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<TITLE>Vascular tissue - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Vascular tissue</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Celery_cross_section.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Celery_cross_section.jpg/250px-Celery_cross_section.jpg" width="250" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Celery_cross_section.jpg/375px-Celery_cross_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Celery_cross_section.jpg/500px-Celery_cross_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></A>
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Cross section of <A href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</A> stalk, showing vascular bundles, which include both phloem and xylem.</DIV>
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Detail of the vasculature of a <A href="/wiki/Bramble" title="Bramble">bramble</A> <A href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</A>.</DIV>
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about vascular tissue in plants. For transport in animals, see <A href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</A>.</DIV>
<P><B>Vascular tissue</B> is a complex conducting <A href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</A>, formed of more than one cell type, found in <A href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</A>. The primary components of vascular tissue are the <A href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</A> and <A href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</A>. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. There are also two <A href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">meristems</A> associated with vascular tissue: the <A href="/wiki/Vascular_cambium" title="Vascular cambium">vascular cambium</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">cork cambium</A>. All the vascular tissues within a particular plant together constitute the <B>vascular tissue system</B> of that plant.</P>
<P>The cells in vascular tissue are typically long and slender. Since the xylem and phloem function in the conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant, it is not surprising that their form should be similar to pipes. The individual cells of phloem are connected end-to-end, just as the sections of a pipe might be. As the plant grows, new vascular tissue <A href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiates</A> in the growing tips of the plant. The new tissue is aligned with existing vascular tissue, maintaining its connection throughout the plant. The vascular tissue in plants is arranged in long, discrete strands called <A href="/wiki/Vascular_bundles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular bundles">vascular bundles</A>. These bundles include both xylem and phloem, as well as supporting and protective cells. In <A href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</A> and <A href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</A>, the xylem typically lies closer to the interior of the stem with phloem towards the exterior of the stem. In the stems of some Asterales <A href="/wiki/Dicot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicot">dicots</A>, there may be phloem located inwardly from the xylem as well.</P>
<P>Between the xylem and phloem is a <A href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">meristem</A> called the vascular cambium. This tissue divides off <A href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</A> that will become additional xylem and phloem. This growth increases the girth of the plant, rather than its length. As long as the vascular cambium continues to produce new cells, the plant will continue to grow more stout. In <A href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</A> and other plants that develop <A href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</A>, the vascular cambium allows the expansion of vascular tissue that produces woody growth. Because this growth ruptures the <A href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</A> of the stem, woody plants also have a <A href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">cork cambium</A> that develops among the phloem. The cork cambium gives rise to thickened <A href="/wiki/Cork_(tissue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cork (tissue)">cork</A> cells to protect the surface of the plant and reduce water loss. Both the production of wood and the production of cork are forms of <A href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">secondary growth</A>.</P>
<P>In <A href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</A>, the vascular bundles are located among the spongy <A href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">mesophyll</A>. The xylem is oriented toward the <A href="/wiki/Adaxial" title="Adaxial">adaxial</A> surface of the leaf (usually the upper side), and phloem is oriented toward the <A href="/wiki/Abaxial" title="Abaxial">abaxial</A> surface of the leaf. This is why <A href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</A> are typically found on the underside of the leaves rather than on the top, since the phloem transports sugars manufactured by the plant and they are closer to the lower surface.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Vascular_tissue&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">Phloem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork cambium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vascular_cambium" title="Vascular cambium">Vascular cambium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plant</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stele_(biology)" title="Stele (biology)">Stele (biology)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Vascular_tissue&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/IB181/VPL/Ana/AnaTitle.html">Intro to Plant Structure</A> Contains diagrams of the plant tissues, listed as an outline.</LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">Epithelial</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Connective</A></LI>
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<LI>Dermal tissue
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<LI><B><A href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</A></B>: <A href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Pavement cell</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Guard_cell" title="Guard cell">Guard cell</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Subsidiary cell</A></LI>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/Periderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Periderm">Periderm</A></B>: <A href="/wiki/Phellem" class="mw-redirect" title="Phellem">Phellem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phelloderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Phelloderm">Phelloderm</A></LI>
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<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Vascular tissue</A>
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<LI><B><A href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">Phloem</A></B>: <A href="/wiki/Sieve_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieve tube">Sieve tube</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Companion_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion cell">Companion cell</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bast_fibre" title="Bast fibre">Phloem fiber</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phloem#Parenchyma_cells" title="Phloem">Phloem parenchyma</A></LI>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem</A></B>: <A href="/wiki/Tracheid" title="Tracheid">Tracheid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vessel_element" title="Vessel element">Vessel element</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem fiber</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem parenchyma</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</A>
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<LI><B><A href="/wiki/Parenchyma" title="Parenchyma">Parenchyma</A></B>: <A href="/wiki/Chlorenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorenchyma">Chlorenchyma</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aerenchyma" title="Aerenchyma">Aerenchyma</A></LI>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/Collenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Collenchyma">Collenchyma</A></B></LI>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/Sclerenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerenchyma">Sclerenchyma</A></B>: <A href="/wiki/Sclereid" title="Sclereid">Sclereid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ground_tissue#Fibers" title="Ground tissue">Fiber</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristematic tissue</A>
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<LI><B><A href="/wiki/Meristem#Primary_meristems" title="Meristem">Primary</A></B>: <A href="/wiki/Protoderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoderm">Protoderm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Procambium" class="mw-redirect" title="Procambium">Procambium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ground_meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground meristem">Ground meristem</A></LI>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/Meristem#Secondary_meristems" title="Meristem">Secondary</A></B>: <A href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork cambium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vascular_cambium" title="Vascular cambium">Vascular cambium</A></LI>
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</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV id="Botany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #90EE90;">
<DIV><A href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History of botany</A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">Plant systematics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Floristics" title="Floristics">Floristics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</A> groups</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pteridophyte" title="Pteridophyte">Pteridophyte</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.2em"><A href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</A><BR />
<SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(<A href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</A>)</SPAN></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Vascular tissue</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">Vegetative</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shoot" title="Shoot">Shoot</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</A><BR />
(Flower)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" title="Fruit anatomy">Fruit anatomy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Seed dispersal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">Surface structures</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Plant cuticle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Prickle</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">
<DIV class="hlist hlist-separated">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</A></LI>
<LI>Materials</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">Plant growth and habit</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</A>
<DIV class="hlist hlist-separated">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Microsporangia" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">Hardiness zone</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">- for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigen</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">grex</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">Practice</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">
<DIV class="hlist hlist-separated">
<UL>
<LI>Lists</LI>
<LI>Related topics</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Botanical_expedition" title="Botanical expedition">Botanical expedition</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #90EE90;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI><IMG alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /><B><A href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Category</A></B></LI>
<LI><IMG alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /><B><A href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Portal</A></B></LI>
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document_title: Vascular tissue

token: Vascular

token: tissue

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: Cross

token: section

token: of

token: celery

token: stalk

token: showing

token: vascular

token: bundles

token: which

token: include

token: both

token: phloem

token: and

token: xylem

token: Detail

token: the

token: vasculature

token: a

token: bramble

token: leaf

token: This

token: article

token: is

token: about

token: in

token: plants

token: For

token: transport

token: animals

token: see

token: Circulatory

token: system

token: complex

token: conducting

token: formed

token: more

token: than

token: one

token: cell

token: type

token: found

token: The

token: primary

token: components

token: are

token: These

token: two

token: tissues

token: fluid

token: nutrients

token: internally

token: There

token: also

token: meristems

token: associated

token: with

token: cambium

token: cork

question_text: where is most vascular tissue found in plants