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<TITLE>Languages of Africa - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Languages of Africa</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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The traditional language families spoken in Africa:
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #D8CC6B; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</A></DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #35256E; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</A></DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #A33929; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></DIV>
<SPAN class="nowrap">   </SPAN><SPAN style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #C05545; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</A>
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<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #7DE647; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</A></DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FBFF36; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</A></DIV>
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<P>The <B>languages of Africa</B> are divided into six major <A href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</A>:</P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</A> are spread throughout <A href="/wiki/Western_Asia" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</A>, <A href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</A> and parts of the <A href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</A>.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</A> are spoken in <A href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</A>.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</A> are spoken in <A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A> and <A href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</A> (<A href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</A>, <A href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</A>, <A href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</A>) and are used as <A href="/wiki/Lingua_francas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua francas">lingua francas</A> in the <A href="/wiki/British_Empire#Wind_of_change" title="British Empire">former colonies of Britain</A> (English), <A href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">former colonies of France</A> (<A href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</A>), <A href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries">former colonies of Portugal</A> (<A href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</A>), <A href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire#Territories_in_Africa_(1885–1975)" title="Spanish Empire">former colonies of Spain</A> (<A href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</A>) and the current Spanish territories of <A href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</A>, <A href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</A> (Spanish).</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe languages</A> are concentrated in the <A href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</A> of <A href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</A> and <A href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</A>.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo languages</A> (<A href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</A> and non-Bantu) cover <A href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</A>, <A href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</A>, <A href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast</A> and <A href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</A>.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</A> (unity debated) are spoken from <A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A> to <A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A> and from <A href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</A> to <A href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</A>.</LI>
</UL>
<P>There are several other small families and <A href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolates</A>, as well as languages that have <A href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">yet to be classified</A>. In addition, Africa has a wide variety of <A href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</A>, many of which are language isolates (see below).</P>
<P>The total number of languages natively spoken in Africa is variously estimated (depending on the delineation of <A href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</A> vs. <A href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</A>) at between 1,250 to 2,100,<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> and by some counts at "over 3,000",<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</A> alone has over 500 languages (according to the count of <A href="/wiki/SIL_Ethnologue" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL Ethnologue">SIL Ethnologue</A>),<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> one of the greatest concentrations of linguistic diversity in the world.</P>
<P>Around a hundred languages are widely used for inter-ethnic communication. <A href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Arabic</A>, <A href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</A>, <A href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</A>, <A href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</A>, <A href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</A>, <A href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</A>, <A href="/wiki/Manding_languages" title="Manding languages">Manding</A>, <A href="/wiki/Fulani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani language">Fulani</A> and <A href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</A> are spoken by tens of millions of people. Twelve <A href="/wiki/Dialect_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect cluster">dialect clusters</A> (which may group up to a hundred linguistic varieties) are spoken by 75 percent, and fifteen by 85 percent, of Africans as a first or additional language.<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP> Although many mid-sized languages are used on the radio, in newspapers and in primary-school education, and some of the larger ones are considered <A href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</A>, only a few are <A href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</A> at the national level. The <A href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</A> declared 2006 the "Year of African Languages".<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Language_groups"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Language groups</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><A href="#Afroasiatic_languages"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Afroasiatic languages</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Nilo-Saharan_languages"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Nilo-Saharan languages</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Niger–Congo_languages"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Niger–Congo languages</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Other_language_families"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Other language families</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><A href="#Austronesian"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Austronesian</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><A href="#Indo-European"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Indo-European</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><A href="#Small_families"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Small families</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><A href="#Creole_languages"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.4.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Creole languages</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><A href="#Unclassified_languages"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.4.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Unclassified languages</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><A href="#Sign_languages"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.4.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Sign languages</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#Language_in_Africa"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Language in Africa</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Official_Languages"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Official Languages</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><A href="#Cross-border_languages"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Cross-border languages</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><A href="#Language_change_and_planning"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Language change and planning</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><A href="#Demographics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Demographics</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><A href="#Linguistic_features"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Linguistic features</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><A href="#Phonological"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Phonological</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><A href="#Syntactic"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Syntactic</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><A href="#Semantic"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Semantic</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><A href="#Number_of_speakers"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Number of speakers</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><A href="#General"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">General</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><A href="#Works"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Works</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><A href="#Classifiers"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Classifiers</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Language_groups">Language groups</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language groups">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:332px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Map_of_African_languages.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_of_African_languages.svg/330px-Map_of_African_languages.svg.png" width="330" height="312" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_of_African_languages.svg/495px-Map_of_African_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Map_of_African_languages.svg/660px-Map_of_African_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Map_of_African_languages.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Clickable map showing the traditional language families, subfamilies and major languages spoken in Africa</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Most languages spoken in Africa belong to one of three large <A href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</A>: <A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</A>, <A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</A> and <A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A>. Another hundred belong to small families such as <A href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</A> (sometimes grouped within Niger-Congo) and the various families called <A href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</A>, or the <A href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</A> and <A href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</A> language families mainly spoken outside Africa; the presence of the latter two dates to 2,600 and 1,500 years ago, respectively. In addition, the languages of Africa languages include several <A href="/wiki/Unclassified_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Unclassified languages">unclassified languages</A> and <A href="/wiki/Sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign languages">sign languages</A>.</P>
<P>The earliest Afroasiatic languages are associated with the <A href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Capsian culture</A>, the Nilo-Saharan languages are linked with the Khartoum Mesolithic/Neolithic, the Niger-Congo languages are correlated with the west and central African hoe-based farming traditions and the Khoisan languages are matched with the south and southeastern Wilton industries.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP> More broadly, the Afroasiatic family is tentatively grouped within the <A href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</A> superfamily, and the Nilo-Saharan and Niger-Congo phyla form the Niger-Saharan macrophylum.<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Afroasiatic_languages">Afroasiatic languages</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Afroasiatic languages">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</A></DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</A> are spoken throughout <A href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</A>, <A href="/wiki/Western_Asia" title="Western Asia">West Asia</A> and parts of the <A href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</A>. There are approximately 375 Afroasiatic languages spoken by over 350 million people. The main subfamilies of Afroasiatic are the <A href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</A>, <A href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</A>, <A href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic languages</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic languages</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_Urheimat" title="Afroasiatic Urheimat">Afroasiatic Urheimat</A> is uncertain. However, its most extensive sub-branch, the Semitic languages (including <A href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</A>, <A href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</A> and <A href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</A> among others), seems to have developed in the Arabian peninsula. The Semitic languages are the only branch of the Afroasiatic family of languages that is spoken outside Africa.</P>
<P>Some of the most widely spoken Afroasiatic languages include <A href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</A> (a Semitic language, and a recent arrival from West Asia), <A href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</A> (Cushitic), <A href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</A> (Berber), <A href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</A> (Chadic), <A href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</A> (Semitic) and <A href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</A> (Cushitic). Of the world's surviving language families, Afroasiatic has the longest written history, as both the <A href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</A> of Mesopotamia and <A href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</A> are members.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Nilo-Saharan_languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nilo-Saharan languages">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</A></DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</A> consist of a hundred diverse languages. The family has a speech area that stretches from the <A href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</A> to northern <A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A> and into <A href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</A> and <A href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</A>, with the <A href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay languages</A> along the middle reaches of the <A href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</A> as a geographic outlier. Genetic linkage between these languages has not been conclusively demonstrated, and among linguists, support for the proposal is sparse.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP> The languages share some unusual <A href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</A>, but if they are related, most of the branches must have undergone major restructuring since diverging from their common ancestor. The inclusion of the <A href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay languages</A> is questionable, and doubts have been raised over the <A href="/wiki/Koman_languages" title="Koman languages">Koman</A>, <A href="/wiki/Gumuz_language" title="Gumuz language">Gumuz</A> and <A href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</A> branches.</P>
<P>Some of the better known Nilo-Saharan languages are <A href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</A>, <A href="/wiki/Fur_language" title="Fur language">Fur</A>, <A href="/wiki/Songhay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhay language">Songhay</A>, <A href="/wiki/Nobiin_language" title="Nobiin language">Nobiin</A> and the widespread <A href="/wiki/Nilotic_languages" title="Nilotic languages">Nilotic family</A>, which includes the <A href="/wiki/Luo_dialect" title="Luo dialect">Luo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</A> and <A href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</A>. The Nilo-Saharan languages are <A href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN id="Niger.E2.80.93Congo_languages"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Niger–Congo_languages">Niger–Congo languages</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Niger–Congo languages">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo languages</A></DIV>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo languages</A> constitute the largest language family spoken in Africa and perhaps the world in terms of the number of languages. One of its salient features is an elaborate <A href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun class</A> system with grammatical <A href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">concord</A>. A large majority of languages of this family are <A href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal</A> such as <A href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</A> and <A href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Ashanti</A> and <A href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe language</A>. A major branch of Niger–Congo languages is the <A href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</A> phylum, which has a wider speech area than the rest of the family (see Niger–Congo B (Bantu) in the map above).</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Kordofanian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger–Kordofanian languages">Niger–Kordofanian</A> language family, joining Niger–Congo with the <A href="/wiki/Kordofanian_languages" title="Kordofanian languages">Kordofanian languages</A> of south-central <A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A>, was proposed in the 1950s by <A href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</A>. Today, linguists often use "Niger–Congo" to refer to this entire family, including Kordofanian as a subfamily. One reason for this is that it is not clear whether Kordofanian was the first branch to diverge from rest of Niger–Congo. <A href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</A> has been claimed to be equally or more divergent. Niger–Congo is generally accepted by linguists, though a few question the inclusion of Mande and <A href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</A>, and there is no conclusive evidence for the inclusion of <A href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Other_language_families">Other language families</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other language families">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Several languages spoken in Africa belong to language families concentrated or originating outside the African continent.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Austronesian">Austronesian</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Austronesian">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</A> belongs to the <A href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</A> family. It is the national language of <A href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</A>.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Indo-European">Indo-European</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indo-European">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</A> is <A href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</A>, as is most of the vocabulary of most African <A href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole languages</A>. Afrikaans evolved from the <A href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch vernacular</A><SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Heese1971_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Heese1971-11">[11]</A></SUP> of <A href="/wiki/South_Holland" title="South Holland">South Holland</A> (<A href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic dialect</A>)<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP> spoken by the mainly <A href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Dutch settlers</A> of what is now <A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A>, where it gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics in the course of the 18th century.<SUP id="cite_ref-coetzee_14-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-coetzee-14">[14]</A></SUP> Most Afrikaans speakers live in <A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A>. In <A href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</A> it is the <A href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</A> and in <A href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</A> and <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A> it is a minority language of roughly several ten thousand people. Overall 15 to 20 million people are estimated to speak Afrikaans.</P>
<P>Since the <A href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</A> era, Indo-European languages such as <A href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</A>, <A href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</A>, <A href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</A>, <A href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</A>, <A href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</A> and <A href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</A> have held official status in many countries, and are widely spoken, generally as <A href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua francas</A>. (<I>See <A href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African French</A> and <A href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese in Africa">African Portuguese</A></I>.) <A href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</A> was once used in <A href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Germany's colonies</A> there from the late 1800s until World War I, when Britain and France took over and revoked German's official status. Despite this, German is still spoken in <A href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</A>, mostly among the <A href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">white population</A>. Although it lost its official status in the 1990s, it has been redesignated as a national language. <A href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</A> such as <A href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</A> are spoken by <A href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</A> expatriates exclusively. In earlier historical times, other Indo-European languages could be found in various parts of the continent, such as <A href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</A> and <A href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</A> in Egypt, <A href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</A> and <A href="/wiki/Vandalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandalic">Vandalic</A> in North Africa and <A href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Modern Persian</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</A>.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Small_families">Small families</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Small families">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>The three small <A href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</A> families of southern Africa have not been shown to be closely related to any other major language family. In addition, there are various other families that have not been demonstrated to belong to one of these families. (The questionable branches of Nilo-Saharan were covered above, and are not repeated here.)</P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</A>, some 70 languages, including the major languages of <A href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</A> and <A href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</A>. These are generally thought to be divergent Niger–Congo, but debate persists.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</A>, some 70 languages, centered on the languages of the <A href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</A>; may be Niger–Congo</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe</A>, around 10 languages, the primary family of Khoisan languages of <A href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</A> and <A href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</A>, an isolate of Tanzania, possibly related to Khoe</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kx%27a_languages" title="Kx'a languages">Kx'a</A>, a language of Southern Africa</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</A>, or Taa-ǃKwi, two surviving languages</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</A>, an isolate of Tanzania</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</A>, a likely isolate of Mali</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</A>, a likely isolate of Nigeria</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</A>, a possible isolate of Chad</LI>
</UL>
<P><I><A href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</A></I> is a term of convenience covering some 30 languages spoken by around 300,000–400,000 people. There are five Khoisan families that have not been shown to be related to each other: <A href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</A> and <A href="/wiki/Kx%27a_languages" title="Kx'a languages">Kx'a</A>, which are found mainly in <A href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</A> and <A href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</A>, as well as <A href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</A> and <A href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</A> of <A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A>, which are <A href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolates</A>. A striking feature of Khoisan languages, and the reason they are often grouped together, is their use of <A href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">click consonants</A>. Some neighbouring Bantu languages (notably <A href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</A> and <A href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</A>) have clicks as well, but these were adopted from Khoisan languages. The Khoisan languages are also <A href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal</A>.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Creole_languages">Creole languages</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Creole languages">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Due partly to its multilingualism and its colonial past, a substantial proportion of the world's <A href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole languages</A> are to be found in Africa. Some are based on Indo-European languages (e.g. <A href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Krio_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leone Krio language">Krio</A> from English in <A href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</A> and the very similar <A href="/wiki/West_African_Pidgin_English" title="West African Pidgin English">Pidgin</A> in <A href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</A> and parts of <A href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</A>; <A href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean Creole</A> in <A href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</A> and <A href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Creole" title="Guinea-Bissau Creole">Guinea-Bissau Creole</A> in <A href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</A> and <A href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</A>, both from Portuguese; <A href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois Creole</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</A> and <A href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</A> in <A href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</A>, both from French); some are based on Arabic (e.g. <A href="/wiki/Juba_Arabic" title="Juba Arabic">Juba Arabic</A> in the southern <A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A>, or <A href="/wiki/Nubi_language" title="Nubi language">Nubi</A> in parts of <A href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</A> and <A href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</A>); some are based on local languages (e.g. <A href="/wiki/Sango_language" title="Sango language">Sango</A>, the main language of the <A href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</A>); while in <A href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</A> a creole based on French, English and local African languages known as <A href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</A> has started to become popular.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Unclassified_languages">Unclassified languages</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Unclassified languages">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Category:Unclassified_languages_of_Africa" title="Category:Unclassified languages of Africa">Category:Unclassified languages of Africa</A></DIV>
<P>A fair number of <A href="/wiki/Unclassified_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Unclassified languages">unclassified languages</A> are reported in Africa. Many remain unclassified simply for lack of data; among the better-investigated ones that continue to resist easy classification are:</P>
<UL>
<LI>possibly Afroasiatic: <A href="/wiki/Ongota_language" title="Ongota language">Ongota</A>, <A href="/wiki/Gomba_language" title="Gomba language">Gomba</A></LI>
<LI>possibly Nilo-Saharan: <A href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</A></LI>
<LI>possibly Niger–Congo: <A href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mbre_language" title="Mbre language">Mbre</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bayot_language" title="Bayot language">Bayot</A></LI>
<LI>possibly Khoe: <A href="/wiki/Kwadi_language" title="Kwadi language">Kwadi</A></LI>
<LI>unknown: <A href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mpre_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpre language">Mpre</A></LI>
</UL>
<P>Of these, <A href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</A> is perhaps the most likely to be an isolate.</P>
<P>Less-well investigated languages include <A href="/wiki/Rimba_language" title="Rimba language">Irimba</A>, <A href="/wiki/Luo_language_(Cameroon)" title="Luo language (Cameroon)">Luo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mawa_language_(Nigeria)" title="Mawa language (Nigeria)">Mawa</A>, <A href="/wiki/Rer_Bare" class="mw-redirect" title="Rer Bare">Rer Bare</A> (possibly Bantu), <A href="/wiki/Bete_language_(Nigeria)" title="Bete language (Nigeria)">Bete</A> (evidently Jukunoid), <A href="/wiki/Bung_language" title="Bung language">Bung</A> (unclear), <A href="/wiki/Kujarg%C3%A9_language" title="Kujargé language">Kujarge</A> (evidently Chadic), <A href="/wiki/Lufu_language" title="Lufu language">Lufu</A> (Jukunoid), <A href="/wiki/Meroitic_language" title="Meroitic language">Meroitic</A> (possibly Afroasiatic), <A href="/wiki/Oropom_language" title="Oropom language">Oropom</A> (possibly spurious) and <A href="/wiki/Weyto_language" title="Weyto language">Weyto</A> (evidently Cushitic). Several of these are extinct, and adequate comparative data is thus unlikely to be forthcoming. Hombert & Philippson (2009)<SUP id="cite_ref-HombertPhilippson_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-HombertPhilippson-15">[15]</A></SUP> list a number of African languages that have been classified as <A href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolates</A> at one point or another. Many of these are simply unclassified, but Hombert & Philippson believe Africa has about twenty language families, including isolates. Beside the possibilities listed above, there are:</P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aasax_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aasax language">Aasax</A> or Aramanik (<A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A>) (<A href="/wiki/South_Cushitic_languages" title="South Cushitic languages">South Cushitic</A>? contains non-Cushitic lexicon)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Imeraguen_language" title="Imeraguen language">Imeraguen</A> (<A href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</A>) - <A href="/wiki/Hassaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassaniyya">Hassaniyya</A> Arabic restructured on an Azêr (<A href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke</A>) base</LI>
<LI>Kara (<A href="/wiki/Fer_language" title="Fer language">Fer</A>?) (<A href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oblo_language" title="Oblo language">Oblo</A> (<A href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</A>) (Adamawa? Extinct?)</LI>
</UL>
<P><A href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</A> notes a couple additional possibilities:</P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Defaka_language" title="Defaka language">Defaka</A> (<A href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dompo_language" title="Dompo language">Dompo</A> (<A href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</A>)</LI>
</UL>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Sign_languages">Sign languages</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sign languages">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages#Africa" title="List of sign languages">List of sign languages § Africa</A></DIV>
<P>Many African countries have national sign languages, such as <A href="/wiki/Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian Sign Language</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tunisian_Sign_Language" title="Tunisian Sign Language">Tunisian Sign Language</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Sign Language">Ethiopian Sign Language</A>. Other sign languages are restricted to small areas or single villages, such as <A href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe Sign Language</A> in <A href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</A>. Tanzania has seven, one for each of its schools for the Deaf, all of which are discouraged. Not much is known, since little has been published on these languages</P>
<P>Sign language systems extant in Africa include the <A href="/wiki/Paget_Gorman_Sign_System" title="Paget Gorman Sign System">Paget Gorman Sign System</A> used in Namibia and <A href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Sudanese_sign_languages" title="Sudanese sign languages">Sudanese Sign</A> languages used in <A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A> and <A href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab Sign</A> languages used across the Arab Mideast, the <A href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</A> languages used in <A href="/wiki/Francophone_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone Africa">Francophone Africa</A> and other areas such as <A href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</A> and <A href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</A>, and the <A href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian Sign</A> languages used in <A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Language_in_Africa">Language in Africa</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language in Africa">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Throughout the long multilingual history of the African continent, African languages have been subject to phenomena like language contact, language expansion, language shift and language death. A case in point is the <A href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</A>, in which Bantu-speaking peoples expanded over most of <A href="/wiki/Sub-Equatorial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Equatorial Africa">Sub-Equatorial Africa</A>, displacing Khoi-San speaking peoples from much of <A href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</A> and <A href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</A> and other peoples from <A href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</A>. Another example is the Arab expansion in the 7th century, which led to the extension of <A href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</A> from its homeland in Asia, into much of North Africa and the Horn of Africa.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Trade_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade language">Trade languages</A> are another age-old phenomenon in the African linguistic landscape. Cultural and linguistic innovations spread along trade routes and languages of peoples dominant in trade developed into languages of wider communication (<A href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</A>). Of particular importance in this respect are <A href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</A> (North and West Africa), <A href="/wiki/Dioula_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioula language">Jula</A> (western West Africa), <A href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</A> (West Africa), <A href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</A> (West Africa), <A href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</A> (Congo), <A href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</A> (Southeast Africa), <A href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</A> (Horn of Africa) and <A href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</A> (North Africa and Horn of Africa).</P>
<P>After gaining independence, many African countries, in the search for national unity, selected one language, generally the former colonial language, to be used in government and education. However, in recent years, African countries have become increasingly supportive of maintaining linguistic diversity. Language policies that are being developed nowadays are mostly aimed at multilingualism.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Official_Languages">Official Languages</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Official Languages">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:332px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Official_languages_in_Africa.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Official_languages_in_Africa.svg/330px-Official_languages_in_Africa.svg.png" width="330" height="330" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Official_languages_in_Africa.svg/495px-Official_languages_in_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Official_languages_in_Africa.svg/660px-Official_languages_in_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Official_languages_in_Africa.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Official languages in Africa:
<TABLE cellpadding="0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FF8C00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</A></DIV>
</TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #8EB423; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #19822D; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</A></DIV>
</TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #DAC716; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #C35A91; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</A></DIV>
</TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #55433B; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #415096; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</A></DIV>
</TD>
<TD>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #8A8B8D; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> other languages</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Besides the former colonial languages of English, French, Portuguese and Spanish, the following languages are official at the national level in Africa (non-exhaustive list):</P>
<DL>
<DT>Afroasiatic</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</A> in <A href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</A>, <A href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</A>, <A href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</A>, <A href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</A>, <A href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-Charter_17-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Charter-17">[17]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</A>, <A href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</A>, <A href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</A> and <A href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</A> in Morocco and Algeria</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</A> in <A href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</A> in <A href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</A> in <A href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</A></LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DT>Austronesian</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</A> in <A href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</A></LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DT>Indo-European</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</A></LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DT>Niger-Congo</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chichewa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichewa language">Chewa</A> in <A href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</A> and <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Comorian_language" title="Comorian language">Comorian</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</A> in <A href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</A> in <A href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sesotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho language">Sesotho</A> in <A href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</A>, <A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A> and Zimbabwe</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Setswana_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Setswana language">Setswana</A>/<A href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</A> in <A href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</A> and South Africa</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</A>, <A href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Sindebele</A> in Zimbabwe</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sepedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepedi">Sepedi</A> in South Africa</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Ndebele</A> in South Africa<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</A> in <A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A>, <A href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</A>, <A href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</A> and <A href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swati</A> in <A href="/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</A> and South Africa</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Xitsonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Xitsonga">Tsonga</A> in South Africa</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tshivenda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshivenda">Venda</A> in South Africa</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</A> in South Africa</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</A> in South Africa</LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DT>Creoles</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</A> in <A href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sango_language" title="Sango language">Sango</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois Creole</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</A></LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Cross-border_languages">Cross-border languages</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cross-border languages">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The colonial borders established by European powers following the <A href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference_(1884)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Conference (1884)">Berlin Conference</A> in 1884–1885 divided a great many ethnic groups and African language speaking communities. In a sense, "<A href="/wiki/Cross-border_language" title="Cross-border language">cross-border languages</A>" is a misnomer<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>—the speakers did not divide themselves. Nevertheless, it describes the reality of many African languages, which has implications for divergence of language on either side of a border (especially when the official languages are different), standards for writing the language, etc. Some notable cross-border languages include <A href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</A> (which stretches across much of North Africa and some parts of West Africa), <A href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</A> (stretches across most of the Horn of Africa), Swahili (spoken in the African Great Lakes region), <A href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</A> (in the Sahel and West Africa) and <A href="/wiki/Luo_languages" title="Luo languages">Luo languages</A> (in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, South Sudan and Sudan).</P>
<P>Some prominent Africans such as former <A href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Malian</A> president and former <A href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairman of the African Commission</A>, <A href="/wiki/Alpha_Oumar_Konar%C3%A9" title="Alpha Oumar Konaré">Alpha Oumar Konaré</A>, have referred to cross-border languages as a factor that can promote African unity.<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Language_change_and_planning">Language change and planning</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language change and planning">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Language is not static in Africa any more than on other continents. In addition to the (likely modest) impact of borders, there are also cases of <A href="/wiki/Dialect_levelling" title="Dialect levelling">dialect levelling</A> (such as in <A href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</A> and probably many others), <A href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">koinés</A> (such as <A href="/wiki/N%27Ko_language" class="mw-redirect" title="N'Ko language">N'Ko</A> and possibly <A href="/wiki/Runyakitara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Runyakitara language">Runyakitara</A>) and emergence of new dialects (such as <A href="/wiki/Sheng_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheng (linguistics)">Sheng</A>). In some countries, there are official efforts to develop <A href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized language</A> versions.</P>
<P>There are also many less widely spoken languages that may be considered <A href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered languages</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics of Africa</A></DIV>
<P>Of the 1 billion Africans (in 2009), about 17 percent speak an <A href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Arabic dialect</A><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>. About 10 percent speak <A href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</A><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>, the lingua franca of Southeast Africa; about 5 percent speak a <A href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</A> dialect<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>; and about 5 percent speak <A href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</A>, which serves as a lingua franca in much of the Sahel. Other important West African languages are <A href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</A>, <A href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</A> and <A href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</A>. Major Horn of Africa languages are <A href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</A>, <A href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</A> and <A href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</A>. Important South African languages are <A href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</A>, <A href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</A> and <A href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP></P>
<P>English, French and Portuguese are important languages in Africa. About 130 million, 115 million and 30 million Africans, respectively, speak them as either native or secondary languages. Portuguese has become the national language of Angola.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP> Through (among other factors) sheer demographic weight, Africans are increasingly taking ownership<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> of these three world languages and having an ever greater influence on their development and growth.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Linguistic_features">Linguistic features</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Linguistic features">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Some linguistic features are particularly common among languages spoken in Africa, whereas others are less common. Such shared traits probably are not due to a common origin of all African languages. Instead, some may be due to <A href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</A> (resulting in borrowing) and specific idioms and phrases may be due to a similar cultural background.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Phonological">Phonological</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Phonological">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Some widespread phonetic features include:</P>
<UL>
<LI>certain types of consonants, such as <A href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosives</A> (<SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ɓa/</SPAN>), <A href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejectives</A> (<SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/kʼa/</SPAN>), the <A href="/wiki/Labiodental_flap" title="Labiodental flap">labiodental flap</A> and in southern Africa, <A href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">clicks</A> (<SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ǂa/</SPAN>, <SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ᵑǃa/</SPAN>). True implosives are rare outside Africa, and clicks and the flap almost unheard of.</LI>
<LI>doubly articulated <A href="/wiki/Labial-velar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial-velar consonant">labial-velar stops</A> like <SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/k͡pa/</SPAN> and <SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ɡ͡ba/</SPAN> are found in places south of the Sahara.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalized consonants</A>, like <SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/mpa/</SPAN> and <SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ŋɡa/</SPAN>, are widespread in Africa but not common outside it.</LI>
<LI>sequences of stops and fricatives at the beginnings of words, such as <SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/fsa/</SPAN>, <SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/pta/</SPAN> and <SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/dt͡sk͡xʼa/</SPAN>.</LI>
<LI>nasal stops which only occur with nasal vowels, such as <SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ba]</SPAN> vs. <SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[mã]</SPAN> (but both <SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[pa]</SPAN> and <SPAN title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[pã]</SPAN>), especially in West Africa.</LI>
<LI>vowels contrasting an <A href="/wiki/Advanced_tongue_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced tongue root">advanced or retracted tongue</A>, commonly called "tense" and "lax".</LI>
<LI>simple <A href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</A> systems which are used for grammatical purposes.</LI>
</UL>
<P>Sounds that are relatively uncommon in African languages include <A href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular consonants</A>, <A href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</A> and <A href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front rounded vowels</A></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">Tonal languages</A> are found throughout the world but are predominantly used in Africa. Both the Nilo-Saharan and the Khoi-San phyla are fully tonal. The large majority of the Niger–Congo languages is also tonal. Tonal languages are also found in the Omotic, Chadic and South & East Cushitic branches of Afroasiatic. The most common type of tonal system opposes two tone levels, High (H) and Low (L). <A href="/wiki/Tone_contour" title="Tone contour">Contour tones</A> do occur, and can often be analysed as two or more tones in succession on a single syllable. <I>Tone melodies</I> play an important role, meaning that it is often possible to state significant generalizations by separating tone sequences ("melodies") from the segments that bear them. <A href="/wiki/Tonal_sandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal sandhi">Tonal sandhi</A> processes like tone spread, tone shift, downstep and downdrift are common in African languages.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Syntactic">Syntactic</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Syntactic">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Widespread syntactical structures include the common use of adjectival verbs and the expression of comparison by means of a verb 'to surpass'. The Niger–Congo languages have large numbers of genders (<A href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun classes</A>) which cause agreement in verbs and other words. <A href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">Case</A>, <A href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</A> and other categories may be distinguished only by tone.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Semantic">Semantic</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Semantic">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Quite often, only one term is used for both animal and meat; the word <I>nama</I> or <I>nyama</I> for animal/meat is particularly widespread in otherwise widely divergent African languages.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Number_of_speakers">Number of speakers</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Number of speakers">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The following is a table displaying the number of speakers of given languages within Africa:</P>
<TABLE class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" style="width:99%;">
<THEAD><TR>
<TH width="15%" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Language</TH>
<TH width="15%" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Family</TH>
<TH width="15%" data-sort-type="number" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Native speakers (L1)</TH>
<TH width="30%" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Official status per country</TH>
</TR></THEAD><TBODY>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</A></TD>
<TD>7,200,000<SUP id="cite_ref-statssa-2011-language-1_22-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-statssa-2011-language-1-22">[22]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>11,000,000<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23">[23]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>None. Government sponsored language of <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</A></TD>
<TD>21,800,000<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="360" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</A></TD>
<TD>150,000,000<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP> but with separate mutually unintelligible varieties</TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic language">Afroasiatic</A></TD>
<TD>56,000,000<SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP> (estimated) (including separate unintelligible varieties)</TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Chewa</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>9,700,000<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="420" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</A></TD>
<TD>6,500,000<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP> (estimated)</TD>
<TD>see <A href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="List of territorial entities where English is an official language">List of territorial entities where English is an official language</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</A></TD>
<TD>700,330<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-EdmistonDumenil2015_30-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-EdmistonDumenil2015-30">[30]</A></SUP> (estimated)</TD>
<TD>see <A href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_French_is_an_official_language" title="List of territorial entities where French is an official language">List of territorial entities where French is an official language</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulani</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>25,000,000<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23">[23]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Gikuyu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gikuyu language">Gikuyu</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>6,600,000<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</A></TD>
<TD>34,000,000<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" width="18" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>18,000,000<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>9,800,000<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23">[23]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>8,800,000<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23">[23]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>5,600,000<SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[34]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>recognised national language of <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>5,500,000<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23">[23]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>national language of <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Luganda</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo</A></TD>
<TD>4,130,000<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>native language of <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Luo_dialect" title="Luo dialect">Luo</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</A> (probable)</TD>
<TD>4,200,000<SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[36]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</A></TD>
<TD>18,000,000<SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[37]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</A></TD>
<TD>1,135,000<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>native language of <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Mossi_language" title="Mossi language">Mossi</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>7,600,000<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23">[23]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>Recognised regional language in <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Ndebele</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>1,090,000<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>Statuatory national language in <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>4,600,000<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</A></TD>
<TD>26,000,000<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23">[23]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="360" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</A></TD>
<TD>13,700,000<SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[41]</A></SUP> (estimated)</TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Sesotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho language">Sesotho</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>5,600,000<SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[42]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="420" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>14,200,000 incl. Manyika, Ndau (2000–2006)<SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[43]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="420" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</A></TD>
<TD>16,600,000<SUP id="cite_ref-eth_44-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-eth-44">[44]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</A></TD>
<TD>2,700,000<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>15,000,000<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[45]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>official in <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</A> national language of <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</A></TD>
<TD>7,000,000<SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[46]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language" title="Luba-Kasai language">Tshiluba</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>6,300,000<SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[47]</A></SUP> (1991)</TD>
<TD>national language of <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>5,800,000<SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[48]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Umbundu" title="Umbundu">Umbundu</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>6,000,000<SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[49]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>recognised national language of <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>7,600,000<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23">[23]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A>, <SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="420" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>28,000,000<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23">[23]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</A></TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A></TD>
<TD>10,400,000<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23">[23]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY><TFOOT></TFOOT></TABLE>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
<UL style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
<LI style="display:table-row"><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><IMG alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Africa-locator.jpg/27px-Africa-locator.jpg" width="27" height="28" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Africa-locator.jpg/40px-Africa-locator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Africa-locator.jpg/53px-Africa-locator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="219" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI style="display:table-row"><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><A href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></A></SPAN><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</A></SPAN></LI>
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</DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="General">General</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_African_Union" title="Languages of the African Union">Languages of the African Union</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Africa" title="Writing systems of Africa">Writing systems of Africa</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Journal_of_West_African_Languages" title="Journal of West African Languages">Journal of West African Languages</A></I></LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Works">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Polyglotta_Africana" title="Polyglotta Africana">Polyglotta Africana</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Languages_of_Africa" title="The Languages of Africa">The Languages of Africa</A></I></LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Classifiers">Classifiers</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Classifiers">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Karl_Richard_Lepsius" title="Karl Richard Lepsius">Karl Lepsius</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bleek" title="Wilhelm Bleek">Wilhelm Bleek</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carl_Meinhof" title="Carl Meinhof">Carl Meinhof</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Diedrich_Hermann_Westermann" title="Diedrich Hermann Westermann">Diedrich Westermann</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Heine, Bernd; Heine, Bernd, eds. (2000). <I>African Languages: an Introduction</I>. Cambridge University Press.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Languages%3A+an+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Epstein, Edmund L.; Kole, Robert, eds. (1998). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XkkrDH27jmIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PR9"><I>The Language of African Literature</I></A>. Africa World Press. p. ix. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86543-534-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-86543-534-0">0-86543-534-0</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2011-06-23</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>Africa is incredibly rich in language—over 3,000 indigenous languages by some counts, and many creoles, pidgins, and lingua francas.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+African+Literature&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Africa+World+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-86543-534-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXkkrDH27jmIC%26lpg%3DPP1%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=nigeria">"Ethnologue report for Nigeria"</A>. <I>Ethnologue Languages of the World</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue+Languages+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Ethnologue+report+for+Nigeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3Dnigeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr04_complete.pdf">"HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2004"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. United Nations Development Programme. 2004.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HUMAN+DEVELOPMENT+REPORT+2004&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fhdr04_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0001850/index.php">African Union Summit 2006</A> Khartoum, Sudan. SARPN.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=sG8KAQAAMAAJ"><I>Language, Volume 61, Issues 3-4</I></A>. Linguistic Society of America. 1985. p. 695<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">31 January</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Volume+61%2C+Issues+3-4&rft.pages=695&rft.pub=Linguistic+Society+of+America&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsG8KAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Blench, Roger (2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q&f=false"><I>Archaeology, Language, and the African Past</I></A>. Rowman Altamira. p. 108. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0759104662" title="Special:BookSources/0759104662">0759104662</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">31 January</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%2C+Language%2C+and+the+African+Past&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0759104662&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DesFy3Po57A8C%26pg%3DPA108%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J. Mixco, <I>A Glossary of Historical Linguistics</I> (2007, University of Utah Press)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">P.H. Matthews, <I>Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics</I> (2007, 2nd edition, Oxford)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">K. Pithouse, C. Mitchell, R. Moletsane, Making Connections: Self-Study & Social Action, p.91</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Heese1971-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Heese1971_11-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">J. A. Heese (1971). <I>Die herkoms van die Afrikaner, 1657–1867</I> [<I>The origin of the Afrikaner</I>] (in Afrikaans). Cape Town: A. A. Balkema. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1821706">1821706</A>. <A href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL5361614M">5361614M</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+herkoms+van+die+Afrikaner%2C+1657%E2%80%931867&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=A.+A.+Balkema&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1821706&rft.au=J.+A.+Heese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/kloe004herk01_01/kloe004herk01_01.pdf">Herkomst en groei van het Afrikaans - G.G. Kloeke (1950)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?rep=rep1&type=pdf&doi=10.1.1.222.5044">The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation: a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects - Wilbert Heeringa, Febe de Wet (2007)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-coetzee-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-coetzee_14-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/arch/coet003stan01_01/pag/coet003stan01_01.pdf"><I>Standaard Afrikaans</I></A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Abel Coetzee</I>. Afrikaner Pers. 1948<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2014-09-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standaard+Afrikaans&rft.pub=Afrikaner+Pers&rft.date=1948&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Farch%2Fcoet003stan01_01%2Fpag%2Fcoet003stan01_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-HombertPhilippson-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-HombertPhilippson_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Jean-Marie Hombert & Gérard Philippson. 2009. "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/fulltext/hombert/Hombert_2009_LDLT2.pdf">The linguistic importance of language isolates: the African case</A>." In Peter K. Austin, Oliver Bond, Monik Charette, David Nathan & Peter Sells (eds). <I>Proceedings of Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory 2</I>. London: SOAS.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mr.html">CIA – The World Factbook</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Charter-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Charter_17-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">According to article 7 of <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/countries/docs/charterfeb04.pdf"><I>The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic</I></A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218004011/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/countries/docs/charterfeb04.pdf">Archived</A> 18 December 2008 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.: “The official languages of the Somali Republic shall be Somali (Maay and Maxaatiri) and Arabic. The second languages of the Transitional Federal Government shall be English and Italian.”</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/language.htm">"The languages of South Africa"</A>. <I>southafrica.info</I>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acalan.org/">African languages for Africa's development</A> ACALAN (French & English).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</A></I>, "Tongues under threat", 22 January 2011, p. 58.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angola.org/index.php?page=culture">"The Embassy of the Republic of Angola - Culture"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Embassy+of+the+Republic+of+Angola+-+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angola.org%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-statssa-2011-language-1-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-statssa-2011-language-1_22-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/Census2011/Products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf">"Census 2011 – Home language"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/Statistics_South_Africa" title="Statistics South Africa">Statistics South Africa</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2 February</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2011+%E2%80%93+Home+language&rft.pub=Statistics+South+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statssa.gov.za%2FCensus2011%2FProducts%2FCensus_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-7"><SUP><I><B>h</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-8"><SUP><I><B>i</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-9"><SUP><I><B>j</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</A> "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/amh">"Amharic"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amharic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Famh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ara">"Arabic"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/berber">"Berber"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fsubgroups%2Fberber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/nya">"Chichewa"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chichewa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fnya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/eng">"English"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Feng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/fra">"French"</A>. <I>Ethnologue.com</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-07-11</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue.com&rft.atitle=French&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Ffra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-EdmistonDumenil2015-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-EdmistonDumenil2015_30-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">William Edmiston; Annie Dumenil (2015-01-01). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b1TjBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT90"><I>La France contemporaine</I></A>. Cengage Learning. p. 90. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-80441-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-80441-8">978-1-305-80441-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+France+contemporaine&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-305-80441-8&rft.au=William+Edmiston&rft.au=Annie+Dumenil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db1TjBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/kik">"Gikuyu"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gikuyu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fkik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Ethnologue</I> (2009) cites 18,5 million L1 and 15 million L2 speakers in Nigeria in 1991; 5.5 million L1 speakers and half that many L2 speakers in Niger in 2006, 0.8 million in Benin in 2006, and just over 1 million in other countries.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alsintl.com/resources/languages/Ibo/">"Ibo - Language Information & Resources"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibo+-+Language+Information+%26+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alsintl.com%2Fresources%2Flanguages%2FIbo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/kon">"Kongo"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kongo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fkon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/lug/">"Luganda"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luganda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F18%2Flanguage%2Flug%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/luo">"Dholuo"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dholuo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fluo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mlg">"Malagasy"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malagasy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fmlg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mfe">"Morisyen"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morisyen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fmfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/nbl/">"Ndebele"</A>. Ethnologue<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 September</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ndebele&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F18%2Flanguage%2Fnbl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nso">"Sotho, Northern"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sotho%2C+Northern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fnso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thetranslationcompany.com/resources/language-country/portuguese-language/portuguese-language/future-portuguese.htm">"The Future of Portuguese - The Translation Company"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Portuguese+-+The+Translation+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthetranslationcompany.com%2Fresources%2Flanguage-country%2Fportuguese-language%2Fportuguese-language%2Ffuture-portuguese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/sot">"Sotho, Southern"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sotho%2C+Southern&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fsot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_family.asp?subid=1934-16">"Ethnologue report for Shona (S.10)"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+report+for+Shona+%28S.10%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.ethnologue.com%2F16%2Fshow_family.asp%3Fsubid%3D1934-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-eth-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-eth_44-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/som">"Somali"</A>. <A href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</A>. 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">May 4,</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somali&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fsom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Peek, Philip M.; Kwesi Yankah (2004). <I>African folklore: an encyclopedia</I>. Taylor & Francis. p. 699. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93933-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93933-X">0-415-93933-X</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+folklore%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.pages=699&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-93933-X&rft.aulast=Peek&rft.aufirst=Philip+M.&rft.au=Kwesi+Yankah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tir">"Tigrigna"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tigrigna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Ftir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lua">"Luba-Kasai"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luba-Kasai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Flua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/tsn">"Tswana"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tswana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F18%2Flanguage%2Ftsn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/umb">"Umbundu"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Umbundu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fumb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI>Childs, G. Tucker (2003). <I>An Introduction to African Languages.</I> Amsterdam: John Benjamin.</LI>
<LI>Chimhundu, Herbert (2002). <I>Language Policies in Africa.</I> (Final report of the Intergovernmental Conference on Language Policies in Africa.) Revised version. UNESCO.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Robert_Needham_Cust" title="Robert Needham Cust">Cust, Robert Needham</A> (1883). <I>Modern Languages of Africa</I>.</LI>
<LI>Ellis, Stephen (ed.) (1996). <I>Africa Now: People - Policies - Institutions.</I> The Hague: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGIS).</LI>
<LI>Elugbe, Ben (1998) "Cross-border and major languages of Africa." In K. Legère (editor), <I>Cross-border Languages: Reports and Studies, Regional Workshop on Cross-Border Languages, National Institute for Educational Development (NIED), Okahandja, 23–27 September 1996.</I> Windhoek: Gamsberg Macmillan.</LI>
<LI>Ethnologue.com's <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country_index.asp?place=Africa">Africa</A>: A listing of African languages and language families.</LI>
<LI>Greenberg, Joseph H. (1983). 'Some areal characteristics of African languages.' In Ivan R. Dihoff (editor), <I>Current Approaches to African Linguistics</I>, Vol. 1 (<I>Publications in African Languages and Linguistics</I>, Vol. 1), Dordrecht: Foris, 3-21.</LI>
<LI>Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966). <I><A href="/wiki/The_Languages_of_Africa" title="The Languages of Africa">The Languages of Africa</A></I> (2nd edition with additions and corrections). Bloomington: Indiana University.</LI>
<LI>Heine, Bernd and Derek Nurse (editors) (2000). <I>African Languages: An Introduction.</I> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</LI>
<LI>Webb, Vic and Kembo-Sure (editors) (1998). <I>African Voices: An Introduction to the Languages and Linguistics of Africa.</I> Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa.</LI>
<LI>Wedekind, Klaus ( Oxford University Press.</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kasahorow.org">African language resources for children</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanlanguages.com/">Web resources for African languages</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muturzikin.com/carteafrique.htm">Linguistic maps of Africa from Muturzikin.com</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilissafrica.de/en/als/iliss-advanced.html?query=&tt=&kw=&sbj=0700300&geo=&res=3020&search=1">Online Dictionaries</A>, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilissafrica.de/en/als/iliss-advanced.html?query=&tt=&kw=&sbj=0700300&geo=&res=6082&search=1">e-books</A> and other <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilissafrica.de/en/als/iliss-advanced.html?query=&tt=&kw=&sbj=0700300&geo=&res=6170&search=1">online fulltexts</A> in or on African languages</LI>
</UL>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Algeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Angola" title="Languages of Angola">Angola</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Benin" title="Languages of Benin">Benin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Botswana" title="Languages of Botswana">Botswana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Languages of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Burundi" title="Languages of Burundi">Burundi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Languages of Cameroon">Cameroon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cape Verde">Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Languages of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chad" title="Languages of Chad">Chad</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Comoros" title="Languages of the Comoros">Comoros</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Djibouti" title="Languages of Djibouti">Djibouti</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Egypt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Eritrea" title="Languages of Eritrea">Eritrea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Gabon" title="Languages of Gabon">Gabon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Gambia" title="Languages of the Gambia">The Gambia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">Ghana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guinea" title="Languages of Guinea">Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Languages of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Languages of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya">Kenya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lesotho" title="Languages of Lesotho">Lesotho</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Liberia" title="Languages of Liberia">Liberia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Libya" title="Languages of Libya">Libya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Madagascar" title="Languages of Madagascar">Madagascar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Malawi">Malawi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">Mali</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mauritania" title="Languages of Mauritania">Mauritania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mauritius" title="Languages of Mauritius">Mauritius</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Morocco" title="Languages of Morocco">Morocco</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Languages of Mozambique">Mozambique</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Namibia" title="Languages of Namibia">Namibia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niger" title="Languages of Niger">Niger</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Nigeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Rwanda" title="Languages of Rwanda">Rwanda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Languages of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Senegal" title="Languages of Senegal">Senegal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Seychelles" title="Languages of Seychelles">Seychelles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Languages of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somalia" title="Languages of Somalia">Somalia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">South Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Sudan" title="Languages of South Sudan">South Sudan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sudan" title="Languages of Sudan">Sudan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Swaziland" title="Languages of Swaziland">Swaziland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tanzania" title="Languages of Tanzania">Tanzania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Togo" title="Languages of Togo">Togo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tunisia" title="Languages of Tunisia">Tunisia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uganda" title="Languages of Uganda">Uganda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zambia" title="Languages of Zambia">Zambia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<BR />
recognition</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Somaliland">Somaliland</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</A> and<BR />
other territories</DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languages of the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</A> / <A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languages of Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</A> / <A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languages of Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</A> / (see also <A href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">plazas de soberanía</A>) <SMALL>(Spain)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Madeira">Madeira</A> <SMALL>(Portugal)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Mayotte">Mayotte</A> / <A href="/wiki/Languages_of_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Réunion">Réunion</A> <SMALL>(France)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languages of Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</A> / <A href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languages of Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</A> / <A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</A> <SMALL>(United Kingdom)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
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<DIV id="Africa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</A> <A href="/wiki/Index_of_Africa-related_articles" title="Index of Africa-related articles">articles</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Africa">Antiquity</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_Antiquity" title="North Africa during Antiquity">North Africa</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">Archaeology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">Pre-colonial kingdoms</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab conquest of North Africa">Arab conquest</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploration of Africa">Exploration</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">European colonisation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Slavery</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">Arab</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
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<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Africa" title="Economic history of Africa">Economy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_empires" title="African empires">Empires</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Africa#Historiography_of_Africa" title="Talk:History of Africa">Historiography</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Africa" title="Military history of Africa">Military</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By region</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Central Africa">Central</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="History of East Africa">East</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">North</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Southern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Southern Africa">South</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">West</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_highest_point" title="List of African countries by highest point">Highest points</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_impact_craters_in_Africa" title="List of impact craters in Africa">Impact craters</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_Africa" title="Natural history of Africa">Natural history</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Africa" title="List of regions of Africa">Regions</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">South</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Africa" title="List of rivers of Africa">Rivers</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Politics_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Africa">Politics</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elections_in_Africa" title="Elections in Africa">Elections</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government_in_Africa" title="Category:Heads of government in Africa">Heads of government</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_in_Africa" title="Category:Heads of state in Africa">Heads of state</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Africa" title="Human rights in Africa">Human rights</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" title="LGBT rights in Africa">LGBT rights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_linguistic_rights_in_African_constitutions" title="List of linguistic rights in African constitutions">Linguistic rights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Africa">Religious rights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Women_in_Africa#More_Women_Rights" title="Women in Africa">Women's rights</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_organisations_in_Africa" title="International organisations in Africa">International organisations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Politics_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Africa">Politics</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Africa" title="Category:Political parties in Africa">parties</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_and_currencies_of_Africa" title="List of central banks and currencies of Africa">Central banks and currencies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">Countries by GDP (nominal)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of African countries by GDP (PPP)">Countries by GDP (PPP)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of African countries by Human Development Index">Countries by HDI</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Internet_in_Africa" title="Internet in Africa">Internet</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_African_millionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African millionaires">Millionaires</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Africa" title="Natural resources of Africa">Natural resources</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Africa" title="Poverty in Africa">Poverty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Renewable energy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_African_stock_exchanges" title="List of African stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Category:African_society" title="Category:African society">Society</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Caste systems</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Africa" title="Etiquette in Africa">Etiquette</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_Africa" title="Category:Health in Africa">Health</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Circumcision_in_Africa" title="Circumcision in Africa">Circumcision</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Infrastructure_In_Africa" title="Infrastructure In Africa">Infrastructure</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">Philosophy</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">Culture</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">Architecture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">Art</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">contemporary</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Cinema</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_African_films" title="List of African films">films</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals#Africa" title="List of film festivals">film festivals</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">Cuisine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature">Literature</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_African_writers_by_country" title="List of African writers by country">writers by country</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Media_of_Africa" title="Media of Africa">Media</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lists_of_newspapers#Africa" title="Lists of newspapers">Newspapers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Africa" title="List of radio stations in Africa">Radio</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Africa" title="List of television stations in Africa">TV</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_African_musicians" title="List of African musicians">musicians</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_African_guitarists" title="List of African guitarists">guitarists</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Africa" title="Irreligion in Africa">Irreligion</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">World Heritage Sites</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Sport</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Cricket_Association" title="African Cricket Association">African Cricket Association</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Afro-Asian_Games" title="Afro-Asian Games">Afro-Asian Games</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_Africa" title="Australian rules football in Africa">Australian-rules football</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">Africa Cup of Nations</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/FIBA_Africa" title="FIBA Africa">FIBA Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rugby_Africa" title="Rugby Africa">Rugby Africa</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Africa_Cup" title="Africa Cup">Africa Cup</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_African_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of African stadiums by capacity">Stadiums by capacity</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tour_d%27Afrique" title="Tour d'Afrique">Tour d'Afrique</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">Countries by population</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population_density" title="List of African countries by population density">density</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Africa" title="Emigration from Africa">Emigration</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">HIV/AIDS</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_Africa" title="Urbanization in Africa">Urbanization</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Africa" title="Lists of cities in Africa">cities</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Africa" title="List of metropolitan areas in Africa">metropolitan areas</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
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</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Category:Years_in_Africa" title="Category:Years in Africa">By year</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:2004_in_Africa" title="Category:2004 in Africa">2004</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/2005_in_Africa" title="2005 in Africa">2005</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/2006_in_Africa" title="2006 in Africa">2006</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/2007_in_Africa" title="2007 in Africa">2007</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:2008_in_Africa" title="Category:2008 in Africa">2008</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:2009_in_Africa" title="Category:2009 in Africa">2009</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:2010_in_Africa" title="Category:2010 in Africa">2010</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:2011_in_Africa" title="Category:2011 in Africa">2011</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:2012_in_Africa" title="Category:2012 in Africa">2012</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:2013_in_Africa" title="Category:2013 in Africa">2013</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:2014_in_Africa" title="Category:2014 in Africa">2014</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:2015_in_Africa" title="Category:2015 in Africa">2015</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:2016_in_Africa" title="Category:2016 in Africa">2016</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:2017_in_Africa" title="Category:2017 in Africa">2017</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;">
<DIV>
<DIV style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Outline_of_Africa" title="Outline of Africa">Outline</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Index_of_Africa-related_articles" title="Index of Africa-related articles">Index</A></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Book:Africa" title="Book:Africa">Book</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Portal</A></LI>
</UL>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By languages</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Spoken</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_spoken_languages" title="List of countries by spoken languages">Countries by spoken languages</A></LI>
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<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_recognized_official_languages" title="List of countries by the number of recognized official languages">Countries by the number of recognized official languages</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries where Arabic is an official language">Arabic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_Chinese_is_an_official_language" title="List of territorial entities where Chinese is an official language">Chinese</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_Afrikaans_and_Dutch_are_official_languages" title="List of territorial entities where Afrikaans and Dutch are official languages">Dutch/Afrikaans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="List of territorial entities where English is an official language">English</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_French_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where French is an official language">French</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_German_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where German is an official language">German</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_Malay_is_an_official_language" title="List of territorial entities where Malay is an official language">Malay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" title="List of territorial entities where Portuguese is an official language">Portuguese</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Romanian_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Romanian is an official language">Romanian</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Russian_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Russian is an official language">Russian</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries where Spanish is an official language">Spanish</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_entities_where_Tamil_is_an_official_language" title="List of territorial entities where Tamil is an official language">Tamil</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" title="Exonym and endonym">Endonyms</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_and_their_capitals_in_native_languages" title="List of countries and dependencies and their capitals in native languages">Countries and capitals in native languages</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" title="Exonym and endonym">Exonyms</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages" title="List of country names in various languages">Country names in various languages</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(A%E2%80%93C)" title="List of country names in various languages (A–C)">A–C</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(D%E2%80%93I)" title="List of country names in various languages (D–I)">D–I</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(J%E2%80%93P)" title="List of country names in various languages (J–P)">J–P</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(Q%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of country names in various languages (Q–Z)">Q–Z</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages of the European Union</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
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</TR>
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<DIV id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages</DIV>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
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<UL>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Americas</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_America" title="Languages of North America">North</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_America" title="Languages of South America">South</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</A></LI>
</UL>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_official_languages" title="List of official languages">Official languages</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_official_languages_by_state" class="mw-redirect" title="List of official languages by state">by state</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_languages_without_official_status" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages without official status">List of languages without official status</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_recognized_official_languages" title="List of countries by the number of recognized official languages">Countries by the number of recognized official languages</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_the_number_of_countries_in_which_they_are_recognized_as_an_official_language" title="List of languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language">Languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By population</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">By number of native speakers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">By number of total speakers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_in_censuses" title="Languages in censuses">Languages in censuses</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <A href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">family</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Language-based<BR />
<A href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</A><BR />
organizations</DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League <SMALL>(Arabic)</SMALL></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch Language Union <SMALL>(Dutch)</SMALL></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/English_Speaking_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="English Speaking Union">English Speaking Union</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Francophonie <SMALL>(French)</SMALL></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries <SMALL>(Portuguese)</SMALL></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries"><I>Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa</I> <SMALL>(Portuguese)</SMALL></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</A> <SMALL>(<A href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</A>)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad <SMALL>(Spanish)</SMALL></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Turkic_Council" title="Turkic Council">Turkic Council</A> <SMALL>(<A href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</A>)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture</A> <SMALL>(<A href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</A>)</SMALL></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_languages" title="Category:Lists of languages">Lists of languages</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Languages" title="Category:Languages">Category:Languages</A></LI>
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<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85001729">sh85001729</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120108-5">4120108-5</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119321874">cb119321874</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119321874">(data)</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><A href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikatale" title="Afrikatale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اللغات في أفريقيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><A href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_africanes" title="Llingües africanes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><A href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="আফ্রিকার ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Африкански езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_d%27%C3%80frica" title="Llengües d'Àfrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Affrica" title="Ieithoedd Affrica – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikanische_Sprachen" title="Afrikanische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_de_%C3%81frica" title="Lenguas de África – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvoj_de_Afriko" title="Lingvoj de Afriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های آفریقایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_d%27Afrique" title="Langues d'Afrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><A href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanske_talen" title="Afrikaanske talen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="아프리카의 언어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Աֆրիկա մայրցամաքի լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82" title="अफ़्रीका की भाषाएं – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_di_benua_Afrika" title="Bahasa-bahasa di benua Afrika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh"><A href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iilwimi_zaseAfrika" title="Iilwimi zaseAfrika – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_africane" title="Lingue africane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="שפות באפריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><A href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಆಫ್ರಿಕದ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="აფრიკის ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><A href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Afrika" title="Lugha za Afrika – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg"><A href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandinga_ya_Afrika" title="Bandinga ya Afrika – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><A href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Африка тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanse_talen" title="Afrikaanse talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%81%AE%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" title="アフリカの言語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k_i_Afrika" title="Språk i Afrika – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k_i_Afrika" title="Språk i Afrika – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_africanas" title="Lengas africanas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam"><A href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languij_a_hAfrika" title="Languij a hAfrika – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_afryka%C5%84skie" title="Języki afrykańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_africanas" title="Línguas africanas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Языки Африки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Афрички језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikan_kielet" title="Afrikan kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k_i_Afrika" title="Språk i Afrika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆப்பிரிக்க மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Африканські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><A href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="افریقی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><A href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengoe_africane" title="Lengoe africane – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_t%E1%BA%A1i_ch%C3%A2u_Phi" title="Ngôn ngữ tại châu Phi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="非洲语言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				</UL>
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document_title: Languages of Africa

token: Languages

token: Africa

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: The

token: traditional

token: language

token: families

token: spoken

token: in

token: Afroasiatic

token: Nilo

token: Saharan

token: Niger

token: Congo

token: Bantu

token: Khoisan

token: Indo

token: European

token: Austronesian

token: languages

token: are

token: divided

token: into

token: six

token: major

token: <Ul>

token: <Li>

token: spread

token: throughout

token: Western

token: Asia

token: North

token: the

token: Horn

token: and

token: parts

token: Sahel

token: Madagascar

token: South

token: Namibia

token: Afrikaans

token: English

token: German

token: used

token: as

token: lingua

token: francas

token: former

token: colonies

token: Britain

token: France

token: French

question_text: how many languages do they speak in africa