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<TITLE>National Flood Insurance Program - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">National Flood Insurance Program</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <A href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</A>.</DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NFIP" redirects here. For the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, see <A href="/wiki/March_of_Dimes" title="March of Dimes">March of Dimes</A>.</DIV>
<P>The <B>National Flood Insurance Program</B> (NFIP) is a program created by the <A href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">Congress of the United States</A> in 1968 through the <A href="/wiki/National_Flood_Insurance_Act_of_1968" title="National Flood Insurance Act of 1968">National Flood Insurance Act of 1968</A> (P.L. 90-448). The program enables property owners in participating communities to purchase <A href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</A> protection, administered by the government, against losses from <A href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</A>, and requires flood insurance for all loans or lines of credit that are secured by existing buildings, manufactured homes, or buildings under construction, that are located in a community that participates in the NFIP.</P>
<P>This NFIP is designed to provide an insurance alternative to disaster assistance to meet the escalating costs of repairing damage to buildings and their contents caused by floods.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> As of August 2017, the program insured about 5 million homes (down from about 5.5 million homes in April 2010), the majority of which are in Texas and Florida.<SUP id="cite_ref-WSJHurricaneHarvey_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-WSJHurricaneHarvey-2">[2]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Holladay2010_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Holladay2010-3">[3]</A></SUP> The cost of the insurance program was fully covered by its premiums until the end of 2004, but has had to steadily borrow funds since (primarily due to <A href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</A> and <A href="/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy" title="Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</A>), accumulating $25 billion of debt by August 2017.<SUP id="cite_ref-WSJHurricaneHarvey_2-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-WSJHurricaneHarvey-2">[2]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP></P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
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<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Implementation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Implementation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Amendments"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Amendments</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Floodplain_Status_Determination_Appeals_and_Changes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Floodplain Status Determination Appeals and Changes</SPAN></A>
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<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Letter_of_Map_Amendment"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Letter of Map Amendment</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Letter_of_Map_Revision"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Letter of Map Revision</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Criticisms"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Criticisms</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Implementation">Implementation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=National_Flood_Insurance_Program&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Implementation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Participation in the NFIP is based on an agreement between local communities and the federal government that states that if a community will adopt and enforce a <A href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</A> management <A href="/wiki/Local_ordinance" title="Local ordinance">ordinance</A> to reduce future flood risks to new construction in <A href="/wiki/Special_Flood_Hazard_Area" title="Special Flood Hazard Area">Special Flood Hazard Areas</A> (SFHA), the federal government will make flood insurance available within the community as a financial protection against flood losses. The SFHAs and other risk premium zones applicable to each participating community are depicted on <A href="/wiki/Flood_Insurance_Rate_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood Insurance Rate Map">Flood Insurance Rate Maps</A> (FIRMs). The <A href="/wiki/Flood_mitigation" title="Flood mitigation">Mitigation</A> Division within the <A href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</A> manages the NFIP and oversees the floodplain management and mapping components of the Program.</P>
<P>The intent was to reduce future flood damage through community floodplain management ordinances and provide protection for property owners against potential losses through an insurance mechanism that requires a premium to be paid for the protection. In 2003, the <A href="/wiki/GAO" class="mw-redirect" title="GAO">GAO</A> found that repetitive-loss properties cost the program about $200 million annually.<SUP id="cite_ref-GOA2003_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-GOA2003-5">[5]</A></SUP> Congress originally intended that operating expenses and flood insurance claims be paid for through the premiums collected for flood insurance policies.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP> NFIP borrows from the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">U.S. Treasury</A> for times when losses are heavy, and these loans are paid back with interest.</P>
<P>Between 1978 and year-end 2014, the U.S. Federal Government has paid more than $51 billion in claims under the National Flood Insurance Program.<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Amendments">Amendments</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=National_Flood_Insurance_Program&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Amendments">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The program was first amended by the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973, which made the purchase of flood insurance mandatory for the protection of property within SFHAs. In 1982, the Act was amended by the <A href="/wiki/Coastal_Barrier_Resources_Act" title="Coastal Barrier Resources Act">Coastal Barrier Resources Act</A> (CBRA). The CBRA enacted a set of maps depicting the John H. Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System (CBRS) in which federal flood insurance is unavailable for new or significantly improved structures. The <A href="/w/index.php?title=National_Flood_Insurance_Reform_Act_of_1994&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 1994 (page does not exist)">National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 1994</A> codified the <A href="/wiki/Community_Rating_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Rating System">Community Rating System</A> (an incentive program that encourages communities to exceed the minimal federal requirements for development within floodplains) within the NFIP. The program was further amended by the <A href="/wiki/Flood_Insurance_Reform_Act_of_2004" title="Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004">Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004</A>, with the goal of reducing "losses to properties for which repetitive flood insurance claim payments have been made."</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Biggert%E2%80%93Waters_Flood_Insurance_Reform_Act_of_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012">Biggert–Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012</A> (Biggert-Waters) modified the NFIP. At the conclusion of 2011, as Congress passed Biggert-Waters, the NFIP cumulative debt was over $17 billion.<SUP id="cite_ref-NRC2015_8-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NRC2015-8">[8]</A></SUP> A core principle of Biggert-Waters was to change the NFIP premiums to match actuarial risk-based premiums that better reflected the expected losses and real risk of flooding. These changes included removing discounts to many policies which were being sold below actual actuarial risk targets and eliminating "grandfathering" of older rates.<SUP id="cite_ref-NRC2015_8-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NRC2015-8">[8]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-TPuhlenbrock_9-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TPuhlenbrock-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In January 2014, the United States Senate passed the <A href="/wiki/Homeowner_Flood_Insurance_Affordability_Act_of_2014_(S._1926;_113th_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 (S. 1926; 113th Congress)">Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 (S. 1926; 113th Congress)</A>. This bill changed the process used to alter subsidized premiums and reinstated grandfathering of lower rates; effectively delaying the increases in flood insurance premiums to obtain risk-based premiums under Biggert-Waters and spreading the cost of the lost premiums over all of the remaining policy holders.<SUP id="cite_ref-NRC2015_8-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NRC2015-8">[8]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-ferraroReuters_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ferraroReuters-10">[10]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-1926sum_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1926sum-11">[11]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The National Flood Insurance Program was $24 billion in debt at the beginning of 2014 as a result of Hurricanes Katrina, Rita and Sandy. The passage of the HFIAA described above has concerned insurance and environmental observers that the delay in implementation of actuarial rates will leave taxpayers exposed to additional losses.<SUP id="cite_ref-TPuhlenbrock_9-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TPuhlenbrock-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Floodplain_Status_Determination_Appeals_and_Changes">Floodplain Status Determination Appeals and Changes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=National_Flood_Insurance_Program&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Floodplain Status Determination Appeals and Changes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Letter_of_Map_Amendment">Letter of Map Amendment</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=National_Flood_Insurance_Program&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Letter of Map Amendment">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Insufficient map topographic detail or accuracy can result in the unwarranted determination of Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA). An application for a Letter of Map Amendment (LOMA) uses an Elevation Certificate (prepared by a Registered Land Surveyor or Registered Professional Engineer) to ask FEMA to remove the flood insurance requirement on individual properties.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Letter_of_Map_Revision">Letter of Map Revision</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=National_Flood_Insurance_Program&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Letter of Map Revision">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>For multiple properties or a larger area, an application for a Letter of Map Revision <SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP> can be submitted when the landscape topography is different from that shown on the floodplain boundary and/or flood heights shown on the FIRM and the Flood Insurance Study. A Letter of Map Revision based on Fill (LOMR-F) is used when landscape topography is altered by humans, usually to increase the land elevation and remove land from the floodplain. A Conditional Letter of Map Revision (CLOMR) and Conditional Letter of Map Revision Based on Fill (CLOMR-F) are strongly advised as a mechanism to obtain FEMA feedback on the project before site changes are made, especially in light of the increasing attention on the nexus between the NFIP and the Endangered Species Act.<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Criticisms">Criticisms</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=National_Flood_Insurance_Program&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticisms">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<P>Before 1950 flood insurance was part of the standard <A href="/wiki/Homeowners%27_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeowners' insurance">homeowners' insurance</A> policy. During the 1950s increasingly high correlation of losses by holders of flood policies of the same company caused many insurance companies to begin excluding flood coverage from standard insurance policies, selling flood insurance separately. Over time, insurance premiums collected were insufficient in covering payouts after major flooding events. In 1968, the National Flood Insurance Act established the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), which allows property owners to purchase insurance from the U.S. government that covers certain losses from flooding. This insurance is not set by the market risk valuation. It is less expensive than the private insurance company rate would be. This is accomplished either by the program running a deficit and borrowing money or by subsidies from the national government. Either way, the property owners with NFIP policies are receiving government subsidies to live in areas with high flood risk.</P>
<P>Property losses stemming from flood damage were largely the responsibility of the property owner, although the consequences were sometimes mitigated through provisions for disaster aid. Today, owners of property in flood plains frequently receive disaster aid <I>and</I> payment for insured losses, which in many ways negates the original intent of the NFIP. Consequently, these policy decisions have escalated losses stemming from floods in recent years, both in terms of property and life.<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Moreover, certain provisions within the NFIP increase the likelihood that flood-prone properties will be occupied by the people least likely to be in a position to recover from flood disasters, which further increases demand for aid. This is an example of <A href="/wiki/Adverse_selection" title="Adverse selection">adverse selection</A>. Some factors contributing to increased demand for aid are:</P>
<UL>
<LI>Flood insurance for properties in flood prone areas is mandatory only to secure loans, which makes it somewhat more likely that flood prone properties will be owned by seniors who have paid off their mortgages, or investors who have acquired the property for rental income.</LI>
<LI>Flood insurance only covers losses for the owner of the property, and claims are subject to caps, which further increases the likelihood that the property will be occupied by renters rather than the property owner.</LI>
<LI>Flood prone properties are more likely to be offered for rent because of the owners' increased risks and/or costs associated with occupying the property themselves.</LI>
<LI>Flood prone properties are more likely to be offered for rent at a discount, which attracts lower income groups, seniors, and infirm groups.</LI>
</UL>
<P>According to critics of the program, the government's subsidized insurance plan "encouraged building, and rebuilding, in vulnerable coastal areas and floodplains."<SUP id="cite_ref-gristhanscom_16-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gristhanscom-16">[16]</A></SUP> Stephen Ellis, of the group <A href="/wiki/Taxpayers_for_Common_Sense" title="Taxpayers for Common Sense">Taxpayers for Common Sense</A>, points to "properties that flooded 17 or 18 times that were still covered under the federal insurance program" without premiums going up.<SUP id="cite_ref-gristhanscom_16-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gristhanscom-16">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=National_Flood_Insurance_Program&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Federal Emergency Management Agency (March 1986). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/20130726-1503-20490-9177/fema100.pdf">"A Unified National Program for Floodplain Management"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2014-11-08</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Unified+National+Program+for+Floodplain+Management&rft.date=1986-03&rft.au=Federal+Emergency+Management+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fmedia-library-data%2F20130726-1503-20490-9177%2Ffema100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Flood+Insurance+Program" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-WSJHurricaneHarvey-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-WSJHurricaneHarvey_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-WSJHurricaneHarvey_2-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Witkowski, Rachel; Scism, Leslie (2017-08-26). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/hurricane-harvey-threatens-largest-flood-insurer-1503771686">"Hurricane Harvey Threatens Largest Flood Insurer: The Government"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-10-28</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Hurricane+Harvey+Threatens+Largest+Flood+Insurer%3A+The+Government&rft.date=2017-08-26&rft.aulast=Witkowski&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Scism%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fhurricane-harvey-threatens-largest-flood-insurer-1503771686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Flood+Insurance+Program" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Holladay2010-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Holladay2010_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Holladay JS, Schwartz JA. (2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policyintegrity.org/documents/FloodingtheMarket.pdf">Flooding the Market: The Distributional Consequences of the NFIP</A>. Institute for Policy Integrity.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21727898-if-global-warming-were-not-enough-threat-poor-planning-and-unwise-subsidies-make-floods">"How government policy exacerbates hurricanes like Harvey"</A>. <I>The Economist</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-09-06</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+government+policy+exacerbates+hurricanes+like+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fleaders%2F21727898-if-global-warming-were-not-enough-threat-poor-planning-and-unwise-subsidies-make-floods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Flood+Insurance+Program" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-GOA2003-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-GOA2003_5-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2003). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-03-606T">Challenges Facing the National Flood Insurance Program</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Wright, James M., The Nation's Response to Flood Disasters: A Historical Account. 1 Apr 2000.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Fema.gov (retrieved Apr. 13, 2016) <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fema.gov/loss-dollars-paid-calendar-year#">http://www.fema.gov/loss-dollars-paid-calendar-year#</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-NRC2015-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-NRC2015_8-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-NRC2015_8-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-NRC2015_8-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">National Research Council of the National Academies (2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog/21709/affordability-of-national-flood-insurance-program-premiums-report-1">"Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums Report 1"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-08-20</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Affordability+of+National+Flood+Insurance+Program+Premiums+Report+1&rft.date=2015&rft.au=National+Research+Council+of+the+National+Academies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fcatalog%2F21709%2Faffordability-of-national-flood-insurance-program-premiums-report-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Flood+Insurance+Program" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-TPuhlenbrock-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-TPuhlenbrock_9-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-TPuhlenbrock_9-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Uhlenbrock, Kristan (31 January 2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/01/31/3230141/senate-flood-insurance/">"Despite Hazard of Sea Level Rise, Senate Halts Flood Insurance Reforms"</A>. <I>ThinkProgress</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">31 January</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ThinkProgress&rft.atitle=Despite+Hazard+of+Sea+Level+Rise%2C+Senate+Halts+Flood+Insurance+Reforms&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft.aulast=Uhlenbrock&rft.aufirst=Kristan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthinkprogress.org%2Fclimate%2F2014%2F01%2F31%2F3230141%2Fsenate-flood-insurance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Flood+Insurance+Program" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ferraroReuters-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-ferraroReuters_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Ferraro, Thomas (30 January 2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/01/30/us-usa-insurance-flooding-idUSBREA0T1WK20140130">"U.S. Senate passes bill to delay hikes in flood insurance rates"</A>. <I>Reuters</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">31 January</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate+passes+bill+to+delay+hikes+in+flood+insurance+rates&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft.aulast=Ferraro&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2014%2F01%2F30%2Fus-usa-insurance-flooding-idUSBREA0T1WK20140130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Flood+Insurance+Program" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-1926sum-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1926sum_11-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th/senate-bill/1926">"S. 1926 – Summary"</A>. United States Congress<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">31 January</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.+1926+%E2%80%93+Summary&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeta.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F113th%2Fsenate-bill%2F1926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Flood+Insurance+Program" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><<A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.fema.gov/floodplain-management/letter-map-amendment-loma">https://www.fema.gov/floodplain-management/letter-map-amendment-loma</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fema.gov/national-flood-insurance-program-2/letter-map-revision">"Letter of Map Revision – FEMA.gov"</A>. <I>www.fema.gov</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fema.gov&rft.atitle=Letter+of+Map+Revision+%E2%80%93+FEMA.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fnational-flood-insurance-program-2%2Fletter-map-revision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Flood+Insurance+Program" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fema.gov/national-flood-insurance-program-endangered-species-act">"National Flood Insurance Program & the Endangered Species Act – FEMA.gov"</A>. <I>www.fema.gov</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fema.gov&rft.atitle=National+Flood+Insurance+Program+%26+the+Endangered+Species+Act+%E2%80%93+FEMA.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fema.gov%2Fnational-flood-insurance-program-endangered-species-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Flood+Insurance+Program" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/legacy/assets/documents/global_warming/Overwhelming-Risk-Full-Report.pdf">"Overwhelming risk: Rethinking flood insurance in a world of rising seas"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists" title="Union of Concerned Scientists">Union of Concerned Scientists</A>. February 2014<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 October</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overwhelming+risk%3A+Rethinking+flood+insurance+in+a+world+of+rising+seas&rft.pub=Union+of+Concerned+Scientists&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsusa.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Flegacy%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal_warming%2FOverwhelming-Risk-Full-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Flood+Insurance+Program" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-gristhanscom-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-gristhanscom_16-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-gristhanscom_16-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">hanscom, Greg (13 January 2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grist.org/cities/flood-pressure-how-climate-disasters-put-femas-flood-insurance-program-underwater/">"Flood pressure: Climate disasters drown FEMA's insurance plans"</A>. <I>Grist</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">31 January</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grist&rft.atitle=Flood+pressure%3A+Climate+disasters+drown+FEMA%27s+insurance+plans&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft.aulast=hanscom&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrist.org%2Fcities%2Fflood-pressure-how-climate-disasters-put-femas-flood-insurance-program-underwater%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Flood+Insurance+Program" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=National_Flood_Insurance_Program&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.floodsmart.gov">http://www.floodsmart.gov</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/4001-">Federal law authorizing NFIP</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25463476">Experts: Flood terms mislead public</A> <A href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</A></LI>
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document_title: National Flood Insurance Program

token: National

token: flood

token: insurance

token: program

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: Not

token: be

token: confused

token: with

token: Fire

token: Protection

token: Association

token: NFIP

token: redirects

token: here

token: For

token: the

token: Foundation

token: for

token: Infantile

token: Paralysis

token: see

token: March

token: of

token: Dimes

token: The

token: Flood

token: Insurance

token: Program

token: is

token: a

token: created

token: by

token: Congress

token: United

token: States

token: in

token: through

token: Act

token: enables

token: property

token: owners

token: participating

token: communities

token: purchase

token: protection

token: administered

token: government

token: against

token: losses

token: from

token: flooding

token: and

token: requires

token: all

token: loans

token: lines

token: credit

token: that

token: are

token: secured

token: existing

token: buildings

token: manufactured

question_text: in us national flood insurance is available for which of the following