document_html:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<HTML class="client-js ve-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"><HEAD>

<TITLE>Homestead Acts - Wikipedia</TITLE>

<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector" />

<STYLE>
.referencetooltip{position:absolute;list-style:none;list-style-image:none;opacity:0;font-size:10px;margin:0;z-index:5;padding:0}.referencetooltip li{border:#080086 2px solid;max-width:260px;padding:10px 8px 13px 8px;margin:0px;background-color:#F7F7F7;-webkit-box-shadow:2px 4px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:2px 4px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:2px 4px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3)}.referencetooltip li+li{margin-left:7px;margin-top:-2px;border:0;padding:0;height:3px;width:0px;background-color:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;border-top:12px #080086 solid;border-right:7px transparent solid;border-left:7px transparent solid}.referencetooltip>li+li::after{content:'';border-top:8px #F7F7F7 solid;border-right:5px transparent solid;border-left:5px transparent solid;margin-top:-12px;margin-left:-5px;z-index:1;height:0px;width:0px;display:block}.client-js body .referencetooltip li li{border:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;height:auto;width:auto;margin:auto;padding:0;position:static}.RTflipped{padding-top:13px}.referencetooltip.RTflipped li+li{position:absolute;top:2px;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px #080086 solid}.referencetooltip.RTflipped li+li::after{border-top:0;border-bottom:8px #F7F7F7 solid;position:absolute;margin-top:7px}.RTsettings{float:right;height:24px;width:24px;cursor:pointer;background-image:url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_advanced.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_advanced.svg.png);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_advanced.svg);margin-top:-9px;margin-right:-7px;-webkit-transition:opacity 0.15s;-moz-transition:opacity 0.15s;-ms-transition:opacity 0.15s;-o-transition:opacity 0.15s;transition:opacity 0.15s;opacity:0.6;filter:alpha(opacity=60)}.RTsettings:hover{opacity:1;filter:alpha(opacity=100)}.RTTarget{border:#080086 2px solid}
.wp-teahouse-question-form{position:absolute;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:#f4f3f0;border:1px solid #a7d7f9;padding:1em}#wp-th-question-ask{float:right}.wp-teahouse-ask a.external{background-image:none !important}.wp-teahouse-respond-form{position:absolute;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:#f4f3f0;border:1px solid #a7d7f9;padding:1em}.wp-th-respond{float:right}.wp-teahouse-respond a.external{background-image:none !important}
.cite-accessibility-label{ top:-99999px;clip:rect( 1px 1px 1px 1px ); clip:rect( 1px,1px,1px,1px ); position:absolute !important;padding:0 !important;border:0 !important;height:1px !important;width:1px !important; overflow:hidden}
.mw-ui-icon-popups-settings:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=popups-settings&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0prxv9n);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22utf-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E%0A %3Cpath fill=%22%2354595d%22 d=%22M20 14.5v-2.9l-1.8-.3c-.1-.4-.3-.8-.6-1.4l1.1-1.5-2.1-2.1-1.5 1.1c-.5-.3-1-.5-1.4-.6L13.5 5h-2.9l-.3 1.8c-.5.1-.9.3-1.4.6L7.4 6.3 5.3 8.4l1 1.5c-.3.5-.4.9-.6 1.4l-1.7.2v2.9l1.8.3c.1.5.3.9.6 1.4l-1 1.5 2.1 2.1 1.5-1c.4.2.9.4 1.4.6l.3 1.8h3l.3-1.8c.5-.1.9-.3 1.4-.6l1.5 1.1 2.1-2.1-1.1-1.5c.3-.5.5-1 .6-1.4l1.5-.3zM12 16c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3s1.3-3 3-3 3 1.3 3 3-1.3 3-3 3z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.mw-ui-icon-popups-close:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=popups-close&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0prxv9n);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath d=%22M3.636 2.222l14.142 14.142-1.414 1.414L2.222 3.636z%22/%3E%0A%09%3Cpath d=%22M17.778 3.636L3.636 17.778l-1.414-1.414L16.364 2.222z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A")}
.suggestions{overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:0;border:0;z-index:1099;padding:0;margin:-1px 0 0 0}.suggestions-special{position:relative;background-color:#fff;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;margin-top:-2px;display:none;padding:0.25em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em}.suggestions-results{background-color:#fff;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0;margin:0}.suggestions-result{color:#000;margin:0;line-height:1.5em;padding:0.01em 0.25em;text-align:left; overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.suggestions-result-current{background-color:#2a4b8d;color:#fff}.suggestions-special .special-label{color:#72777d;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-query{color:#000;font-style:italic;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-hover{background-color:#c8ccd1}.suggestions-result-current .special-label,.suggestions-result-current .special-query{color:#fff}.highlight{font-weight:bold}
@media screen {
	.tochidden,.toctoggle{-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.toctoggle{font-size:94%}}
@media print {
	#toc.tochidden,.toc.tochidden,.toctoggle{display:none}}
.uls-menu{border-radius:2px; font-size:medium}.uls-search,.uls-language-settings-close-block{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-top-left-radius:2px}.uls-language-list{border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.uls-menu.callout:before,.uls-menu.callout:after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right:before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right:after{ border-left:10px solid #f8f9fa; right:-10px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left:before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left:after{ border-right:10px solid #f8f9fa; left:-10px}.uls-ui-languages button{margin:5px 15px 5px 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}.uls-search-wrapper-wrapper{position:relative;padding-left:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px}.uls-icon-back{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.png?90e9b) no-repeat scroll center center;background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.svg?e226b);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2224%22 height=%2224%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%2354595d%22 d=%22M7 13.1l8.9 8.9c.8-.8.8-2 0-2.8l-6.1-6.1 6-6.1c.8-.8.8-2 0-2.8L7 13.1z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A");background-size:28px;background-position:center center;height:32px;width:40px;display:block;position:absolute;left:0;border-right:1px solid #c8ccd1;opacity:0.8}.uls-icon-back:hover{opacity:1;cursor:pointer}  .skin-vector .uls-menu{border-color:#c8ccd1;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);font-size:0.875em}.skin-vector .uls-search{border-bottom-color:#c8ccd1}.skin-vector .uls-filtersuggestion{color:#72777d}.skin-vector .uls-lcd-region-title{color:#54595d}
@-webkit-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY( -20px )}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY( 0 )}}@-moz-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-moz-transform:translateY( -20px )}100%{opacity:1;-moz-transform:translateY( 0 )}}@-o-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-o-transform:translateY( -20px )}100%{opacity:1;-o-transform:translateY( 0 )}}@keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY( -20px )}100%{opacity:1;transform:translateY( 0 )}}.centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{-webkit-animation-duration:1s;-moz-animation-duration:1s;-o-animation-duration:1s;animation-duration:1s;-webkit-animation-fill-mode:both;-moz-animation-fill-mode:both;-o-animation-fill-mode:both;animation-fill-mode:both;-webkit-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;-moz-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;-o-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation}
@media print{#centralNotice{display:none}}.cn-closeButton{display:inline-block;zoom:1;background:url(data:image/png;base64,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);background:url(/w/extensions/CentralNotice/resources/subscribing/CloseWindow19x19.png?7596b)!ie;width:19px;height:19px;text-indent:19px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}
.ve-activated #toc,.ve-activated #siteNotice,.ve-activated .mw-indicators,.ve-activated #t-print,.ve-activated #t-permalink,.ve-activated #p-coll-print_export,.ve-activated #t-cite,.ve-deactivating .ve-ui-surface,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-editableContent{display:none} .ve-activating .ve-ui-surface{height:0;padding:0 !important; overflow:hidden} .ve-loading #content > :not( .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay ), .ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-uneditableContent{ pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;opacity:0.5}.ve-activated #catlinks{cursor:pointer}.ve-activated #catlinks a{opacity:1} .ve-activated #content{position:relative} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;z-index:1;margin-top:-0.5em}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress{height:1em;overflow:hidden;margin:0 25%}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress-bar{height:1em;width:0} .mw-editsection{white-space:nowrap; unicode-bidi:-moz-isolate;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;unicode-bidi:isolate}.mw-editsection-divider{color:#54595d} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress{height:0.75em;border:1px solid #36c;background:#fff;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 0.1em 0 0 rgba( 0,0,0,0.15 )}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress-bar{height:0.75em;background:#36c}
.mw-ui-button{font-family:inherit;font-size:1em;display:inline-block;min-width:4em;max-width:28.75em;padding:0.546875em 1em;line-height:1.286;margin:0;border-radius:2px;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-appearance:none;*display:inline; zoom:1;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#f8f9fa;color:#222222;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer}.mw-ui-button:visited{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button:hover{background-color:#ffffff;color:#444444;border-color:#a2a9b1}.mw-ui-button:focus{background-color:#ffffff;color:#222222;border-color:#3366cc;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button:active,.mw-ui-button.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#d9d9d9;color:#000000;border-color:#72777d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button:disabled:active{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;box-shadow:none;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button:focus{outline-width:0}.mw-ui-button:focus::-moz-focus-inner{border-color:transparent;padding:0}.mw-ui-button:not( :disabled ){-webkit-transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms;-moz-transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms;transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms}.mw-ui-button:disabled{text-shadow:none;cursor:default}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-big{font-size:1.3em}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-block{display:block;width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive{background-color:#3366cc;color:#fff;border:1px solid #3366cc}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:hover{background-color:#447ff5;border-color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#2a4b8d;border-color:#2a4b8d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#2a4b8d}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#3366cc}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive{background-color:#dd3333;color:#fff;border:1px solid #dd3333}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:hover{background-color:#ff4242;border-color:#ff4242}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #dd3333,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#b32424;border-color:#b32424;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#ff4242}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#b32424}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#dd3333}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet{background:transparent;border:0;text-shadow:none;color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#444444}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#000000}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus{box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{background:transparent}input.mw-ui-button::-moz-focus-inner,button.mw-ui-button::-moz-focus-inner{margin-top:-1px;margin-bottom:-1px}a.mw-ui-button{text-decoration:none}a.mw-ui-button:hover,a.mw-ui-button:focus{text-decoration:none}.mw-ui-button-group > *{min-width:48px;border-radius:0;float:left}.mw-ui-button-group > *:first-child{border-top-left-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group > *:not( :first-child ){border-left:0}.mw-ui-button-group > *:last-child{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-right-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group .is-on .button{cursor:default}
.mw-ui-icon{position:relative;line-height:1.5em;min-height:1.5em;min-width:1.5em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element{text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden;width:3.5em;min-width:3.5em;max-width:3.5em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element:before{left:0;right:0;position:absolute;margin:0 1em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element.mw-ui-icon-large{width:4.625em;min-width:4.625em;max-width:4.625em;line-height:4.625em;min-height:4.625em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element.mw-ui-icon-large:before{min-height:4.625em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-before:before,.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element:before{background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto;float:left;display:block;min-height:1.5em;content:''}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-before:before{position:relative;width:1.5em;margin-right:1em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-small:before{background-size:66.67% auto}</STYLE><STYLE>
.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#fff}.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link .special-query{ overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}
#uls-settings-block{background-color:#f8f9fa;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1;padding-left:10px;line-height:1.2em;border-radius:0 0 2px 2px}#uls-settings-block div.display-settings-block,#uls-settings-block div.input-settings-block{display:inline-block;margin:8px 15px;color:#54595d}#uls-settings-block div.display-settings-block:hover,#uls-settings-block div.input-settings-block:hover{color:#222}
.mw-mmv-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1000;background-color:#000}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open{overflow-y:auto;  }body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-page-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-head-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-navigation,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #content,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #footer,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #globalWrapper{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > *{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-overlay,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-wrapper{display:block}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons{margin-top:5px}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded,.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config{display:block;line-height:inherit}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E%0A %3Cg fill=%22%2372777d%22%3E%0A %3Cpath d=%22M851.2 71.6L690.7 232.1l-40.1-40.3-9.6 164.8 164.8-9.3-40.3-40.4L926 146.4l58.5 58.5L997.6 0 792.7 13.1%22/%3E%0A %3Cpath d=%22M769.6 89.3H611.9l70.9 70.8 7.9 7.5m-47.1 234.6l-51.2 3 3-51.2 9.4-164.4 5.8-100.3H26.4V768h883.1V387l-100.9 5.8-165 9.4zM813.9 678H113.6l207.2-270.2 31.5-12.9L548 599.8l105.9-63.2 159.8 140.8.2.6zm95.6-291.9V228l-79.1 78.9 7.8 7.9%22/%3E%0A %3C/g%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E%0A %3Cpath d=%22M897 454.6V313.4L810.4 299c-6.4-23.3-16-45.7-27.3-65.8l50.5-71.4-99.4-100.2-71.4 50.5c-20.9-11.2-42.5-20.9-65.8-27.3L582.6-1H441.4L427 85.6c-23.3 6.4-45.7 16-65.8 27.3l-71.4-50.5-100.3 99.5 50.5 71.4c-11.2 20.9-20.9 42.5-27.3 66.6L127 313.4v141.2l85.8 14.4c6.4 23.3 16 45.7 27.3 66.6L189.6 607l99.5 99.5 71.4-50.5c20.9 11.2 42.5 20.9 66.6 27.3l14.4 85.8h141.2l14.4-86.6c23.3-6.4 45.7-16 65.8-27.3l71.4 50.5 99.5-99.5-50.5-71.4c11.2-20.9 20.9-42.5 27.3-66.6l86.4-13.6zm-385 77c-81.8 0-147.6-66.6-147.6-147.6 0-81.8 66.6-147.6 147.6-147.6S659.6 302.2 659.6 384 593.8 531.6 512 531.6z%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A");opacity:0.75}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before:hover{opacity:1}
#mwe-popups-svg{position:absolute;top:-1000px}.mwe-popups-settings-icon{border-radius:2px;font-size:16px; margin-right:-0.75em}.mwe-popups-settings-icon:hover{background-color:#eaecf0}.mwe-popups-settings-icon:active{background-color:#c8ccd1}.mwe-popups-sade-face-icon{display:block;width:37px;height:27px;margin:16px 16px 0;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url(/w/extensions/Popups/resources/ext.popups/images/sad-face.png?3984d);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2237%22 height=%2227%22 viewBox=%220 0 37 27%22%3E%0A%09%3Ctitle%3Esad face%3C/title%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%23c8ccd1%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22 d=%22M5.475.7v20.075L0 26.25h31.025c3.102 0 5.475-2.372 5.475-5.475V.7H5.475zm20.44 4.562c1.277 0 2.19 1.095 2.19 2.19 0 1.096-.913 2.373-2.19 2.373-1.278 0-2.19-1.095-2.19-2.19s1.095-2.373 2.19-2.373zm-9.855 0c1.277 0 2.19 1.095 2.19 2.19 0 1.096-1.095 2.373-2.19 2.373s-2.19-1.095-2.19-2.19.913-2.373 2.19-2.373zm4.928 8.213c-7.153 0-8.415 7.012-8.415 7.012s2.805-1.403 8.415-1.403c5.61 0 8.414 1.403 8.414 1.403S28 13.475 20.988 13.475z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.mwe-popups{background:#fff;position:absolute;z-index:110;-webkit-box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px #a2a9b1;padding:0;display:none;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;min-width:300px;border-radius:2px; }.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container{color:#222222;margin-top:-9px;padding-top:9px;text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer{padding:16px;margin:0;font-size:10px;position:absolute;bottom:0; left:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer .mwe-popups-settings-icon{float:right}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract{margin:16px;display:block;color:#222222;text-decoration:none;position:relative;   }.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:hover{text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:after{content:' ';position:absolute;bottom:0;width:25%;height:20px;background-color:transparent}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='ltr']:after{ right:0; background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-o-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='rtl']:after{ left:0; background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-o-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract p{margin:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ul,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ol,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract li,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dl,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dd,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dt{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.mwe-popups svg{overflow:hidden}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall{width:450px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{vertical-align:middle}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-extract{width:215px;height:180px;overflow:hidden; float:left}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall footer{width:215px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall{width:320px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-extract{max-height:140px;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:47px;padding-bottom:0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall footer{width:290px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-empty .mwe-popups-extract{padding-top:4px;margin-bottom:60px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-empty .mwe-popups-read-link{font-weight:bold;font-size:12px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-empty .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link{text-decoration:underline}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:11px solid #ffffff;top:-7px; left:7px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:8px solid #a2a9b1;top:-8px; left:10px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:after{ left:auto; right:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:before{ left:auto; right:10px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:9px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px; left:6px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri.flipped_x:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:273px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri.flipped_x:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px; left:269px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri .mwe-popups-extract{padding-top:32px;margin-top:190px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri > div > a > svg{margin-top:-8px;position:absolute;z-index:113; left:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{margin:0;margin-top:-8px;margin-bottom:-7px;position:absolute;z-index:113; right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px; left:272px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px; left:269px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall:after{z-index:112;content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px; left:417px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px; left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{position:absolute;z-index:113;margin:0;margin-bottom:-9px; right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_y:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:11px solid #ffffff;bottom:-7px; left:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped_y:before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:8px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-8px; left:10px} @-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}.mwe-popups-fade-in-up{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-in-down{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-down{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-up{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards}  #mwe-popups-settings{position:fixed;z-index:1000;background:#fff;width:420px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);border-radius:2px}#mwe-popups-settings header{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;position:relative;display:table;width:100%;padding:5px 7px 5px 0}#mwe-popups-settings header > div{display:table-cell;width:3.5em;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer}#mwe-popups-settings header h1{border:0;width:100%;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close{opacity:0.87;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms;-moz-transition:opacity 100ms;transition:opacity 100ms}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:hover{opacity:0.73}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:active{opacity:1}#mwe-popups-settings main{display:block;width:350px;padding:32px 0 24px;margin:0 auto}#mwe-popups-settings main p{color:#54595d;font-size:17px;margin:16px 0 0}#mwe-popups-settings main p:first-child{margin-top:0}#mwe-popups-settings main form img,#mwe-popups-settings main form input,#mwe-popups-settings main form label{vertical-align:top}#mwe-popups-settings main form img{margin-right:60px}#mwe-popups-settings main form input{display:inline-block;margin:0 10px 0 0;padding:0}#mwe-popups-settings main form label{font-size:13px;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;width:300px}#mwe-popups-settings main form label > span{color:#000;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;display:block;margin-bottom:5px;line-height:18px}.mwe-popups-settings-help{background-image:url(/w/extensions/Popups/resources/ext.popups/images/footer-ltr.png?3533c);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%22230%22 height=%22179%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 viewBox=%220 0 230 179%22%3E%0A%09%3Cdefs%3E%0A%09%09%3Crect id=%22a%22 width=%22201%22 height=%2213%22 rx=%222%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Crect id=%22b%22 width=%22201%22 height=%22169%22 y=%2210%22 rx=%222%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Crect id=%22c%22 width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%22135%22 y=%22158%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%3C/defs%3E%0A%09%3Cg fill=%22none%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22%3E%0A%09%09%3Cg transform=%22matrix%281 0 0 -1 0 13%29%22%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Cuse fill=%22%23f8f9fa%22 xlink:href=%22%23a%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%2211%22 x=%221%22 y=%221%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3C/g%3E%0A%09%09%3Cuse fill=%22%23fff%22 xlink:href=%22%23b%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%22167%22 x=%221%22 y=%2211%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Cg opacity=%22.4%22 transform=%22translate%2867 35%29%22%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 y=%227%22 fill=%22%23c8ccd1%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2231%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2232%22 height=%222%22 y=%2285%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 x=%2235%22 y=%2285%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 x=%2291%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2268%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2272%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2249%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2224%22 height=%222%22 x=%2284%22 y=%2231%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22 transform=%22matrix%28-1 0 0 1 192 0%29%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2266%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2214%22 height=%222%22 x=%2254%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2271%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2259%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2252%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2292%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2238%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3C/g%3E%0A%09%09%3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2267%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2299%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Cuse fill=%22%2336c%22 xlink:href=%22%23c%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Crect width=%2233%22 height=%225%22 x=%22133.5%22 y=%22156.5%22 stroke=%22%23ffc057%22 stroke-opacity=%22.447%22 stroke-width=%223%22 rx=%222.5%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Ccircle cx=%2234%22 cy=%2249%22 r=%2219%22 fill=%22%23eaecf0%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Cg fill=%22%23a2a9b1%22 transform=%22translate%285 5%29%22%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Ccircle cx=%221.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Ccircle cx=%226%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Ccircle cx=%2210.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3C/g%3E%0A%09%09%3Cpath stroke=%22%23ff00af%22 d=%22M174.5 159.5h54.01%22 stroke-linecap=%22square%22/%3E%0A%09%3C/g%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A");background-position:top left;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:180px 140px;font-size:13px;font-weight:800;height:140px;margin:40px;position:relative}.mwe-popups-settings-help p{left:180px;bottom:20px;position:absolute}.mwe-popups-overlay{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);z-index:999;position:fixed;height:100%;width:100%;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0}#mwe-popups-settings{font-size:0.875em}</STYLE><META name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="" />
<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector" />
<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector" />
<META name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.31.0-wmf.15" />
<META name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin" />
<META property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Hultstrand61.jpg" />
<LINK rel="alternate" href="android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Acts" />
<LINK rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit" />
<LINK rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit" />
<LINK rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png" />
<LINK rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico" />
<LINK rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)" />
<LINK rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd" />
<LINK rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" />
<LINK rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Acts" />
<LINK rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org" />
<LINK rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" />
<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=html5shiv&only=scripts&skin=vector&sync=1"></script><![endif]-->
</HEAD>
<BODY class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Homestead_Acts rootpage-Homestead_Acts skin-vector action-view">		<DIV id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></DIV>
		<DIV id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></DIV>
		<DIV id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
			<A id="top"></A>
			<DIV id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><DIV id="centralNotice"></DIV><!-- CentralNotice --></DIV><DIV class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
</DIV>
<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Homestead Acts</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
				<DIV id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</DIV>				<DIV id="contentSub"></DIV>
								<DIV id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
					Jump to:					<A href="#mw-head">navigation</A>, 					<A href="#p-search">search</A>
				</DIV>
				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <A href="/wiki/Homesteading" title="Homesteading">Homesteading</A>.</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Hultstrand61.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Hultstrand61.jpg/350px-Hultstrand61.jpg" width="350" height="252" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Hultstrand61.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="331" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Hultstrand61.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Norwegian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian American">Norwegian</A> settlers in 1898 North Dakota in front of their homestead, a <A href="/wiki/Sod_house" title="Sod house">sod hut</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>The <B>Homestead Acts</B> were several <A href="/wiki/United_States_federal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal law">United States federal laws</A> that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "<A href="/wiki/Homestead_(buildings)" title="Homestead (buildings)">homestead</A>," at no cost. In all, more than 270 million acres of public land, or nearly 10% of the total area of the U.S., was given away free to 1.6 million homesteaders; most of the homesteads were west of the <A href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</A>.</P>
<P>An extension of the <I><A href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead Principle</A></I> in law, the Homestead Acts were an expression of the "<A href="/wiki/Free_Soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Soil">Free Soil</A>" policy of Northerners who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to Southern slave-owners who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor, thereby shutting out free white men.</P>
<P>The first of the acts, the <B>Homestead Act of 1862</B>, opened up millions of acres. Any adult who had never taken up arms against the <A href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</A> could apply. Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible. The 1866 Act explicitly included black Americans and encouraged them to participate, but rampant discrimination slowed black gains. Historian Michael Lanza argues that while the 1866 law pack was not as beneficial as it might have been, it was part of the reason that by 1900 one fourth of all Southern black farmers owned their own farms.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Several additional laws were enacted in the latter half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The <B><A href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</A></B> sought to address land ownership inequalities in the south during <A href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</A>. The <B><A href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</A></B> of 1873 granted land to a claimant who was required to plant trees—the tract could be added to an existing homestead claim and had no residency requirement. The <B><A href="/wiki/Kinkaid_Act" title="Kinkaid Act">Kinkaid Amendment</A></B> of 1904 granted a full section (640 acres) to new homesteaders settling in western Nebraska. An amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862, the <B>Enlarged Homestead Act,</B> was passed in 1909 and doubled the allotted acreage from 160 to 320 acres. Another amended act, the national <B>Stock-Raising Homestead Act,</B> was passed in 1916 and again increased the land involved, this time to 640 acres.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Background"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Background</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Donation_Land_Claim_Act_of_1850"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Donation Land Claim Act of 1850</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Homestead_Act_of_1862"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Homestead Act of 1862</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Timber_Culture_Act_of_1873"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Timber Culture Act of 1873</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Kinkaid_Amendment_of_1904"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Kinkaid Amendment of 1904</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Enlarged_Homestead_Act_of_1909"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Stock-Raising_Homestead_Act_of_1916"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Stock-Raising Homestead Act of 1916</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#Subsistence_Homesteads_provisions_under_the_New_Deal_–_1930"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Subsistence Homesteads provisions under the New Deal – 1930</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#Homesteading_requirements"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Homesteading requirements</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#In_practice"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">In practice</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#End_of_homesteading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">End of homesteading</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#Criticism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Criticism</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#Related_acts_in_other_countries"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Related acts in other countries</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><A href="#Canada"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Canada</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><A href="#New_Zealand"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">New Zealand</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><A href="#Elsewhere_in_the_British_Empire"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Elsewhere in the British Empire</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><A href="#In_popular_culture"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">In popular culture</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Land-grant laws similar to the Homestead Acts had been proposed by northern <A href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republicans</A> before the Civil War, but had been repeatedly blocked in Congress by southern <A href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democrats</A> who wanted western lands open for purchase by slave-owners. The <A href="/wiki/Homestead_Act_of_1860" title="Homestead Act of 1860">Homestead Act of 1860</A> did pass in Congress, but it was vetoed by President <A href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</A>, a Democrat. After the Southern states seceded from the Union in 1861 (and their representatives had left Congress), the bill passed and was signed into law by President <A href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</A> (May 20, 1862).<SUP id="cite_ref-nps_homestead_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-nps_homestead-2">[2]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Daniel_Freeman_(homesteader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Freeman (homesteader)">Daniel Freeman</A> became the first person to file a claim under the new act.</P>
<P>Between 1862 and 1934, the federal government granted 1.6 million homesteads and distributed 270,000,000 acres (420,000 sq mi) of federal land for private ownership. This was a total of 10% of all land in the United States.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> Homesteading was discontinued in 1976, except in Alaska, where it continued until 1986. About 40% of the applicants who started the process were able to complete it and obtain title to their homesteaded land.<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Donation_Land_Claim_Act_of_1850">Donation Land Claim Act of 1850</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Donation Land Claim Act of 1850">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Donation_Land_Claim_Act" title="Donation Land Claim Act">Donation Land Claim Act</A></DIV>
<P>The Donation Land Claim Act allowed settlers to claim land in the <A href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</A>, then including the modern states of <A href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</A>, <A href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</A>, <A href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</A> and parts of <A href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</A>. Settlers were able to claim 320 or 640 acres of land for free between 1850 and 1854, and then at a cost of $1.25 per acres until the law expired in 1855.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Homestead_Act_of_1862">Homestead Act of 1862</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Homestead Act of 1862">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Freeman_homestead-certificate.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Freeman_homestead-certificate.jpg/220px-Freeman_homestead-certificate.jpg" width="220" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Freeman_homestead-certificate.jpg/330px-Freeman_homestead-certificate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Freeman_homestead-certificate.jpg/440px-Freeman_homestead-certificate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="588" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Freeman_homestead-certificate.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Certificate of homestead in Nebraska given under the Homestead Act, 1862</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist"><A href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</A> has original text related to this article:
<DIV style="margin-left: 10px;"><B><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Homestead_Act" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Homestead Act">Homestead Act (1862)</A></B></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P>The "<A href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">yeoman farmer</A>" ideal of <A href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</A> was still a powerful influence in American politics during the 1840–1850s, with many politicians believing a homestead act would help increase the number of "virtuous yeomen". The Free Soil Party of 1848–52, and the new Republican Party after 1854, demanded that the new lands opening up in the west be made available to independent farmers, rather than wealthy planters who would develop it with the use of slaves forcing the yeomen farmers onto <A href="/wiki/Marginal_land" title="Marginal land">marginal lands</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP> Southern Democrats had continually fought (and defeated) previous homestead law proposals, as they feared free land would attract <A href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</A> immigrants and poor Southern whites to the west.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP> After the South seceded and their delegates left Congress in 1861, the Republicans and other supporters from the upper South passed a homestead act.<SUP id="cite_ref-mcpherson_9-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-mcpherson-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The intent of the first Homestead Act, passed in 1862, was to liberalize the homesteading requirements of the <A href="/wiki/Preemption_Act_of_1841" title="Preemption Act of 1841">Preemption Act of 1841</A>. Its leading advocates were <A href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/George_Henry_Evans" title="George Henry Evans">George Henry Evans</A> and <A href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The homestead was an area of <A href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">public land</A> in the West (usually 160 acres or 65 ha) granted to any US citizen willing to settle on and farm the land for at least five years. The law (and those following it) required a three-step procedure: file an application, <A href="/wiki/Land_improvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Land improvement">improve</A> the land, and file for <A href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">deed</A> of title. Any citizen who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government (including <A href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freed slaves</A> after the <A href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">fourteenth amendment</A>) and was at least 21 years old or the <A href="/w/index.php?title=Head_of_a_household&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Head of a household (page does not exist)">head of a household</A>, could file an application to claim a federal land grant. The occupant had to reside on the land for five years, and show evidence of having made improvements.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Southern Homestead Act of 1866">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</A></DIV>
<P>Enacted to allow poor <A href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmers</A> and <A href="/wiki/Sharecropper" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharecropper">sharecroppers</A> in the south become land owners in the <A href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern United States</A> during Reconstruction. It was not very successful, as even the low prices and fees were often too much for the applicants to afford.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Timber_Culture_Act_of_1873">Timber Culture Act of 1873</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Timber Culture Act of 1873">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</A></DIV>
<P>The Timber Culture Act granted up to 160 acres of land to a homesteader who would plant at least 40 acres of trees over a period of several years. This quarter-section could be added to an existing homestead claim, offering a total of 320 acres to a settler. This offered a cheap plot of land to homesteaders.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Kinkaid_Amendment_of_1904">Kinkaid Amendment of 1904</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kinkaid Amendment of 1904">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Kinkaid_Act" title="Kinkaid Act">Kinkaid Act</A></DIV>
<P>Recognizing that arid lands west of the 100th meridian, which passes through central Nebraska, required more than 160 acres for a claimant to support a family, Congress passed the Kinkaid Act which granted larger homestead tracts, up to 640 acres, to homesteaders in western Nebraska.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Enlarged_Homestead_Act_of_1909">Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Because by the early 1900s much of the prime low-lying <A href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial land</A> along rivers had been homesteaded, the <I>Enlarged Homestead Act</I> was passed in 1909. To enable <A href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">dryland farming</A>, it increased the number of acres for a homestead to 320 acres (130 ha) given to farmers who accepted more <A href="/wiki/Marginal_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal lands">marginal lands</A> (especially in the <A href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</A>), which could not be easily irrigated.<SUP id="cite_ref-blm06_14-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-blm06-14">[14]</A></SUP></P>
<P>A massive influx of these new farmers, combined with inappropriate cultivation techniques and misunderstanding of the ecology, led to immense land erosion and eventually the <A href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</A> of the 1930s.<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-dustbowl_16-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-dustbowl-16">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Stock-Raising_Homestead_Act_of_1916">Stock-Raising Homestead Act of 1916</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stock-Raising Homestead Act of 1916">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Stock-Raising_Homestead_Act" title="Stock-Raising Homestead Act">Stock-Raising Homestead Act</A></DIV>
<P>In 1916, the <I>Stock-Raising Homestead Act</I> was passed for settlers seeking 640 acres (260 ha) of <A href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">public land</A> for <A href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranching</A> purposes.<SUP id="cite_ref-blm06_14-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-blm06-14">[14]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN id="Subsistence_Homesteads_provisions_under_the_New_Deal_.E2.80.93_1930"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Subsistence_Homesteads_provisions_under_the_New_Deal_–_1930">Subsistence Homesteads provisions under the New Deal – 1930</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Subsistence Homesteads provisions under the New Deal – 1930">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Subsistence_Homesteads_Division" title="Subsistence Homesteads Division">Subsistence Homesteads Division</A></DIV>
<P>Renewed interest in homesteading was brought about by U.S. President <A href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</A>'s program of <A href="/wiki/Subsistence_Homesteads_Division" title="Subsistence Homesteads Division">Subsistence Homesteading</A> implemented in the 1930s under the <A href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Homesteading_requirements">Homesteading requirements</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Homesteading requirements">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The Homestead Acts had few qualifying requirements. A <I>homesteader</I><SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP> had to be the head of the household or at least twenty-one years old. They had to live on the designated land, build a home, make improvements, and farm it for a minimum of five years.<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP> The filing fee was eighteen dollars (or ten to temporarily hold a claim to the land).<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Immigrants, farmers without their own land, single women, and former slaves could all qualify. The fundamental racial qualification was that one had to be a citizen, or have filed a declaration of intention to become a citizen, and so the qualification changed over the years with the varying legal qualifications for citizenship.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP> African-Americans became qualified with the passage of the <A href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</A> in 1868. South Asians and East Asians who had been born in the United States became qualified with the decision of <A href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">United States v. Wong Kim Ark</A> in 1898, but little high-quality land remained available by that time. For immigrants the fundamental qualification was that they had to be permitted to enter the country (which was usually co-extensive with being allowed to file a declaration of intention to become a citizen).<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP> During the 1800s, the bulk of immigrants were from Europe, with immigrants from South Asia and <A href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">East Asia</A> being largely excluded, and (voluntary) immigrants from Africa were <A href="/wiki/African_Immigration_to_the_United_States#Citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="African Immigration to the United States">permitted but uncommon</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="In_practice">In practice</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In practice">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Settlers found land and staked their claims, usually in individual family units, although others formed closer knit communities. Often, the homestead consisted of several buildings or structures besides the main house.</P>
<P>The Homestead Act of 1862 gave rise later to a new phenomenon, large <A href="/wiki/Land_run" title="Land run">land rushes</A>, such as the <A href="/wiki/Land_run#Oklahoma_Land_Runs" title="Land run">Oklahoma Land Runs</A> of the 1880s and 90s.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="End_of_homesteading">End of homesteading</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: End of homesteading">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Dugout_home2.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dugout_home2.jpg/220px-Dugout_home2.jpg" width="220" height="163" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dugout_home2.jpg/330px-Dugout_home2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Dugout_home2.jpg/440px-Dugout_home2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7009" data-file-height="5178" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Dugout_home2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</A> home from a homestead near <A href="/wiki/Pie_Town,_New_Mexico" title="Pie Town, New Mexico">Pie Town, New Mexico</A>, 1940</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Federal_Land_Policy_and_Management_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Land Policy and Management Act">Federal Land Policy and Management Act</A> of 1976 ended homesteading;<SUP id="cite_ref-florida_22-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-florida-22">[22]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP> by that time, federal government policy had shifted to retaining control of western public lands. The only exception to this new policy was in <A href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</A>, for which the law allowed homesteading until 1986.<SUP id="cite_ref-florida_22-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-florida-22">[22]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The last claim under this Act was made by Ken Deardorff for 80 acres (32 ha) of land on the <A href="/wiki/Stony_River_(Alaska)" title="Stony River (Alaska)">Stony River</A> in southwestern Alaska. He fulfilled all requirements of the homestead act in 1979 but did not receive his deed until May 1988. He is the last person to receive title to land claimed under the Homestead Acts.<SUP id="cite_ref-kenneth_24-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-kenneth-24">[24]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The homestead acts were much abused.<SUP id="cite_ref-florida_22-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-florida-22">[22]</A></SUP> Although the intent was to grant land for agriculture, in the arid areas east of the <A href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</A>, 640 acres (260 ha) was generally too little land for a viable farm (at least prior to major federal public investments in irrigation projects). In these areas, people manipulated the provisions of the act to gain control of resources, especially water. A common scheme was for an individual, acting as a front for a large cattle operation, to file for a homestead surrounding a water source, under the pretense that the land was to be used as a farm. Once the land was granted, other cattle ranchers would be denied the use of that water source, effectively closing off the adjacent public land to competition. That method was also used by large businesses and speculators to gain ownership of timber and oil-producing land. The federal government charged royalties for extraction of these resources from public lands. On the other hand, homesteading schemes were generally pointless for land containing "locatable minerals," such as gold and silver, which could be controlled through mining claims under the <A href="/wiki/Mining_Act_of_1872" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining Act of 1872">Mining Act of 1872</A>, for which the federal government did not charge royalties.</P>
<P>The government developed no systematic method to evaluate claims under the homestead acts. Land offices relied on affidavits from witnesses that the claimant had lived on the land for the required period of time and made the required improvements. In practice, some of these witnesses were bribed or otherwise colluded with the claimant.</P>
<P>Although not necessarily fraud, it was common practice for the eligible children of a large family to claim nearby land as soon as possible. After a few generations, a family could build up a sizable estate.<SUP id="cite_ref-Hansen_25-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Hansen-25">[25]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The homesteads were criticized as too small for the environmental conditions on the Great Plains; a homesteader using 19th-century animal-powered tilling and harvesting could not have cultivated the 1500 acres later recommended for dry land farming. Some scholars believe the acreage limits were reasonable when the act was written, but reveal that no one understood the physical conditions of the plains.<SUP id="cite_ref-Hansen_25-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Hansen-25">[25]</A></SUP></P>
<P>According to <A href="/wiki/Hugh_Nibley" title="Hugh Nibley">Hugh Nibley</A>, much of the rain forest west of <A href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</A> was acquired by the <A href="/wiki/Oregon_Lumber_Company" title="Oregon Lumber Company">Oregon Lumber Company</A> by illegal claims under the Act.<SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Nonetheless, in 1995, a random survey of 178 members of the <A href="/wiki/Economic_History_Association" title="Economic History Association">Economic History Association</A> found that 70 percent of economists and 84 percent of economic historians disagreed that "Nineteenth-century U.S. land policy, which attempted to give away free land, probably represented a net drain on the productive capacity of the country."<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Related_acts_in_other_countries">Related acts in other countries</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Related acts in other countries">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Canada">Canada</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Similar laws were passed in Canada:</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Legislative Assembly of Ontario</A> passed <I>The Free Grants and Homestead Act</I> in 1868,<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP> which introduced a conditional scheme to an existing free grant plan previously authorized by the <A href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</A> in <I>The Public Lands Act</I> of 1860.<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP> It was extended to include settlement in the <A href="/wiki/Rainy_River_District" title="Rainy River District">Rainy River District</A> under <I>The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act, 1886</I>,<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP> These Acts were consolidated in 1913 in <I>The Public Lands Act</I>,<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP> which was further extended in 1948 to provide for free grants to former members of the <A href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP> The original free grant provisions for settlers were repealed in 1951,<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP> and the remaining provisions were repealed in 1961.<SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[34]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</A> passed the <I><A href="/wiki/Dominion_Lands_Act" title="Dominion Lands Act">Dominion Lands Act</A></I> in 1872 in order to encourage settlement in the <A href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</A>. Its application was restricted after the passage of the <A href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Acts" title="Natural Resources Acts">Natural Resources Acts</A> in 1930, and it was finally repealed in 1950.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="Legislative Assembly of Quebec">Legislative Assembly of Quebec</A> did not expand the scope of the 1860 Province of Canada Act (which modern day Quebec was part of in 1860), but did provide in 1868 that such lands were exempt from seizure, and chattels thereon were also exempt for the first ten years of occupation.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP> Later known as the <I>Settlers Protection Act</I>,<SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[36]</A></SUP> it was repealed in 1984.<SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[37]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</A> provided for free grants of land upon proof of possession for twenty years prior to 1977, with continuous use for agricultural, business or residential purposes during that time.<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP> Similar programs continued to operate in <A href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</A> and <A href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</A> until 1970. In the early 21st century, some land is still being granted in the <A href="/wiki/Yukon_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukon Territory">Yukon Territory</A> under its Agricultural Lands Program.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Despite the 1840 <A href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</A> provisions for sale of land, the <A href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Land_Court" title="Māori Land Court">Māori Land Court</A> decided that all land not cultivated by Māori was 'waste land' and belonged to <A href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</A> without purchase.<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP> Most <A href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</A> provinces had <A href="/wiki/List_of_Statutes_of_New_Zealand_(1840%E2%80%9390)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Statutes of New Zealand (1840–90)">Waste Lands Acts</A> enacted between 1854 and 1877. The 1877 Land Act in <A href="/wiki/Auckland_Province" title="Auckland Province">Auckland Province</A> used the term Homestead, with allocation administered by a Crown Lands Board.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-41">[41]</A></SUP> There was similar legislation in <A href="/wiki/Westland_Province" title="Westland Province">Westland</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[42]</A></SUP> It gave up to 75 acres (30 ha), with <A href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</A> just paying the cost of a survey. They had to live there for five years, build a house and cultivate a third of the land, if already open, or a fifth if <A href="/wiki/The_bush" title="The bush">bush</A> had to be cleared.<SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[43]</A></SUP> The land was forfeited if they didn't clear enough bush.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-41">[41]</A></SUP> This contributed to rapid <A href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_New_Zealand" title="Deforestation in New Zealand">deforestation</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Elsewhere_in_the_British_Empire">Elsewhere in the British Empire</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Elsewhere in the British Empire">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Similar in intent, the British <A href="/wiki/Crown_Lands_Act" title="Crown Lands Act">Crown Lands Acts</A> were extended to several of the Empire's territories, and many are still in effect, to some extent, today. For instance, the Australian <A href="/wiki/Selection_(Australian_history)" title="Selection (Australian history)">selection acts</A> were passed in the various Australian colonies following the first, in 1861, in <A href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Laura Ingalls Wilder</A>'s <I><A href="/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie" title="Little House on the Prairie">Little House on the Prairie</A></I> series describes her father and family claiming a homestead in <A href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</A>, and later <A href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</A>.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</A>'s novels, <I><A href="/wiki/O_Pioneers!" title="O Pioneers!">O Pioneers!</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/My_%C3%81ntonia" title="My Ántonia">My Ántonia</A></I>, feature families homesteading on the Great Plains.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oscar_Micheaux" title="Oscar Micheaux">Oscar Micheaux</A>'s novel, <I>The Homesteader: a Novel</I> (1917), is a semi-autobiographical story of an African American homesteader in South Dakota shortly after the turn of the 20th century.</LI>
<LI>Kirby Larson's young adult novel, <I>Hattie Big Sky</I>, explores one woman's attempts to "improve" on her family's homestead before the deadline to retain her rights.</LI>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein" title="Rodgers and Hammerstein">Rodgers and Hammerstein</A> musical <I><A href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</A></I> is based in the <A href="/wiki/Oklahoma_land_rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma land rush">Oklahoma land rush</A>.</LI>
<LI>The 1962 <A href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</A> musical film, <I><A href="/wiki/Follow_That_Dream" title="Follow That Dream">Follow That Dream</A></I>, adapted from <I><A href="/wiki/Pioneer,_Go_Home!" title="Pioneer, Go Home!">Pioneer, Go Home!</A></I> (1959), features a family that homesteads in Florida.</LI>
<LI>The movie <I><A href="/wiki/Far_and_Away" title="Far and Away">Far and Away</A>,</I> starring <A href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</A> and <A href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</A>, centers on the main characters' struggle to "obtain their 160 acres."</LI>
<LI>The miniseries <A href="/wiki/Centennial_(miniseries)" title="Centennial (miniseries)">Centennial</A>, depicts the homestead development of an eastern Colorado town.</LI>
<LI>The 1953 movie <I><A href="/wiki/Shane_(film)" title="Shane (film)">Shane</A></I> depicts some early homesteaders in Wyoming opposed by a cattle baron who harasses, threatens and terrorizes them, calling them "pig farmers," "sod busters," "squatters" and other taunts and insults. When the rancher gets violent, the homesteaders are divided over whether to leave or to hold onto their claims. A drifter working on one of the homesteads reluctantly tries to take action.</LI>
<LI>The 2016 film <I><A href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven_(2016_film)" title="The Magnificent Seven (2016 film)">The Magnificent Seven</A>,</I> loosely adapted from <A href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven" title="The Magnificent Seven">the 1960 film of the same name</A>, features Sam Chisolm, an <A href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</A> <A href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">U.S. Marshal</A> raised on a homestead in <A href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln, Kansas">Lincoln, Kansas</A>. His family had been <A href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States#Disenfranchisement" title="Lynching in the United States">lynched</A> in 1867 by former <A href="/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate Army</A> soldiers, hired by a <A href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">robber baron</A> to drive off settlers and free up real estate on the <A href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</A>.</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Desert_Land_Act" title="Desert Land Act">Desert Land Act</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Land_Act_of_1804" title="Land Act of 1804">Land Act of 1804</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">Forty acres and a mule</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Russian_Homestead_Act" title="Russian Homestead Act">Russian Homestead Act</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Melvin L. Oliver; Thomas M. Shapiro (1997). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZUtb3FkddoC&pg=PA15"><I>Black Wealth/white Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality</I></A>. pp. 14–15.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Wealth%2Fwhite+Wealth%3A+A+New+Perspective+on+Racial+Inequality&rft.pages=14-15&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Melvin+L.+Oliver&rft.au=Thomas+M.+Shapiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZUtb3FkddoC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-nps_homestead-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-nps_homestead_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/home/faqs.htm">"Homestead National Monument: Frequently Asked Questions"</A>. National Park Service<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">May 26,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homestead+National+Monument%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhome%2Ffaqs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/"><I>The Homestead Act of 1862</I></A>; Archives.gov</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">US Department of the Interior, National Park Service. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/home/historyculture/bynumbers.htm">"Homesteading by the Numbers"</A>, accessed February 5, 2010.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</A>; <I>Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War</I>; 1970.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Charles C. Bolton; <I>Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi</I>; 1993; p. 67.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Phillips; p. 2000.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">McPherson; p. 193.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-mcpherson-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-mcpherson_9-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">McPherson; pp. 450–451.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Trefousse; p. 42.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">McElroy; p.1.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/Greeley.html">"Horace Greeley"</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217100524/http://www.tulane.edu/~latner/Greeley.html">Archived</A> December 17, 2007, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.; Tulane University; August 13, 1999; retrieved 11-22-2007.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Paul Wallace Gates, "Federal Land Policy in the South 1866-1888." <I>Journal of Southern History</I> (1940) 6#3 pp: 303-330. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192139">in JSTOR</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-blm06-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-blm06_14-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-blm06_14-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/wo/Minerals">Realty and Resource Protection /bmps.Par.41235.File.dat/Split%20Estate%20Presentation%202006.pdf Split EstatePrivate Surface / Public Minerals: What Does it Mean to You?</A><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><SPAN title=" Dead link since November 2017">permanent dead link</SPAN></A></I>]</SPAN></SUP>, a 2006 <A href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of Land Management</A> presentation</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation">Hansen, Zeynep K., and Gary D. Libecap (September 2001). "U.S. Land Policy, Property Rights, and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s". FEEM Working Paper <I>No. 69.2001</I>. <A href="/w/index.php?title=FEEM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FEEM (page does not exist)">FEEM</A>. <A href="/wiki/Social_Science_Research_Network" title="Social Science Research Network">SSRN</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//ssrn.com/abstract=286699">286699</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN> – via <A href="/wiki/Social_Science_Electronic_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Science Electronic Publishing">Social Science Electronic Publishing</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%27%27FEEM+Working+Paper%27%27+No.+69.2001&rft.atitle=U.S.+Land+Policy%2C+Property+Rights%2C+and+the+Dust+Bowl+of+the+1930s&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D286699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_authors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-dustbowl-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-dustbowl_16-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/dustbowl-drought/">"The American Experience: Drought"</A>. pbs.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">February 3,</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+Experience%3A+Drought&rft.pub=pbs.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fgeneral-article%2Fdustbowl-drought%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/homesteader">"Homesteader"</A>. The Free Dictionary By Farlex<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-06-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homesteader&rft.pub=The+Free+Dictionary+By+Farlex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fhomesteader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ah-homestead.html">"AMERICAN HISTORY The Homestead Act - Creating Prosperity in America"</A>. Legends of America<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-06-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMERICAN+HISTORY+The+Homestead+Act+-+Creating+Prosperity+in+America&rft.pub=Legends+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legendsofamerica.com%2Fah-homestead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/home/historyculture/abouthomesteadactlaw.htm">"About the Homestead Act"</A>. National Park Service<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-06-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Homestead+Act&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhome%2Fhistoryculture%2Fabouthomesteadactlaw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homesteadcongress.blogspot.com/2011/07/was-homesteading-only-for-white-people.html">"Was Homesteading only for White People?"</A>. Friends of Homestead National Monument of America<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2014-06-22</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Homesteading+only+for+White+People%3F&rft.pub=Friends+of+Homestead+National+Monument+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomesteadcongress.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F07%2Fwas-homesteading-only-for-white-people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homesteadcongress.blogspot.com/2011/08/you-can-but-you-cant.html">"You Can, But You Can't!"</A>. Friends of Homestead National Monument of America<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2014-06-22</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You+Can%2C+But+You+Can%27t%21&rft.pub=Friends+of+Homestead+National+Monument+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomesteadcongress.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F08%2Fyou-can-but-you-cant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-florida-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-florida_22-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-florida_22-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-florida_22-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netside.net/~c3i/act.htm">"The Florida Homestead Act of 1862"</A>. Florida Homestead Services. 2006<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 22,</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Florida+Homestead+Act+of+1862&rft.pub=Florida+Homestead+Services&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netside.net%2F~c3i%2Fact.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> (paragraphs.3,6&13) (Includes data <B>on the U.S. Homestead Act)</B></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Cobb, Norma (2000). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3xliUQx6boC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=end+homesteading"><I>Arctic Homestead: The True Story of a Family's Survival and Courage...</I></A> St. Martin's Press. p. 21. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-28379-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-28379-2">0-312-28379-2</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 22,</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arctic+Homestead%3A+The+True+Story+of+a+Family%27s+Survival+and+Courage....&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-312-28379-2&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Norma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-3xliUQx6boC%26pg%3DPA21%26lpg%3DPA21%26dq%3Dend%2Bhomesteading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-kenneth-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-kenneth_24-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/home/historyculture/lasthomesteader.htm">"The Last Homesteader"</A>. National Park Service. 2006<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 22,</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Last+Homesteader&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhome%2Fhistoryculture%2Flasthomesteader.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Hansen-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Hansen_25-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Hansen_25-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hansen, Zeynep K., and Gary D. Libecap. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=460622">"Small Farms, Externalities, and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s"</A>, <I>Journal of Political Economy</I>, Volume: 112(3). – pp.665–94. – 21 November 2003</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">See Nibley, Hugh. <I>Approaching Zion</I> (The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley, Vol 9), p. 469. Nibley's grandfather, <A href="/wiki/Charles_W._Nibley" title="Charles W. Nibley">Charles W. Nibley</A> made his fortune in Oregon lumber, among other resources.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A href="/wiki/Robert_Whaples" title="Robert Whaples">Whaples, Robert</A> (March 1995). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.employees.csbsju.edu/jolson/econ315/whaples2123771.pdf">"Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History" title="The Journal of Economic History">The Journal of Economic History</A></I>. <A href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</A>. <B>55</B> (1): 144, 145. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050700040602">10.1017/S0022050700040602</A>. <A href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2123771">2123771</A> – via <A href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</A>. <SPAN style="font-size:90%; color:#555">(Registration required (<SPAN title="The site requires registration to access this page." style="border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help">help</SPAN>))</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Where+Is+There+Consensus+Among+American+Economic+Historians%3F+The+Results+of+a+Survey+on+Forty+Propositions&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=144%2C+145&rft.date=1995-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050700040602&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2123771&rft.aulast=Whaples&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.employees.csbsju.edu%2Fjolson%2Fecon315%2Fwhaples2123771.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GiuAAAAMAAJ&lpg=PR1&pg=PA72">The Free Grants and Homestead Act of 1868</A></I>, S.O. 1868, c. 8</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/statutesprovinc00canagoog#page/n12/mode/2up">The Public Lands Act of 1860</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Canada" title="Statutes of Canada">S.C.</A> 1860, c. 2</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1886onta#page/22/mode/2up">The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act, 1886</A></I>, S.O. 1886, c. 7</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1913onta#page/42/mode/2up">The Public Lands Act</A></I>, S.O. 1913, c. 6, Part II</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1948onta#page/400/mode/2up">The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1948</A></I>, S.O. 1948, c. 72, s. 2</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprovin1951onta#page/350/mode/2up">The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1951</A></I>, S.O. 1951, c. 71, s. 1</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/statutesofprov196061onta#page/310/mode/2up">The Public Lands Amendment Act, 1960-61</A></I>, S.O. 1960-61, c. 71, s. 3</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4775905;view=1up;seq=105">An Act to Encourage Settlers</A></I>, S.Q. 1868, c. 20</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/documents/lr/P_38/P38_A.htm">Settlers Protection Act</A></I>, L.R.Q. , c. P-38</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotheque.assnat.qc.ca/DepotNumerique_v2/AffichageFichier.aspx?idf=94450">Loi sur les terres publiques agricoles</A></I>, L.Q. 1982, c. 13 <SPAN class="languageicon">(in French)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assembly.nl.ca/Legislation/sr/statutes/l3691.htm#36_">Lands Act</A></I>, S.N.L. 1991, c. 36, s. 36 , discussed at <CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.env.gov.nl.ca/env/lands/ownership/squatters.html">"Squatter's Rights"</A>. NL Department of Environment and Conservation.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Squatter%27s+Rights&rft.pub=NL+Department+of+Environment+and+Conservation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.env.gov.nl.ca%2Fenv%2Flands%2Fownership%2Fsquatters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><SPAN title=" Dead link since April 2017">permanent dead link</SPAN></A></I>]</SPAN></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Tristin Hopper (February 14, 2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/02/14/canadas-last-homesteaders-how-determined-pioneers-turn-the-yukons-wild-crown-land-into-successful-farms/">"Canada's Last Homesteaders: How Determined Pioneers Turn the Yukon's Wild Crown Land Into Successful Farms"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_National_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Post">The National Post</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Post&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Last+Homesteaders%3A+How+Determined+Pioneers+Turn+the+Yukon%27s+Wild+Crown+Land+Into+Successful+Farms&rft.date=2014-02-14&rft.au=Tristin+Hopper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2014%2F02%2F14%2Fcanadas-last-homesteaders-how-determined-pioneers-turn-the-yukons-wild-crown-land-into-successful-farms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/land-ownership/page-1">"1. – Land ownership – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand"</A>. <I>www.teara.govt.nz</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-01-13</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.teara.govt.nz&rft.atitle=1.++%E2%80%93+Land+ownership+%E2%80%93+Te+Ara+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.au=New+Zealand+Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage+Te+Manatu+Taonga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fland-ownership%2Fpage-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-:0-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:0_41-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:0_41-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout44-t5-body-d14.html">"Provincial District of Auckland — The Land Act, 1877 | NZETC"</A>. <I>nzetc.victoria.ac.nz</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-01-13</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz&rft.atitle=Provincial+District+of+Auckland+%E2%80%94+The+Land+Act%2C+1877+%7C+NZETC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-Stout44-t5-body-d14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/land-ownership/page-3">"3. – Land ownership – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand"</A>. <I>www.teara.govt.nz</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-01-13</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.teara.govt.nz&rft.atitle=3.++%E2%80%93+Land+ownership+%E2%80%93+Te+Ara+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.au=New+Zealand+Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage+Te+Manatu+Taonga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fland-ownership%2Fpage-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout64-t18-body-d51.html">"Crown Lands Guide | NZETC"</A>. <I>nzetc.victoria.ac.nz</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-01-13</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nzetc.victoria.ac.nz&rft.atitle=Crown+Lands+Guide+%7C+NZETC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-Stout64-t18-body-d51.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="refbegin" style="">
<UL>
<LI><CITE class="citation web">McElroy, Wendy (2001). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021107160515/http://www.fff.org/freedom/0501e.asp">"The Free-Soil Movement, Part 1"</A>. The Future of Freedom Foundation. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fff.org/freedom/0501e.asp">the original</A> on November 7, 2002<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 22,</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Free-Soil+Movement%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=The+Future+of+Freedom+Foundation&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fff.org%2Ffreedom%2F0501e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</A> (1998). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-uuEA7xIUHUC&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=southern+opposition+homesteading"><I>Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</I></A>. Oxford University Press. pp. 193–195. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516895-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516895-X">0-19-516895-X</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&rft.pages=193-195&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-516895-X&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-uuEA7xIUHUC%26pg%3DPA194%26lpg%3DPA194%26dq%3Dsouthern%2Bopposition%2Bhomesteading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 40em; -webkit-column-width: 40em; column-width: 40em;">
<UL>
<LI>Dick, Everett, 1970. <I>The Lure of the Land: A Social History of the Public Lands from the Articles of Confederation to the New Deal</I>.</LI>
<LI>Gates, Paul W., 1996. <I>The Jeffersonian Dream: Studies in the History of American Land Policy and Development'.</I></LI>
<LI>Hyman, Harold M., 1986. <I>American Singularity: The 1787 Northwest Ordinance, the 1862 Homestead and Morrill Acts, and the 1944 G.I. Bill</I>.</LI>
<LI>Lause, Mark A., 2005. <I>Young America: Land, Labor, and the Republican Community</I>.</LI>
<LI>Phillips, Sarah T., 2000, "Antebellum Agricultural Reform, Republican Ideology, and Sectional Tension." <I>Agricultural History 74(4)</I>: 799–822. ISSN 0002-1482</LI>
<LI>Patterson-Black, Sheryll. "Women homesteaders on the Great Plains frontier." <I>Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies</I> (1976): 67-88. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346070">in JSTOR</A></LI>
<LI>Raban, Jonathan, 1996. "Bad Land."</LI>
<LI>Richardson, Heather Cox, 1997. <I>The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War</I>.</LI>
<LI>Robbins, Roy M., 1942. <I>Our Landed Heritage: The Public Domain, 1776–1936</I>.</LI>
<LI>Shanks, Trina R.W. "The Homestead Act: A major asset-building policy in American history." in <CITE class="citation book">Michael Sherraden (2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SUGVyYHQyYcC"><I>Inclusion in the American Dream:Assets, Poverty, and Public Policy</I></A>. Oxford UP.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inclusion+in+the+American+Dream%3AAssets%2C+Poverty%2C+and+Public+Policy&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Michael+Sherraden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSUGVyYHQyYcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> pp: 20-41.</LI>
<LI>Smith, Sherry L. "Single women homesteaders: the perplexing case of <A href="/wiki/Elinore_Pruitt_Stewart" title="Elinore Pruitt Stewart">Elinore Pruitt Stewart</A>." <I>Western Historical Quarterly</I> (1991): 163-183. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/969204">in JSTOR</A>, with additional citations</LI>
<LI>Smith, Henry Nash. <I>Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth</I>. New York: Vintage, 1959.</LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Trefousse, Hans L. (1989). <I>Andrew Johnson: A Biography</I>. Norton. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31742-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31742-0">0-393-31742-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Johnson%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-393-31742-0&rft.aulast=Trefousse&rft.aufirst=Hans+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomestead+Acts" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist"><A href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</A> has the text of the <A href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</A> (9th ed.) article <I><B><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Homestead" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Homestead">Homestead</A></B></I>.</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist"><A href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</A> has the text of the <A href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <I>Encyclopædia Britannica</I></A> article <I><B><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Homestead_and_Exemption_Laws" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Homestead and Exemption Laws">Homestead and Exemption Laws</A></B></I>.</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413205616/http://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/wo/Law_Enforcement/nlcs/education__interpretation/homestead_graphics0.Par.57736.File.dat/Expanded%20Homestead%20Timeline%20final.pdf">U.S. Bureau of Land Management Homesteading Timeline</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Homestead.html">Homestead Act</A>. – <A href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=31&page=transcript">Text of 1862 Homestead Act</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/home/index.htm">Homestead National Monument of America</A>. – <A href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/index.html">Homestead Act of 1862</A>. – <A href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/67hornbek/67hornbek.htm">"Adeline Hornbek and the Homestead Act: A Colorado Success Story"</A>. – National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan. – <A href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/cmpweb/exhibits/homesteading/index.html">Homesteaders and Pioneers on the Olympic Peninsula</A> - an exhibit from the University of Washington Library</LI>
</UL>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Old_West" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit" id="collapsibleTable0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton0" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:American_frontier" title="Template:American frontier"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_frontier" title="Template talk:American frontier"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:American_frontier&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</ABBR></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV id="American_Old_West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American Old West</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers<BR />
and pioneers</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_Bozeman" title="John Bozeman">John Bozeman</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jim_Bridger" title="Jim Bridger">Jim Bridger</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Liver-Eating_Johnson" title="Liver-Eating Johnson">Liver-Eating Johnson</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Joe_Mayer" title="Joe Mayer">Joe Mayer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/William_John_Murphy" title="William John Murphy">William John Murphy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jedediah_Smith" title="Jedediah Smith">Jedediah Smith</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jack_Swilling" title="Jack Swilling">Jack Swilling</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Trinidad_Swilling" title="Trinidad Swilling">Trinidad Swilling</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ora_Rush_Weed" title="Ora Rush Weed">Ora Rush Weed</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Henry_Wickenburg" title="Henry Wickenburg">Henry Wickenburg</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Native Americans</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Antonga_Black_Hawk" title="Antonga Black Hawk">Black Hawk</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bloody_Knife" title="Bloody Knife">Bloody Knife</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cochise" title="Cochise">Cochise</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Irataba" title="Irataba">Irataba</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mangas_Coloradas" title="Mangas Coloradas">Mangas Coloradas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Manuelito" title="Manuelito">Manuelito</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Massai" title="Massai">Massai</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quanah_Parker" title="Quanah Parker">Quanah Parker</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ten_Bears" title="Ten Bears">Ten Bears</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Touch_the_Clouds" title="Touch the Clouds">Touch the Clouds</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tuba_(chief)" title="Tuba (chief)">Tuvi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Victorio" title="Victorio">Victorio</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawmen</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elfego_Baca" title="Elfego Baca">Elfego Baca</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Charlie_Bassett" title="Charlie Bassett">Charlie Bassett</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Roy_Bean" title="Roy Bean">Roy Bean</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Morgan_Earp" title="Morgan Earp">Morgan Earp</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Virgil_Earp" title="Virgil Earp">Virgil Earp</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wyatt_Earp" title="Wyatt Earp">Wyatt Earp</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Henry_Garfias" title="Henry Garfias">Henry Garfias</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pat_Garrett" title="Pat Garrett">Pat Garrett</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jack_Helm" title="Jack Helm">Jack Helm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/%22Wild_Bill%22_Hickok" class="mw-redirect" title=""Wild Bill" Hickok">"Wild Bill" Hickok</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bat_Masterson" title="Bat Masterson">Bat Masterson</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mysterious_Dave_Mather" title="Mysterious Dave Mather">"Mysterious Dave" Mather</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bass_Reeves" title="Bass Reeves">Bass Reeves</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/George_Scarborough" title="George Scarborough">George Scarborough</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_Selman" title="John Selman">John Selman</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_Horton_Slaughter" title="John Horton Slaughter">John Horton Slaughter</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bill_Tilghman" title="Bill Tilghman">William "Bill" Tilghman</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_Timberlake" title="James Timberlake">James Timberlake</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Harry_C._Wheeler" title="Harry C. Wheeler">Harry C. Wheeler</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlaws</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid" title="Billy the Kid">Billy the Kid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Black_Bart_(outlaw)" title="Black Bart (outlaw)">Black Bart</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/William_Brocius" title="William Brocius">"Curly Bill" Brocius</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Butch_Cassidy" title="Butch Cassidy">Butch Cassidy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Billy_Clanton" title="Billy Clanton">Billy Clanton</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ike_Clanton" title="Ike Clanton">Ike Clanton</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/William_M._Dalton" title="William M. Dalton">Bill Dalton</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bill_Doolin" title="Bill Doolin">Bill Doolin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hardin" title="John Wesley Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Johnny_Ringo" title="Johnny Ringo">Johnny Ringo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tom_Ketchum" title="Tom Ketchum">Tom Ketchum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frank_McLaury" title="Frank McLaury">Frank McLaury</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tom_McLaury" title="Tom McLaury">Tom McLaury</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Joaquin_Murrieta" title="Joaquin Murrieta">Joaquin Murrieta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cochise_County_Cowboys" title="Cochise County Cowboys">Cochise County Cowboys</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Belle_Starr" title="Belle Starr">Belle Starr</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Soapy_Smith" title="Soapy Smith">Soapy Smith</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sundance_Kid" title="Sundance Kid">Sundance Kid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cole_Younger" title="Cole Younger">Cole Younger</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soldiers<BR />
and scouts</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">"Buffalo Bill" Cody</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Texas_Jack_Omohundro" title="Texas Jack Omohundro">Texas Jack Omohundro</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_C._Cooney" title="James C. Cooney">James C. Cooney</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/George_Crook" title="George Crook">George Crook</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Heintzelman" title="Samuel P. Heintzelman">Samuel P. Heintzelman</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tom_Horn" title="Tom Horn">Tom Horn</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Calamity_Jane" title="Calamity Jane">Calamity Jane</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Luther_Kelly" title="Luther Kelly">Luther Kelly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ranald_S._Mackenzie" title="Ranald S. Mackenzie">Ranald S. Mackenzie</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Charley_Reynolds" title="Charley Reynolds">Charley Reynolds</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Al_Sieber" title="Al Sieber">Al Sieber</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/William_H._Boring" title="William H. Boring">William H. Boring</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jonathan_R._Davis" title="Jonathan R. Davis">Jonathan R. Davis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/George_Flavel" title="George Flavel">George Flavel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/C._S._Fly" title="C. S. Fly">C. S. Fly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_Joel_Glanton" title="John Joel Glanton">John Joel Glanton</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/George_E._Goodfellow" title="George E. Goodfellow">George E. Goodfellow</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Doc_Holliday" title="Doc Holliday">Doc Holliday</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seth_Kinman" title="Seth Kinman">Seth Kinman</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nat_Love" title="Nat Love">Nat Love</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sylvester_Mowry" title="Sylvester Mowry">Sylvester Mowry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Emperor_Norton" title="Emperor Norton">Emperor Norton</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Sweeny" title="Thomas William Sweeny">Thomas William Sweeny</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jack_Swilling" title="Jack Swilling">Jack Swilling</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine (Nakota)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinookan_peoples" title="Chinookan peoples">Chinook</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Chippewa (Ojibwe)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" title="Crow Nation">Crow</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ktunaxa" title="Ktunaxa">Ktunaxa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nez_Perce_people" title="Nez Perce people">Nez Perce</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth" title="Nuu-chah-nulth">Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pend_d%27Oreilles" title="Pend d'Oreilles">Pend d'Oreilles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pima_people" title="Pima people">Pima</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham" title="Tohono O'odham">Tohono O'odham</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Umpqua_people" title="Umpqua people">Umpqua</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washoe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yavapai" title="Yavapai">Yavapai</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Yuma (Quechan)</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" title="Western lifestyle">Frontier culture</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Boot_Hill" title="Boot Hill">Boot Hill</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">Cattle drive</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cowboy_poetry" title="Cowboy poetry">Cowboy poetry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">Cattle rustling</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cattle_towns" title="Cattle towns">Cow town</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fast_draw" title="Fast draw">Fast draw</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gunfighter#Famous_gunfights" title="Gunfighter">Gunfights</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Homesteading</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Land_run" title="Land run">Land rush</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room schoolhouse</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">Rodeo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Train_robbery" title="Train robbery">Train robbery</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vigilante" title="Vigilante">Vigilante justice</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">Western saloon</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tack_piano" title="Tack piano">Tack piano</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Westward expansion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport<BR />
and trails</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Barlow_Road" title="Barlow Road">Barlow Road</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bozeman_Trail" title="Bozeman Trail">Bozeman Trail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Mail" title="Butterfield Overland Mail">Butterfield Trail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chisholm_Trail" title="Chisholm Trail">Chisholm Trail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Platte_River_Road" title="Great Platte River Road">Great Platte River Road</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Western_Cattle_Trail" title="Great Western Cattle Trail">Great Western Cattle Trail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lolo_Pass_(Oregon)" title="Lolo Pass (Oregon)">Lolo Pass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Meek_Cutoff" title="Meek Cutoff">Meek Cutoff</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mormon_Trail" title="Mormon Trail">Mormon Trail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Emigrant_Trail" title="Southern Emigrant Trail">Southern Emigrant Trail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tanner_Trail" title="Tanner Trail">Tanner Trail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/First_Transcontinental_Railroad" title="First Transcontinental Railroad">First Transcontinental Railroad</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dead_man%27s_hand" title="Dead man's hand">Dead man's hand</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">Dime novel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_Henry_(folklore)" title="John Henry (folklore)">John Henry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Johnny_Kaw" title="Johnny Kaw">Johnny Kaw</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lone_Ranger" title="Lone Ranger">Lone Ranger</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Long_Tom%27s_treasure" title="Long Tom's treasure">Long Tom's treasure</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lost_Dutchman%27s_Gold_Mine" title="Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine">Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lost_Ship_of_the_Desert" title="Lost Ship of the Desert">Lost Ship of the Desert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Montezuma%27s_treasure" title="Montezuma's treasure">Montezuma's treasure</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Paul_Bunyan" title="Paul Bunyan">Paul Bunyan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pecos_Bill" title="Pecos Bill">Pecos Bill</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold_(myth)" title="Seven Cities of Gold (myth)">Seven Cities of Gold</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">Gold rushes</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Confederate_Gulch_and_Diamond_City" title="Confederate Gulch and Diamond City">Confederate Gulch and Diamond City</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dalton_Gang#Coffeyville_bank_robbery" title="Dalton Gang">Battle of Coffeyville</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1878)" title="Battle of Lincoln (1878)">Battle of Lincoln</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frisco_shootout" title="Frisco shootout">Frisco shootout</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral" title="Gunfight at the O.K. Corral">Gunfight at the O.K. Corral</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Long_Branch_Saloon_gunfight" title="Long Branch Saloon gunfight">Long Branch Saloon gunfight</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Variety_Hall_shootout" title="Variety Hall shootout">Variety Hall shootout</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military conflicts</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass" title="Battle of Glorieta Pass">Battle of Glorieta Pass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Adobe_Walls" title="First Battle of Adobe Walls">First Battle of Adobe Walls</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range wars</A><BR />
and <A href="/wiki/Family_feuds_in_the_United_States" title="Family feuds in the United States">feuds</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cochise_County_in_the_Old_West" title="Cochise County in the Old West">Earp-Clanton feud</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mason_County_War" title="Mason County War">Mason County War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pleasant_Valley_War" title="Pleasant Valley War">Pleasant Valley War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sheep_Wars" title="Sheep Wars">Sheep Wars</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sutton%E2%80%93Taylor_feud" title="Sutton–Taylor feud">Sutton–Taylor feud</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Arizona_Rangers" title="List of Arizona Rangers">Arizona Rangers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_cowboys_and_cowgirls" title="List of cowboys and cowgirls">Cowboys and cowgirls</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gangs" title="List of Old West gangs">Gangs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_lawmen" title="List of Old West lawmen">Lawmen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_men" title="List of mountain men">Mountain men</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfighters" title="List of Old West gunfighters">Outlaws</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Old_West" title="Timeline of the American Old West">Timeline of the American Old West</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Western genre">Western genre</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" title="Western lifestyle">Western lifestyle</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Alaska</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iditarod,_Alaska" title="Iditarod, Alaska">Iditarod</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Canyon_Diablo,_Arizona" title="Canyon Diablo, Arizona">Canyon Diablo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Grant,_Arizona" title="Fort Grant, Arizona">Fort Grant</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jamestown,_California" title="Jamestown, California">Jamestown</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Creede,_Colorado" title="Creede, Colorado">Creede</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Telluride,_Colorado" title="Telluride, Colorado">Telluride</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado" title="Trinidad, Colorado">Trinidad</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Deadwood,_South_Dakota" title="Deadwood, South Dakota">Deadwood</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yankton,_South_Dakota" title="Yankton, South Dakota">Yankton</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Boise" title="Fort Boise">Fort Boise</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Hall" title="Fort Hall">Fort Hall</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Dearborn" title="Fort Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ellsworth,_Kansas" title="Ellsworth, Kansas">Ellsworth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hays,_Kansas" title="Hays, Kansas">Hays</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</A></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI class="mw-empty-elt"></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Deer_Lodge,_Montana" title="Deer Lodge, Montana">Deer Lodge</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Benton,_Montana" title="Fort Benton, Montana">Fort Benton</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Peck,_Montana" title="Fort Peck, Montana">Fort Peck</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Livingston,_Montana" title="Livingston, Montana">Livingston</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Montana" title="Virginia City, Montana">Virginia City</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chadron,_Nebraska" title="Chadron, Nebraska">Chadron</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)">Fort Atkinson</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Robinson" title="Fort Robinson">Fort Robinson</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska" title="Nebraska City, Nebraska">Nebraska City</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ogallala,_Nebraska" title="Ogallala, Nebraska">Ogallala</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Valentine,_Nebraska" title="Valentine, Nebraska">Valentine</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Nevada" title="Virginia City, Nevada">Virginia City</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cimarron,_New_Mexico" title="Cimarron, New Mexico">Cimarron</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Sumner,_New_Mexico" title="Fort Sumner, New Mexico">Fort Sumner</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gallup,_New_Mexico" title="Gallup, New Mexico">Gallup</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_New_Mexico" title="Las Vegas, New Mexico">Las Vegas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lincoln,_New_Mexico" title="Lincoln, New Mexico">Lincoln</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mesilla,_New_Mexico" title="Mesilla, New Mexico">Mesilla</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mogollon,_New_Mexico" title="Mogollon, New Mexico">Mogollon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico" title="Roswell, New Mexico">Roswell</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tucumcari,_New_Mexico" title="Tucumcari, New Mexico">Tucumcari</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</A><BR />
and <A href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Broken_Arrow,_Oklahoma" title="Broken Arrow, Oklahoma">Broken Arrow</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/La_Grande,_Oregon" title="La Grande, Oregon">La Grande</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/McMinnville,_Oregon" title="McMinnville, Oregon">McMinnville</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon" title="Oregon City, Oregon">Oregon City</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Salem,_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vale,_Oregon" title="Vale, Oregon">Vale</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gonzales,_Texas" title="Gonzales, Texas">Gonzales</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Everett,_Washington" title="Everett, Washington">Everett</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Port_Townsend,_Washington" title="Port Townsend, Washington">Port Townsend</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming Territory</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Bridger" title="Fort Bridger">Fort Bridger</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Laramie National Historic Site">Fort Laramie</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4278057-3">4278057-3</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>

<!--
NewPP limit report
Parsed by mw1261
Cached time: 20171229101818
Cache expiry: 1900800
Dynamic content: false
CPU time usage: 0.480 seconds
Real time usage: 0.593 seconds
Preprocessor visited node count: 2984/1000000
Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000
Post‐expand include size: 159224/2097152 bytes
Template argument size: 3371/2097152 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 12/40
Expensive parser function count: 4/500
Lua time usage: 0.214/10.000 seconds
Lua memory usage: 7.27 MB/50 MB
-->
<!--
Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)
100.00%  472.382      1 -total
 52.74%  249.112      1 Template:Reflist
 15.06%   71.125     15 Template:Cite_web
 13.33%   62.987      5 Template:Cite_book
  8.23%   38.881      4 Template:Navbox
  7.28%   34.375      2 Template:Dead_link
  6.71%   31.700      1 Template:Authority_control
  6.68%   31.563      1 Template:Distinguish
  6.66%   31.473      7 Template:Convert
  6.52%   30.794      1 Template:Wild_West
-->
</DIV>
<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:55589-0!canonical and timestamp 20171229101817 and revision id 815139338
 -->
<NOSCRIPT><img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></NOSCRIPT></DIV>					<DIV class="printfooter">
						Retrieved from "<A dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&oldid=815139338">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&oldid=815139338</A>"					</DIV>
				<DIV id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><DIV id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><A href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</A>: <UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:1862_in_American_law" title="Category:1862 in American law">1862 in American law</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Economic history of the United States">Economic history of the United States</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:American_Old_West" title="Category:American Old West">American Old West</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:United_States_federal_public_land_legislation" title="Category:United States federal public land legislation">United States federal public land legislation</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%9365)" title="Category:History of the United States (1849–65)">History of the United States (1849–65)</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:1862_in_American_politics" title="Category:1862 in American politics">1862 in American politics</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Category:History of agriculture in the United States">History of agriculture in the United States</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Settlement_schemes" title="Category:Settlement schemes">Settlement schemes</A></LI></UL></DIV><DIV id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2017">Articles with dead external links from November 2017</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_authors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter">CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_login_required_references_or_sources" title="Category:Pages with login required references or sources">Pages with login required references or sources</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_external_links" title="Category:Articles with French-language external links">Articles with French-language external links</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2017">Articles with dead external links from April 2017</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_May_2012" title="Category:Use mdy dates from May 2012">Use mdy dates from May 2012</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_GND_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers">Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers</A></LI></UL></DIV></DIV>				<DIV class="visualClear"></DIV>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
		<DIV id="mw-navigation">
			<H2>Navigation menu</H2>
			<DIV id="mw-head">
									<DIV id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label">
						<H3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="pt-anonuserpage">Not logged in</LI><LI id="pt-anontalk"><A href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]" accesskey="n">Talk</A></LI><LI id="pt-anoncontribs"><A href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</A></LI><LI id="pt-createaccount"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Homestead+Acts" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</A></LI><LI id="pt-login"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Homestead+Acts" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]" accesskey="o">Log in</A></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
									<DIV id="left-navigation">
										<DIV id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label">
						<H3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]" accesskey="c">Article</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-talk"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Talk:Homestead_Acts" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]" accesskey="t">Talk</A></SPAN></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label">
												<H3 id="p-variants-label" tabindex="0">
							<SPAN>Variants</SPAN>
						</H3>
						<DIV class="menu">
							<UL>
															</UL>
						</DIV>
					</DIV>
									</DIV>
				<DIV id="right-navigation">
										<DIV id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label">
						<H3 id="p-views-label">Views</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="ca-view" class="collapsible selected"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts">Read</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-edit" class="collapsible"><SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=edit" title="Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]" accesskey="e">Edit</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]" accesskey="h">View history</A></SPAN></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label">
						<H3 id="p-cactions-label" tabindex="0"><SPAN>More</SPAN></H3>
						<DIV class="menu">
							<UL>
															</UL>
						</DIV>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-search" role="search">
						<H3>
							<LABEL for="searchInput">Search</LABEL>
						</H3>
						<FORM action="/w/index.php" id="searchform">
							<DIV id="simpleSearch">
								<INPUT type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" title="Search Wikipedia [ctrl-alt-f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" tabindex="1" autocomplete="off" /><INPUT type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title" /><INPUT type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton" />							</DIV>
						</FORM>
					</DIV>
									</DIV>
			</DIV>
			<DIV id="mw-panel">
				<DIV id="p-logo" role="banner"><A class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></A></DIV>
						<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label">
			<H3 id="p-navigation-label">Navigation</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="n-mainpage-description"><A href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]" accesskey="z">Main page</A></LI><LI id="n-contents"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</A></LI><LI id="n-featuredcontent"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</A></LI><LI id="n-currentevents"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</A></LI><LI id="n-randompage"><A href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]" accesskey="x">Random article</A></LI><LI id="n-sitesupport"><A href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</A></LI><LI id="n-shoplink"><A href="//shop.wikimedia.org" title="Visit the Wikipedia store">Wikipedia store</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-interaction" aria-labelledby="p-interaction-label">
			<H3 id="p-interaction-label">Interaction</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="n-help"><A href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</A></LI><LI id="n-aboutsite"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</A></LI><LI id="n-portal"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</A></LI><LI id="n-recentchanges"><A href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</A></LI><LI id="n-contactpage"><A href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact page</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-tb" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label">
			<H3 id="p-tb-label">Tools</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="t-whatlinkshere"><A href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Homestead_Acts" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]" accesskey="j">What links here</A></LI><LI id="t-recentchangeslinked"><A href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Homestead_Acts" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</A></LI><LI id="t-upload"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</A></LI><LI id="t-specialpages"><A href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</A></LI><LI id="t-permalink"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&oldid=815139338" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</A></LI><LI id="t-info"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</A></LI><LI id="t-wikibase"><A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q974556" title="Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</A></LI><LI id="t-cite"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Homestead_Acts&id=815139338" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label">
			<H3 id="p-coll-print_export-label">Print/export</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="coll-create_a_book"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Homestead+Acts">Create a book</A></LI><LI id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:ElectronPdf&page=Homestead+Acts&action=show-download-screen">Download as PDF</A></LI><LI id="t-print"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label">
			<H3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label">In other projects</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Homestead_Act" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"><SPAN class="uls-settings-trigger" title="Language settings" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-haspopup="true"></SPAN>
			<H3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Act" title="Homestead Act – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Act" title="Homestead Act – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Asentamientos_Rurales" title="Ley de Asentamientos Rurales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Act" title="Homestead Act – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><A href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Act" title="Homestead Act – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%93%9C_%EB%B2%95" title="홈스테드 법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A4-%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF" title="Հոմստեդ-ակտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Act" title="Homestead Act – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Act" title="Homestead Act – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E6%B3%95" title="ホームステッド法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustawa_o_gospodarstwach_rolnych" title="Ustawa o gospodarstwach rolnych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Act" title="Homestead Act – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Act" title="Homestead Act – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4-%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Гомстед-акт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Act" title="Homestead Act – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead" title="Homestead – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Акт про гомстеди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%85%E5%9C%B0%E6%B3%95" title="宅地法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				</UL>
				<DIV class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><SPAN class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q974556#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</A></SPAN></DIV>			</DIV>
		</DIV>
				</DIV>
		</DIV>
				<DIV id="footer" role="contentinfo">
						<UL id="footer-info">
								<LI id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 December 2017, at 00:09.</LI>
								<LI id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <A rel="license" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</A><A rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></A>;
additional terms may apply.  By using this site, you agree to the <A href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</A> and <A href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</A>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <A href="//www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</A>, a non-profit organization.</LI>
							</UL>
						<UL id="footer-places">
								<LI id="footer-places-privacy"><A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-about"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-disclaimer"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-contact"><A href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-developers"><A href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute">Developers</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-mobileview"><A href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</A></LI>
							<LI style=""><A href="#">Enable previews</A></LI></UL>
										<UL id="footer-icons" class="noprint">
										<LI id="footer-copyrightico">
						<A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/"><IMG src="/static/images/wikimedia-button.png" srcset="/static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" /></A>					</LI>
										<LI id="footer-poweredbyico">
						<A href="//www.mediawiki.org/"><IMG src="/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" /></A>					</LI>
									</UL>
						<DIV style="clear: both;"></DIV>
		</DIV>

<DIV class="suggestions" style="display: none; font-size: 13px;"><DIV class="suggestions-results"></DIV><DIV class="suggestions-special"></DIV></DIV><DIV id="mwe-popups-svg"><svg width="0" height="0"><defs><clipPath id="mwe-popups-mask"><polygon points="0 8, 10 8, 18 0, 26 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-mask-flip"><polygon points="0 8, 274 8, 282 0, 290 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-landscape-mask"><polygon points="0 8, 174 8, 182 0, 190 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-landscape-mask-flip"><polygon points="0 0, 1000 0, 1000 242, 190 242, 182 250, 174 242, 0 242"></polygon></clipPath></defs></svg></DIV></BODY></HTML>

document_title: Homestead Acts

token: Homestead

token: Acts

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: Not

token: be

token: confused

token: with

token: Homesteading

token: Norwegian

token: settlers

token: in

token: North

token: Dakota

token: front

token: of

token: their

token: homestead

token: a

token: sod

token: hut

token: were

token: several

token: United

token: federal

token: laws

token: that

token: gave

token: an

token: applicant

token: ownership

token: land

token: typically

token: called

token: at

token: no

token: cost

token: In

token: all

token: more

token: than

token: million

token: acres

token: public

token: or

token: nearly

token: the

token: total

token: area

token: was

token: given

token: away

token: free

token: homesteaders

token: most

token: homesteads

token: west

token: Mississippi

token: River

token: An

token: extension

token: Principle

token: law

token: expression

question_text: why did government sponsored surveys and land acts encourage migration to the west