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<TITLE>Westward Expansion Trails - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Westward Expansion Trails</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<P>In the <A href="/wiki/American_Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American Old West">American Old West</A>, overland <A href="/wiki/Trails" class="mw-redirect" title="Trails">trails</A> were popular means of travel used by <A href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">pioneers</A> and <A href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">immigrants</A> throughout the 19th century and especially between 1830 and 1870 as an alternative to sea and railroad transport. These immigrants began to settle various regions of <A href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</A> west of the <A href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</A> as part of the mass overland migrations of the mid-19th century. Settlers emigrating from the eastern <A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A> were spurred by various motives, among them religious persecution, economic incentives, and the prospect of new wealth and new freedoms in what was then a largely unspoiled and unregulated country. By the 1840s, several popular and well-established routes had been blazed through the continental interior to destinations in the far west, including the <A href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</A>, <A href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Mormon_Trail" title="Mormon Trail">Mormon Trail</A>. After the end of the <A href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</A> in 1849, vast new American conquests again enticed mass immigration. Legislation like the <A href="/wiki/Donation_Land_Claim_Act" title="Donation Land Claim Act">Donation Land Claim Act</A> and significant events like the <A href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</A> further lured colonists to travel overland to the west.</P>
<P>Two major wagon-based transportation networks, one typically starting in <A href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</A> and the other in the Mexican province of <A href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</A>, served the majority of migrants during the era of westward expansion. Three of the Missouri-based routes—the <A href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mormon_Trail" title="Mormon Trail">Mormon</A>, and <A href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California</A> Trails—were collectively known as the <B>Emigrant Trails</B>. Historians have estimated at least 500,000 emigrants used these three trails between 1843 and 1869, and despite growing competition from <A href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroads</A>, some use even continued into the early 20th century. The major southern routes were the <A href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Southern_Emigrant_Trail" title="Southern Emigrant Trail">Southern Emigrant Trail</A>, and the <A href="/wiki/Old_Spanish_Trail_(trade_route)" title="Old Spanish Trail (trade route)">Old Spanish Trail</A>, as well as its wagon road successor the <A href="/wiki/Mormon_Road" title="Mormon Road">Mormon Road</A>, a southern spur of the California Trail used in the winter that also made use of the western half of the Old Spanish Trail. Regardless of the trail used, the journey was often slow and arduous, fraught with risks from <A href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</A>, <A href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</A>, <A href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</A>, injury, and harsh weather, with as many as one in ten travelers dying along the way, usually as a result of disease.</P>
<P>The history of these trails and the pioneers who traveled them have since become deeply embedded in the <A href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">culture</A> and <A href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">folklore of the United States</A> as some of the most significant influences to shape the content and character of the nation. The remains of many trail ruts can still be observed in various locations throughout the American West. Travelers may loosely follow various routes of the emigrant trails on modern highways through the use of <A href="/wiki/National_Scenic_Byway" title="National Scenic Byway">byway</A> signs across the western states.</P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
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<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Trail_choices"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Trail choices</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Santa_Fe_Trail"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Santa Fe Trail</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Old_Spanish_Trail"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Old Spanish Trail</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#Oregon_Trail"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Oregon Trail</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#California_Trail"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">California Trail</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Mormon_Trail"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Mormon Trail</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Southern_Emigrant_Trail"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Southern Emigrant Trail</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Trail_choices">Trail choices</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Westward_Expansion_Trails&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Trail choices">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Travelers across what became the <A href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</A> in the 19th century had the choice of several routes. Some of the earliest were those of the Mexicans in the southwest. American trade with Northern Mexico created the <B>Santa Fe Trail</B> between <A href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</A> and Santa Fe following an 18th-century route pioneered by the <A href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</A>. From Santa Fe, American traders followed the old <A href="/wiki/El_Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" class="mw-redirect" title="El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</A> southward to <A href="/wiki/Chihuahua,_Chihuahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Chihuahua, Chihuahua">Chihuahua</A> by way of <A href="/wiki/Juarez,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Juarez, Mexico">El Paso del Norte</A>. The <B>Old Spanish Trail</B> from <A href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</A>, in Mexican New Mexico Territory to <A href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles</A>, in Mexican <A href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</A>, developed in 1829-1830 to support the trade of New Mexican wool products for California horses and mules and carried parties of fur traders and emigrants from New Mexico to <A href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</A>.</P>
<P>Following the trails pioneered by fur traders, the <B>Oregon Trail</B> from <A href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</A>, <A href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</A> to the <A href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</A> developed crossing the central <A href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</A>, <A href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</A> and northern <A href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</A>. Branching off from that route, some settlers traveled southwestward on the <B>California Trail</B> from <A href="/wiki/Fort_Hall" title="Fort Hall">Fort Hall</A>, <A href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</A> to <A href="/wiki/Sutters_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutters Fort">Sutters Fort</A>, in Mexican Alta California. Also branching off to the south was the <B>Mormon Trail</B> from <A href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</A> to <A href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Utah">Salt Lake City</A>, <A href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</A>. During the twenty-five years 1841–1866, 250,000 to 650,000 people "pulled up stakes," and headed west along these trails. About one-third immigrated to Oregon, one-third to California and one-third to Utah, Colorado, and Montana.</P>
<P>Although it is often stated that the Northern trails began in certain cities on the <A href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</A>, emigrants following any of the three trails typically left from one of three "jumping off" points on the Missouri's <A href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboat</A> serviced <A href="/wiki/River_port" class="mw-redirect" title="River port">river ports</A>: <A href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence, Missouri</A> or <A href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph, Missouri">Saint Joseph, Missouri</A>, or <A href="/wiki/Council_Bluffs,_Iowa" title="Council Bluffs, Iowa">Council Bluffs,</A> Iowa. (Once known as Kanesville, Iowa until 1852; after river dredging in the early 1850s, the latter town at the Missouri-Platte confluence became the most common departure point since it was close in proximity to the River Platte—along which the eastern trails ascend to South Pass above Fort Laramie. ) The trails from these cities (and several others) converged in the mostly empty flatlands of central <A href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</A> near present-day <A href="/wiki/Kearney,_Nebraska" title="Kearney, Nebraska">Kearney</A>, in the vicinity of <A href="/wiki/Fort_Kearney" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Kearney">Fort Kearney</A>. From their confluence there the combined trails followed in succession the <A href="/wiki/Platte_River" title="Platte River">Platte</A>, <A href="/wiki/North_Platte_River" title="North Platte River">North Platte</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Sweetwater_River_(Wyoming)" title="Sweetwater River (Wyoming)">Sweetwater</A> rivers westward across the full widths of Nebraska and <A href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</A>, and crossed the <A href="/wiki/Continental_divide" title="Continental divide">continental divide</A> south of the <A href="/wiki/Wind_River_Range" title="Wind River Range">Wind River Range</A> through <A href="/wiki/South_Pass_(Wyoming)" title="South Pass (Wyoming)">South Pass</A> in southwestern Wyoming.</P>
<P>The most common vehicle for Oregon and California-bound settlers was a <A href="/wiki/Covered_wagon" title="Covered wagon">covered wagon</A> pulled by a team of <A href="/wiki/Oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxen">oxen</A> or <A href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</A> (which were greatly preferred for their endurance and strength over <A href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</A>) in the dry semi-arid terrain common to the high plains in the heat of summer. In later years, following the advice of Brigham Young, many Mormon emigrants made the crossing to Utah with <A href="/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers" title="Mormon handcart pioneers">handcarts</A>. For all emigrants, the scarcity of potable water and fuel for fires was a common brutal challenge on the trip, which was exacerbated by the wide ranging temperature changes common to the mountain highlands and high plains where a daylight reading in the eighties or nineties can drop precipitously to a frigid seeming nighttime temperature in the low 40s. In many treeless areas, <A href="/wiki/Cow_dung" title="Cow dung">buffalo chips</A> were the most common source of fuel.</P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Emigrant_trails_-_Various_emigrant_trails_showing_California_gold_fields.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Emigrant_trails_-_Various_emigrant_trails_showing_California_gold_fields.svg/300px-Emigrant_trails_-_Various_emigrant_trails_showing_California_gold_fields.svg.png" width="300" height="310" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Emigrant_trails_-_Various_emigrant_trails_showing_California_gold_fields.svg/450px-Emigrant_trails_-_Various_emigrant_trails_showing_California_gold_fields.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Emigrant_trails_-_Various_emigrant_trails_showing_California_gold_fields.svg/600px-Emigrant_trails_-_Various_emigrant_trails_showing_California_gold_fields.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="291" /></A>
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Routes of the California, Mormon and Oregon Trails west of the Rocky Mountains</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>During the <A href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</A>, the wagon to California road known as <B><A href="/wiki/Cooke%27s_Wagon_Road" title="Cooke's Wagon Road">Cooke's Wagon Road</A></B>, or <B>Sonora Road</B>, was built across <A href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Nuevo Mexico</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sonora,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonora, Mexico">Sonora</A> and <A href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</A> from Santa Fe, New Mexico to <A href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</A>. It crossed what was then the northernmost part of Mexico until the 1853 <A href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</A>. During the <A href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</A> the routes to California used were increased by the <B><A href="/wiki/Siskiyou_Trail" title="Siskiyou Trail">Siskiyou Trail</A></B> from Oregon. In the south the forty-niners used the Cooke Wagon Road, until some found a short cut, the <A href="/wiki/Tucson_Cutoff" title="Tucson Cutoff">Tucson Cutoff</A>. This route, not closed to travel in winter, permitted travelers coming to New Mexico Territory on the Santa Fe Trail or on the <B><A href="/wiki/San_Antonio-El_Paso_Road" title="San Antonio-El Paso Road">San Antonio-El Paso Road</A></B> developed in 1849, across West Texas to <A href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</A> where it followed the <A href="/wiki/El_Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" class="mw-redirect" title="El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</A> north to link up to the Cooke's Wagon Road/Southern Emigrant Trail at the cutoff through the <A href="/wiki/San_Diego_Crossing" title="San Diego Crossing">San Diego Crossing</A>. In 1856, as part of an improvement of the route as a military road, a cutoff was built to <A href="/wiki/Cooke%27s_Spring,_New_Mexico" title="Cooke's Spring, New Mexico">Cooke's Spring</A> from <A href="/wiki/Mesilla,_New_Mexico" title="Mesilla, New Mexico">Mesilla</A>, (part of Mexico until 1853). From Cooke's Spring the road ran to the <A href="/wiki/Yuma_Crossing" title="Yuma Crossing">Yuma Crossing</A> into California and on to <A href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</A>. This route became the <B><A href="/wiki/Southern_Emigrant_Trail" title="Southern Emigrant Trail">Southern Emigrant Trail</A></B>. From Los Angeles the goldfields could be reached by land over the two routes north, the old <B><A href="/wiki/El_Camino_Viejo" title="El Camino Viejo">El Camino Viejo</A></B> or by what became the <B><A href="/wiki/Stockton_%E2%80%93_Los_Angeles_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockton – Los Angeles Road">Stockton – Los Angeles Road</A></B>. During the Gold Rush era it was these routes by which many herds of sheep and cattle were driven to California and the goldfields.</P>
<P>With the passes of the Sierras and the Rocky Mountains blocked in winter, another winter route, the <B><A href="/wiki/Mormon_Road" title="Mormon Road">Mormon Road</A></B> between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles was developed by a Mormon expedition from their new settlements at and around Salt Lake City, and by some <A href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</A> soldiers returning to Utah in 1847–48. The first significant use of the route was by parties of Forty-Niners late in 1849, and by some Mormon trains, to avoid crossing the snow bound <A href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada Mountains</A> by linking up with the Old Spanish Trail in southern Utah and closely following it, with alterations to the route of the mule trails only to allow wagons to traverse it for the first time. Soon afterward it was the route Mormon colonists followed to settle southwestern Utah, a <A href="/wiki/Old_Las_Vegas_Mormon_Fort_State_Historic_Park" title="Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park">mission</A> in <A href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</A> and a colony in <A href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino, California</A>. This wagon route, also called by some of its early travelers the <I>Southern Route</I>, of the California Trail, remained a minor migration route and in the early 1850s a mail route. After some alterations of the route between <A href="/wiki/Cajon_Pass" title="Cajon Pass">Cajon Pass</A> and the border of California and in southern Utah, in 1855, it became a significant seasonal trade route between California and Utah, until 1869, when the transcontinental railroad ended Utah's winter isolation.</P>
<P>Up to 50,000 people, or one-tenth of the emigrants who attempted the crossing continent, died during the trip, most from infectious disease such as <A href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</A>, spread by poor sanitation: with thousands traveling along or near the same watercourses each summer, downstream travelers were susceptible to ingesting upstream <A href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</A> including bodily waste. Hostile confrontations with <A href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</A>, although often feared by the emigrants, were comparatively rare, prior to the <A href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</A>. Most emigrants traveled in large parties or "trains" of up to several hundred wagons led by a <A href="/wiki/Wagon_master" title="Wagon master">wagon master</A>. In 1859 the government published a guidebook written by Captain <A href="/wiki/Randolph_B._Marcy" title="Randolph B. Marcy">Randolph B. Marcy</A>, called <I>The Prairie Traveler</I>, in order to help emigrants prepare for the journey.><SUP id="cite_ref-Marcy_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Marcy-1">[1]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Santa_Fe_Trail">Santa Fe Trail</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Westward_Expansion_Trails&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Santa Fe Trail">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</A></DIV>
<P>The Santa Fe Trail was a 19th-century transportation route through central North America that connected Independence, Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico. Pioneered in 1821 by William Becknell, it served as a vital commercial highway until the introduction of the railroad to Santa Fe in 1880. Santa Fe was near the end of the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro which carried trade from Mexico City.</P>
<P>The route skirted the northern edge and crossed the north-western corner of Comancheria, the territory of the Comanches, who demanded compensation for granting passage to the trail, and represented another market for American traders. Comanche raiding farther south in Mexico isolated New Mexico, making it more dependent on the American trade, and provided the Comanches with a steady supply of horses for sale. By the 1840s trail traffic along the Arkansas Valley was so heavy that bison herds could not reach important seasonal grazing land, contributing to their collapse which in turn hastened the decline of Comanche power in the region. The Trail was used as the 1846 U.S. invasion route of New Mexico during the Mexican–American War.</P>
<P>After the U.S. acquisition of the Southwest ending the Mexican–American War, the trail helped open the region to U.S. economic development and settlement, playing a vital role in the expansion of the U.S. into the lands it had acquired. The road route is commemorated today by the National Park Service as the Santa Fe National Historic Trail. A highway route that roughly follows the trail's path through the entire length of Kansas, the southeast corner of Colorado and northern New Mexico has been designated as the Santa Fe Trail National Scenic Byway.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Old_Spanish_Trail">Old Spanish Trail</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Westward_Expansion_Trails&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old Spanish Trail">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Old_Spanish_Trail_(trade_route)" title="Old Spanish Trail (trade route)">Old Spanish Trail</A></DIV>
<P>The Old Spanish Trail witnessed a brief but furious heyday between 1830 and 1848 as a trade route linking Santa Fe, New Mexico and Los Angeles, California. During that period, Mexican and American traders took woolen goods west over the trail by mule train, and returned eastward with California mules and horses for the New Mexico and Missouri markets. Between 1598 and 1830, Spanish (1598–1821) and later Mexican (1821–1830), and American (1821–1830) traders connected the native trade routes that started to Old Spanish Trail and completed it.</P>
<P>The Trail left Santa Fe and split into two routes. The South or Main Branch headed northwest past Colorado's San Juan mountains to near Green River, Utah. The North Branch proceeded due north into Colorado's San Luis Valley and crossed west over Cochetepa Pass to follow the Gunnison and Colorado rivers to meet the Southern Branch near Green River. From central Utah the trail trended southwest to an area now shared by Utah, Nevada and Arizona. It crossed southern Nevada and passed through the <A href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</A> to <A href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="San Gabriel Mission">San Gabriel Mission</A> and Los Angeles</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Oregon_Trail">Oregon Trail</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Westward_Expansion_Trails&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oregon Trail">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</A></DIV>
<P>The Oregon Trail, was the longest of the overland routes used in the westward expansion of the United States, was first traced by explorers and fur traders for traveling to the <A href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</A>. The main route of the Oregon Trail stopped at the <A href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</A> <A href="/wiki/Fort_Hall" title="Fort Hall">Fort Hall</A>, a major resupply route along the trail near present-day <A href="/wiki/Pocatello,_Idaho" title="Pocatello, Idaho">Pocatello</A> and where the California Trail split off to the south. Then the Oregon Trail crossed the <A href="/wiki/Snake_River_Plain" title="Snake River Plain">Snake River Plain</A> of present-day southern <A href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Oregon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Mountains (Oregon)">Blue Mountains</A> of northeastern Oregon before reaching the <A href="/wiki/Willamette_Valley" title="Willamette Valley">Willamette Valley</A>. It was the only practical way for settlers in wagons without tools, livestock, or supplies to cross the mountains and usually thought critical to the colonization of the American West. Some of the first to travel the Oregon Trail were Christian missionaries, members of the <A href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</A> who established the <A href="/wiki/Methodist_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Mission">Methodist Mission</A> in 1834. Even though they didn't make many converts, they were impressed by the short amount of time needed to reach the <A href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Coast">Pacific Coast</A>. Rumors about how the sun always shone there and wheat grew as tall as a man attracted American settlers.</P>
<P>American settlers began following the trail in 1841, with the first recorded colonist <A href="/wiki/Wagon_train" title="Wagon train">wagon traingroup</A> being the 1843 "Great Migration" of about 900 colonists, led by <A href="/wiki/Marcus_Whitman" title="Marcus Whitman">Marcus Whitman</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Oregon" title="Provisional Government of Oregon">Provisional Government of Oregon</A> was established by such colonists in 1843, generally limited to the Willamette Valley. The <A href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</A> of 1846 divided the Oregon Country between <A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</A> and the United States, mostly along the 49th parallel. The <A href="/wiki/Territory_of_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Oregon">Territory of Oregon</A> was established shortly afterwards, in 1848, and over 12,000 American settlers made the journey there during the decade.</P>
<P>Families usually began their journey at Independence, Missouri, near the Missouri River with the best time to travel being from April to September. The journey to cross the entire Oregon Trail in a covered wagon took from four to six months, following a winding trail 2,000 miles (3,200 km) through prairies, deserts, and across mountains to the <A href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</A>. The journey was a severe test of strength and endurance so travelers often joined <A href="/wiki/Wagon_train" title="Wagon train">wagon trains</A> traveling about 12–15 miles (19–24 km) per day. Settlers often had to cross flooded rivers. Indians attacked the wagon trains; however, of the 10,000 deaths that occurred from 1835 to 1855, only 4 percent resulted from Indian attacks. Cholera, smallpox, and firearms accidents were the chief causes of death on the trail. Food, water, and wood were always scarce, and the travelers often encountered contaminated water holes. During summer, the trail was crowded with wagon trains, army units, missionaries, hunting parties, traders, and even sightseeing tours. Some travelers complained that they sometimes had to stop early in the day in order to find a good campsite ahead of the crowd. Others spoke of the need to wear masks for protection against the dust kicked up by the heavy traffic.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="California_Trail">California Trail</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Westward_Expansion_Trails&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: California Trail">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</A></DIV>
<P>The main route of the California Trail branched from the Oregon Trail west of Fort Hall, as immigrants went on forward going southwestward into present-day <A href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</A>, then down along the <A href="/wiki/Humboldt_River" title="Humboldt River">Humboldt River</A> to the <A href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</A>. The California Trail came into heavy use after the <A href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</A> enticed over 250,000 gold-seekers and farmers to travel overland the gold fields and rich farmlands of California during the 1840s and 1850s. Today, more than 1,000 miles of trail ruts and traces can still be seen in the vast undeveloped lands between Capers Wyoming and the West Coast, reminders of the sacrifices, struggles, and triumphs of early American travelers and settlers. More than 240 historic sites along the trail will eventually be available for public use and interpretation.</P>
<P>Early emigrants once called the California Trail an elephant, due to the difficult journey. If you wanted to get to California in pre-railroad times, you were guaranteed an arduous trek. California emigrants faced the greatest challenges of all the pioneer emigrants of the mid-19th century. In addition to the Rockies, these emigrants faced the barren deserts of Nevada and the imposing Sierra Nevada Range. The travelers of the California Trail often quipped that if you had "seen the elephant," then you had hit some hard traveling.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Mormon_Trail">Mormon Trail</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Westward_Expansion_Trails&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mormon Trail">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Mormon_Trail" title="Mormon Trail">Mormon Trail</A></DIV>
<P>The Mormon Trail was created by pioneer members of <A href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</A>, called "Mormons," who settled in what is now the <A href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</A> in Utah. The Mormon Trail followed part of the Oregon Trail and then branched off at the fur trading post called <A href="/wiki/Fort_Bridger" title="Fort Bridger">Fort Bridger</A>, founded by famed mountain man <A href="/wiki/Jim_Bridger" title="Jim Bridger">Jim Bridger</A>. Heading south and following river valleys southwestward to the valley of the Great Salt Lake, <A href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</A> led the first Mormons into present-day <A href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</A> during 1847. The Mormon Trail is 1,300 miles long and extends from <A href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</A> to Salt Lake City, Utah. The Mormon Trail was used for more than 20 years after the Mormons used it and has been reserved for sightseeing. The initial movement of the Mormons from Nauvoo, Illinois to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake occurred in two segments: one in 1846 and one in 1847. The first segment, across Iowa to the Missouri River, covered around 265 miles. The second segment, from the Missouri River to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake, covered about 1,032 miles.</P>
<P>From 1846 to 1869, more than 4,600 Mormons traveled along an integral part of the road west, the Mormon Pioneer Trail. The trail started in Nauvoo, Illinois, traveled across Iowa, connected with the Great Platte River Road at the Missouri River, and ended near the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Generally following pre-existing routes, the trail carried tens of thousands of Mormon emigrants to a new home and refuge in the Great Basin. From their labors arose the <A href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">State of Deseret</A>, later to become the Utah Territory, and finally the State of Utah.</P>
<P>The Mormon pioneers shared similar experiences with others traveling west: the drudgery of walking hundreds of miles, suffocating dust, violent thunderstorms, mud, temperature extremes, bad water, poor forage, sickness, and death. They recorded their experiences in journals, diaries, and letters. The Mormons, however, were a unique part of this migration. Their move to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake was a response to their <A href="/wiki/History_of_Nauvoo,_Illinois#The_.22Mormon_War_in_Illinois.22_and_the_Mormon_Exodus" title="History of Nauvoo, Illinois">violent expulsion</A> from Missouri and Illinois. As it was also motivated by a desire to maintain a religious and cultural identity it was necessary to find an isolated area where they could permanently settle and practice their religion in peace.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Southern_Emigrant_Trail">Southern Emigrant Trail</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Westward_Expansion_Trails&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Southern Emigrant Trail">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Southern_Emigrant_Trail" title="Southern Emigrant Trail">Southern Emigrant Trail</A></DIV>
<P>The Southern Emigrant Trail was a major land route for immigration into <A href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</A> from the eastern United States that followed the Santa Fe Trail to <A href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</A> during the <A href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</A>. Unlike the more northern routes, pioneer wagons could travel year round, mountain passes not being blocked by snows, however it had the disadvantage of summer heat and lack of water in the desert regions through which it passed in <A href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Colorado_Desert" title="Colorado Desert">Colorado Desert</A> of California. Subsequently, it was a route of travel and commerce between the eastern United States and California. Many herds of cattle and sheep were driven along this route and it was followed by the <A href="/wiki/San_Antonio-San_Diego_Mail_Line" title="San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line">San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line</A> in 1857–1858 and then the <A href="/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Mail" title="Butterfield Overland Mail">Butterfield Overland Mail</A> from 1858–1861.</P>
<P>In 1846, General <A href="/wiki/Stephen_Watts_Kearny" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Watts Kearny">Stephen Watts Kearny</A> and his dragoons with their scout <A href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</A> found the route. One year later, Colonel <A href="/wiki/Philip_St._George_Cooke" title="Philip St. George Cooke">Philip St. George Cooke</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</A> followed Kearny’s route establishing the first wagon road. This wagon road became known as Cooke's Wagon Road, or <B>Sonora Road</B>, until the discovery of gold brought a flood of Americans westward in 1849. The discovery of the <A href="/wiki/Tucson_Cutoff" title="Tucson Cutoff">Tucson Cutoff</A> later that year shortened the route bringing it fully within the territory of the United States. From this date on, the route was called the Southern Emigrant Trail.</P>
<P>Tied in with the Santa Fe Trail and the <A href="/wiki/San_Antonio-El_Paso_Road" title="San Antonio-El Paso Road">San Antonio-El Paso Road</A>, by the <A href="/wiki/El_Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" class="mw-redirect" title="El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</A> the Southern Emigrant Trail route in 1849 ran from westward from the El Camino Real to <A href="/wiki/San_Diego_Crossing" title="San Diego Crossing">San Diego Crossing</A> and after 1855 <A href="/wiki/Mesilla,_New_Mexico" title="Mesilla, New Mexico">Mesilla, New Mexico</A>, westward to <A href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</A>, then followed the Gila River to the ferries on the Colorado River near what became <A href="/wiki/Fort_Yuma" title="Fort Yuma">Fort Yuma</A>, crossed the Colorado Desert to <A href="/wiki/Vallecito,_San_Diego_County,_California" title="Vallecito, San Diego County, California">Vallecito</A>, then up to <A href="/wiki/Warner%27s_Ranch" title="Warner's Ranch">Warner's Ranch</A>. From Warner's the road then ran either northwest to <A href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</A> or west southwest to <A href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP> From either of these towns the traveler could continue north by land to the gold fields on the coast via the <A href="/wiki/El_Camino_Real_(California)" title="El Camino Real (California)">El Camino Real</A> or over the <A href="/wiki/Tejon_Pass" title="Tejon Pass">Tejon Pass</A> into the <A href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</A> by what would become the <A href="/wiki/Stockton_%E2%80%93_Los_Angeles_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockton – Los Angeles Road">Stockton – Los Angeles Road</A> or <A href="/wiki/El_Camino_Viejo" title="El Camino Viejo">El Camino Viejo</A>. Alternatively they could take ships to <A href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</A> from San Diego or <A href="/wiki/San_Pedro,_Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pedro, Los Angeles, California">San Pedro</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Westward_Expansion_Trails&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Emigrant_Trail_in_Wyoming" title="Emigrant Trail in Wyoming">Emigrant Trail in Wyoming</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Platte_River_Road" title="Great Platte River Road">Great Platte River Road</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Donner_Party" title="Donner Party">Donner Party</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Westward_the_Women" title="Westward the Women">Westward the Women</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Applegate-Lassen_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Applegate-Lassen Trail">Applegate-Lassen Trail</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Westward_Expansion_Trails&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-Marcy-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Marcy_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Randolph_B._Marcy" title="Randolph B. Marcy">Marcy, Randolph B.</A> (1859). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kancoll.org/books/marcy/"><I>The Prairie Traveler: A Hand-book for Overland Expeditions, with Maps, Illustrations, and Itineraries of the Principal Routes Between the Mississippi and the Pacific</I></A>. New York: Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square. <A href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">United States Department of War</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1602067738" title="Special:BookSources/978-1602067738">978-1602067738</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2 October</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prairie+Traveler%3A+A+Hand-book+for+Overland+Expeditions%2C+with+Maps%2C+Illustrations%2C+and+Itineraries+of+the+Principal+Routes+Between+the+Mississippi+and+the+Pacific&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers%2C+Franklin+Square&rft.date=1859&rft.isbn=978-1602067738&rft.aulast=Marcy&rft.aufirst=Randolph+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kancoll.org%2Fbooks%2Fmarcy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestward+Expansion+Trails" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Marcy (1859) List of Itineraries: XIV.—Wagon-road from San Antonia, Texas, to El Paso, N. M., and Fort Yuma, Cal.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Marcy (1859) List of Itineraries: XV.—From Fort Yuma to San Diego, California.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Marcy (1859) List of Itineraries: XXI.—From Fort Yuma to Benicia, California</SPAN></LI>
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question_text: the settlers were attracted to oregon for all of the following reasons except