich">Dyer, Oliver, 1824–1907. (1891) <I>History of the battle of Lake Erie: and miscellaneous papers</I> (New York : R. Bonner's sons) 292 pp.</A> at <A href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</A>.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_24310">Barnes, James, 1866–1936 (1898) <I>The hero of Erie (Oliver Hazard Perry)</I> (microform) (1898) New York: D. Appleton</A> and <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herooferieoliver00barn">here for other formats</A>.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tristam_Burges" title="Tristam Burges">Burges, Tristam (1770–1853)</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlelakeeriew00burggoog">(1839) <I>Battle of Lake Erie, with notices of Commodore Elliot's conduct in that engagement</I> (Providence,</A> <A href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_%26_Cady&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown & Cady (page does not exist)">Brown & Cady</A>) at <A href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</A>.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perrysvictoryce00emergoog">Conners, William James, 1857–; Emerson, George Douglas. (1916) <I>The Perrys victory centenary. Report of the Perry’s victory centennial commission, state of New York</I> (Albany, J. B. Lyon Company, Printers).</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper, James Fenimore</A> (1846) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5euJ0jDxvEEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=james+fenimore+cooper+Lives+of+American+Naval+Officers&source=bl&ots=_zXOk7Qpai&sig=TDjzu74P759aBzGLSCYALmqoSVQ&hl=en&ei=Mq2gTL_DFsuknQfyhdGVDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Perry&f=false"><I>Lives of Distinguished American Naval Officers</I></A> <A href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</A> and <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesnavalofficers00cooprich">here</A> for <A href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</A>.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0v7UDE1GIXEC">Jesse D. Elliot, Address of Com. Jesse D. Elliot, U.S.N., Delivered in Washington County, Maryland, to His Early Companions at Their Request, on 24 November 1843 (Philadelphia: G. B. Zeiber & co., 1844).</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Charles_Burleigh_Galbreath" title="Charles Burleigh Galbreath">Galbreath, Charles Burleigh (1858-1934)</A>: <I>The Battle of Lake Erie in Ballad and History</I>, Ohio Archæological and Historical Society Publications: Volume 20 [1911], pp. 415–456.</LI>
<LI>Hickey, Donald R. (1990) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=390r2-ayPY0C&pg=PT1&lpg=PT1&dq=Hickey,+Donald+R.+%281990%29+%27%27The+War+of+1812:+The+Forgotten+Conflict%27%27+ISBN&source=bl&ots=UgsiDpbw4N&sig=MMYAyCzMVKbjlIN95qttek43VTE&hl=en&ei=sHTFTNO9DaTfnQed_Kz-CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false"><I>The War of 1812: The Forgotten Conflict</I></A> <A href="/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois" title="Urbana, Illinois">Urbana, Illinois</A>: <A href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</A>. <A href="/w/index.php?title=National_Historical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Historical Society (page does not exist)">National Historical Society</A> Book Prize and <A href="/wiki/American_Military_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="American Military Institute">American Military Institute</A> Best Book Award. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06059-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06059-8">0-252-06059-8</A>; <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06059-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06059-5">978-0-252-06059-5</A>.</LI>
<LI>Hickey, Donald R. (2006) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uillinois.edu/f06/hickey.html"><I>Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812</I>.</A> (Urbana: University of Illinois Press) <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-03179-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-03179-2">0-252-03179-2</A>.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject%3A%22Perry%2C+Oliver+Hazard%2C+1785-1819%22">Downloadable resources regarding Oliver Hazard Perry, American Library Association.</A></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Langguth, A. J. (2006). <I>Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence</I>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2618-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-2618-6">0-7432-2618-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.au=Langguth%2C+A.+J.&rft.btitle=Union+1812%3A+The+Americans+Who+Fought+the+Second+War+of+Independence&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7432-2618-6&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commodoreoliverh00mack">Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, 1803–1848. (1915) <I>Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry : famous American naval hero, victor of the battle of Lake Erie, his life and achievements</I> (Akron, Ohio: Superior Printing Co.)</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oliverhazardperry01mackrich">Mackenzie, Alexander Slidell, 1803–1848 (1840) <I>The life of Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry.</I> (New York, Harper) Volume 1</A>, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oliverhazardperry02mackrich">Volume 2</A>.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPsxhqC9ud4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Niles, John Milton (Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books, 1830) <I>The Life of Oliver Hazard Perry.</I></A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perryateriehowca01yale">Reid, George. (1913) <I>Perry at Erie:how Captain Dobbins, Benjamin Fleming and others assisted him.</I> (Erie, Pennsylvania: Journal publishing company).</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAA05BcoIkgC&lpg=PP1&ots=oPGTA2gh2y&dq=Skaggs%20Oliver%20Perry&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Skaggs, David Curtis. (October 2006) <I>Oliver Hazard Perry: honor, courage, and patriotism in the early U.S. Navy.</I></A> Annapolis, Maryland:<A href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</A>, 302 pp. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-792-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-792-3">978-1-59114-792-3</A>; <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-792-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-792-1">1-59114-792-1</A>.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2009-04/perry-triumphant">Skaggs, David Curtis. <I>Perry Triumphant</I> (April 2009 Volume 23, Number 2)</A> <A href="/wiki/Naval_History_(magazine)" title="Naval History (magazine)">Naval History Magazine</A> <A href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</A>.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=190DAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA288&dq=Cyclopaedia+of+American+Biography+Oliver+Hazard+Perry&hl=en&ei=oaCeTIjVHsOdnwe37ty6DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false">James T. White (1895) p. 288.</A> <A href="/wiki/National_Cyclopaedia_of_American_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cyclopaedia of American Biography">National Cyclopaedia of American Biography</A>.</LI>
</UL>
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<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906105207/http://brigniagara.org/log.htm">"Log of the Battle of Lake Erie"</A> by Sailing Master William Taylor</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brigniagara.org/">US Brig <I>Niagara</I></A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/war1812/lake_erie/0000.cfm">Barclay's court martial records and correspondence</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJENS0UDRjgC&source=gbs_similarbooks">Battle of Lake Erie Historical Sources</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revolutionarywaranimated.com/1812.html">Animated history of the Battle of Lake Erie</A></LI>
<LI><IMG alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <CITE class="citation encyclopaedia">"<A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Erie,_Lake,_Battle_of" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Erie, Lake, Battle of">Erie, Lake, Battle of</A>". <I><A href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</A></I>. 1879.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Lake+Erie&rft.atitle=Erie%2C+Lake%2C+Battle+of&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<DIV id="Conflicts_of_the_War_of_1812" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conflicts of the <A href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</A></DIV>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Battle of Plattsburgh</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Capture of Fort Niagara">Capture of Fort Niagara</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Raid_on_Black_Rock" title="Raid on Black Rock">Raid on Black Rock</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Battle of Fort Stephenson</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Copus_massacre" title="Copus massacre">Copus massacre</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Siege of Fort Meigs">Siege of Fort Meigs</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island" title="Battle of Craney Island">Battle of Craney Island</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria" title="Raid on Alexandria">Raid on Alexandria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Farnham_Church" title="Skirmish at Farnham Church">Skirmish at Farnham Church</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rappahannock_River" title="Battle of Rappahannock River">Battle of Rappahannock River</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><IMG alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg/21px-Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg.png" width="21" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg/32px-Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg/42px-Star-Spangled_Banner_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Alabama_Territory" title="Alabama Territory">Alabama</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">Battles of Fort Bowyer</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory" title="Illinois Territory">Illinois</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn" title="Battle of Fort Dearborn">Battle of Fort Dearborn</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Campbell%27s_Island,_Illinois" title="Campbell's Island, Illinois">Battle of Rock Island Rapids</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Siege of Prairie du Chien">Siege of Prairie du Chien</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mississinewa" title="Battle of the Mississinewa">Battle of the Mississinewa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek" title="Battle of Wild Cat Creek">Battle of Wild Cat Creek</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Harrison" title="Siege of Fort Harrison">Siege of Fort Harrison</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Wayne" title="Siege of Fort Wayne">Siege of Fort Wayne</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brownstown" title="Battle of Brownstown">Battle of Brownstown</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Battle of Frenchtown</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mackinac Island">Battle of Mackinac Island</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguaga" title="Battle of Maguaga">Battle of Maguaga</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">Siege of Detroit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">Siege of Fort Mackinac</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Battle of Burnt Corn</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callabee_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Callabee Creek">Battle of Callabee Creek</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Canoe_Fight" title="Canoe Fight">Canoe Fight</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Ground" title="Battle of Holy Ground">Battle of Holy Ground</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Battle of Talladega</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tallushatchee" title="Battle of Tallushatchee">Battle of Tallushatchee</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre" title="Fort Mims massacre">Fort Mims massacre</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Sinquefield" title="Fort Sinquefield">Kimbell–James Massacre</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Credit_Island" title="Credit Island">Battle of Credit Island</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sink_Hole" title="Battle of the Sink Hole">Battle of the Sink Hole</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><IMG alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Battle of the Chateauguay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1812)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812)">First Battle of Lacolle Mills</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1814)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1814)">Second Battle of Lacolle Mills</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">Battle of Beaver Dams</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Battle of Chippawa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cook%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Cook's Mills">Battle of Cook's Mills</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Battle of Crysler's Farm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">Battle of Fort George</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Frenchman's Creek">Battle of Frenchman's Creek</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longwoods" title="Battle of Longwoods">Battle of Longwoods</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Battle of Lundy's Lane</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malcolm%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Malcolm's Mills">Battle of Malcolm's Mills</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Battle of Queenston Heights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">Battle of Stoney Creek</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Battle of the Thames</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">Battle of York</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Erie" title="Capture of Fort Erie">Capture of Fort Erie</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Raid_on_Elizabethtown" title="Raid on Elizabethtown">Raid on Elizabethtown</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">Raid on Port Dover</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Raid_on_Gananoque" title="Raid on Gananoque">Raid on Gananoque</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Erie" title="Siege of Fort Erie">Siege of Fort Erie</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><A href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain"><IMG alt="Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" width="20" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></A> <A href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">Battle of Pensacola</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><A href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">Naval battles</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Boxer" title="Capture of HMS Boxer">Capture of HMS <I>Boxer</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of HMS Cyane">Capture of HMS <I>Cyane</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Epervier" title="Capture of HMS Epervier">Capture of HMS <I>Epervier</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Frolic" title="Capture of HMS Frolic">Capture of HMS <I>Frolic</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">Capture of HMS <I>Penguin</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Dominica" title="Capture of HMS Dominica">Capture of HMS <I>Dominica</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of USS Argus">Capture of USS <I>Argus</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">Capture of USS <I>Chesapeake</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">Capture of USS <I>President</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla" title="Chesapeake Bay Flotilla">Chesapeake Bay Flotilla</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)" title="HMS Java (1811)">USS <I>Constitution</I> vs HMS <I>Java</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Avon" title="Sinking of HMS Avon">Sinking of HMS <I>Avon</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayal" title="Battle of Fayal">Battle of Fayal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">Sinking of HMS <I>Peacock</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Reindeer" title="Sinking of HMS Reindeer">Sinking of HMS <I>Reindeer</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">USS <I>Constitution</I> vs HMS <I>Guerriere</I></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">USS <I>United States</I> vs HMS <I>Macedonian</I></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira_(1812)" title="Battle of La Guaira (1812)">Battle of La Guaira</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Lake Erie</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Battle of Fort Oswego</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Engagements on Lake Huron</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Engagements on Lake Ontario</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">First Battle of Sacket's Harbor</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Action_of_13_December_1814_(Louisiana_Campaign)" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 13 December 1814 (Louisiana Campaign)">Action of 13 December 1814</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Battle of Lake Borgne</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><A href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Action_off_James_Island" title="Action off James Island">Action off James Island</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Action_off_Charles_Island" title="Action off Charles Island">Action off Charles Island</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Nuku Hiva Campaign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Battle of Valparaíso">Battle of Valparaiso (Capture of USS <I>Essex</I>)</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</A>, <A href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</A>, <A href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</A></DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" title="Category:War of 1812">Category</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portal:War_of_1812" title="Portal:War of 1812">Portal</A></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><IMG alt="Wiktionary page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" title="Wiktionary page" width="16" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /> <A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/War of 1812">definition</A></LI>
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<P><SPAN style="font-size: small;"><SPAN id="coordinates"><A href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</A>: <SPAN class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><A class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&params=41_39_44_N_82_49_30_W_"><SPAN class="geo-default"><SPAN class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><SPAN class="latitude">41°39′44″N</SPAN> <SPAN class="longitude">82°49′30″W</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="geo-multi-punct"> / </SPAN><SPAN class="geo-nondefault"><SPAN class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.66222°N 82.82500°W</SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> / <SPAN class="geo">41.66222; -82.82500</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>

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document_title: Battle of Lake Erie

token: Battle

token: of

token: Lake

token: Erie

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: <Table>

token: <Tr>

token: <Td>

token: <Th colspan="2">

token: <Td colspan="2">

token: Part

token: the

token: War

token: by

token: William

token: Henry

token: Powell

token: painted

token: shows

token: Oliver

token: Hazard

token: Perry

token: transferring

token: from

token: Lawrence

token: Niagara

token: <Th>

token: Date

token: September

token: Location

token: near

token: Put

token: in

token: Bay

token: Ohio

token: Result

token: Decisive

token: American

token: victory

token: </Table>

token: Belligerents

token: United

token: States

token: Kingdom

token: Commanders

token: and

token: leaders

token: Jesse

token: Elliot

question_text: what events occurred in the fighting at seas and near the great lakes