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<TITLE>Indian High Courts Act 1861 - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Indian High Courts Act 1861</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<P>The <B>Indian High Courts Act of 1861</B><SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> (24 & 25 Vict. c. 104) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to authorize the Crown to create High Courts in the Indian colony.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> Queen Victoria created the High Courts in Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay by <A href="/wiki/Letters_Patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters Patent">Letters Patent</A> in 1865. These High Courts would become the precursors to the High Courts in the modern day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The Act was passed after the <A href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</A> and consolidated the parallel legal system of the Crown and the <A href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</A>.</P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Abolishing_Existing_Courts"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Abolishing Existing Courts</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Qualifications_of_High_Court_Judges"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Qualifications of High Court Judges</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Judicial_Tenure_and_Seniority"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Judicial Tenure and Seniority</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#Jurisdiction"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Jurisdiction</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Abolishing_Existing_Courts">Abolishing Existing Courts</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_High_Courts_Act_1861&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Abolishing Existing Courts">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The Act abolished the <A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_at_Fort_William" title="Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William">Supreme Courts</A> at <A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_at_Fort_William" title="Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William">Calcutta</A>, <A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_at_Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Judicature at Madras">Madras</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_at_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Judicature at Bombay">Bombay</A>; the <A href="/wiki/Sadr_Diwani_Adalat" title="Sadr Diwani Adalat">Sadar Diwani Adalat</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Sadr_Nizamat_Adalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadr Nizamat Adalat">Sadar Nizamat Adalat</A> at Calcutta; Sadar Adalat and Faujdari Adalat at Madras; Sadar Diwani Adalat and Faujdari Adalat at Bombay (§8).</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Qualifications_of_High_Court_Judges">Qualifications of High Court Judges</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_High_Courts_Act_1861&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Qualifications of High Court Judges">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Each High Court could consist of a chief justice and up to 15 judges. Under §3 of the Act, judges could be selected from barristers (with 5 years of experience), civil servants (with 10 years of experience including 3 years as a zillah judge), judges of small cause courts or sudder ameen (with 5 years of experience), or pleaders of lander courts or High Courts (with 05 years of experience).</P>
<P>The High Court of a State is the highest court of the State and all other courts of the State work under it. Normally there is one High Court in every State but there can be only one High Court for two or more States as well, according to the constitution. There is one High Court at Chandigarh for Punjab, Haryana and Union Territory of Chandigarh. Similarly there is one High Court at Guwahati which serves Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Nagaland.</P>
<P>Composition:</P>
<P>In every High Court, there is a Chief Justice and many other judges whose number is defined by the President of India.</P>
<P>Appointment of the Judges: The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President with the consultation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor of the State. The other judges are appointed by the will of President, Governor and the Chief Justice of High Court.</P>
<P>Qualifications for the Judges</P>
<P>(a) He should be a citizen of India.</P>
<P>(b) He should have been (I) a judge for 10 years of Subordinate court under the Judicial Service of the State or (ii) an Advocate for 10 years in a High Courts in India (Article 217).</P>
<P>Tenure: Originally the age of the retirement of the judges of the High Courts was fixed at 60 but it was raised to 62 in 1963 according to the 15th amendment of the Constitution.</P>
<P>Removal of the Judges: A judge may leave his office by resigning. He will send his letter of resignation to the President. His office would be considered to have been vacated if he is appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court or is transferred to some other High Court. A judge of a High Court may also be removed like a judge of the Supreme Court. A judge of High Court may be removed by the President if the Parliament passes a motion against him by an absolute majority and 2/3rd majority of the members present and voting, both the Houses sitting separately.</P>
<P>Salary:</P>
<P>The pay of the Chief Justice of a High Court is rupees 90,000/- per month and that of the other judges is rupees 85,000/- per month.</P>
<P>Powers and Functions</P>
<P>Original Jurisdiction:</P>
<P>The original jurisdiction of the High Court is restricted.</P>
<P>(a) Every High Court under Article 226 is empowered to issue writs, orders, directions including writs in the nature of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-warranto and Certiorari or any of them to any person or authority with in its territory for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose.</P>
<P>(b) The original jurisdiction of High Court extends to matters of admiralty, matrimonial, contempt of court and cases ordered to be transferred to High Court by lower court.</P>
<P>(c) The High Courts of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai have original jurisdiction on hearing straightway cases involving the Christians and Parsies.</P>
<P>(d) The High Courts of Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai exercise original civil jurisdiction when the amount involved is more than two thousand rupees.</P>
<P>Appellate Jurisdiction:</P>
<P>The appellate jurisdiction of the High Courts extends so:</P>
<P>(a) The High Court can hear appeals in civil cases if the amount involved in the case is at least Rs. 5000.</P>
<P>(b) The High Court in criminal cases hears the appeal in which the accused has been sentenced to four years imprisonment by the Sessions Judge. v</P>
<P>(c) The death sentence awarded by Sessions Judge is subject to approval by the High Court.</P>
<P>(d) The High Court hear the cases involving interpretation of the Constitution or Law.</P>
<P>(e) The High Court hears the cases on income tax, sales tax etc.</P>
<P>Power of Judicial Review:</P>
<P>The States High Courts like the Supreme Court has the power of Judicial Review. A High Court has the power to strike down any law of the State or any order of the executive if it violates any provision of the constitution or curtails or takes any of the Fundamental Rights of the people.</P>
<P>Administrative and Supervisory Power:</P>
<P>The State High Court performs many administrative functions within its Territorial Jurisdiction. It exercises the power of superintendence and control over all courts and tribunals throughout the territory except the military tribunals.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Judicial_Tenure_and_Seniority">Judicial Tenure and Seniority</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_High_Courts_Act_1861&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Judicial Tenure and Seniority">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Under §5 of the Act, judges served at the pleasure of Her Majesty. The chief justice had precedence over judges, whereas judges had seniority based on appointment. Under §14, the chief justice had the power to form divisions of two or more judges to hear cases.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_High_Courts_Act_1861&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Under article 9 of the Act, each High Court had "all such powers and authority for and in relation to the administration of justice" including original and appellate jurisdiction over civil, criminal, admiralty, vice-admiralty, testamentary, intestate, and matrimonial matters.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_High_Courts_Act_1861&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
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<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gktoday.in/indian-high-courts-act-1861/">"Indian High Courts Act 1861"</A>. <I>GKToday</I>. 2011-10-17<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-03-20</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GKToday&rft.atitle=Indian+High+Courts+Act+1861&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gktoday.in%2Findian-high-courts-act-1861%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+High+Courts+Act+1861" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K7NLxvbWDXYC&pg=PA233"><I>Criminal Justice India Series: Punjab, 2002</I></A>. Allied Publishers. 2002. p. 233. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7764-490-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7764-490-6">978-81-7764-490-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+India+Series%3A+Punjab%2C+2002&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7764-490-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK7NLxvbWDXYC%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+High+Courts+Act+1861" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<DIV id="Indian_legislation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Indian legislation</A></DIV>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</A> (<A href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">amendments</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Code_of_Criminal_Procedure,_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973">Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_India" title="List of Acts of the Parliament of India">Acts of the Parliament</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ordinance_(India)" title="Ordinance (India)">Ordinance</A></LI>
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<DIV>In Force</DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumer</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Real_Estate_(Regulation_and_Development)_Act,_2016" title="Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016">Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Consumer_Protection_Act,_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Protection Act, 1986">Consumer Protection Act, 1986</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Essential_Commodities_Act" title="Essential Commodities Act">Essential Commodities Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Essential_Services_Maintenance_Act" title="Essential Services Maintenance Act">Essential Services Maintenance Act</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corruption</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Benami_Transactions_(Prohibition)_Act,_1988" title="Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988">Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Black_Money_(Undisclosed_Foreign_Income_and_Assets)_and_Imposition_of_Tax_Act,_2015" title="Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015">Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Corruption_Act,_1988" title="Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988">Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Lokpal_and_Lokayuktas_Act,_2013" title="The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013">The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mines_and_Minerals_(Development_and_Regulation)_Act,_1957" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957">Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Money_Laundering_Act,_2002" title="Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002">Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Whistle_Blowers_Protection_Act,_2011" title="Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011">Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criminal</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_(Special_Powers)_Act" title="Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act">Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Tribunal_Act,_2007" title="Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007">Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arms_Act,_1959" title="Arms Act, 1959">Arms Act, 1959</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Army_Act,_1950" title="Army Act, 1950">Army Act, 1950</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_(Amendment)_Act,_2013" title="Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013">Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cigarettes_and_Other_Tobacco_Products_Act" title="Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act">Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Evidence_Act" title="Indian Evidence Act">Indian Evidence Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Juvenile_Justice_(Care_and_Protection_of_Children)_Act,_2015" title="Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015">Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_(India)" title="National Security Act (India)">National Security Act (India)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Protection_of_Women_from_Domestic_Violence_Act,_2005" title="Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005">Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scheduled_Caste_and_Scheduled_Tribe_(Prevention_of_Atrocities)_Act,_1989" title="Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989">Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management_Act,_2017" title="Indian Institutes of Management Act, 2017">Indian Institutes of Management Act, 2017</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Institutes_of_Technology_Act,_1961" title="Institutes of Technology Act, 1961">Institutes of Technology Act, 1961</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology_Act,_2007" title="National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007">National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Right_of_Children_to_Free_and_Compulsory_Education_Act,_2009" title="Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009">Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_Act,_1956" title="University Grants Commission Act, 1956">University Grants Commission Act, 1956</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Air_(Prevention_and_Control_of_Pollution)_Act" title="Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act">Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Biological_Diversity_Act,_2002" title="Biological Diversity Act, 2002">Biological Diversity Act, 2002</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/CAMPA_bill" title="CAMPA bill">CAMPA bill</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Environment_Protection_Act,_1986" title="Environment Protection Act, 1986">Environment Protection Act, 1986</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Forest_Act,_1927" title="Indian Forest Act, 1927">Indian Forest Act, 1927</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Green_Tribunal_Act" title="National Green Tribunal Act">National Green Tribunal Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals_Act" title="Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act">Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Protection_of_Plant_Varieties_and_Farmers%27_Rights_Act,_2001" title="Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001">Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act,_1972" title="Wildlife Protection Act, 1972">Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aadhaar_(Targeted_Delivery_of_Financial_and_other_Subsidies,_benefits_and_services)_Act,_2016" title="Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016">Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Regulation Act, 1949</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Conservation_of_Foreign_Exchange_and_Prevention_of_Smuggling_Activities_Act" title="Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act">Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Depositories_Act" title="Depositories Act">Depositories Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Electricity_Act,_2003" title="The Electricity Act, 2003">The Electricity Act, 2003</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Expenditure_Tax_Act,_1987" title="Expenditure Tax Act, 1987">Expenditure Tax Act, 1987</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Finance_Act_(India)" title="Finance Act (India)">Finance Act (India)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fiscal_Responsibility_and_Budget_Management_Act,_2003" title="Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003">Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foreign_Contribution_Regulation_Act" title="Foreign Contribution Regulation Act">Foreign Contribution Regulation Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">Foreign Exchange Management Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geographical_Indications_of_Goods_(Registration_and_Protection)_Act,_1999" title="Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999">Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Government_Securities_Act,_2006" title="Government Securities Act, 2006">Government Securities Act, 2006</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Contract_Act,_1872" title="Indian Contract Act, 1872">Indian Contract Act, 1872</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Stamp_Act,_1899" title="Indian Stamp Act, 1899">Indian Stamp Act, 1899</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act, 1938</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Negotiable_Instruments_Act,_1881" title="Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881">Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Securities_Laws_(Amendment)_Act,_2014" title="Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014">Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Competition_Act,_2002" title="The Competition Act, 2002">The Competition Act, 2002</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_High_Denomination_Bank_Notes_(Demonetisation)_Act,_1978" title="The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978">The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Income-tax_Act,_1961" title="The Income-tax Act, 1961">The Income-tax Act, 1961</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transfer_of_Property_Act_1882" title="Transfer of Property Act 1882">Transfer of Property Act 1882</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Urban_Land_(Ceiling_and_Regulation)_Act,_1976" title="Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976">Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act, 1976</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Healthcare</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Homoeopathy_Act,_1973" title="Central Council of Homoeopathy Act, 1973">Central Council of Homoeopathy Act, 1973</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Clinical_Establishments_(Registration_and_Regulation)_Act,_2010" title="Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010">Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dentist_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentist Act">Dentist Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Drugs_and_Cosmetics_Act,_1940" title="Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940">Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Drugs_and_Magic_Remedies_(Objectionable_Advertisements)_Act,_1954" title="Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954">Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act, 1954</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Medical_Council_Act" title="Indian Medical Council Act">Indian Medical Council Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mental_Health_Act,_1987" title="Mental Health Act, 1987">Mental Health Act, 1987</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances_Act,_1985" title="Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985">Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bonded_Labor_System_(Abolition)_Act,_1976" title="Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act, 1976">Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act, 1976</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Factories_Act,1948,_India" title="Factories Act,1948, India">Factories Act,1948, India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Industrial_Disputes_Act,_1947" title="Industrial Disputes Act, 1947">Industrial Disputes Act, 1947</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Interstate_Migrant_Workmen_Act_1979" title="Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979">Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maternity_Benefit_(Amendment)_Act,_2017" title="Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017">Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Minimum_Wages_Act_1948" title="Minimum Wages Act 1948">Minimum Wages Act 1948</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Rural_Employment_Guarantee_Act,_2005" title="National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005">National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sexual_Harassment_of_Women_at_Workplace_(Prevention,_Prohibition_and_Redressal)_Act,_2013" title="Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013">Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Unorganised_Workers%27_Social_Security_Act_2008" title="Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act 2008">Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act 2008</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hindu_Adoptions_and_Maintenance_Act_(1956)" title="Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)">Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act (1956)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Majority_Act_(India)" title="Majority Act (India)">Majority Act (India)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hindu_Minority_and_Guardianship_Act" title="Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act">Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hindu_Succession_Act,_1956" title="Hindu Succession Act, 1956">Hindu Succession Act, 1956</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Special_Marriage_Act,_1954" title="Special Marriage Act, 1954">Special Marriage Act, 1954</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Hindu_Marriage_Act,_1955" title="The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955">The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Muslim_Women_(Protection_of_Rights_on_Divorce)_Act_1986" title="The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986">The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Child_Labour_(Prohibition_and_Regulation)_Act" title="Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act">Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indecent_Representation_of_Women_(Prohibition)_Act" title="Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act">Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Food_Security_Act,_2013" title="National Food Security Act, 2013">National Food Security Act, 2013</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pre-Conception_and_Pre-Natal_Diagnostic_Techniques_Act,_1994" title="Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994">Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Prohibition_of_Child_Marriage_Act,_2006" title="The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006">The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_of_Forest_Rights)_Act,_2006" title="The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006">The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Street_Vendors_Act,_2014" title="Street Vendors Act, 2014">Street Vendors Act, 2014</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State Laws</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anti-Superstition_and_Black_Magic_Act" title="Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act">Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Bombay_Prohibition_Act,_1949" title="The Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949">The Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bombay_Prohibition_(Gujarat_Amendment)_2009" title="Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) 2009">Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) 2009</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Food_Security_Act,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012">Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Control_of_Organised_Crime_Act" title="Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act">Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Gujarat_Local_Authorities_Laws_(Amendment)_Bill,_2009" title="The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2009">The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2009</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Puducherry_Prevention_of_Anti-Social_Activities_Act" title="Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act">Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State Reorganisation</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act,_2014" title="Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014">Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bihar_Reorganisation_Act,_2000" title="Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000">Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act,_2000" title="Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000">Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjab_Reorganisation_Act,_1966" title="Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966">Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">States Reorganisation Act, 1956</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act,_2000" title="Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000">Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrorism</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Unlawful_Activities_(Prevention)_Act" title="Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act">Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aircraft_Act" title="Aircraft Act">Aircraft Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Motor_Vehicles_Act,_1988" title="Motor Vehicles Act, 1988">Motor Vehicles Act, 1988</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Waterways_Act,_2016" title="National Waterways Act, 2016">National Waterways Act, 2016</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Inland_Vessels_Act" title="Inland Vessels Act">Inland Vessels Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Metro_Railways_Act,_1978" title="Metro Railways Act, 1978">Metro Railways Act, 1978</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Metro_Railway_Act,_2002" title="Metro Railway Act, 2002">Metro Railway Act, 2002</A></LI>
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</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation / Body</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Chartered_Accountants_Act,_1949" title="Chartered Accountants Act, 1949">Chartered Accountants Act, 1949</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Companies_Act_2013" title="Companies Act 2013">Companies Act 2013</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gram_Nyayalayas_Act,_2008" title="Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008">Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Trusts_Act,_1882" title="Indian Trusts Act, 1882">Indian Trusts Act, 1882</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Panchayats_(Extension_to_Scheduled_Areas)_Act_1996" title="Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996">Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India_Act,_1934" title="Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934">Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Indian_Partnership_Act,_1932" title="The Indian Partnership Act, 1932">The Indian Partnership Act, 1932</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Societies_Registration_Act,_1860" title="Societies Registration Act, 1860">Societies Registration Act, 1860</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Limited_Liability_Partnership_Act,_2008" title="The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008">The Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008</A></LI>
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<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Repeal</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Repealing_and_Amending_Act,_2015" title="Repealing and Amending Act, 2015">Repealing and Amending Act, 2015</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Repealing_and_Amending_(Second)_Act,_2015" title="Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2015">Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2015</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Repealing_and_Amending_Act,_2016" title="Repealing and Amending Act, 2016">Repealing and Amending Act, 2016</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Repealing_and_Amending_Act,_2017" title="Repealing and Amending Act, 2017">Repealing and Amending Act, 2017</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Repealing_and_Amending_(Second)_Act,_2017" title="Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017">Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017</A></LI>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/All_India_Services_Act,_1951" title="All India Services Act, 1951">All India Services Act, 1951</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Delimitation_Act" title="Delimitation Act">Delimitation Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Enemy_Property_Act,_1968" title="Enemy Property Act, 1968">Enemy Property Act, 1968</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Act,_2000" title="Information Technology Act, 2000">Information Technology Act, 2000</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nuclear_Liability_Act" title="Nuclear Liability Act">Nuclear Liability Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act_(India)" title="Official Secrets Act (India)">Official Secrets Act (India)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act,_1951" title="Representation of the People Act, 1951">Representation of the People Act, 1951</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Right_to_Fair_Compensation_and_Transparency_in_Land_Acquisition,_Rehabilitation_and_Resettlement_Act,_2013" title="Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013">Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Right_to_Information_Act,_2005" title="Right to Information Act, 2005">Right to Information Act, 2005</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_India_(Prohibition_of_Improper_Use)_Act,_2005" title="State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005">State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Foreigners_Act,_1946" title="The Foreigners Act, 1946">The Foreigners Act, 1946</A></LI>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Age_of_Consent_Act,_1891" title="Age of Consent Act, 1891">Age of Consent Act, 1891</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caste_Disabilities_Removal_Act,_1850" title="Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850">Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Criminal_Tribes_Act" title="Criminal Tribes Act">Criminal Tribes Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hindu_Widows%27_Remarriage_Act,_1856" title="Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856">Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/English_Education_Act_1835" title="English Education Act 1835">English Education Act 1835</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Seditious_Meetings_Act,_1907" title="Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1907">Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act, 1907</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Independence</TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Anti-Copying_Act,_1992" title="Anti-Copying Act, 1992">Anti-Copying Act, 1992</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Regulation_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Regulation Act">Foreign Exchange Regulation Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gift_Tax_Act,_1958" title="Gift Tax Act, 1958">Gift Tax Act, 1958</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Illegal_Migrants_(Determination_by_Tribunal)_Act,_1983" title="Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983">Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Interest_Tax_Act,_1974" title="Interest Tax Act, 1974">Interest Tax Act, 1974</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act,_2002" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002">Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">The Gold (Control) Act, 1968</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wealth_Tax_Act,_1957" title="Wealth Tax Act, 1957">Wealth Tax Act, 1957</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Foreign_Education_Providers_Bill,_2013" title="Foreign Education Providers Bill, 2013">Foreign Education Providers Bill, 2013</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geospatial_Information_Regulation_Bill" title="Geospatial Information Regulation Bill">Geospatial Information Regulation Bill</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gujarat_Control_of_Organised_Crime_Act" title="Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act">Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marriage_Laws_Amendment_Bill" title="Marriage Laws Amendment Bill">Marriage Laws Amendment Bill</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_Transport_and_Safety_Bill" title="Road Transport and Safety Bill">Road Transport and Safety Bill</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Judges_Assets_Bill" title="Judges Assets Bill">Judges Assets Bill</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Women%27s_Reservation_Bill" title="Women's Reservation Bill">Women's Reservation Bill</A></LI>
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document_title: Indian High Courts Act 1861

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question_text: who decides the number of judges in the high court