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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Federalism</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<TD style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em;"><I>Part of <A href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">a series</A> on</I></TD>
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<P><B>Federalism</B> is the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism by the United States of America under the <A href="/wiki/US_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="US constitution">Constitution</A> of 1787, is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Federalism differs from <A href="/wiki/Confederalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederalism">confederalism</A>, in which the general level of government is subordinate to the regional level, and from <A href="/wiki/Devolved_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Devolved government">devolution</A> within a unitary state, in which the regional level of government is subordinate to the general level.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> It represents the central form in the pathway of regional integration or separation,<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP> bounded on the less integrated side by confederalism and on the more integrated side by devolution within a unitary state.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Leading examples of the <A href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</A> or federal state include the United States, Canada, Brazil, Germany, Switzerland, Argentina, Australia and India. Some also today characterize the <A href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</A> as the pioneering example of federalism in a multi-state setting, in a concept termed the federal union of states.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Overview"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Overview</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><A href="#Explanations_for_adoption_of_federalist_systems"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Explanations for adoption of federalist systems</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#European_vs._American_federalism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">European vs. American federalism</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#Examples_of_federalism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Examples of federalism</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Australia"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Australia</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Brazil"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Brazil</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Canada"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Canada</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#India"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">India</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><A href="#Asymmetric_federalism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Asymmetric federalism</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><A href="#Coalition_politics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Coalition politics</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#Nigeria"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Nigeria</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#Malaysia"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Malaysia</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#South_Africa"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">South Africa</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><A href="#Federalism_in_Europe"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext"><SPAN>Federalism in Europe</SPAN></SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><A href="#French_Revolution"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.8.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">French Revolution</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><A href="#European_Union"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.8.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">European Union</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><A href="#Germany"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.8.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Germany</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><A href="#Russian_Federation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Russian Federation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><A href="#United_Arab_Emirates"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">United Arab Emirates</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><A href="#United_States"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">United States</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><A href="#Venezuela"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Venezuela</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><A href="#Federalism_with_two_components"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Federalism with two components</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><A href="#Belgium"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.13.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Belgium</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><A href="#Other_examples"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.13.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Other examples</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><A href="#Proposed_federalism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.14</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Proposed federalism</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><A href="#China"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.14.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">China</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><A href="#Libya"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.14.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Libya</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><A href="#Philippines"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.14.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Philippines</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><A href="#Spain"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.14.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Spain</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><A href="#Sri_Lanka"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.14.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Sri Lanka</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><A href="#Syria"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.14.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Syria</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><A href="#United_Kingdom"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.14.7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">United Kingdom</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><A href="#Federalism_as_the_anarchist_and_libertarian_socialist_mode_of_political_organization"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Federalism as the anarchist and libertarian socialist mode of political organization</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><A href="#Christian_Church"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Christian Church</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><A href="#Constitutional_structure"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Constitutional structure</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><A href="#Division_of_powers"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Division of powers</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><A href="#Bicameralism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Bicameralism</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><A href="#Intergovernmental_relations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Intergovernmental relations</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><A href="#Constitutional_change"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Constitutional change</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><A href="#Other_technical_terms"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Other technical terms</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><A href="#Federalism_as_a_political_philosophy"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Federalism as a political philosophy</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><A href="#Federalism_as_a_conflict_reducing_device"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Federalism as a conflict reducing device</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><A href="#Notes_and_references"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes and references</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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The pathway of regional integration or separation</DIV>
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<P>The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word <I>foedus</I>, meaning "treaty, pact or <A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/covenant" class="extiw" title="wikt:covenant">covenant</A>." Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in <I>Federalist 39</I> had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (i.e. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two).<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP> In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP> Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'.</P>
<P>Modern federalism is a system based upon <A href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</A> rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments. The term <I><A href="/wiki/Federalist" title="Federalist">federalist</A></I> describes several political beliefs around the world depending on context.</P>
<P>Federalism is sometimes viewed as in the context of international negotiation as "the best system for integrating diverse nations, ethnic groups, or combatant parties, all of whom may have cause to fear control by an overly powerful center."<SUP id="cite_ref-Meyer-Resende_9-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Meyer-Resende-9">[9]</A></SUP> However, in some countries, those skeptical of federal prescriptions believe that increased regional autonomy is likely to lead to secession or dissolution of the nation.<SUP id="cite_ref-Meyer-Resende_9-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Meyer-Resende-9">[9]</A></SUP> In Syria, federalization proposals have failed in part because "Syrians fear that these borders could turn out to be the same as the ones that the fighting parties have currently carved out."<SUP id="cite_ref-Meyer-Resende_9-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Meyer-Resende-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Federations such as <A href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</A> or <A href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</A> collapsed as soon as it was possible to put the model to the test.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Explanations_for_adoption_of_federalist_systems">Explanations for adoption of federalist systems</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanations for adoption of federalist systems">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>According to Daniel Ziblatt's <I>Structuring the State</I>, there are four competing theoretical explanations in the academic literature for the adoption of federal systems:</P>
<OL>
<LI>Ideational theories, which hold that a greater degree of ideological commitment to decentralist ideas in society makes federalism more likely to be adopted.</LI>
<LI>Cultural-historical theories, which hold that federal institutions are more likely to be adopted in societies with culturally or ethnically fragmented populations.</LI>
<LI>"Social contract" theories, which hold that federalism emerges as a bargain between a center and a periphery where the center is not powerful enough to dominate the periphery and the periphery is not powerful enough to secede from the center.</LI>
<LI>"Infrastructural power" theories, which hold that federalism is likely to emerge when the subunits of a potential federation already have highly developed infrastructures (e.g. they are already constitutional, parliamentary, and administratively modernized states).<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP></LI>
</OL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="European_vs._American_federalism">European vs. American federalism</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European vs. American federalism">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Europe">Federal Europe</A> and <A href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism in the United States</A></DIV>
<P>In <A href="#Federalism_in_Europe">Europe</A>, "Federalist" is sometimes used to describe those who favor a common federal government, with distributed power at regional, national and supranational levels. Most European federalists want this development to continue within the <A href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</A>.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> European federalism originated in post-war Europe; one of the more important initiatives was <A href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</A>'s speech in <A href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" title="Zürich">Zürich</A> in 1946.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the <A href="#United_States">United States</A>, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the <A href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</A> supported a stronger central government, while "<A href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalists</A>" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States. The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a <A href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacy</A> and a <A href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</A>. The U.S. Constitution was written as a reaction to the <A href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</A>, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government.</P>
<P>In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the <A href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government</A> has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the <A href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</A> intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the <A href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of the United States">judiciary</A> (see <A href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</A>, <A href="/wiki/New_Federalism" title="New Federalism">New Federalism</A>).</P>
<P>In <A href="#Canada">Canada</A>, federalism typically implies opposition to <A href="/wiki/Souverainism" title="Souverainism">sovereigntist</A> movements (most commonly <A href="/wiki/Quebec_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec separatism">Quebec separatism</A>).</P>
<P>The governments of Argentina, <A href="#Australia">Australia</A>, <A href="#Brazil">Brazil</A>, <A href="#India">India</A>, and <A href="#Mexico">Mexico</A>, among others, are also organized along federalist principles.</P>
<P>Federalism may encompass as few as two or three internal divisions, as is the case in <A href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Belgium">Belgium</A> or Bosnia and Herzegovina. In general, two extremes of federalism can be distinguished: at one extreme, the strong federal state is almost completely unitary, with few powers reserved for local governments; while at the other extreme, the national government may be a federal state in name only, being a <A href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</A> in actuality.</P>
<P>In 1999, the <A href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</A> established the <A href="/wiki/Forum_of_Federations" title="Forum of Federations">Forum of Federations</A> as an international network for exchange of best practices among federal and federalizing countries. Headquartered in <A href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</A>, the Forum of Federations partner governments include Australia, Brazil, Canada, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Mexico, Nigeria, and Switzerland.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Examples_of_federalism">Examples of federalism</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples of federalism">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Australia">Australia</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Australia" title="Federalism in Australia">Federalism in Australia</A> and <A href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation of Australia</A></DIV>
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Commonwealth of Australia, consisting of its <A href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">federal district</A>, <A href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</A> (red), the states of <A href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</A> (pink), <A href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</A> (blue), <A href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</A> (purple), <A href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</A> (yellow, bottom), <A href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</A> (green), <A href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</A> (orange) and the territories of <A href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</A> (yellow, top) and <A href="/wiki/Jervis_Bay_Territory" title="Jervis Bay Territory">Jervis Bay Territory</A> (not shown).</DIV>
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<P>On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The <A href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</A> was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held <A href="/wiki/Referendums" class="mw-redirect" title="Referendums">referendums</A> on becoming a unified, self-governing "Commonwealth" within the British Empire. When all the colonies voted in favour of federation, the <A href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation of Australia</A> commenced, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The model of Australian federalism adheres closely to the original model of the United States of America, although it does so through a parliamentary <A href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</A> rather than a presidential system.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Brazil">Brazil</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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Brazil is a union of 26 <A href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" title="States of Brazil">states</A> and its <A href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">federal district</A>, which is the site of the federal capital, <A href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</A>.</DIV>
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" title="States of Brazil">States of Brazil</A></DIV>
<P>In Brazil, the <A href="/wiki/Decline_and_fall_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Decline and fall of Pedro II of Brazil">fall of the monarchy in 1889</A> by a military <I><A href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</A></I> led to the rise of the <A href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</A>, headed by <A href="/wiki/Deodoro_da_Fonseca" title="Deodoro da Fonseca">Deodoro da Fonseca</A>. Aided by well-known jurist <A href="/wiki/Ruy_Barbosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruy Barbosa">Ruy Barbosa</A>, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Brazilian constitution</A> since 1891, although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles. The 1937 federal government had the authority to appoint State Governors (called <A href="/wiki/Federal_intervention" title="Federal intervention">intervenors</A>) at will, thus centralizing power in the hands of President <A href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</A>. Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade. Brazil is one of the biggest federal governments.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Brazilian Constitution of 1988</A> introduced a new component to the ideas of federalism, including <A href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil" title="Municipalities of Brazil">municipalities</A> as federal entities. Brazilian municipalities are now invested with some of the traditional powers usually granted to states in federalism, and they are allowed to have a Constitution like the Constitution of Rio Grande do Sul State</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Canada">Canada</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federalism</A></DIV>
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In Canada, the provincial governments derive all their powers directly from the <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">constitution</A>. In contrast, the <A href="/wiki/Territories_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Territories of Canada">territories</A> are subordinate to the federal government and are delegated powers by it.</DIV>
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<P>In Canada the system of federalism is described by the division of powers between the <A href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">federal parliament</A> and the country's <A href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provincial</A> governments. Under the <A href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act</A> (previously known as the <A href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act">British North America Act</A>) of 1867, specific powers of legislation are allotted. Section 91 of the constitution gives rise to federal authority for legislation, whereas section 92 gives rise to provincial powers.</P>
<P>For matters not directly dealt with in the constitution, the federal government retains residual powers; however, conflict between the two levels of government, relating to which level has legislative jurisdiction over various matters, has been a longstanding and evolving issue. Areas of contest include legislation with respect to regulation of the economy, taxation, and natural resources.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="India">India</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: India">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Federalism_in_India" title="Federalism in India">Federalism in India</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:State-_and_union_territory-level_parties.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/State-_and_union_territory-level_parties.svg/220px-State-_and_union_territory-level_parties.svg.png" width="220" height="250" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/State-_and_union_territory-level_parties.svg/330px-State-_and_union_territory-level_parties.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/State-_and_union_territory-level_parties.svg/440px-State-_and_union_territory-level_parties.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="1792" /></A>
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Indian state governments led by various political parties</DIV>
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<P>The <A href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</A> (referred to as the <I>Union Government</I>) was established by the <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</A>, and is the governing authority of a <I>federal union</I> of <A href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">29 states and 7 union territories</A>.</P>
<P>The government of India is based on a 3 tiered system, in which the <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</A> delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the Union of India, and the State governments. Later, a third tier was added in the form of <A href="/wiki/Panchayats" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayats">Panchayats</A> and Municipalities. In the current arrangement, The <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India#Schedules" title="Constitution of India">Seventh Schedule</A> of the Indian Constitution delimits the subjects of each level of governmental jurisdiction, dividing them into three lists:</P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Union_List" title="Union List">Union List</A> includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency. The Union Government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union List.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/State_List" title="State List">State List</A> contains subjects of State and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The State Governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the State List.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Concurrent_List" title="Concurrent List">Concurrent List</A> includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments, such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. Both the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list. If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government will prevail.</LI>
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<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Asymmetric_federalism">Asymmetric federalism</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Asymmetric federalism">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric.<SUP id="cite_ref-NCERT_13-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NCERT-13">[13]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Article_370" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 370">Article 370</A> makes special provisions for the state of <A href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</A> as per its <A href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)">Instrument of Accession</A>. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of <A href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</A>, <A href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</A>, <A href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</A>, <A href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</A>, <A href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</A>, <A href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</A> and <A href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</A> as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of <A href="/wiki/President%27s_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Rule">President's Rule</A> in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Coalition_politics">Coalition politics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coalition politics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Although the Constitution does not say so, India is now a multilingual federation.<SUP id="cite_ref-NCERT_13-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NCERT-13">[13]</A></SUP> India has a multi-party system, with political allegiances frequently based on linguistic, regional and caste identities,<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP> necessitating coalition politics, especially at the <A href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Union</A> level.</P>
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<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Nigeria">Nigeria</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nigeria">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Nigeria" title="Federalism in Nigeria">Federalism in Nigeria</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="mbox-text-span"><B>This section is empty.</B> <SMALL>You can help by <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</A>.</SMALL> <SMALL><I>(November 2016)</I></SMALL></DIV>
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<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Malaysia">Malaysia</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Malaysia">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Malaysia is a <A href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">federal</A> <A href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="South_Africa">South Africa</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Federalism_in_South_Africa" title="Federalism in South Africa">Federalism in South Africa</A></DIV>
<P>Although South Africa bears some elements of a federal system, such as the allocation of certain powers to provinces, it is nevertheless constitutionally and functionally a unitary state.<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Federalism_in_Europe"><SPAN id="Europe">Federalism in Europe</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Federalism in Europe">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Several federal systems exist in Europe, such as in Switzerland, Austria, <A href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Germany" title="Federalism in Germany">Germany</A>, <A href="#Belgium">Belgium</A>, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the <A href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</A>.</P>
<P>In Britain, an <A href="/wiki/Imperial_Federation" title="Imperial Federation">Imperial Federation</A> was once seen as (<I>inter alia</I>) a method of solving the <A href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule Movement">Home Rule</A> problem in Ireland; federalism has long been proposed<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><SPAN title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2013)">by whom?</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> as a solution to the "<A href="/wiki/The_Irish_Problem" class="mw-redirect" title="The Irish Problem">Irish Problem</A>", and more lately, to the "<A href="/wiki/West_Lothian_question" title="West Lothian question">West Lothian question</A>".<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="French_Revolution">French Revolution</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: French Revolution">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>During the <A href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</A>, especially in 1793, "federalism" had an entirely different meaning. It was a political movement to weaken the central government in Paris by devolving power to the provinces.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="European_Union">European Union</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Following the end of <A href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</A>, several movements began advocating a European <A href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</A>, such as the <A href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Federalists" title="Union of European Federalists">Union of European Federalists</A> and the <A href="/wiki/European_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="European Movement">European Movement</A>, founded in 1948. Those organizations exercised influence in the European unification process, but never in a decisive way.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>Although the drafts of both the <A href="/wiki/Maastricht_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maastricht treaty">Maastricht treaty</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe</A> mentioned federalism, the reference never made it to the text of the treaties adopted by consensus. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg while those historically most strongly opposed have been the United Kingdom, Denmark and France (with conservative heads of state and governments).<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995), the French authorities have adopted a much more pro-European Unification position, as they consider that a strong EU is presenting the best "insurance" against a unified Germany which might become too strong and thus a threat for its neighbours.</P>
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<P>Those uncomfortable using the “F” word in the EU context should feel free to refer to it as a quasi-federal or federal-like system. Nevertheless, for the purposes of the analysis here, the EU has the necessary attributes of a federal system. It is striking that while many scholars of the EU continue to resist analyzing it as a federation, most contemporary students of federalism view the EU as a federal system (See for instance, Bednar, Filippov et al., McKay, Kelemen, Defigueido and Weingast). (R. Daniel Kelemen)<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP></P>
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<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Germany">Germany</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
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Federal states of Germany</DIV>
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States of Germany</A></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Germany" title="Federalism in Germany">Federalism in Germany</A></DIV>
<P>Germany and the EU present the only examples of federalism in the world where members of the federal "upper houses" (the German <I><A href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</A> (Federal Council)</I> and the <I><A href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</A></I>) are neither elected nor appointed but comprise members or delegates of the governments of their constituents. The United States had a similar system until 1913, where prior to the 17th Amendment, Senators were delegates of the state elected by the state legislatures rather than the citizens.</P>
<P>Already the <A href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</A>, the <A href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</A>, the <A href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</A>, the <A href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</A> were federal complexes of territories of different political structures. Modern Germany abandoned federalism only during <A href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazism</A> (1933–1945) and in the DDR (<I>German Democratic Republic</I> a.k.a. East Germany) from 1952 to 1990. <A href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</A> viewed federalism as an obstacle to his goals. As he wrote in <I><A href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</A></I>, "<A href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialism</A> must claim the right to impose its principles on the whole German nation, without regard to what were hitherto the confines of federal states."<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><SPAN title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>Accordingly, the idea of a strong, centralized government has very negative connotations in German politics, although the progressive political movements in Germany (Liberals, Social Democrats) were advocating at the time of the Second German Empire (1871-1918) to abolish (or to reshape) the majority of German federated states of that era, as they were considered to be mostly monarchist remnances of the feudal structures of the Middle Ages.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Russian_Federation">Russian Federation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Russian Federation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Russian_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian federalism">Russian federalism</A></DIV>
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Federal subjects of Russia</DIV>
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<P>The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the <A href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</A> (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the <A href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet Russia">aftermath of the Soviet Union</A>, with the reforms under <A href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</A> preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the <A href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">Chechen War</A>). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by <A href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</A>.</P>
<P>All of Russia's subdivisional entities are known as subjects, with some smaller entities, such as the republics enjoying more autonomy than other subjects on account of having an extant presence of a culturally non-Russian ethnic minority or, in some cases, majority.</P>
<P>Currently, there are 85 federal subjects of Russia.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</A> is a <A href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">federal</A> <A href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</A> of <A href="/wiki/Royal_families_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Royal families of the United Arab Emirates">the six ruling families of the United Arab Emirates</A> with <A href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</A> of each Emirate being an absolute monarch and the Emir of <A href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</A> being also the <A href="/wiki/President_of_the_UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the UAE">President of the UAE</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United States">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism in the United States</A></DIV>
<P>Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between <A href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">state governments</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</A>. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national government "are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers." Alexander Hamilton, writing in "Federalist No. 28," suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: "If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress." (<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learner.org/courses/democracyinamerica/dia_3/dia_3_topic.html">1</A>)</P>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg/300px-Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg.png" width="300" height="186" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg/450px-Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg/600px-Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></A>
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The United States is composed of fifty self-governing states and several territories.</DIV>
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<P>Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain <I>express powers</I> (also called <I><A href="/wiki/Enumerated_powers" title="Enumerated powers">enumerated powers</A></I>) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution, including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the <I><A href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper Clause</A></I> gives the federal government the <I>implied power</I> to pass any law "necessary and proper" for the execution of its express powers. Other powers—the <I><A href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserved powers</A></I>—are reserved to the people or the states.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP> The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in <A href="/wiki/McCulloch_v._Maryland" title="McCulloch v. Maryland">McCulloch v. Maryland</A> (1819), amendments to the Constitution following the <A href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</A>, and by some later amendments—as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</A> of the United States was opposed by the <A href="/wiki/Democratic-Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republicans">Democratic-Republicans</A>, including powerful figures such as <A href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</A>. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the <A href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper Clause</A>) and that they were unchecked; the Executive had too much power, and that there was no check on the executive; a dictator would arise; and that a bill of rights should be coupled with the constitution to prevent a dictator (then believed to eventually be the president) from exploiting or tyrannizing citizens. The federalists, on the other hand, argued that it was impossible to list all the rights, and those that were not listed could be easily overlooked because they were not in the official bill of rights. Rather, rights in specific cases were to be decided by the judicial system of courts.</P>
<P>After the <A href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</A>, the federal government increased greatly in influence on everyday life and in size relative to the state governments. Reasons included the need to regulate businesses and industries that span state borders, attempts to secure civil rights, and the provision of social services. The federal government acquired no substantial new powers until the acceptance by the Supreme Court of the <A href="/wiki/Sherman_Anti-Trust_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Anti-Trust Act">Sherman Anti-Trust Act</A>.</P>
<P>From 1938 until 1995, the <A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</A> did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the <A href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</A>. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the <A href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</A>, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court in recent years. In 1995 the Supreme Court rejected the <A href="/wiki/Gun-Free_School_Zones_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun-Free School Zones Act">Gun-Free School Zones Act</A> in the Lopez decision, and also rejected the civil remedy portion of the <A href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act_of_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence Against Women Act of 1994">Violence Against Women Act of 1994</A> in the <I><A href="/wiki/United_States_v._Morrison" title="United States v. Morrison">United States v. Morrison</A></I> decision. Recently, the Commerce Clause was interpreted to include marijuana laws in the <I><A href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich" title="Gonzales v. Raich">Gonzales v. Raich</A></I> decision.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</A> holds that the federal government and the state governments are co-equals, each sovereign.</P>
<P>However, since the Civil War Era, the national courts often interpret the federal government as the final judge of its own powers under dual federalism. The establishment of <A href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</A> governments (which are <A href="/wiki/Indian_country" title="Indian country">separate and distinct</A> from state and federal government) exercising limited powers of <A href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal sovereignty">sovereignty</A>, has given rise to the concept of "bi-federalism."</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Venezuela">Venezuela</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Venezuela">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Federal_War" title="Federal War">Federal War</A> ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The <A href="/wiki/United_States_of_Venezuela" title="United States of Venezuela">United States of Venezuela</A> were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the <A href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</A> of the United States of America. In this Federation, each State had a "President" of its own that controlled almost every issue, even the creation of "State Armies," while the Federal Army was required to obtain presidential permission to enter any given state.</P>
<P>However, more than 140 years later, the original system has gradually evolved into a quasi-centralist form of government. While the <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">1999 Constitution</A> still defines Venezuela as a Federal Republic, it abolished the Senate, transferred competences of the States to the Federal Government and granted the President of the Republic vast powers to intervene in the States and Municipalities.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Federalism_with_two_components">Federalism with two components</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Federalism with two components">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Belgium">Belgium</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
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<DIV class="mbox-text-span">This section <B>contains information of unclear or questionable <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">importance</A> or <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">relevance</A> to the article's subject matter</B>. <SPAN class="hide-when-compact">Please <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit">help improve</A> this section by clarifying or removing <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Out_of_scope" title="Wikipedia:Out of scope">superfluous information</A>. If importance cannot be established, the section is likely to be moved to another article, <A href="/wiki/Template:Anchor" title="Template:Anchor">pseudo-redirected</A>, or removed.<BR />
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Belgian_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian federal government">Belgian federal government</A>; <A href="/wiki/Belgian_federal_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian federal parliament">Belgian federal parliament</A>; and <A href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium</A></DIV>
<P>Federalism in the Kingdom of Belgium is an evolving system.</P>
<P>Belgian federalism is a twin system which reflects both the</P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">linguistic <I>communities</I></A> of the country, <A href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French</A> (ca. 40% of the total population), <A href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Dutch</A> (ca. 59%), and to a much lesser extent <A href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">German</A> (ca. 1%) and the</LI>
<LI>geographically defined Regions (federated States: <A href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital</A> (de facto Greater Brussels), <A href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flanders</A> and <A href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</A>). The last two correspond to <A href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">the language areas in Belgium</A>, Wallonia hosting both the bulk of the French-speaking population and the German-speaking minority. In Brussels, ca. 80% of the population speaks French and ca. 20% Dutch with the city being an enclave of the Flemish region and officially a bilingual area.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</A> is the region associated with Belgium's <A href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</A>-speaking majority, i.e. the <A href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</A>.</LI>
<LI>Due to its relatively small size (approximately one percent) the German-speaking Community of Belgium does not have much influence on national politics.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</A> is a French-speaking area, except for the German-speaking so-called <A href="/wiki/East_Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cantons">East Cantons</A> (<I>Cantons de l'est</I>). French is the second most spoken mother tongue of Belgium, after Dutch. Within the French-speaking Community of Belgium, there is a geographical and political distinction between Wallonia and Brussels for historical and sociological reasons. Historically, the Walloons were for a federalism with three components and the Flemings for two.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP> This difference is one of the elements which makes the Belgian issue so complicated. The Flemings wanted to defend their culture while the Walloons wanted to defend their political and economical supremacy they had in the 19th century: <I>It is true that the Walloon movement, which has never stopped affirming that Wallonia is part of the French cultural area, has never made this cultural struggle a priority, being more concerned to struggle against its status as a political minority and the economic decline which was only a corollary to it</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
<P>On one hand, this means that the <A href="/wiki/Politics_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in Belgium">Belgian political landscape</A>, generally speaking, consists of only two components: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language <A href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Belgium">political parties</A>, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels, represented by their French-speaking parties. The Brussels region emerges as a third component.<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP> This specific dual form of federalism, with the special position of Brussels, consequently has a number of political issues—even minor ones—that are being fought out over the Dutch/French-language political division. With such issues, a final decision is possible only in the form of a compromise. This tendency gives this dual federalism model a number of traits that generally are ascribed to <A href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederalism</A>, and makes the future of Belgian federalism contentious.<SUP id="cite_ref-enc_26-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-enc-26">[26]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP></P>
<P>On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of <A href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</A> and Brussels.<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-lalibre.be_29-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-lalibre.be-29">[29]</A></SUP> These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system with two components (i.e. the Dutch and French Communities of Belgium). However, the Flemish representatives in the <A href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Brussels_Capital-Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the Brussels Capital-Region">Parliament of the Brussels Capital-Region</A> voted in favour of the Brussels resolution, with the exception of <A href="/wiki/Vlaams_Belang" title="Vlaams Belang">one party</A>. The chairman of the <A href="/wiki/Walloon_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon Parliament">Walloon Parliament</A> stated on July 17, 2008 that, "<I>Brussels would take an attitude</I>".<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP> Brussels' parliament passed the resolution on July 18, 2008:</P>
<DL>
<DD><I>The Parliament of the <A href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</A> approves with great majority a resolution claiming the presence of Brussels itself at the negotiations of the reformation of the Belgian State.</I><SUP id="cite_ref-lalibre.be_29-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-lalibre.be-29">[29]</A></SUP> <SUP>July 18, 2008</SUP></DD>
</DL>
<P>This aspect of Belgian federalism helps to explain the difficulties of <A href="/wiki/Partition_of_Belgium" title="Partition of Belgium">partition</A>; Brussels, with its importance, is linked to both Wallonia and Flanders and <A href="/wiki/Vice_versa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice versa">vice versa</A>. This situation, however, does not erase the traits of a confederation in the Belgian system.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Other_examples">Other examples</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other examples">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" width="200" height="133" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/300px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/400px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/File:FIAV_111111.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="FIAV 111111.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/FIAV_111111.svg/23px-FIAV_111111.svg.png" width="23" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/FIAV_111111.svg/35px-FIAV_111111.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/FIAV_111111.svg/46px-FIAV_111111.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="630" /></A> Official flag of <A href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</A> Ratio: 2:3</DIV>
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<P>Current examples of two-sided federalism:</P>
<UL>
<LI>Bosnia and Herzegovina is a federation of two <I>entities</I>: <A href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</A> and <A href="/wiki/Federation_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</A> (the latter itself a federation).</LI>
</UL>
<P>Historical examples of two-sided federalism include:</P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</A>, until the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic separated in 1993.</LI>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</A>, from 1992 to 2003 when it became a confederation titled the State Union of <A href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</A>. This confederation expired 2006 as Montenegro declared its independence.</LI>
<LI>The 1960 <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Cyprus">Constitution of Cyprus</A> was based on the same ideas, but the union of <A href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greeks</A> and <A href="/wiki/Cypriot_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot Turks">Turks</A> failed.</LI>
<LI>United Republic of Tanzania (formerly <A href="/wiki/United_Republic_of_Tanganyika_and_Zanzibar" class="mw-redirect" title="United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar">United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar</A>), which was the union of <A href="/wiki/Tanganyika" title="Tanganyika">Tanganyika</A> and <A href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</A>.</LI>
<LI>Iraq adapted a federal system on 15 October 2005, and formally recognized the <A href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</A> as the country's first and currently only federal region. See <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution of Iraq</A> for more information regarding Iraq's method of creating federal entities.</LI>
<LI>The Federal Republic of <A href="/wiki/Cameroun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameroun">Cameroun</A> operated between 1961 and 1972</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Proposed_federalism">Proposed federalism</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Proposed federalism">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>It has been proposed in several <A href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary states</A> to establish a federal system, for various reasons.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="China">China</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: China">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Federalism_in_China" title="Federalism in China">Federalism in China</A></DIV>
<P>China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area. Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries, it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs. On the other hand, <A href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalists</A> are suspicious of decentralization as a form of secessionism and a backdoor for national disunity; still others argue that the degree of autonomy given to <A href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of the People's Republic of China">provincial</A>-level officials in the People's Republic of China amounts to a <I>de facto</I> federalism.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Libya">Libya</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Libya">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Shortly after the <A href="/wiki/Libyan_Civil_War_(2011)" title="Libyan Civil War (2011)">2011 civil war</A>, some people in <A href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</A> (in the eastern region of the country) began to call for the new regime to be federal, with the traditional three regions of Libya (Cyrenaica, <A href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</A>) being the constituent units. A group calling itself the "Cyrenaican Transitional Council" issued a declaration of autonomy on 6 March 2012; this move was rejected by the <A href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</A> in <A href="/wiki/Tripoli" title="Tripoli">Tripoli</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[34]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Philippines">Philippines</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
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11 Proposed "States" for the proposed Federal Republic of the Philippines</DIV>
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Federalism in the Philippines">Federalism in the Philippines</A></DIV>
<P>The Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to <A href="/wiki/Local_Government_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government Unit">Local Government Units</A> (LGUs) under the terms of the <A href="/wiki/Local_Government_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government Code">Local Government Code</A>. There is also one autonomous region, the <A href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</A>. Over the years <A href="/wiki/Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines" title="Constitutional reform in the Philippines">various modifications</A> have been proposed to the <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</A>, including possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a <A href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</A>. In 2004, <A href="/wiki/Philippine_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine President">Philippine President</A> <A href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</A> established the Consultative Commission which suggested such a Charter Change but no action was taken by the <A href="/wiki/Philippine_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Congress">Philippine Congress</A> to amend the 1987 Constitution.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Spain">Spain</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a "federation without federalism".<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP> The country has been quoted as being "an extraordinarily decentralized country", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending,<SUP id="cite_ref-Mallet_36-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Mallet-36">[36]</A></SUP> 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the <A href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">social security</A> system.<SUP id="cite_ref-economist.com_37-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-economist.com-37">[37]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Spanish_constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish constitution of 1978">current Spanish constitution</A> has been implemented in such a way that, in many respects, Spain can be compared to countries which are undeniably federal.<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP></P>
<P>However, in order to manage the tensions present in the <A href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</A>, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements.<SUP id="cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_39-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-39">[39]</A></SUP> Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque Country and Navarre, which were recognized in the Spanish democratic constitution as <A href="/wiki/Fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueros">charter</A> territories drawing from historical reasons) and then distributed to the <A href="/wiki/Autonomous_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Communities">Autonomous Communities</A>.</P>
<P>An explicit and legal recognition of federalism as such is promoted by parties such as <A href="/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Podemos (Spanish political party)">Podemos</A>, <A href="/wiki/United_Left_(Spain)" title="United Left (Spain)">United Left</A> and, more recently, the <A href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers' Party</A>. The Spanish Socialist party has recently considered the idea of enshrining a federal Spain, in part, due to the increase of the Spanish peripheral nationalisms and the Catalan proposal of <A href="/wiki/Catalan_self-determination_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan self-determination referendum">self-determination referenda</A> for creating a Catalan state in <A href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</A>, either independent or within Spain.<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[41]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[42]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Federalism in Sri Lanka">Federalism in Sri Lanka</A></DIV>
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<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Syria">Syria</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Syria" title="Federalization of Syria">Federalization of Syria</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="mbox-text-span"><B>This section is empty.</B> <SMALL>You can help by <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</A>.</SMALL> <SMALL><I>(November 2016)</I></SMALL></DIV>
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<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
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Map of the <A href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</A> and <A href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions of England</A></DIV>
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<P>The United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a <A href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</A> by the <A href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Westminster Parliament</A> in <A href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</A>. Instead of adopting a federal model, the UK has relied on gradual <A href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</A> to decentralise political power. Devolution in the UK began with the <A href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Government of Ireland Act 1914</A> which granted <A href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</A> to Ireland as a constituent country of the former <A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</A>. Following the <A href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of Ireland</A> in 1921 which saw the creation of the sovereign <A href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</A> (which eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland), Northern Ireland retained its devolved government through the <A href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</A>, the only part of the UK to have such a body at this time. This body was suspended in 1972 and Northern Ireland was governed by <A href="/wiki/Direct_rule_over_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct rule over Northern Ireland">direct rule</A> during the period of conflict known as <A href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</A>.</P>
<P>In modern times, a process of <A href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">devolution in the United Kingdom</A> has decentralised power once again. Since the <A href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution_referendum,_1997" title="Scottish devolution referendum, 1997">1997 referendums in Scotland</A> and <A href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution_referendum,_1997" title="Welsh devolution referendum, 1997">Wales</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</A> in Northern Ireland, three of the four <A href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">constituent countries of the UK</A> now have some level of autonomy. Government has been devolved to the <A href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</A>, the <A href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-bbc-devo_43-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bbc-devo-43">[43]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[44]</A></SUP> England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament. In 1998 a set of eight unelected <A href="/wiki/Regional_assembly_(England)" title="Regional assembly (England)">Regional assemblies</A>, or chambers, was created to support the <A href="/wiki/Regional_development_agency" title="Regional development agency">English Regional Development Agencies</A>, but these were abolished between 2008 and 2010. The <A href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions of England</A> continue to be used in certain governmental administrative functions.</P>
<P>Critics of devolution often cite the <A href="/wiki/West_Lothian_question" title="West Lothian question">West Lothian question</A>, which refers to the voting power of non-English MPs on matters affecting only England in the UK Parliament. <A href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</A> and <A href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</A> have been increasing in popularity, and since the <A href="/wiki/Scottish_independence_referendum,_2014" title="Scottish independence referendum, 2014">Scottish independence referendum, 2014</A> there has been a wider debate about the UK adopting a federal system with each of the four <A href="/wiki/Home_Nations" title="Home Nations">home nations</A> having its own, equal devolved legislatures and law-making powers.<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[45]</A></SUP></P>
<P>UK federal government was proposed as early as 1912 by the <A href="/wiki/Dundee_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dundee (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Dundee</A>, <A href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</A>, in the context of the legislation for Irish Home Rule. In a speech in <A href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</A> on 12 September, he proposed that England should also be governed by regional parliaments, with power devolved to areas such as Lancashire, Yorkshire, the Midlands and London as part of a federal system of government.<SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[46]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-churchill1912_47-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-churchill1912-47">[47]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Federalism_as_the_anarchist_and_libertarian_socialist_mode_of_political_organization">Federalism as the anarchist and libertarian socialist mode of political organization</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Federalism as the anarchist and libertarian socialist mode of political organization">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Decentralization#Libertarian_socialist_decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization § Libertarian socialist decentralization</A></DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">Anarchists</A> are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing <A href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</A>. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or <A href="/wiki/Confederalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederalism">confederalism</A>. However, the anarchist definition of federalism tends to differ from the definition of federalism assumed by pro-state political scientists. The following is a brief description of federalism from section I.5 of <I><A href="/wiki/An_Anarchist_FAQ" title="An Anarchist FAQ">An Anarchist FAQ</A></I>:</P>
<DL>
<DD>"The social and political structure of anarchy is similar to that of the economic structure, i.e., it is based on a voluntary federation of decentralized, directly democratic policy-making bodies. These are the neighborhood and community assemblies and their confederations. In these grassroots political units, the concept of "self-management" becomes that of "self-government", a form of municipal organisation in which people take back control of their living places from the bureaucratic state and the capitalist class whose interests it serves.</DD>
<DD>[...]</DD>
<DD>The key to that change, from the anarchist standpoint, is the creation of a network of participatory communities based on self-government through direct, face-to-face democracy in grassroots neighborhood and community assemblies [meetings for discussion, debate, and decision making].</DD>
<DD>[...]</DD>
<DD>Since not all issues are local, the neighborhood and community assemblies will also elect mandated and re-callable delegates to the larger-scale units of self-government in order to address issues affecting larger areas, such as urban districts, the city or town as a whole, the county, the <A href="/w/index.php?title=Bio-region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bio-region (page does not exist)">bio-region</A>, and ultimately the entire planet. Thus the assemblies will confederate at several levels in order to develop and co-ordinate common policies to deal with common problems.</DD>
<DD>[...]</DD>
<DD>This need for co-operation does not imply a centralized body. To exercise your autonomy by joining self-managing organisations and, therefore, agreeing to abide by the decisions you help make is not a denial of that autonomy (unlike joining a hierarchical structure, where you forsake autonomy within the organisation). In a centralized system, we must stress, power rests at the top and the role of those below is simply to obey (it matters not if those with the power are elected or not, the principle is the same). In a federal system, power is not delegated into the hands of a few (obviously a "federal" government or state is a centralized system). Decisions in a federal system are made at the base of the organisation and flow upwards so ensuring that power remains decentralized in the hands of all. Working together to solve common problems and organize common efforts to reach common goals is not centralization and those who confuse the two make a serious error -- they fail to understand the different relations of authority each generates and confuse obedience with co-operation."<SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[48]</A></SUP></DD>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Christian_Church">Christian Church</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Christian Church">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</A></DIV>
<P>Federalism also finds expression in <A href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</A> (the <A href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">church</A>). For example, <A href="/wiki/Presbyterian_church_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian church governance">presbyterian church governance</A> resembles <A href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliamentary</A> <A href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</A> (a form of <I>political federalism</I>) to a large extent. In <A href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</A> denominations, the local church is ruled by elected <A href="/wiki/Elder_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder (religious)">elders</A>, some of which are <A href="/wiki/Minister_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of religion">ministerial</A>. Each church then sends representatives or commissioners to <A href="/wiki/Presbytery_(presbyterian_church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbytery (presbyterian church)">presbyteries</A> and further to a <A href="/wiki/General_Assembly_(presbyterian_church)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Assembly (presbyterian church)">general assembly</A>. Each greater level of assembly has ruling authority over its constituent members. In this governmental structure, each component has some level of sovereignty over itself. As in <I>political federalism</I>, in presbyterian ecclesiology there is shared sovereignty.</P>
<P>Other ecclesiologies also have significant representational and federalistic components, including the more anarchic <A href="/wiki/Congregationalist_church_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist church governance">congregational ecclesiology</A>, and even in more hierarchical <A href="/wiki/Episcopalian_church_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopalian church governance">episcopal ecclesiology</A>.</P>
<P>Some Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism (or federalism in human institutions; in contrast to <A href="/wiki/Covenant_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant Theology">theological federalism</A>) is the <A href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiastical</A> federalism found in the <A href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</A>. They point to the structure of the early <A href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</A> as described (and prescribed, as believed by many) in the <A href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</A>. In their arguments, this is particularly demonstrated in the <A href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</A>, described in <A href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</A> chapter 15, where the <A href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Apostles</A> and <A href="/wiki/Elder_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder (religious)">elders</A> gathered together to govern the Church; the Apostles being representatives of the universal Church, and elders being such for the local church. To this day, elements of federalism can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Constitutional_structure">Constitutional structure</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Constitutional structure">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Division_of_powers">Division of powers</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Division of powers">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <A href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</A>.</DIV>
<P>In a federation, the division of power between federal and regional governments is usually outlined in the <A href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</A>. Almost every country allows some degree of regional self-government, in federations the right to self-government of the component states is constitutionally entrenched. Component states often also possess their own constitutions which they may amend as they see fit, although in the event of conflict the federal constitution usually takes precedence.</P>
<P>In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as <A href="/wiki/Exclusive_federal_powers" title="Exclusive federal powers">exclusive federal powers</A>. Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition. Notably, the <A href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states of Germany</A> retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</A>'s agreement to join the <A href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</A> in 1871. Beyond this the precise division of power varies from one nation to another. The constitutions of <A href="/wiki/Grundgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundgesetz">Germany</A> and the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States</A> provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states. The Constitution of some countries like <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Canada</A> and <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">India</A>, on the other hand, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial governments are retained by the federal government. Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility. Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty, powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as <A href="/wiki/Concurrent_powers" title="Concurrent powers">concurrent powers</A> are retained by the constituent states.</P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:La_esp_Rep._Federal,_Rep._Unitaria_(2).JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG/220px-La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG" width="220" height="180" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG/330px-La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG/440px-La_esp_Rep._Federal%2C_Rep._Unitaria_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="593" /></A>
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Satiric depiction of late 19th century political tensions in Spain</DIV>
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<P>Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. <A href="/wiki/Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</A> exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the <A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basque_people#Late_Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Basque people">Basques</A> and <A href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalans</A>, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the "historical communities" such as <A href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</A>, <A href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</A>, <A href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</A>, and the <A href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</A>. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or <A href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">the Spain of the autonomous communities</A> (called also the "coffee for everyone" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to <A href="/wiki/Fuero#Basque_and_Pyrenean_fueros" title="Fuero">specific rights they had held</A> earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.</P>
<P>It is common that during the historical evolution of a federation there is a gradual movement of power from the component states to the centre, as the federal government acquires additional powers, sometimes to deal with unforeseen circumstances. The acquisition of new powers by a federal government may occur through formal constitutional amendment or simply through a broadening of the interpretation of a government's existing constitutional powers given by the courts.</P>
<P>Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (<I>municípios</I>) with their own legislative council (<I>câmara de vereadores</I>) and a mayor (<I>prefeito</I>), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a "little constitution", called "organic law" (<I>lei orgânica</I>). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (<I>municipio libre</I>, "free municipality") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the <A href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Political divisions of Mexico">constituent states</A>. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly.</P>
<P>Federations often employ the <A href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradox</A> of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of <A href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">statehood</A>) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the <A href="/wiki/United_States_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States constitution">US Constitution</A>) wrote in <A href="/wiki/Federalist_No._39" title="Federalist No. 39">Federalist Paper No. 39</A> that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both. In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national..." This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all <A href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</A> that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent. This was reaffirmed by the <A href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</A>, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Bicameralism">Bicameralism</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bicameralism">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as '<A href="/w/index.php?title=Intrastate_federalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intrastate federalism (page does not exist)">intrastate federalism</A>', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a <A href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</A> legislature the <A href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</A> is often used to represent the component states while the <A href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</A> represents the people of the nation as a whole. A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of <A href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">apportionment</A>, as is the case in the <A href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">senates</A> of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population.</P>
<P>Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the <A href="/wiki/Bundesrat_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat (Germany)">German Bundesrat</A> and in the <A href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</A>. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Intergovernmental_relations">Intergovernmental relations</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Intergovernmental relations">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>In Canada, the provincial governments represent regional interests and negotiate directly with the central government. A <A href="/wiki/First_Ministers_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="First Ministers conference">First Ministers conference</A> of the prime minister and the provincial premiers is the <A href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</A> highest political forum in the land, although it is not mentioned in the constitution.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Constitutional_change">Constitutional change</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Constitutional change">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect. In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons. In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a <I>double majority</I>.</P>
<P>Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the <A href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy in Canada">monarchy</A> would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The <A href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany">German Basic Law</A> provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Other_technical_terms">Other technical terms</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Other technical terms">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">Fiscal federalism</A> – the relative financial positions and the financial relations between the levels of government in a federal system.</LI>
<LI>Formal federalism (or '<A href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_federalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutional federalism (page does not exist)">constitutional federalism</A>') – the delineation of powers is specified in a written constitution, which may or may not correspond to the actual operation of the system in practice.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Executive_federalism" title="Executive federalism">Executive federalism</A> refers in the English-speaking tradition to the intergovernmental relationships between the executive branches of the levels of government in a federal system and in the continental European tradition to the way constituent units 'execute' or administer laws made centrally.</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Federalism_as_a_political_philosophy">Federalism as a political philosophy</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Federalism as a political philosophy">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Federalist" title="Federalist">Federalist</A></DIV>
<P>The meaning of <I>federalism</I>, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> For example, at the time those nations were being established, factions known as "federalists" in the United States and Australia advocated the formation of strong central government. Similarly, in European Union politics, federalists mostly seek greater EU integration. In contrast, in Spain and in post-war Germany, federal movements have sought decentralisation: the transfer of power from central authorities to local units. In Canada, where Quebec separatism has been a political force for several decades, the "federalist" impulse aims to keep Quebec inside Canada.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Federalism_as_a_conflict_reducing_device">Federalism as a conflict reducing device</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Federalism as a conflict reducing device">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Federalism, and other forms of territorial autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order to prevent violence among different groups within countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level.<SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[49]</A></SUP> Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states.<SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[50]</A></SUP> Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms that encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries.<SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[51]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cooperative_federalism" title="Cooperative federalism">Cooperative federalism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Democratic_World_Federalists" title="Democratic World Federalists">Democratic World Federalists</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federal_Union" title="Federal Union">Federal Union</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Layer_cake_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer cake federalism">Layer cake federalism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/World_Federalist_Movement" title="World Federalist Movement">World Federalist Movement</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">In 1946, scholar Kenneth Wheare observed that the two levels of government in the US were 'co-equally supreme'. In this he echoed the perspective of the founding fathers, James Madison in <I>Federalist 39</I> having seen the several states as forming 'distinct and independent portions of the supremacy' in relation to the general government. Wheare, Kenneth (1946) <I>Federal Government</I>, Oxford University Press, London, pp. 10-15. Madison, James, Hamilton, Alexander and Jay, John (1987) <I>The Federalist Papers</I>, Penguin, Harmondsworth, p. 258.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Law, John (2013) 'How Can We Define Federalism?', in <I>Perspectives on Federalism</I>, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. E105-6. <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.on-federalism.eu/attachments/169_download.pdf">http://www.on-federalism.eu/attachments/169_download.pdf</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Wheare, Kenneth (1946), pp. 31-2.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">See diagram below.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Diamond, Martin (1961) "The Federalist's View of Federalism", in Benson, George (ed.) <I>Essays in Federalism</I>, Institute for Studies in Federalism, Claremont, p. 22. Downs, William (2011) 'Comparative Federalism, Confederalism, Unitary Systems', in Ishiyama, John and Breuning, Marijke (eds) <I>Twenty-first Century Political Science: A Reference Handbook</I>, Sage, Los Angeles, Vol. I, pp. 168-9. Hueglin, Thomas and Fenna, Alan (2006) <I>Comparative Federalism: A Systematic Inquiry</I>, Broadview, Peterborough, p. 31.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">See Law, John (2013), p. 104. <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.on-federalism.eu/attachments/169_download.pdf">http://www.on-federalism.eu/attachments/169_download.pdf</A><BR />
This author identifies two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether <A href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</A> (conceived in its core meaning of ultimate authority) resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples). This is determined by the absence or presence of a right of secession for the parts. The structures are termed, respectively, the <A href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal state</A> (or <A href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</A>) and the federal union of states (or federal union).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Madison, James, Hamilton, Alexander and Jay, John (1987) <I>The Federalist Papers</I>, Penguin, Harmondsworth, p. 259.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Law, John (2012) 'Sense on Federalism', in <I>Political Quarterly</I>, Vol. 83, No. 3, p. 544.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Meyer-Resende-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Meyer-Resende_9-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Meyer-Resende_9-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Meyer-Resende_9-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Michael Meyer-Resende, [<A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/18/why-talk-of-federalism-wont-help-peace-in-syria-assad/">https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/18/why-talk-of-federalism-wont-help-peace-in-syria-assad/</A> Why Talk of Federalism Won't Help Peace in Syria, <I><A href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</A></I> (March 18, 2017).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">'The Federal Experience in Yugoslavia', Mihailo Markovic, page 75; included in 'Rethinking Federalism: Citizens, Markets, and Governments in a changing world', edited by Karen Knop, Sylvia Ostry, Richard Simeon, Katherine Swinton|Google books</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Daniel Ziblatt (2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8201.html"><I>Structuring the State: The Formation of Italy and Germany and the Puzzle of Federalism</I></A>. <A href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structuring+the+State%3A+The+Formation+of+Italy+and+Germany+and+the+Puzzle+of+Federalism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Daniel+Ziblatt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F8201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchill-society-london.org.uk/astonish.html">"The Churchill Society London. Churchill's Speeches"</A>. <I>www.churchill-society-london.org.uk</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchill-society-london.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Churchill+Society+London.+Churchill%27s+Speeches.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchill-society-london.org.uk%2Fastonish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-NCERT-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-NCERT_13-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-NCERT_13-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm?keps2=10-10"><I>Indian Constitution at Work</I></A>. <A href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Educational_Research_and_Training" title="National Council of Educational Research and Training">NCERT</A>. pp. 232, 233.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Constitution+at+Work&rft.pages=232%2C+233&rft.pub=NCERT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncert.nic.in%2FNCERTS%2Ftextbook%2Ftextbook.htm%3Fkeps2%3D10-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Johnson, A "Federalism: The Indian Experience ", HSRC Press,1996, Pg 3, ISBN</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Wright, Jonathan Haydn Faure (Mar 31, 2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261213778_The_type_of_government_in_the_Republic_of_South_Africa_-_Examining_the_presence_of_federal_and_unitary_state_elements_in_the_republic">"The type of government in the Republic of South Africa - Examining the presence of federal and unitary state elements in the republic"</A>. <I>www.researchgate.net</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 November</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>. <Q>After careful research and analysis of various sources and the constitution, it can be confirmed that the government system in the Republic of South Africa is a unitary system. Observance of the government in action as well as analysis of the constitution has contributed to this confirmation. Despite the delocalisation enjoyed within the republic, the federal principle is not evident enough and it failed Wheare’s very simple federal test right in the beginning</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.researchgate.net&rft.atitle=The+type+of+government+in+the+Republic+of+South+Africa+-+Examining+the+presence+of+federal+and+unitary+state+elements+in+the+republic&rft.date=2014-03-31&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Haydn+Faure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F261213778_The_type_of_government_in_the_Republic_of_South_Africa_-_Examining_the_presence_of_federal_and_unitary_state_elements_in_the_republic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/82358.stm">"UK Politics: Talking Politics The West Lothian Question"</A>. <I>BBC News</I>. 1 June 1998.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK+Politics%3A+Talking+Politics+The+West+Lothian+Question&rft.date=1998-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2Ftalking_politics%2F82358.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bill Edmonds, "'Federalism' and Urban Revolt in France in 1793," <I>Journal of Modern History</I> (1983) 55#1 pp 22-53 <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1878977">in JSTOR</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">François Furet and Mona Ozouf, eds. <I>A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution</I> (1989), pp. 54-64</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Kelemen, R. Daniel (September 2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120153312/http://www.princeton.edu/~smeunier/Kelemen%20Memo.pdf">"Built to Last? The durability of EU federalism"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~smeunier/Kelemen%20Memo.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 2013-01-20<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2011-11-28</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Built+to+Last%3F+The+durability+of+EU+federalism&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2005-09&rft.aulast=Kelemen&rft.aufirst=R.+Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~smeunier%2FKelemen%2520Memo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bernt Engelmann, Einig gegen Recht und Freiheit, p7ff, publ. Goldmann, Munich 1975</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/constitution/supreme.htm">"THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA With Explanatory Notes"</A>. U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+UNITED+STATES+OF+AMERICA+With+Explanatory+Notes&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State%27s+Bureau+of+International+Information+Programs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusinfo.state.gov%2Fproducts%2Fpubs%2Fconstitution%2Fsupreme.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><SPAN class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</SPAN><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brusselsstudies.be/PDF/NL_51_BruS13NL.pdf">”Taalgebruik in Brussel en de plaats van het Nederlands. Enkele recente bevindingen”</A>, Rudi Janssens, Brussels Studies, Nummer 13, 7 January 2008 (see page 4).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">See: Witte, Els & Craeybeckx, Jan. Politieke geschiedenis van België. Antwerpen, SWU, pp. 455, 459-460.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wallonie-en">"ligne.net/Wallonie_Politique/1995_Destatte_Philippe_Wallonia-Identity.htm Wallonia today - The search for an identity without nationalist mania - (1995)"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Check <CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</CODE> value (<A href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</A>)</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ligne.net%2FWallonie_Politique%2F1995_Destatte_Philippe_Wallonia-Identity.htm+Wallonia+today+-+The+search+for+an+identity+without+nationalist+mania++-+%281995%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wallonie-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Charles_Picqu%C3%A9" title="Charles Picqué">Charles Picqué</A>, Minister-President of the <A href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</A> said in a September, 2008 declaration in <A href="/wiki/Namur_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Namur (city)">Namur</A> at the National Walloon Feast : <I>It is, besides, impossible to have a debate about the institutions of Belgium in which Brussels would be excluded.</I> (French <I>Il n'est d'ailleurs, pas question d'imaginer un débat institutionnel dont Bruxelles serait exclu.</I> <A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.actu24.be/article/regions/regionbruxelles/infosbxl/fetes_de_wallonie_picque_emu_par_linvitation_lancee_a_bruxelles/182803.aspx">[1]</A>) The <A href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</A> has claimed and obtained a special place in the current negotiations about the reformation of the Belgian state. (French <I>Pendant 18 ans, Bruxelles est demeurée sans statut (...) L'absence de statut pour Bruxelles s'expliquait par la différence de vision que partis flamands et partis francophones en avaient: [les partis flamands étaient] allergiques à la notion de Région (...) les francophones (...) considéraient que Bruxelles devait devenir une Région à part entière (...) Les partis flamands ont accepté [en 1988] la création d'une troisième Région et l'exercice par celle-ci des mêmes compétences que celles des deux autres...</I> C.E. Lagasse, <I>Les nouvelles institutions politiques de la Belgique et de l'Europe</I>, Erasme, Namur, 2003, pp. 177- 178 ISBN )</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-enc-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-enc_26-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concise.britannica.com/dday/print?articleId=106096&fullArticle=true&tocId=9680">"Brussels"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brussels&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconcise.britannica.com%2Fdday%2Fprint%3FarticleId%3D106096%26fullArticle%3Dtrue%26tocId%3D9680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.france2.fr/dossiers/europe/34025346-fr.php?page=2">"Bruxelles dans l'oeil du cyclone"</A> (in French). <A href="/wiki/France_2" title="France 2">France 2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruxelles+dans+l%27oeil+du+cyclone&rft.pub=France+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.france2.fr%2Fdossiers%2Feurope%2F34025346-fr.php%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Libre.be, La. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lalibre.be/actu/belgique/article/434274/les-wallons-pour-un-federalisme-a-trois.html">"Les Wallons pour un fédéralisme à trois"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+Wallons+pour+un+f%C3%A9d%C3%A9ralisme+%C3%A0+trois&rft.aulast=Libre.be&rft.aufirst=La&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lalibre.be%2Factu%2Fbelgique%2Farticle%2F434274%2Fles-wallons-pour-un-federalisme-a-trois.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-lalibre.be-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-lalibre.be_29-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-lalibre.be_29-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Libre.be, La. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lalibre.be/actu/belgique/article/434733/bruxelles-soutien-massif-pour-une-participation-de-la-region.html">"La Région bruxelloise veut négocier"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+R%C3%A9gion+bruxelloise+veut+n%C3%A9gocier&rft.aulast=Libre.be&rft.aufirst=La&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lalibre.be%2Factu%2Fbelgique%2Farticle%2F434733%2Fbruxelles-soutien-massif-pour-une-participation-de-la-region.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levif.be/actualite/belgique/72-56-20081/jose-happart-demande-a-bruxelles-de-se--positionner-.html">"Le Vif"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Vif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levif.be%2Factualite%2Fbelgique%2F72-56-20081%2Fjose-happart-demande-a-bruxelles-de-se--positionner-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rt.com/news/libya-split-cyrenaica-autonomy-971/">"Eastern Libya declares autonomy"</A>. <I>Russia Today</I>. 6 March 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 March</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russia+Today&rft.atitle=Eastern+Libya+declares+autonomy&rft.date=2012-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frt.com%2Fnews%2Flibya-split-cyrenaica-autonomy-971%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iklOh4sVKKczlfYNiqahD915lANQ?docId=0b4e6704e5574d8bba64dc44571b9b21">"Eastern Libya declares semiautonomous region"</A>. <I>Google News</I>. The Associated Press. 6 March 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 March</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Google+News&rft.atitle=Eastern+Libya+declares+semiautonomous+region&rft.date=2012-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fap%2Farticle%2FALeqM5iklOh4sVKKczlfYNiqahD915lANQ%3FdocId%3D0b4e6704e5574d8bba64dc44571b9b21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/09/us-libya-east-autonomy-idUSBRE82814020120309">"Thousands rally in Libya against autonomy for east"</A>. <I>Reuters</I>. 9 March 2012.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Thousands+rally+in+Libya+against+autonomy+for+east&rft.date=2012-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2012%2F03%2F09%2Fus-libya-east-autonomy-idUSBRE82814020120309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/libyan-leader-says-autonomy-call-a-foreign-plot/">Thomson Reuters Foundation | News, Information and Connections for Action</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120611020440/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/libyan-leader-says-autonomy-call-a-foreign-plot/">Archived</A> June 11, 2012, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. Trust.org (2012-03-06). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The Federal Option and Constitutional Management of Diversity in Spain Xavier Arbós Marín, page 375; included in 'The Ways of Federalism in Western Countries and the Horizons of Territorial Autonomy in Spain' (volume 2), edited by Alberto López-Eguren and Leire Escajedo San Epifanio; edited by <A href="/wiki/Axel_Springer_SE" title="Axel Springer SE">Springer</A> <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-27716-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-27716-0">978-3-642-27716-0</A>, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-27717-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-27717-7">978-3-642-27717-7</A>(eBook)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Mallet-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Mallet_36-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Mallet, Victor (18 August 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/de6c00f0-8c25-11de-b14f-00144feabdc0.html">"Flimsier footings"</A>. <I>Financial Times</I>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822075253/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/de6c00f0-8c25-11de-b14f-00144feabdc0.html">Archived</A> from the original on August 22, 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">24 March</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flimsier+footings&rft.pub=%27%27Financial+Times%27%27&rft.date=2010-08-18&rft.aulast=Mallet&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fde6c00f0-8c25-11de-b14f-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(<A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-economist.com-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-economist.com_37-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12501023">"A survey of Spain: How much is enough?"</A>. The Economist. 6 November 2008. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090910071548/http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12501023">Archived</A> from the original on September 10, 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">24 March</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+survey+of+Spain%3A+How+much+is+enough%3F&rft.date=2008-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fspecialreports%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D12501023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(subscription required)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The Federal Option and Constitutional Management of Diversity in Spain Xavier Arbós Marín, page 381; included in 'The Ways of Federalism in Western Countries and the Horizons of Territorial Autonomy in Spain' (volume 2), edited by Alberto López-Eguren and Leire Escajedo San Epifanio; edited by <A href="/wiki/Axel_Springer_SE" title="Axel Springer SE">Springer</A> <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-27716-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-27716-0">978-3-642-27716-0</A>, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-27717-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-27717-7">978-3-642-27717-7</A>(eBook)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-foreignpolicy.com-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-foreignpolicy.com_39-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/18/why-talk-of-federalism-wont-help-peace-in-syria-assad/">"Why Talk of Federalism Won't Help Peace in Syria"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Talk+of+Federalism+Won%27t+Help+Peace+in+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2016%2F03%2F18%2Fwhy-talk-of-federalism-wont-help-peace-in-syria-assad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elpais.com/tag/federalismo/a/">Federalism</A>. <I>El País</I>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2012/12/29/actualidad/1356814724_523858.html"><I>El PSOE plantea una reforma de la Constitución para una España federal</I></A>. <I>El País</I>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2013/04/11/catalunya/1365706298_014468.html"><I>Mas encarga el diseño de un Estado catalán</I></A>. <I>El País</I>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-bbc-devo-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-bbc-devo_43-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/election_2010/first_time_voter/8589835.stm">"Devolution: A beginner's guide"</A>. <I>BBC News</I>. 29 April 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 September</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Devolution%3A+A+beginner%27s+guide&rft.date=2010-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2Felection_2010%2Ffirst_time_voter%2F8589835.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Mitchell, James (2011). <I>Devolution in the UK</I>. Manchester University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719053597" title="Special:BookSources/9780719053597">9780719053597</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devolution+in+the+UK&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780719053597&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A href="/wiki/Shirley_Williams" title="Shirley Williams">Williams, Shirley</A> (16 September 2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/16/scotland-scottish-indpendence-referendum-federal-uk-england-wales">"How Scotland could lead the way towards a federal UK"</A>. <I>The Guardian</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 September</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+Scotland+could+lead+the+way+towards+a+federal+UK&rft.date=2014-09-16&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2014%2Fsep%2F16%2Fscotland-scottish-indpendence-referendum-federal-uk-england-wales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">"Local Parliaments For England. Mr. Churchill's Outline Of A Federal System, Ten Or Twelve Legislatures". <I>The Times</I>. 13 September 1912. p. 4.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Local+Parliaments+For+England.+Mr.+Churchill%27s+Outline+Of+A+Federal+System%2C+Ten+Or+Twelve+Legislatures&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1912-09-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</CODE> requires <CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</CODE> (<A href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-churchill1912-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-churchill1912_47-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/14th-september-1912/2/mr-winston-churchills-speech-at-dundee-on-wednesda">"Mr. Winston Churchill's speech at Dundee"</A>. <I>The Spectator</I>: 2. 14 September 1912<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 September</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=Mr.+Winston+Churchill%27s+speech+at+Dundee&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1912-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2F14th-september-1912%2F2%2Fmr-winston-churchills-speech-at-dundee-on-wednesda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalism" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Anarchist Writers. "I.5 What could the social structure of anarchy look like?" An Anarchist FAQ. <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionI5">http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionI5</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Arend Lijphart. 1977. Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Henry E. Hale. Divided We Stand: Institutional Sources of Ethnofederal State Survival and Collapse. World Politics 56(2): 165-193.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Dawn Brancati. 2009. Peace by Design: Managing Intrastate Conflict through Decentralization. Oxford: Oxford UP.</SPAN></LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Federalism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<TD class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <I><B><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/federalism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/federalism">federalism</A></B></I> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</TD>
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<UL>
<LI>P.-J. Proudhon, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/proudhon/federation/federation.html">The Principle of Federation</A>, 1863.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1103644">A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=943412">A Rhetoric for Ratification: The Argument of the Federalist and its Impact on Constitutional Interpretation</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151101195143/http://www.nationalbrainstorm.org/">Brainstorming National</A> <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-1/usa.htm">Teaching about Federalism in the United States</A> - From the <A href="/wiki/Education_Resources_Information_Center" title="Education Resources Information Center">Education Resources Information Center</A> Clearinghouse for Social Studies/Social Science Education <A href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</A>.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forumfed.org">An Ottawa, Ontario, Canada-based international organization for federal countries that share best practices among countries with that system of government</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tenthamendmentcenter.com">Tenth Amendment Center</A> Federalism and States Rights in the U.S.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.backstoryradio.org/2009/02/laboratories-of-democracy/">BackStory Radio episode on the origins and current status of Federalism</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legaleaseckut.wordpress.com/2011/07/01/episode-20-mar-2011-downtown-eastside-vancouver/">Constitutional law scholar Hester Lessard discusses Vancouver's Downtown Eastside and jurisdictional justice</A> McGill University, 2011</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kirkomrik.wordpress.com/2012/02/27/the-quickest-summary-of-general-federalism/">General Federalism</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">Fiscal federalism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Regional_state" title="Regional state">Regional state</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</TH>
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href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederalismo" title="Pederalismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismus" title="Federalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffederaliaeth" title="Ffederaliaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8deralisme" title="Føderalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6deralismus" title="Föderalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6deralism" title="Föderalism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaciismo" title="Federaciismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="فدرالیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ralisme" title="Fédéralisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><A href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur"><A href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisim" title="Federalisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="연방주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="संघवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismo" title="Federalismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="פדרליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><A href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფედერალიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><A href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Федерализм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><A href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><A href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><A href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सङ्घीयता – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="അധികാരവിഭജനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><A href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="فدرالیسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><A href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဖက်ဒရယ်ပြည်ထောင်စုစနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><A href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सङ्घीयता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="連邦主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8deralisme" title="Føderalisme – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8deralisme" title="Føderalisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalizm" title="Federalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Федерализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalizmus" title="Federalizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><A href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaaliisim" title="Federaaliisim – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><A href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8E%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="فێدراڵیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Федерализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalismi" title="Federalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="ระบอบสหพันธรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din"><A href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miiriwatwu%C9%94t" title="Miiriwatwuɔt – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Федералізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_l%C3%BD_ph%C3%A2n_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Định lý phân quyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联邦主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				</UL>
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document_title: Federalism

token: Federalism

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: This

token: article

token: is

token: about

token: the

token: form

token: of

token: government

token: For

token: other

token: uses

token: see

token: disambiguation

token: Federations

token: Unitary

token: states

token: <Table>

token: <Tr>

token: <Td>

token: Part

token: a

token: series

token: on

token: <Th>

token: Politics

token: Primary

token: topics

token: show

token: <Ul>

token: <Li>

token: Index

token: politics

token: articles

token: by

token: country

token: subdivision

token: Political

token: economy

token: history

token: world

token: philosophy

token: systems

token: Anarchy

token: City

token: state

token: Democracy

token: Federacy

token: Feudalism

token: Dictatorship

token: Directory

token: Meritocracy

question_text: where in the constitution is the concept of federalism established