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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Gallbladder</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
				<DIV id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</DIV>				<DIV id="contentSub"><DIV id="mw-fr-revisiontag" class="flaggedrevs_short flaggedrevs_stable_synced plainlinks noprint nomobile"><DIV class="flaggedrevs_short_basic"><IMG class="flaggedrevs-icon" src="/w/extensions/FlaggedRevs/frontend/modules/img/doc-magnify.png" alt="Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page." title="Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page." /><IMG id="mw-fr-revisiontoggle" class="fr-toggle-arrow" src="/w/extensions/FlaggedRevs/frontend/modules/img/arrow-down.png" style="display: inline;" alt="show/hide details" /></DIV>
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<TBODY><TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:dimgray; color: white"><I>Gallbladder</I></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><A href="/wiki/File:Gallbladder_(organ).png" class="image"><IMG alt="Gallbladder (organ).png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gallbladder_%28organ%29.png/250px-Gallbladder_%28organ%29.png" width="250" height="250" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gallbladder_%28organ%29.png/375px-Gallbladder_%28organ%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gallbladder_%28organ%29.png/500px-Gallbladder_%28organ%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><A href="/wiki/File:2425_Gallbladder.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="2425 Gallbladder.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/2425_Gallbladder.jpg/250px-2425_Gallbladder.jpg" width="250" height="204" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/2425_Gallbladder.jpg/375px-2425_Gallbladder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/2425_Gallbladder.jpg/500px-2425_Gallbladder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="641" /></A>
<DIV>The gallbladder sits beneath the liver.</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #efefef">Details</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em"><A href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Precursor</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Foregut" title="Foregut">Foregut</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em"><A href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">Digestive system</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em"><A href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Cystic_artery" title="Cystic artery">Cystic artery</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em"><A href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Cystic_vein" title="Cystic vein">Cystic vein</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em"><A href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Celiac_ganglia" title="Celiac ganglia">Celiac ganglia</A>, <A href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">Vagus nerve</A><SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em"><A href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</A></TH>
<TD><I>Vesica biliaris, vesica fellea</I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em"><A href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</A></TH>
<TD><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Gallbladder">A03.159.439</A></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em"><A href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Dorlands<BR />
/Elsevier</A></TH>
<TD><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013131640/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/g_01.htm">12383343</A></I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em"><A href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA</A></TH>
<TD><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/05.8.02.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A05.8.02.001</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.25em"><A href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</A></TH>
<TD><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xiphoid.biostr.washington.edu/fma/fmabrowser-hierarchy.html?fmaid=7202">7202</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><B><I><A href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</A></I></B>
<DIV style="text-align: right;"><SMALL class="noprint">[<A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64386" class="extiw" title="d:Q64386">edit on Wikidata</A>]</SMALL></DIV>
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<P>In <A href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</A>, the <B>gallbladder</B> is a small hollow <A href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</A> where <A href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</A> is stored and concentrated before it is released into the <A href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</A>. In humans, the pear-shaped gallbladder lies beneath the <A href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</A>, although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species. It receives and stores bile, produced by the liver, via the <A href="/wiki/Common_hepatic_duct" title="Common hepatic duct">common hepatic duct</A>, and releases it via the <A href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">common bile duct</A> into the <A href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</A>, where the bile helps in the digestion of <A href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</A>.</P>
<P>The gallbladder can be affected by <A href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">gallstones</A>, formed by material that cannot be dissolved – usually <A href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</A> or <A href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</A>, a product of <A href="/wiki/Haemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemoglobin">haemoglobin</A> breakdown. These may cause significant pain, particularly in the right upper corner of the abdomen, and are often treated with removal of the gallbladder called a <A href="/wiki/Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">cholecystectomy</A>. <A href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">Cholecystitis</A>, inflammation of the gallbladder, has a wide range of causes, including result from the impaction of gallstones, infection, and autoimmune disease.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Structure"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Structure</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><A href="#Microanatomy"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Microanatomy</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Variation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Variation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Development"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Development</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Function"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Function</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Clinical_significance"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Clinical significance</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Gallstones"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Gallstones</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Inflammation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Inflammation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Gallbladder_removal"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Gallbladder removal</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#Cancer"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Cancer</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#Tests"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Tests</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#Society_and_culture"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Society and culture</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#Other_animals"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Other animals</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Structure">Structure</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The gallbladder is a hollow <A href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</A> that sits in a shallow depression below the right lobe of the <A href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</A>, that is grey-blue in life.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81-2">[2]</A></SUP> In adults, the gallbladder measures approximately 7 to 10 centimetres (2.8 to 3.9 inches) in length and 4 centimetres (1.6 in) in diameter when fully distended.<SUP id="cite_ref-meilstrup_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-meilstrup-3">[3]</A></SUP> The gallbladder has a capacity of about 50 millilitres (1.8 imperial fluid ounces).<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The gallbladder is shaped like a pear, with its tip opening into the <A href="/wiki/Cystic_duct" title="Cystic duct">cystic duct</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Nagral2005_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Nagral2005-4">[4]</A></SUP> The gallbladder is divided into three sections: the <I>fundus</I>, <I>body</I>, and <I>neck</I>. The <I>fundus</I> is the rounded base, angled so that it faces the <A href="/wiki/Abdominal_wall" title="Abdominal wall">abdominal wall</A>. The <I>body</I> lies in a depression in the surface of the lower liver. The <I>neck</I> tapers and is continuous with the <A href="/wiki/Cystic_duct" title="Cystic duct">cystic duct</A>, part of the <A href="/wiki/Biliary_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliary tree">biliary tree</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81-2">[2]</A></SUP> The gallbladder fossa, against which the fundus and body of the gallbladder lie, is found beneath the junction of <A href="/wiki/Hepatic_segments" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic segments">hepatic segments</A> IVB and V.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP> The cystic duct unites with the <A href="/wiki/Common_hepatic_duct" title="Common hepatic duct">common hepatic duct</A> to become the <A href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">common bile duct</A>. At the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct, there is an out-pouching of the gallbladder wall forming a mucosal fold known as "<A href="/wiki/Henri_Albert_Hartmann" title="Henri Albert Hartmann">Hartmann's</A> pouch".<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Microanatomy">Microanatomy</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Microanatomy">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Gallbladder_-_intermed_mag.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gallbladder_-_intermed_mag.jpg/220px-Gallbladder_-_intermed_mag.jpg" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gallbladder_-_intermed_mag.jpg/330px-Gallbladder_-_intermed_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Gallbladder_-_intermed_mag.jpg/440px-Gallbladder_-_intermed_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</A> of a normal gallbladder wall. <A href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</A>.</DIV>
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<P>The gallbladder wall is composed of a number of layers. The gallbladder wall's innermost surface is lined by a single layer of <A href="/wiki/Columnar_epithelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnar epithelia">columnar cells</A> with a <A href="/wiki/Brush_border" title="Brush border">brush border</A> of <A href="/wiki/Microvilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvilli">microvilli</A>, very similar to intestinal absorptive cells.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81-2">[2]</A></SUP> Underneath the epithelium is an underlying <A href="/wiki/Lamina_propria" title="Lamina propria">lamina propria</A>, a <A href="/wiki/Muscular_layer" title="Muscular layer">muscular layer</A>, an outer perimuscular layer and <A href="/wiki/Serosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serosa">serosa</A>. Unlike elsewhere in the intestinal tract, the gallbladder does not have a <A href="/wiki/Muscularis_mucosae" title="Muscularis mucosae">muscularis mucosae</A>, and the muscular fibres are not arranged in distinct layers.<SUP id="cite_ref-WHEATERS_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-WHEATERS-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucosa</A>, the inner portion of the gallbladder wall, consists of a <A href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">lining</A> of a <A href="/wiki/Simple_columnar_epithelium" title="Simple columnar epithelium">single layer of columnar</A> cells, with cells possessing small hair-like attachments called <A href="/wiki/Microvilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvilli">microvilli</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81-2">[2]</A></SUP> This sits on a thin layer of connective tissue, the <A href="/wiki/Lamina_propria" title="Lamina propria">lamina propria</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-WHEATERS_6-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-WHEATERS-6">[6]</A></SUP> The mucosa is curved and collected into tiny outpouchings called <I>rugae</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<P>A muscular layer sits beneath the mucosa. This is formed by <A href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</A>, with fibres that lie in longitudinal, oblique and transverse directions, and are not arranged in separate layers. The muscle fibres here contract to expel bile from the gallbladder.<SUP id="cite_ref-WHEATERS_6-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-WHEATERS-6">[6]</A></SUP> A distinctive feature of the gallbladder is the presence of <A href="/wiki/Rokitansky%E2%80%93Aschoff_sinuses" title="Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses">Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses</A>, deep outpouchings of the mucosa that can extend through the muscular layer.<SUP id="cite_ref-ross_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ross-7">[7]</A></SUP> The muscular layer is surrounded by a layer of connective and <A href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">fat</A> tissue.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The outer layer of the fundus of gallbladder, and the surfaces not in contact with the liver, are covered by a thick <A href="/wiki/Serosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Serosa">serosa</A>, which is exposed to the <A href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81-2">[2]</A></SUP> The serosa contains blood vessels and lymphatics.<SUP id="cite_ref-WHEATERS_6-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-WHEATERS-6">[6]</A></SUP> The surfaces in contact with the liver are covered in <A href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Variation">Variation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The gallbladder varies in size, shape, and position between different people.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81-2">[2]</A></SUP> Rarely, two or even three gallbladders may coexist, either as separate bladders draining into the cystic duct, or sharing a common branch that drains into the cystic duct. Additionally, the gallbladder may fail to form at all. Gallbladders with two lobes separated by a <A href="/wiki/Septum" title="Septum">septum</A> may also exist. These abnormalities are not likely to affect function and are generally asymptomatic.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The location of the gallbladder in relation to the liver may also vary, with documented variants including gallbladders found within,<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP> above, on the left side of, behind, and detached or suspended from the liver. Such variants are very rare: from 1886 to 1998, only 110 cases of left-lying liver, or less than one per year, were reported in scientific literature.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<P>An <A href="/wiki/Anatomical_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical variation">anatomical variation</A> can occur, known as a <A href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap_(anatomy)" title="Phrygian cap (anatomy)">Phrygian cap</A>, which is an innocuous fold in the fundus, named after its resemblance to the <A href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid1950867_12-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid1950867-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Development">Development</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The gallbladder develops from an <A href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endodermal</A> outpouching of the embryonic gut tube.<SUP id="cite_ref-LARSEN2009_13-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-LARSEN2009-13">[13]</A></SUP> Early in development, the human embryo has three <A href="/wiki/Germ_layer" title="Germ layer">germ layers</A> and abuts an embryonic <A href="/wiki/Yolk_sac" title="Yolk sac">yolk sac</A>. During the second week of <A href="/wiki/Human_embryogenesis" title="Human embryogenesis">embryogenesis</A>, as the embryo grows, it begins to surround and envelop portions of this sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract. Sections of this <A href="/wiki/Foregut" title="Foregut">foregut</A> begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the <A href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</A>, <A href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestines</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-LARSEN2009_13-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-LARSEN2009-13">[13]</A></SUP></P>
<P>During the fourth week of embryological development, the stomach rotates. The stomach, originally lying in the midline of the embryo, rotates so that its body is on the left. This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach, which will go on to become the <A href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</A>. By the end of the fourth week, the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right side, the <A href="/wiki/Hepatic_diverticulum" title="Hepatic diverticulum">hepatic diverticulum</A>, which will go on to become the <A href="/wiki/Hepatobiliary_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatobiliary system">biliary tree</A>. Just below this is a second outpouching, known as the <I>cystic diverticulum</I>, that will eventually develop into the gallbladder.<SUP id="cite_ref-LARSEN2009_13-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-LARSEN2009-13">[13]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Function">Function</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Function">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:281px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Biliary_system_multilingual.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Biliary_system_multilingual.svg/279px-Biliary_system_multilingual.svg.png" width="279" height="239" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Biliary_system_multilingual.svg/419px-Biliary_system_multilingual.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Biliary_system_multilingual.svg/558px-Biliary_system_multilingual.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="501" /></A>
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1. <I><B><A href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">Bile ducts</A></B></I>: 2. <A href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_bile_ducts" title="Intrahepatic bile ducts">Intrahepatic bile ducts</A>, 3. <A href="/wiki/Hepatic_ducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic ducts">Left and right hepatic ducts</A>, 4. <A href="/wiki/Common_hepatic_duct" title="Common hepatic duct">Common hepatic duct</A>, 5. <A href="/wiki/Cystic_duct" title="Cystic duct">Cystic duct</A>, 6. <A href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">Common bile duct</A>, 7. <A href="/wiki/Ampulla_of_Vater" title="Ampulla of Vater">Ampulla of Vater</A>, 8. <A href="/wiki/Major_duodenal_papilla" title="Major duodenal papilla">Major duodenal papilla</A><BR />
9. <A class="mw-selflink selflink">Gallbladder</A>, 10–11. <A href="/wiki/Right_lobe_of_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Right lobe of liver">Right</A> and <A href="/wiki/Left_lobe_of_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Left lobe of liver">left</A> lobes of <A href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</A>. 12. <A href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</A>.<BR />
13. <A href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</A>. 14. <A href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</A>. 15. <I><B><A href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</A></B></I>: 16. <A href="/wiki/Accessory_pancreatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory pancreatic duct">Accessory pancreatic duct</A>, 17. <A href="/wiki/Pancreatic_duct" title="Pancreatic duct">Pancreatic duct</A>.<BR />
18. <I><B><A href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</A></B></I>: 19. <A href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</A>, 20. <A href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</A><BR />
21–22. Right and left <A href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</A>.<BR />
The front border of the liver has been lifted up (brown arrow).<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<P>The main purpose of the gallbladder is to store <A href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</A>, also called gall, needed for the digestion of fats in food. Produced by the liver, bile flows through small vessels into the larger <A href="/wiki/Hepatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic duct">hepatic ducts</A> and ultimately though the <A href="/wiki/Cystic_duct" title="Cystic duct">cystic duct</A> (parts of the <A href="/wiki/Biliary_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliary tree">biliary tree</A>) into the gallbladder, where it is stored. At any one time, 30 to 60 millilitres (1.0 to 2.0 US fl oz) of bile is stored within the gallbladder.<SUP id="cite_ref-PHYSIOLOGY2005_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-PHYSIOLOGY2005-15">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<P>When food containing fat enters the <A href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">digestive tract</A>, it stimulates the <A href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">secretion</A> of <A href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">cholecystokinin</A> (CCK) from <A href="/wiki/I_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="I cell">I cells</A> of the duodenum and jejunum. In response to cholecystokinin, the gallbladder rhythmically contracts and releases its contents into the <A href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">common bile duct</A>, eventually draining into the <A href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</A>. The bile <A href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsifies</A> fats in partly digested food, thereby assisting their absorption. Bile consists primarily of water and <A href="/wiki/Bile_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile salt">bile salts</A>, and also acts as a means of eliminating <A href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</A>, a product of <A href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</A> metabolism, from the body.<SUP id="cite_ref-PHYSIOLOGY2005_15-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-PHYSIOLOGY2005-15">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The bile that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder is not the same as the bile that is secreted by the gallbladder. During gallbladder storage of bile, it is concentrated by removal of some water and electrolytes. This is through the <A href="/wiki/Active_transport" title="Active transport">active transport</A> of sodium ions across the epithelium of the gallbladder, which creates an <A href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">osmotic pressure</A> that also causes water and other electrolytes such as chloride to be reabsorbed.<SUP id="cite_ref-PHYSIOLOGY2005_15-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-PHYSIOLOGY2005-15">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clinical significance">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Gallbladder_disease" title="Gallbladder disease">Gallbladder disease</A></DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Gallstones">Gallstones</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallstones">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Gallstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallstones">Gallstones</A></DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">Gallstones</A> form when the bile is <A href="/wiki/Saturation_(chemistry)" title="Saturation (chemistry)">saturated</A>, usually with either <A href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</A> or <A href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-MSDGallstones_16-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MSDGallstones-16">[16]</A></SUP> Most gallstones do not cause symptoms, with stones either remaining in the gallbladder or passed along the <A href="/wiki/Hepatobiliary_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatobiliary system">biliary system</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP> When symptoms occur, severe "colicky" pain in the <A href="/wiki/Quadrant_(abdomen)" title="Quadrant (abdomen)">upper right part of the abdomen</A> is often felt.<SUP id="cite_ref-MSDGallstones_16-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MSDGallstones-16">[16]</A></SUP> If the <A href="/wiki/Cholelithiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholelithiasis">stone blocks the gallbladder</A>, inflammation known as <A href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">cholecystitis</A> may result. If the stone lodges in the biliary system, <A href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</A> may occur; and if the stone blocks the <A href="/wiki/Pancreatic_duct" title="Pancreatic duct">pancreatic duct</A>, then <A href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</A> may occur.<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP> Gallstones are diagnosed using <A href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-MSDGallstones_16-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MSDGallstones-16">[16]</A></SUP> When a symptomatic gallstone occurs, it is often managed by waiting it to be passed naturally.<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP> Given the likelihood of recurrent gallstones, surgery to remove the gallbladder is often considered.<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP> Some medication, such as <A href="/wiki/Ursodeoxycholic_acid" title="Ursodeoxycholic acid">ursodeoxycholic acid</A>, may be used; and <A href="/wiki/Lithotripsy" title="Lithotripsy">lithotripsy</A>, a procedure used to break down the stones, may also be used.<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Inflammation">Inflammation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inflammation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">Cholecystitis</A></DIV>
<P>Known as <A href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">cholecystitis</A>, inflammation of the gallbladder is commonly caused by obstruction of the duct with gallstones, which is known as <A href="/wiki/Cholelithiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholelithiasis">cholelithiasis</A>. Blocked bile accumulates, and pressure on the gallbladder wall may lead to the release of substances that cause inflammation, such as <A href="/wiki/Phospholipase" title="Phospholipase">phospholipase</A>. There is also the risk of bacterial infection. An inflamed gallbladder is likely to cause pain and fever, and tenderness in the upper, right corner of the abdomen, and may have a positive <A href="/wiki/Murphy%27s_sign" title="Murphy's sign">Murphy's sign</A>. Cholecystitis is often managed with rest and antibiotics, particularly <A href="/wiki/Cephalosporin" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporins</A> and, in severe cases, <A href="/wiki/Metronidazole" title="Metronidazole">metronidazole</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Gallbladder_removal">Gallbladder removal</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallbladder removal">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">Cholecystectomy</A></DIV>
<P>A <A href="/wiki/Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">cholecystectomy</A> is a procedure in which the gallbladder is removed. It may be removed because of recurrent gallstones, and is considered an <A href="/wiki/Elective_surgery" title="Elective surgery">elective procedure</A>. A cholecystectomy may be an <A href="/wiki/Open_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Open surgery">open</A> procedure, or one conducted by <A href="/wiki/Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">laparoscopy</A>. In the surgery, the gallbladder is removed from the neck to the fundus,<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid17761085_18-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid17761085-18">[18]</A></SUP> and so bile will drain directly from the liver into the <A href="/wiki/Biliary_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliary tree">biliary tree</A>. About 30 percent of patients may experience some degree of <A href="/wiki/Indigestion" title="Indigestion">indigestion</A> following the procedure, although severe complications are much rarer.<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP> About 10 percent of surgeries lead to a chronic condition of <A href="/wiki/Postcholecystectomy_syndrome" title="Postcholecystectomy syndrome">postcholecystectomy syndrome</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Cancer">Cancer</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cancer">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Gallbladder_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallbladder carcinoma">Gallbladder carcinoma</A></DIV>
<P>Cancer of the gallbladder is uncommon and mostly occurs in later life. When cancer occurs, it is mostly of the glands lining the surface of the gallbladder (<A href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</A>).<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP> Gallstones are thought to be linked to the formation of cancer, and other risk factors include large (>1 cm) <A href="/wiki/Gallbladder_polyp" title="Gallbladder polyp">gallbladder polyps</A> and having a highly calcified <A href="/wiki/Porcelain_gallbladder" title="Porcelain gallbladder">"porcelain" gallbladder</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Cancer of the gallbladder can cause attacks of biliary pain, yellowing of the skin (<A href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</A>), and weight loss. A large gallbladder may be able to felt in the abdomen. <A href="/wiki/Liver_function_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver function test">Liver function tests</A> may be elevated, particularly involving <A href="/wiki/Gamma-glutamyltransferase" title="Gamma-glutamyltransferase">GGT</A> and <A href="/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase" title="Alkaline phosphatase">ALP</A>, with ultrasound and CT scans being considered <A href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</A> investigations of choice.<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP> Cancer of the gallbladder is managed by removing the gallbladder, however As of 2010<SUP class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit">[update]</A></SUP> the prognosis remains poor.<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Cancer of the gallbladder may also be found incidentally after surgical removal of the gallbladder, with 1-3% of cancers identified in this way. <A href="/wiki/Gallbladder_polyp" title="Gallbladder polyp">Gallbladder polyps</A> are mostly benign growths or lesions resembling growths that form in the gallbladder wall,<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP> and are only associated with cancer when they are larger in size (>1 cm).<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP> Cholesterol polyps, often associated with <A href="/wiki/Cholesterolosis_of_the_gallbladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholesterolosis of the gallbladder">cholesterolosis</A> ("strawberry gallbladder", a change in the gallbladder wall due to excess <A href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP> ) Such polyps often cause no symptoms and so are often detected in this way.<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Tests">Tests</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tests">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Ultrasound_image_of_gallbladder_stone_Gallstone_091937515.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ultrasound_image_of_gallbladder_stone_Gallstone_091937515.jpg/220px-Ultrasound_image_of_gallbladder_stone_Gallstone_091937515.jpg" width="220" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ultrasound_image_of_gallbladder_stone_Gallstone_091937515.jpg/330px-Ultrasound_image_of_gallbladder_stone_Gallstone_091937515.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ultrasound_image_of_gallbladder_stone_Gallstone_091937515.jpg/440px-Ultrasound_image_of_gallbladder_stone_Gallstone_091937515.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="576" /></A>
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An <A href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</A> showing the gallbladder (central dark area) with a large gallstone (white circular area found near the middle).</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Tests used to investigate for gallbladder disease include <A href="/wiki/Blood_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood tests">blood tests</A> and <A href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</A>. A <A href="/wiki/Full_blood_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Full blood count">full blood count</A> may reveal an increased white cell count suggestive of inflammation or infection. Tests such as <A href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</A> and <A href="/wiki/Liver_function_tests" title="Liver function tests">liver function tests</A> may reveal if there is inflammation linked to the biliary tree or gallbladder, and whether this is associated with inflammation of the liver, and a <A href="/wiki/Lipase" title="Lipase">lipase</A> or <A href="/wiki/Amylase" title="Amylase">amylase</A> may be elvated if there is <A href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</A>. Bilirubin may rise when there is obstruction of the flow of bile. A <A href="/wiki/CA_19-9" class="mw-redirect" title="CA 19-9">CA 19-9</A> level may be taken to investigate for cholangiocarcinoma.<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</A> is often the first <A href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</A> test performed when gallbladder disease such as gallstones are suspected.<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP> An <A href="/wiki/Abdominal_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal X-ray">abdominal X-ray</A> or <A href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</A> is another form of imaging that may be used to examine the gallbladder and surrounding organs.<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP> Other imaging options include MRCP (<A href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" title="Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography</A>), <A href="/wiki/Endoscopic_retrograde_cholangiopancreatography" title="Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography">ERCP</A> and percutaneous or intraoperative <A href="/wiki/Cholangiography" title="Cholangiography">cholangiography</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17">[17]</A></SUP> A <A href="/wiki/Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">cholescintigraphy</A> scan is a <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear imaging">nuclear imaging</A> procedure used to assess the condition of the gallbladder.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>To have 'gall' is associated with bold behaviour, whereas to have 'bile' is associated with bitterness.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the Chinese language, the gallbladder (<A href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</A>: <SPAN lang="zh" xml:lang="zh">膽</SPAN>) is associated with courage and a myriad of related <A href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idioms</A>, including using terms such as "a body completely [of] gall" (<A href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</A>: <SPAN lang="zh" xml:lang="zh">渾身是膽</SPAN>) to describe a brave person, and "single gallbladder hero" (<A href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</A>: <SPAN lang="zh" xml:lang="zh">孤膽英雄</SPAN>) to describe a lone hero.<SUP id="cite_ref-YU2003_24-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-YU2003-24">[24]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the <A href="/wiki/Zangfu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zangfu">Zangfu</A> theory of <A href="/wiki/Chinese_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese medicine">Chinese medicine</A>, the gallbladder not only has a digestive role, but is seen as the seat of decision-making.<SUP id="cite_ref-YU2003_24-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-YU2003-24">[24]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Other_animals">Other animals</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other animals">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Most <A href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</A> have gallbladders, but the form and arrangement of the bile ducts may vary considerably. In many species, for example, there are several separate ducts running to the intestine, rather than the single common bile duct found in humans. Several species of <A href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</A> (including <A href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</A>, <A href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</A>, <A href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Lamini" title="Lamini">laminoids</A>),<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP> several species of <A href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</A>, <A href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</A> and all <A href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</A> lack a gallbladder altogether.<SUP id="cite_ref-VB_27-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-VB-27">[27]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The bile from several species of bears is used in <A href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</A>; <A href="/wiki/Bile_bear" title="Bile bear">bile bears</A> are kept alive in captivity while their bile is painfully extracted, in an industry characterized by <A href="/wiki/Animal_cruelty" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal cruelty">animal cruelty</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Depictions of the gallbladder and biliary tree are found in <A href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</A> models found from 2000 BCE, and in ancient <A href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</A> model from 200 BCE, with models associated with divine worship.<SUP id="cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Eachempati2015-30">[30]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Diseases of the gallbladder have affected humans since antiquity, with gallstones found in the mummy of <A href="/w/index.php?title=Princess_Amenen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princess Amenen (page does not exist)">Princess Amenen</A> of <A href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</A> dating to 1500 BCE.<SUP id="cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Eachempati2015-30">[30]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Blumgart2012_31-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Blumgart2012-31">[31]</A></SUP> Some historians believe the death of <A href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</A> may have been associated with an acute episode of cholecystitis.<SUP id="cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Eachempati2015-30">[30]</A></SUP> The existence of the gallbladder has been noted since the 5th century, but it is only relatively recently that the function and the diseases of the gallbladder has been documented,<SUP id="cite_ref-Blumgart2012_31-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Blumgart2012-31">[31]</A></SUP> particularly in the last two centuries.<SUP id="cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Eachempati2015-30">[30]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The first descriptions of gallstones appear to have been in the <A href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</A>, perhaps because of the low incidence of gallstones in earlier times owing to a diet with more cereals and vegetables, and less meat.<SUP id="cite_ref-Bateson2012_32-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bateson2012-32">[32]</A></SUP> <A href="/w/index.php?title=Anthonius_Benevinius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthonius Benevinius (page does not exist)">Anthonius Benevinius</A> in 1506 was the first to draw a connection between symptoms and the presence of gallstones.<SUP id="cite_ref-Bateson2012_32-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bateson2012-32">[32]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Ludwig_Georg_Courvoisier" title="Ludwig Georg Courvoisier">Courvoisier</A> after examining a number of cases in 1890 that gave rise to the <A href="/wiki/Eponymous" class="mw-redirect" title="Eponymous">eponymous</A> <A href="/wiki/Courvoisier%27s_law" title="Courvoisier's law">Courvoisier's law</A> stating that in an enlarged, nontender gallbladder, the cause of <A href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</A> is unlikely to be gallstones.<SUP id="cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Eachempati2015-30">[30]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The first surgical removal of a gallstone (cholecystolithotomy) was in 1676 by physician <A href="/w/index.php?title=Joenisius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joenisius (page does not exist)">Joenisius</A>, who removed the stones from a spontaneously occurring <A href="/wiki/Biliary_fistula" title="Biliary fistula">biliary fistula</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Eachempati2015-30">[30]</A></SUP> <A href="/w/index.php?title=Stough_Hobbs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stough Hobbs (page does not exist)">Stough Hobbs</A> in 1867 performed the first recorded <A href="/wiki/Cholecystotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholecystotomy">cholecystotomy</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-Bateson2012_32-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bateson2012-32">[32]</A></SUP> although such an operation was in fact described earlier by French surgeon <A href="/wiki/Jean_Louis_Petit" title="Jean Louis Petit">Jean Louis Petit</A> in the mid eighteenth century.<SUP id="cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Eachempati2015-30">[30]</A></SUP> German surgeon <A href="/wiki/Carl_Langenbuch" title="Carl Langenbuch">Carl Langenbuch</A> performed the first cholecystectomy in 1882 for a sufferer of cholelithiasis.<SUP id="cite_ref-Blumgart2012_31-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Blumgart2012-31">[31]</A></SUP> Before this, surgery had focused on creating a <A href="/wiki/Fistula" title="Fistula">fistula</A> for drainage of gallstones.<SUP id="cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Eachempati2015-30">[30]</A></SUP> Langenbuch reasoned that given several other species of mammal has no gallbladder, humans could survive without one.<SUP id="cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Eachempati2015-30">[30]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The debate whether surgical removal of the gallbladder or simply gallstones was preferred was settled in the 1920s, with consensus that removal of the gallbladder was preferred.<SUP id="cite_ref-Blumgart2012_31-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Blumgart2012-31">[31]</A></SUP> It was only in the mid and late parts of the twentieth century that medical imaging techniques such as use of <A href="/wiki/Contrast_medium" title="Contrast medium">contrast medium</A> and <A href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scans</A> were used to view the gallbladder.<SUP id="cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Eachempati2015-30">[30]</A></SUP> The first <A href="/wiki/Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">laparoscopic</A> cholecystectomy performed by <A href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChe" title="Erich Mühe">Erich Mühe</A> of Germany in 1985, although French surgeons <A href="/w/index.php?title=Phillipe_Mouret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phillipe Mouret (page does not exist)">Phillipe Mouret</A> and <A href="/w/index.php?title=Francois_Dubois_(surgeon)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francois Dubois (surgeon) (page does not exist)">Francois Dubois</A> are often credited for their operations in 1987 and 1988 respectively.<SUP id="cite_ref-Reynolds2001_33-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Reynolds2001-33">[33]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Ginsburg, Ph.D., J.N. (August 22, 2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080401093403/http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_30.htm">"Control of Gastrointestinal Function"</A>. In Thomas M. Nosek, Ph.D. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_30.htm"><I>Gastrointestinal Physiology</I></A>. Essentials of Human Physiology. Augusta, Georgia, United State: <A href="/wiki/Medical_College_of_Georgia" title="Medical College of Georgia">Medical College of Georgia</A>. pp. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_30.htm">p. 30</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section6/6ch2/6ch2line.htm">the original</A> on April 1, 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">June 29,</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Control+of+Gastrointestinal+Function&rft.btitle=Gastrointestinal+Physiology&rft.place=Augusta%2C+Georgia%2C+United+State&rft.series=Essentials+of+Human+Physiology&rft.pages=p.+30&rft.pub=Medical+College+of+Georgia&rft.date=2005-08-22&rft.aulast=Ginsburg%2C+Ph.D.&rft.aufirst=J.N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.mcg.edu%2Fedu%2Feshuphysio%2Fprogram%2Fsection6%2F6ch2%2F6ch2line.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-7"><SUP><I><B>h</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-8"><SUP><I><B>i</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-9"><SUP><I><B>j</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-10"><SUP><I><B>k</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray's_Anatomy20081187-81_2-11"><SUP><I><B>l</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFGray's_Anatomy2008">Gray's Anatomy 2008</A>, p. 1187-81.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-meilstrup-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-meilstrup_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Jon W. Meilstrup (1994). <I>Imaging Atlas of the Normal Gallbladder and Its Variants</I>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 4. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-4788-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-4788-2">0-8493-4788-2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imaging+Atlas+of+the+Normal+Gallbladder+and+Its+Variants&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8493-4788-2&rft.au=Jon+W.+Meilstrup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Nagral2005-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Nagral2005_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Nagral, Sanjay (2005). "Anatomy relevant to cholecystectomy". <I>Journal of Minimal Access Surgery</I>. <B>1</B> (2): 53. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.4103%2F0972-9941.16527">10.4103/0972-9941.16527</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Minimal+Access+Surgery&rft.atitle=Anatomy+relevant+to+cholecystectomy&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=53&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0972-9941.16527&rft.aulast=Nagral&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Shakelford's Surgery of Alimentary Tract, ed.7. 2013</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-WHEATERS-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-WHEATERS_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-WHEATERS_6-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-WHEATERS_6-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-WHEATERS_6-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Young, Barbara; et al. (2006). <I>Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas</I> (5th ed.). [Edinburgh?]: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. 298. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06850-8">978-0-443-06850-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wheater%27s+functional+histology%3A+a+text+and+colour+atlas&rft.place=%5BEdinburgh%3F%5D&rft.pages=298&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone%2FElsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-443-06850-8&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Deakin+%28drawings%29%2C+Philip+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ross-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-ross_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Ross, M.; Pawlina, W. (2011). <I>Histology: A Text and Atlas</I> (6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 646. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7200-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7200-6">978-0-7817-7200-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histology%3A+A+Text+and+Atlas&rft.pages=646&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-7200-6&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Pawlina%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Leeuw, Th.G.; Verbeek, P.C.M.; Rauws, E.A.J.; Gouma, D.J. (September 1995). "A double or bilobar gallbladder as a cause of severe complications after (laparoscopic) cholecystectomy". <I>Surgical Endoscopy</I>. <B>9</B> (9): 998–1000. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00188459">10.1007/BF00188459</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7482221">7482221</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surgical+Endoscopy&rft.atitle=A+double+or+bilobar+gallbladder+as+a+cause+of+severe+complications+after+%28laparoscopic%29+cholecystectomy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=998-1000&rft.date=1995-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00188459&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7482221&rft.aulast=Leeuw&rft.aufirst=Th.G.&rft.au=Verbeek%2C+P.C.M.&rft.au=Rauws%2C+E.A.J.&rft.au=Gouma%2C+D.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Segura-Sampedro, JJ; Navarro-Sánchez, A; Ashrafian, H; Martínez-Isla, A (February 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040204/http://www.grupoaran.com/mrmUpdate/lecturaPDFfromXML.asp?IdArt=4621099&TO=RVN&Eng=1">"Laparoscopic approach to the intrahepatic gallbladder. A case report"</A>. <I>Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas : organo oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Patologia Digestiva</I>. <B>107</B> (2): 122–3. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25659400">25659400</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grupoaran.com/mrmUpdate/lecturaPDFfromXML.asp?IdArt=4621099&TO=RVN&Eng=1">the original</A> on March 4, 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+espanola+de+enfermedades+digestivas+%3A+organo+oficial+de+la+Sociedad+Espanola+de+Patologia+Digestiva&rft.atitle=Laparoscopic+approach+to+the+intrahepatic+gallbladder.+A+case+report.&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=122-3&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25659400&rft.aulast=Segura-Sampedro&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Navarro-S%C3%A1nchez%2C+A&rft.au=Ashrafian%2C+H&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Isla%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grupoaran.com%2FmrmUpdate%2FlecturaPDFfromXML.asp%3FIdArt%3D4621099%26TO%3DRVN%26Eng%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Dhulkotia, A; Kumar, S; Kabra, V; Shukla, HS (March 1, 2002). "Aberrant gallbladder situated beneath the left lobe of liver". <I>HPB</I>. <B>4</B> (1): 39–42. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1080%2F136518202753598726">10.1080/136518202753598726</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HPB&rft.atitle=Aberrant+gallbladder+situated+beneath+the+left+lobe+of+liver&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-42&rft.date=2002-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F136518202753598726&rft.aulast=Dhulkotia&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Kumar%2C+S&rft.au=Kabra%2C+V&rft.au=Shukla%2C+HS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Naganuma, S.; Ishida, H.; Konno, K.; Hamashima, Y.; Hoshino, T.; Naganuma, H.; Komatsuda, T.; Ohyama, Y.; Yamada, N.; Ishida, J.; Masamune, O. (March 6, 2014). "Sonographic findings of anomalous position of the gallbladder". <I>Abdominal Imaging</I>. <B>23</B> (1): 67–72. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002619900287">10.1007/s002619900287</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9437066">9437066</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Abdominal+Imaging&rft.atitle=Sonographic+findings+of+anomalous+position+of+the+gallbladder&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-72&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs002619900287&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9437066&rft.aulast=Naganuma&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Ishida%2C+H.&rft.au=Konno%2C+K.&rft.au=Hamashima%2C+Y.&rft.au=Hoshino%2C+T.&rft.au=Naganuma%2C+H.&rft.au=Komatsuda%2C+T.&rft.au=Ohyama%2C+Y.&rft.au=Yamada%2C+N.&rft.au=Ishida%2C+J.&rft.au=Masamune%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pmid1950867-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-pmid1950867_12-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Meilstrup JW; Hopper KD; Thieme GA (December 1991). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajronline.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1950867">"Imaging of gallbladder variants"</A>. <I>AJR Am J Roentgenol</I>. <B>157</B> (6): 1205–8. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.2214%2Fajr.157.6.1950867">10.2214/ajr.157.6.1950867</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1950867">1950867</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AJR+Am+J+Roentgenol&rft.atitle=Imaging+of+gallbladder+variants&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1205-8&rft.date=1991-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2214%2Fajr.157.6.1950867&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1950867&rft.au=Meilstrup+JW&rft.au=Hopper+KD&rft.au=Thieme+GA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajronline.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D1950867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-LARSEN2009-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-LARSEN2009_13-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-LARSEN2009_13-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-LARSEN2009_13-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Gary C. Schoenwolf; et al. (2009). <I>Larsen's human embryology</I> (Thoroughly rev. and updated 4th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. "Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract". <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06811-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06811-9">978-0-443-06811-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Larsen%27s+human+embryology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%22Development+of+the+Gastrointestinal+Tract%22&rft.edition=Thoroughly+rev.+and+updated+4th&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone%2FElsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-443-06811-9&rft.au=Gary+C.+Schoenwolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">editor-in-chief, Susan Standring ; section editors, Neil R. Borley; et al. (2008). <I>Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice</I> (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 1163,1177,1185–6. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2371-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2371-8">978-0-8089-2371-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy+%3A+the+anatomical+basis+of+clinical+practice&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1163%2C1177%2C1185-6&rft.edition=40th&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8&rft.au=editor-in-chief%2C+Susan+Standring+%3B+section+editors%2C+Neil+R.+Borley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">link</A>) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list">link</A>) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Extra_text:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-PHYSIOLOGY2005-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-PHYSIOLOGY2005_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-PHYSIOLOGY2005_15-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-PHYSIOLOGY2005_15-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Hall, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. (2005). <I>Textbook of medical physiology</I> (11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 802–804. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-0240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-0240-0">978-0-7216-0240-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+medical+physiology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=802-804&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=W.B.+Saunders&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-0240-0&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Arthur+C.+Guyton%2C+John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-MSDGallstones-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-MSDGallstones_16-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-MSDGallstones_16-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-MSDGallstones_16-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msdmanuals.com/en-au/professional/hepatic-and-biliary-disorders/gallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders/cholelithiasis">"Cholelithiasis - Hepatic and Biliary Disorders - MSD Manual Professional Edition"</A>. <I>MSD Manual Professional Edition</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 October</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSD+Manual+Professional+Edition&rft.atitle=Cholelithiasis+-+Hepatic+and+Biliary+Disorders+-+MSD+Manual+Professional+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msdmanuals.com%2Fen-au%2Fprofessional%2Fhepatic-and-biliary-disorders%2Fgallbladder-and-bile-duct-disorders%2Fcholelithiasis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-DAVIDSONS2010-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-7"><SUP><I><B>h</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-8"><SUP><I><B>i</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-9"><SUP><I><B>j</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-10"><SUP><I><B>k</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-11"><SUP><I><B>l</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-12"><SUP><I><B>m</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-13"><SUP><I><B>n</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-14"><SUP><I><B>o</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-15"><SUP><I><B>p</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSONS2010_17-16"><SUP><I><B>q</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Britton, the editors Nicki R. Colledge, Brian R. Walker, Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert (2010). <I>Davidson's principles and practice of medicine</I> (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 977–984. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3085-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-3085-7">978-0-7020-3085-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Davidson%27s+principles+and+practice+of+medicine.&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=977-984&rft.edition=21st&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone%2FElsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-3085-7&rft.aulast=Britton&rft.aufirst=the+editors+Nicki+R.+Colledge%2C+Brian+R.+Walker%2C+Stuart+H.+Ralston+%3B+illustrated+by+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pmid17761085-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-pmid17761085_18-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Neri V; Ambrosi A; Fersini A; Tartaglia N; Valentino TP (2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3015719">"Antegrade dissection in laparoscopic cholecystectomy"</A>. <I>JSLS: Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons / Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons</I>. <B>11</B> (2): 225–8. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3015719">3015719</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17761085">17761085</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JSLS%3A+Journal+of+the+Society+of+Laparoendoscopic+Surgeons+%2F+Society+of+Laparoendoscopic+Surgeons&rft.atitle=Antegrade+dissection+in+laparoscopic+cholecystectomy&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-8&rft.date=2007&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3015719&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17761085&rft.au=Neri+V&rft.au=Ambrosi+A&rft.au=Fersini+A&rft.au=Tartaglia+N&rft.au=Valentino+TP&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3015719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">nhs.uk, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Laparoscopiccholecystectomy/Pages/Riskspage.aspx">Complications of a gallbladder removal</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/gallbladder-polyps/AN01044">"Gallbladder Polyps"</A>. <I>MayoClinic</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">March 19,</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MayoClinic&rft.atitle=Gallbladder+Polyps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.com%2Fhealth%2Fgallbladder-polyps%2FAN01044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?strawberry+gallbladder">Strawberry gallbladder</A> – cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/hida-scan/home/ovc-20200578">"HIDA scan - Overview"</A>. <I>Mayo Clinic</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 October</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=HIDA+scan+-+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Ftests-procedures%2Fhida-scan%2Fhome%2Fovc-20200578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">J. A. Simpson (1989). <I>The Oxford English dictionary</I> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. gall, bile. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861186-8">978-0-19-861186-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=gall%2C+bile&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861186-8&rft.au=J.+A.+Simpson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-YU2003-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-YU2003_24-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-YU2003_24-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Yu, Ning (January 1, 2003). "Metaphor, Body, and Culture: The Chinese Understanding of Gallbladder and Courage". <I>Metaphor and Symbol</I>. <B>18</B> (1): 13–31. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1207%2FS15327868MS1801_2">10.1207/S15327868MS1801_2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metaphor+and+Symbol&rft.atitle=Metaphor%2C+Body%2C+and+Culture%3A+The+Chinese+Understanding+of+Gallbladder+and+Courage&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-31&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2FS15327868MS1801_2&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Ning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">C. Michael Hogan. 2008. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=42654"><I>Guanaco: Lama guanicoe</I>, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Strömberg</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304004355/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=42654">Archived</A> March 4, 2011, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Higashiyama, H; Sumitomo, H; Ozawa, A; Igarashi, H; Tsunekawa, N; Kurohmaru, M; Kanai, Y (2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.23287/abstract">"Anatomy of the Murine Hepatobiliary System: A Whole-Organ-Level Analysis Using a Transparency Method"</A>. <I>The Anatomical Record</I>. <B>299</B> (2): 161–172. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Far.23287">10.1002/ar.23287</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26559382">26559382</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Anatomical+Record&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+the+Murine+Hepatobiliary+System%3A+A+Whole-Organ-Level+Analysis+Using+a+Transparency+Method&rft.volume=299&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-172&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Far.23287&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26559382&rft.aulast=Higashiyama&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Sumitomo%2C+H&rft.au=Ozawa%2C+A&rft.au=Igarashi%2C+H&rft.au=Tsunekawa%2C+N&rft.au=Kurohmaru%2C+M&rft.au=Kanai%2C+Y&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Far.23287%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-VB-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-VB_27-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). <I>The Vertebrate Body</I>. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 355. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-910284-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-910284-X">0-03-910284-X</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-03-910284-X&rft.au=Romer%2C+Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Thomas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Actman, Jani (5 May 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/05/160505-asiatic-bear-bile-trade-laos/">"Inside the Disturbing World of Bear-Bile Farming"</A>. <I>National Geographic</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">23 October</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Disturbing+World+of+Bear-Bile+Farming&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft.aulast=Actman&rft.aufirst=Jani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F05%2F160505-asiatic-bear-bile-trade-laos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Hance, Jeremy (9 April 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/radical-conservation/2015/apr/09/bear-bile-china-synthetic-alternative">"Is the end of 'house of horror' bear bile factories in sight?"</A>. <I>The Guardian</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">23 October</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Is+the+end+of+%27house+of+horror%27+bear+bile+factories+in+sight%3F&rft.date=2015-04-09&rft.aulast=Hance&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2Fradical-conservation%2F2015%2Fapr%2F09%2Fbear-bile-china-synthetic-alternative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Eachempati2015-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-7"><SUP><I><B>h</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-8"><SUP><I><B>i</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Eachempati2015_30-9"><SUP><I><B>j</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Eachempati, Soumitra R.; II, R. Lawrence Reed (2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.au/books?id=oKFnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&source=bl&ots=KuqCcnq3g3&sig=T_hvuO2YoUMtIUfKo0U3gblYKNo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix-q2Ls9jWAhUEkZQKHX1_BOAQ6AEIWTAN#v=onepage&f=false"><I>Acute Cholecystitis</I></A>. Springer. pp. 1–16. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319148243" title="Special:BookSources/9783319148243">9783319148243</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acute+Cholecystitis&rft.pages=1-16&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9783319148243&rft.aulast=Eachempati&rft.aufirst=Soumitra+R.&rft.au=II%2C+R.+Lawrence+Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoKFnCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1%26lpg%3DPA1%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DKuqCcnq3g3%26sig%3DT_hvuO2YoUMtIUfKo0U3gblYKNo%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwix-q2Ls9jWAhUEkZQKHX1_BOAQ6AEIWTAN%23v%3Donepage%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Blumgart2012-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Blumgart2012_31-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Blumgart2012_31-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Blumgart2012_31-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Blumgart2012_31-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Jarnagin, William R. (2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.au/books?id=neZGIB-xyVkC&pg=PA511&lpg=PA511&source=bl&ots=QRfsFehEVX&sig=xgWn6lkaU7EYwynv1N5HEHXpJL8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix-q2Ls9jWAhUEkZQKHX1_BOAQ6AEIWzAO#v=onepage"><I>Blumgart's Surgery of the Liver, Pancreas and Biliary Tract E-Book: Expert Consult - Online</I></A>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 511. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1455746061" title="Special:BookSources/1455746061">1455746061</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blumgart%27s+Surgery+of+the+Liver%2C+Pancreas+and+Biliary+Tract+E-Book%3A+Expert+Consult+-+Online&rft.pages=511&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=1455746061&rft.aulast=Jarnagin&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DneZGIB-xyVkC%26pg%3DPA511%26lpg%3DPA511%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DQRfsFehEVX%26sig%3DxgWn6lkaU7EYwynv1N5HEHXpJL8%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwix-q2Ls9jWAhUEkZQKHX1_BOAQ6AEIWzAO%23v%3Donepage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Bateson2012-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Bateson2012_32-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Bateson2012_32-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Bateson2012_32-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Bateson, M. C. (2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.au/books?id=zNdeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&source=bl&ots=IWfJR7RlKC&sig=dhPOuhu8wkZbRSWe8k-oIyElQ-o&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNvsrLs9jWAhWLI5QKHaPdBAs4ChDoAQgqMAE#v=onepage&f=false"><I>Gallstone Disease and its Management</I></A>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–2. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789400941731" title="Special:BookSources/9789400941731">9789400941731</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallstone+Disease+and+its+Management&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789400941731&rft.aulast=Bateson&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.au%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzNdeBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1%26lpg%3DPA1%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DIWfJR7RlKC%26sig%3DdhPOuhu8wkZbRSWe8k-oIyElQ-o%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjNvsrLs9jWAhWLI5QKHaPdBAs4ChDoAQgqMAE%23v%3Donepage%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Reynolds2001-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Reynolds2001_33-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Reynolds, Walker (January–March 2001). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3015420/">"The First Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy"</A>. <I>Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic surgeons</I>. <B>5</B> (1): 89–94.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Laparoendoscopic+surgeons&rft.atitle=The+First+Laparoscopic+Cholecystectomy&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-94&rft.date=2001-01%2F2001-03&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3015420%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<DL>
<DT>Books</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFGray's_Anatomy2008" class="citation book">editor-in-chief, Susan Standring ; section editors, Neil R. Borley; et al. (2008). <I>Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice</I> (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2371-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2371-8">978-0-8089-2371-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy+%3A+the+anatomical+basis+of+clinical+practice&rft.place=London&rft.edition=40th&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8&rft.au=editor-in-chief%2C+Susan+Standring+%3B+section+editors%2C+Neil+R.+Borley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGallbladder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">link</A>) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list">link</A>) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Extra_text:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list">link</A>)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <I><B><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gallbladder" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gallbladder">Gallbladder</A></B></I>.</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innerbody.com/image/dige02.html">Diagram of Human Stomach and Gallbladder</A> – Human Anatomy Online dd, MyHealthScore.com.</LI>
</UL>
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<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Accessory_digestive_glands" title="Template:Accessory digestive glands"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
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</DIV>
<DIV id="Anatomy_of_the_liver,_pancreas_and_biliary_tree" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <A href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system#Components_of_the_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">liver, pancreas and biliary tree</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bare_area_of_the_liver" title="Bare area of the liver">Bare area</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cantlie_line" title="Cantlie line">Cantlie line</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ligamentum_venosum" title="Ligamentum venosum">Ligamentum venosum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Porta_hepatis" title="Porta hepatis">Porta hepatis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Round_ligament_of_liver" title="Round ligament of liver">Round ligament</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lobes_of_liver" title="Lobes of liver">Lobes of liver</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caudate_lobe_of_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudate lobe of liver">Caudate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quadrate_lobe_of_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrate lobe of liver">Quadrate</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fibrous_capsule_of_Glisson" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous capsule of Glisson">Fibrous capsule of Glisson</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Perisinusoidal_space" title="Perisinusoidal space">Perisinusoidal space</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Liver_sinusoid" title="Liver sinusoid">Liver sinusoid</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Periportal_space" title="Periportal space">Periportal space</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portal_triad" title="Portal triad">Portal triad</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lobules_of_liver" title="Lobules of liver">Lobules of liver</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Liver_segment" title="Liver segment">Liver segment</A></LI>
<LI>Microanatomy
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hepatocyte" title="Hepatocyte">Hepatocyte</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hepatic_stellate_cell" title="Hepatic stellate cell">Hepatic stellate cell</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kupffer_cell" title="Kupffer cell">Kupffer cell</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">Bile ducts</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_bile_ducts" title="Intrahepatic bile ducts">Intrahepatic bile ducts</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bile_canaliculus" title="Bile canaliculus">Bile canaliculus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Canals_of_Hering" title="Canals of Hering">Canals of Hering</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Interlobular_bile_ducts" title="Interlobular bile ducts">Interlobular</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Left_hepatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Left hepatic duct">Left hepatic duct</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Right_hepatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Right hepatic duct">Right hepatic duct</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Common_hepatic_duct" title="Common hepatic duct">Common hepatic duct</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Gallbladder</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cystic_duct" title="Cystic duct">Cystic duct</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">Common bile duct</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ampulla_of_Vater" title="Ampulla of Vater">Ampulla of Vater</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sphincter_of_Oddi" title="Sphincter of Oddi">Sphincter of Oddi</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Cells
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cholecystocyte" title="Cholecystocyte">Cholecystocyte</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI>Gross
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tail_of_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tail of pancreas">Tail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Body_of_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of pancreas">Body</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Neck_of_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck of pancreas">Neck</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Head_of_pancreas" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of pancreas">Head</A> (<A href="/wiki/Uncinate_process_of_pancreas" title="Uncinate process of pancreas">Uncinate process</A>)</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Ducts
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pancreatic_duct" title="Pancreatic duct">main</A></LI>
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class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ves%C3%ADcula_biliar" title="Vesícula biliar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><A href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%AF" title="પિત્તાશય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%93%B8%EA%B0%9C" title="쓸개 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF" title="Լեղապարկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AF" title="पित्ताशय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDu%C4%8Dnjak" title="Žučnjak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantung_empedu" title="Kantung empedu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbla%C3%B0ra" title="Gallblaðra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistifellea" title="Cistifellea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%94" title="כיס המרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><A href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantung_empedu" title="Kantung empedu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ნაღვლის ბუშტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><A href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Өтқап – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><A href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifuko_cha_nyongo" title="Kifuko cha nyongo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><A href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeravdank" title="Zeravdank – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><A href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Өт баштыгы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesica_biliaris" title="Vesica biliaris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDultsp%C5%ABslis" title="Žultspūslis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tul%C5%BEies_p%C5%ABsl%C4%97" title="Tulžies pūslė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><A href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galblaos" title="Galblaos – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><A href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fel_(orghen)" title="Fel (orghen) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epeh%C3%B3lyag" title="Epehólyag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><A href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Жолчка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പിത്താശയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"><A href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrara" title="Marrara – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><A href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AF" title="पित्ताशय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><A href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="مراره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundi_hempedu" title="Pundi hempedu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><A href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81ng-n%C3%B2ng" title="Dāng-nòng – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galblaas" title="Galblaas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%86%E5%9A%A2" title="胆嚢 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallebl%C3%A6re" title="Galleblære – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallebl%C3%A6re" title="Galleblære – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><A href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safro" title="Safro – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><A href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%DB%8C" title="تريخی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%99cherzyk_%C5%BC%C3%B3%C5%82ciowy" title="Pęcherzyk żółciowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ves%C3%ADcula_biliar" title="Vesícula biliar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezic%C4%83_biliar%C4%83" title="Vezică biliară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Жёлчный пузырь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDl%C4%8Dn%C3%ADk" title="Žlčník – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDol%C4%8Dnik" title="Žolčnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Жучна кеса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><A href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampru" title="Hampru – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Sunda</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappirakko" title="Sappirakko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbl%C3%A5sa" title="Gallblåsa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><A href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apdo" title="Apdo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88" title="பித்தப்பை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><A href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Үт куыгы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><A href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="పిత్తాశయము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="ถุงน้ำดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safra_kesesi" title="Safra kesesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80" title="Жовчний міхур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><A href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ئۆت خالتىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za"><A href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbei" title="Mbei – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAi_m%E1%BA%ADt" title="Túi mật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%BD" title="膽 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%86%E5%9B%8A" title="胆囊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				</UL>
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document_title: Gallbladder

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question_text: where is gall bladder situated in human body