document_html:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<HTML class="client-js ve-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"><HEAD>

<TITLE>Fundamental rights in India - Wikipedia</TITLE>

<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector" />

<STYLE>
.referencetooltip{position:absolute;list-style:none;list-style-image:none;opacity:0;font-size:12px;margin:0;z-index:5;padding:0}.referencetooltip > li{background:#fff;border:1px solid #bbb;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);margin:0;padding:8px 10px;line-height:18px;max-width:300px}.referencetooltip > li + li{box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:7px;margin-top:-1px;border:0;padding:0;height:3px;width:0;background-color:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;border-top:12px #bbb solid;border-right:7px transparent solid;border-left:7px transparent solid}.referencetooltip > li + li::after{z-index:111;content:'';border:6px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:8px solid #fff;height:0;width:0;display:block;margin-left:-6px;margin-top:-12px}.RTflipped{padding-top:13px}.referencetooltip.RTflipped > li + li{position:absolute;top:0;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px #bbb solid}.referencetooltip.RTflipped > li + li::after{border-top:0;border-bottom:8px #fff solid;position:absolute;margin-top:7px}.RTsettings{ background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22utf-8%22%3F%3E%0D%0A%3C%21--%20Generator%3A%20Adobe%20Illustrator%2018.1.1%2C%20SVG%20Export%20Plug-In%20.%20SVG%20Version%3A%206.00%20Build%200%29%20%20--%3E%0D%0A%3C%21DOCTYPE%20svg%20PUBLIC%20%22-%2F%2FW3C%2F%2FDTD%20SVG%201.1%2F%2FEN%22%20%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FGraphics%2FSVG%2F1.1%2FDTD%2Fsvg11.dtd%22%3E%0D%0A%3Csvg%20version%3D%221.1%22%20id%3D%22Layer_1%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20xmlns%3Axlink%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1999%2Fxlink%22%20x%3D%220px%22%20y%3D%220px%22%0D%0A%09%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2024%2024%22%20enable-background%3D%22new%200%200%2024%2024%22%20xml%3Aspace%3D%22preserve%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23555555%22%20d%3D%22M20%2C14.5v-2.9l-1.8-0.3c-0.1-0.4-0.3-0.8-0.6-1.4l1.1-1.5l-2.1-2.1l-1.5%2C1.1c-0.5-0.3-1-0.5-1.4-0.6L13.5%2C5h-2.9l-0.3%2C1.8%0D%0A%09C9.8%2C6.9%2C9.4%2C7.1%2C8.9%2C7.4L7.4%2C6.3L5.3%2C8.4l1%2C1.5c-0.3%2C0.5-0.4%2C0.9-0.6%2C1.4L4%2C11.5v2.9l1.8%2C0.3c0.1%2C0.5%2C0.3%2C0.9%2C0.6%2C1.4l-1%2C1.5%0D%0A%09l2.1%2C2.1l1.5-1c0.4%2C0.2%2C0.9%2C0.4%2C1.4%2C0.6l0.3%2C1.8h3l0.3-1.8c0.5-0.1%2C0.9-0.3%2C1.4-0.6l1.5%2C1.1l2.1-2.1l-1.1-1.5c0.3-0.5%2C0.5-1%2C0.6-1.4%0D%0A%09L20%2C14.5z%20M12%2C16c-1.7%2C0-3-1.3-3-3s1.3-3%2C3-3s3%2C1.3%2C3%2C3S13.7%2C16%2C12%2C16z%22%2F%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0D%0A);  display:block;float:right;cursor:pointer;margin:0;margin-top:-4px;height:24px;width:24px;border-radius:2px;box-sizing:border-box;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:24px 24px;margin-left:8px}.RTsettings:hover{background-color:#eee}.RTTarget{background-color:#def}
.wp-teahouse-question-form{position:absolute;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:#f4f3f0;border:1px solid #a7d7f9;padding:1em}#wp-th-question-ask{float:right}.wp-teahouse-ask a.external{background-image:none !important}.wp-teahouse-respond-form{position:absolute;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:#f4f3f0;border:1px solid #a7d7f9;padding:1em}.wp-th-respond{float:right}.wp-teahouse-respond a.external{background-image:none !important}
.cite-accessibility-label{ top:-99999px;clip:rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); position:absolute !important;padding:0 !important;border:0 !important;height:1px !important;width:1px !important; overflow:hidden}
.mw-spinner{background-color:transparent;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.mw-spinner-small{background-image:url(data:image/gif;base64,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);background-image:url(/w/resources/src/jquery/images/spinner.gif?ca65b)!ie;height:20px;width:20px; min-width:20px}.mw-spinner-large{background-image:url(data:image/gif;base64,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);background-image:url(/w/resources/src/jquery/images/spinner-large.gif?57f34)!ie;height:32px;width:32px; min-width:32px}.mw-spinner-block{display:block; width:100%}.mw-spinner-inline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle; zoom:1;*display:inline; }
.suggestions{overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:0;border:0;z-index:1099;padding:0;margin:-1px 0 0 0}.suggestions-special{position:relative;background-color:#fff;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;margin-top:-2px;display:none;padding:0.25em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em}.suggestions-results{background-color:#fff;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0;margin:0}.suggestions-result{color:#000;margin:0;line-height:1.5em;padding:0.01em 0.25em;text-align:left; overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.suggestions-result-current{background-color:#2a4b8d;color:#fff}.suggestions-special .special-label{color:#72777d;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-query{color:#000;font-style:italic;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-hover{background-color:#c8ccd1}.suggestions-result-current .special-label,.suggestions-result-current .special-query{color:#fff}.highlight{font-weight:bold}
@media screen {
	.tochidden,.toctoggle{-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.toctoggle{font-size:94%}}
@media print {
	.toc.tochidden,.toctoggle{display:none}}
.uls-menu{border-radius:2px; font-size:medium}.uls-search,.uls-language-settings-close-block{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-top-left-radius:2px}.uls-language-list{border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.uls-menu.callout:before,.uls-menu.callout:after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right:before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right:after{ border-left:10px solid #f8f9fa; right:-10px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left:before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left:after{ border-right:10px solid #f8f9fa; left:-10px}.uls-ui-languages button{margin:5px 15px 5px 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}.uls-search-wrapper-wrapper{position:relative;padding-left:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px}.uls-icon-back{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.png?90e9b) no-repeat scroll center center;background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.svg?e226b);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2224%22 height=%2224%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2354595d%22 d=%22M7 13.1l8.9 8.9c.8-.8.8-2 0-2.8l-6.1-6.1 6-6.1c.8-.8.8-2 0-2.8L7 13.1z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");background-size:28px;background-position:center center;height:32px;width:40px;display:block;position:absolute;left:0;border-right:1px solid #c8ccd1;opacity:0.8}.uls-icon-back:hover{opacity:1;cursor:pointer}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view .uls-no-found-more{background-color:#fff}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view h3{padding:0 28px;margin:0;color:#54595d;font-size:1em;font-weight:normal}  .skin-vector .uls-menu{border-color:#c8ccd1;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);font-size:0.875em}.skin-vector .uls-search{border-bottom-color:#c8ccd1}.skin-vector .uls-filtersuggestion{color:#72777d}.skin-vector .uls-lcd-region-title{color:#54595d}
.mw-editfont-monospace{font-family:monospace,monospace}.mw-editfont-sans-serif{font-family:sans-serif}.mw-editfont-serif{font-family:serif} .mw-editfont-monospace,.mw-editfont-sans-serif,.mw-editfont-serif{font-size:13px; }.mw-editfont-monospace.oo-ui-textInputWidget,.mw-editfont-sans-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget,.mw-editfont-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget{font-size:inherit}.mw-editfont-monospace > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-sans-serif > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-serif > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input{font-size:13px}
@-webkit-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}}@-moz-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-moz-transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-moz-transform:translateY(0)}}@-o-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-o-transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-o-transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{-webkit-animation-duration:1s;-moz-animation-duration:1s;-o-animation-duration:1s;animation-duration:1s;-webkit-animation-fill-mode:both;-moz-animation-fill-mode:both;-o-animation-fill-mode:both;animation-fill-mode:both;-webkit-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;-moz-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;-o-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation}
@media print{#centralNotice{display:none}}.cn-closeButton{display:inline-block;zoom:1;background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUBAMAAAB/pwA+AAAAElBMVEUAAAAQEBDPz88AAABAQEDv7+9oe1vvAAAABnRSTlMA3rLe3rJS22KzAAAARElEQVQI12PAAUIUQCSTK5BwFgIxFU1AhKECUFAYKAAioXwwBeZChMGCEGGQIFQYJohgIhQgtCEMQ7ECYTHCOciOxA4AADgJTXIb9s8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=) no-repeat;background:url(/w/extensions/CentralNotice/resources/subscribing/close.png?8e3d8) no-repeat!ie;width:20px;height:20px;text-indent:20px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}
.mw-ui-button{font-family:inherit;font-size:1em;display:inline-block;min-width:4em;max-width:28.75em;padding:0.546875em 1em;line-height:1.286;margin:0;border-radius:2px;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-appearance:none;*display:inline; zoom:1;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#f8f9fa;color:#222222;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer}.mw-ui-button:visited{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button:hover{background-color:#ffffff;color:#444444;border-color:#a2a9b1}.mw-ui-button:focus{background-color:#ffffff;color:#222222;border-color:#3366cc;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button:active,.mw-ui-button.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#d9d9d9;color:#000000;border-color:#72777d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button:disabled:active{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;box-shadow:none;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button:focus{outline-width:0}.mw-ui-button:focus::-moz-focus-inner{border-color:transparent;padding:0}.mw-ui-button:not(:disabled){-webkit-transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms;-moz-transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms;transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms}.mw-ui-button:disabled{text-shadow:none;cursor:default}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-big{font-size:1.3em}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-block{display:block;width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive{background-color:#3366cc;color:#fff;border:1px solid #3366cc}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:hover{background-color:#447ff5;border-color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#2a4b8d;border-color:#2a4b8d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#2a4b8d}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#3366cc}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive{background-color:#dd3333;color:#fff;border:1px solid #dd3333}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:hover{background-color:#ff4242;border-color:#ff4242}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #dd3333,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#b32424;border-color:#b32424;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#ff4242}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#b32424}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#dd3333}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet{background:transparent;border:0;text-shadow:none;color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#444444}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#000000}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus{box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{background:transparent}input.mw-ui-button::-moz-focus-inner,button.mw-ui-button::-moz-focus-inner{margin-top:-1px;margin-bottom:-1px}a.mw-ui-button{text-decoration:none}a.mw-ui-button:hover,a.mw-ui-button:focus{text-decoration:none}.mw-ui-button-group > *{min-width:48px;border-radius:0;float:left}.mw-ui-button-group > *:first-child{border-top-left-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group > *:not(:first-child){border-left:0}.mw-ui-button-group > *:last-child{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-right-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group .is-on .button{cursor:default}
.mw-ui-icon{position:relative;line-height:1.5em;min-height:1.5em;min-width:1.5em}span.mw-ui-icon{display:inline-block}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element{text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden;width:3.5em;min-width:3.5em;max-width:3.5em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element:before{left:0;right:0;position:absolute;margin:0 1em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element.mw-ui-icon-large{width:4.625em;min-width:4.625em;max-width:4.625em;line-height:4.625em;min-height:4.625em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element.mw-ui-icon-large:before{min-height:4.625em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-before:before,.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element:before{background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto;float:left;display:block;min-height:1.5em;content:''}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-before:before{position:relative;width:1.5em;margin-right:1em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-small:before{background-size:66.67% auto}
.mw-ui-icon-popups-settings:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=popups-settings&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2354595d%22 d=%22M20 14.5v-2.9l-1.8-.3c-.1-.4-.3-.8-.6-1.4l1.1-1.5-2.1-2.1-1.5 1.1c-.5-.3-1-.5-1.4-.6L13.5 5h-2.9l-.3 1.8c-.5.1-.9.3-1.4.6L7.4 6.3 5.3 8.4l1 1.5c-.3.5-.4.9-.6 1.4l-1.7.2v2.9l1.8.3c.1.5.3.9.6 1.4l-1 1.5 2.1 2.1 1.5-1c.4.2.9.4 1.4.6l.3 1.8h3l.3-1.8c.5-.1.9-.3 1.4-.6l1.5 1.1 2.1-2.1-1.1-1.5c.3-.5.5-1 .6-1.4l1.5-.3zM12 16c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3s1.3-3 3-3 3 1.3 3 3-1.3 3-3 3z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-popups-close:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=popups-close&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M3.636 2.222l14.142 14.142-1.414 1.414L2.222 3.636z%22/%3E %3Cpath d=%22M17.778 3.636L3.636 17.778l-1.414-1.414L16.364 2.222z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-preview-generic:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=preview-generic&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width=%2237%22 height=%2227%22 xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%3E %3Cg id=%22Page-1%22 fill=%22none%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22%3E %3Cg id=%22sad-face%22 fill=%22%23C8CCD1%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M5.475.7v20.075L0 26.25h31.025c3.102 0 5.475-2.372 5.475-5.475V.7H5.475zm20.44 4.562c1.277 0 2.19 1.095 2.19 2.19 0 1.096-.913 2.373-2.19 2.373-1.278 0-2.19-1.095-2.19-2.19s1.095-2.373 2.19-2.373zm-9.855 0c1.277 0 2.19 1.095 2.19 2.19 0 1.096-1.095 2.373-2.19 2.373s-2.19-1.095-2.19-2.19.913-2.373 2.19-2.373zm4.928 8.213c-7.153 0-8.415 7.012-8.415 7.012s2.805-1.403 8.415-1.403c5.61 0 8.414 1.403 8.414 1.403S28 13.475 20.988 13.475z%22 id=%22Shape%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-footer:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=footer&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%22230%22 height=%22179%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 viewBox=%220 0 230 179%22%3E %3Cdefs%3E %3Crect id=%22a%22 width=%22201%22 height=%2213%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Crect id=%22b%22 width=%22201%22 height=%22169%22 y=%2210%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Crect id=%22c%22 width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%22135%22 y=%22158%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3C/defs%3E %3Cg fill=%22none%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22%3E %3Cg transform=%22matrix%281 0 0 -1 0 13%29%22%3E %3Cuse fill=%22%23f8f9fa%22 xlink:href=%22%23a%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%2211%22 x=%221%22 y=%221%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Cuse fill=%22%23fff%22 xlink:href=%22%23b%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%22167%22 x=%221%22 y=%2211%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Cg opacity=%22.4%22 transform=%22translate%2867 35%29%22%3E %3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 y=%227%22 fill=%22%23c8ccd1%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2231%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2232%22 height=%222%22 y=%2285%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 x=%2235%22 y=%2285%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 x=%2291%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2268%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2272%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2249%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2224%22 height=%222%22 x=%2284%22 y=%2231%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22 transform=%22matrix%28-1 0 0 1 192 0%29%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2266%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2214%22 height=%222%22 x=%2254%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2271%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2259%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2252%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2292%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2238%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2267%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2299%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Cuse fill=%22%2336c%22 xlink:href=%22%23c%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2233%22 height=%225%22 x=%22133.5%22 y=%22156.5%22 stroke=%22%23ffc057%22 stroke-opacity=%22.447%22 stroke-width=%223%22 rx=%222.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%2234%22 cy=%2249%22 r=%2219%22 fill=%22%23eaecf0%22/%3E %3Cg fill=%22%23a2a9b1%22 transform=%22translate%285 5%29%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%221.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%226%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%2210.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Cpath stroke=%22%23ff00af%22 d=%22M174.5 159.5h54.01%22 stroke-linecap=%22square%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-preview-disambiguation:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=preview-disambiguation&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%222 2 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23C8CCD1%22 d=%22M11 12h4V7h-4v5zm-5 2h9v-1H6v1zm0 2h9v-1H6v1zm0 2h9v-1H6v1zm4-9H6v1h4V9zm0 2H6v1h4v-1zm0-4H6v1h4V7zM4 5h13v16H7c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3V5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill-rule=%22evenodd%22 fill=%22%23C8CCD1%22 d=%22M18 4v14h2V2H7v2%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}</STYLE><STYLE>
.mw-3d-wrapper{display:inline-block;position:relative;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:top}.mw-3d-badge{position:absolute;top:11px;left:11px;color:#1e1f21;font-size:14px;line-height:19px;font-weight:bold;opacity:0.8;padding:2px 5px;background-color:#f8f9fa;border-radius:2px}.mw-3d-thumb-placeholder{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;color:#222}
.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#fff}.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link .special-query{ overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}
#uls-settings-block{background-color:#f8f9fa;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1;padding-left:10px;line-height:1.2em;border-radius:0 0 2px 2px}#uls-settings-block > button{background:left top transparent no-repeat;background-size:20px auto;color:#54595d;display:inline-block;margin:8px 15px;border:0;padding:0 0 0 26px;font-size:medium;cursor:pointer}#uls-settings-block > button:hover{color:#222}#uls-settings-block > button.display-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/display.png?d25f1);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23222%22 d=%22M.002 2.275v12.945h8.405c.535 1.624-.975 1.786-1.902 2.505 0 0 2.293-.024 3.439-.024 1.144 0 3.432.024 3.432.024-.905-.688-2.355-.868-1.902-2.505h8.527v-12.945h-20zm6.81 1.84h.797l3.313 8.466h-1.043l-1.043-2.638h-3.374l-1.043 2.638h-.982zm.368 1.104c-.084.369-.211.785-.368 1.227l-.982 2.577h2.699l-.982-2.577c-.128-.33-.234-.747-.368-1.227zm7.117.982c.753 0 1.295.157 1.656.491.365.334.552.858.552 1.595v4.294h-.675l-.184-.859h-.062c-.315.396-.605.655-.92.798-.311.138-.758.184-1.227.184-.626 0-1.115-.168-1.472-.491-.353-.323-.491-.754-.491-1.35 0-1.275 1.028-1.963 3.068-2.025h1.043v-.429c0-.495-.091-.87-.307-1.104-.211-.238-.574-.307-1.043-.307-.526 0-1.115.107-1.779.429l-.307-.675c.311-.169.674-.333 1.043-.429.373-.096.732-.123 1.104-.123zm.307 3.313c-.761.027-1.318.157-1.656.368-.334.207-.491.54-.491.982 0 .346.1.617.307.798.211.181.544.245.92.245.595 0 1.012-.164 1.35-.491.342-.326.552-.762.552-1.35v-.552z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}#uls-settings-block > button.input-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/input.png?aea9e);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23222%22 d=%22M9 1.281c-.124.259-.185.599-.5.688-.55.081-1.133.018-1.688 0-.866-.032-1.733-.148-2.594 0-.588.157-.953.727-1.188 1.25-.178.416-.271.836-.344 1.281h-2.688v11.5h20v-11.5h-16.344c.109-.52.203-1.057.563-1.469.222-.231.587-.17.875-.188 1.212.003 2.415.179 3.625.063.463-.058.812-.455.969-.875l.188-.438-.875-.313zm-7.125 5.844h1.563c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.531c0 .094-.093.188-.188.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.531c0 .094-.062.188-.156.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.531c0 .094-.062.188-.156.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.188-.093-.188-.188v-1.531c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm2.813 0h1.563c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.531c0 .094-.093.188-.188.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.531c0 .094-.062.188-.156.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.531c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.531c0 .094-.093.188-.188.188h-1.531c-.094 0-.188-.093-.188-.188v-1.531c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm-12.844 3h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.563c0 .094-.062.156-.156.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.062-.156-.156v-1.563c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.906 0h1.563c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.563c0 .094-.093.156-.188.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.062-.156-.156v-1.563c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.938 0h1.531c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.563c0 .094-.093.156-.188.156h-1.531c-.094 0-.188-.062-.188-.156v-1.563c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm2.906 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.563c0 .094-.062.156-.156.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.188-.062-.188-.156v-1.563c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm2.906 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.563c0 .094-.062.156-.156.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.062-.156-.156v-1.563c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm-10.875 3.563h12c.088 0 .156.068.156.156v.844c0 .088-.068.156-.156.156h-12c-.088 0-.156-.068-.156-.156v-.844c0-.088.068-.156.156-.156z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}
.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{border:0;padding:0;color:inherit;line-height:1.5em; }.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget:focus{outline:0;padding:0}.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget::selection{background:rgba(109,169,247,0.5); }
#p-lang .body ul .uls-trigger,#p-lang .pBody ul .uls-trigger{background-image:none;padding:0} .mw-interlanguage-selector,.mw-interlanguage-selector:active{cursor:pointer;padding:4px 6px 4px 25px;font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/compact-links-trigger.png?b0c8e);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2218%22 height=%2218%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2372777d%22 d=%22M13 19l.8-3h5.3l.9 3h2.2l-4.2-13h-3l-4.2 13h2.2zm3.5-11l2 6h-4l2-6zM5 4l.938 1.906h-4.938v2.094h1.594c.6 1.8 1.406 3.206 2.406 4.406-1.1.7-4.313 1.781-4.313 1.781l1.313 1.813s3.487-1.387 4.688-2.188c1 .7 2.319 1.188 3.719 1.688l.594-2c-1-.3-1.988-.688-2.688-1.188 1.1-1.1 1.9-2.506 2.5-4.406h2.188l.5-2h-5.563l-.938-1.906h-2zm-.188 4h3.781c-.4 1.3-.906 2-1.906 3-1.1-1-1.475-1.7-1.875-3z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");background-size:18px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:left 4px center;margin:4px 0;text-align:left}.mw-interlanguage-selector:active,.mw-interlanguage-selector.selector-open{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#54595d}.interlanguage-uls-menu:before,.interlanguage-uls-menu:after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-right:before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-right:after{ border-left:10px solid #f8f9fa; right:-10px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-left:before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-left:after{ border-right:10px solid #f8f9fa; left:-10px}
.mw-mmv-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1000;background-color:#000}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open{overflow-y:auto;  }body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-page-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-head-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-navigation,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #content,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #footer,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #globalWrapper{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > *{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-overlay,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-wrapper{display:block}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons{margin-top:5px}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded,.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config{display:block;line-height:inherit}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M851.2 71.6L690.7 232.1l-40.1-40.3-9.6 164.8 164.8-9.3-40.3-40.4L926 146.4l58.5 58.5L997.6 0 792.7 13.1%22/%3E %3Cpath d=%22M769.6 89.3H611.9l70.9 70.8 7.9 7.5m-47.1 234.6l-51.2 3 3-51.2 9.4-164.4 5.8-100.3H26.4V768h883.1V387l-100.9 5.8-165 9.4zM813.9 678H113.6l207.2-270.2 31.5-12.9L548 599.8l105.9-63.2 159.8 140.8.2.6zm95.6-291.9V228l-79.1 78.9 7.8 7.9%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M897 454.6V313.4L810.4 299c-6.4-23.3-16-45.7-27.3-65.8l50.5-71.4-99.4-100.2-71.4 50.5c-20.9-11.2-42.5-20.9-65.8-27.3L582.6-1H441.4L427 85.6c-23.3 6.4-45.7 16-65.8 27.3l-71.4-50.5-100.3 99.5 50.5 71.4c-11.2 20.9-20.9 42.5-27.3 66.6L127 313.4v141.2l85.8 14.4c6.4 23.3 16 45.7 27.3 66.6L189.6 607l99.5 99.5 71.4-50.5c20.9 11.2 42.5 20.9 66.6 27.3l14.4 85.8h141.2l14.4-86.6c23.3-6.4 45.7-16 65.8-27.3l71.4 50.5 99.5-99.5-50.5-71.4c11.2-20.9 20.9-42.5 27.3-66.6l86.4-13.6zm-385 77c-81.8 0-147.6-66.6-147.6-147.6 0-81.8 66.6-147.6 147.6-147.6S659.6 302.2 659.6 384 593.8 531.6 512 531.6z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");opacity:0.75}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before:hover{opacity:1}.mw-mmv-button{background-color:transparent;min-width:0;border:0;padding:0;overflow-x:hidden;text-indent:-9999em}
@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}.mwe-popups-fade-in-up{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-in-down{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-down{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-up{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards}     .mwe-popups{background:#fff;position:absolute;z-index:110;-webkit-box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px #a2a9b1;padding:0;display:none;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;min-width:300px;border-radius:2px; }.mwe-popups .mw-ui-icon{font-size:16px;margin:21px 0 8px 0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container{color:#222222;margin-top:-9px;padding-top:9px;text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer{padding:16px;margin:0;font-size:10px;position:absolute;bottom:0; left:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract{margin:16px;display:block;color:#222222;text-decoration:none;position:relative;   }.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:hover{text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:after{content:' ';position:absolute;bottom:0;width:25%;height:20px;background-color:transparent}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='ltr']:after{ right:0; background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-o-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='rtl']:after{ left:0; background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-o-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract p{margin:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ul,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ol,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract li,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dl,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dd,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dt{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.mwe-popups svg{overflow:hidden}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall{width:450px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{vertical-align:middle}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-extract{width:215px;height:180px;overflow:hidden; float:left}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall footer{width:215px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall{width:320px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-extract{min-height:40px;max-height:140px;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:47px;padding-bottom:0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall footer{width:290px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-extract,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-extract{min-height:auto;padding-top:4px;margin-bottom:60px;margin-top:0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-read-link{font-weight:bold;font-size:12px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link{text-decoration:underline}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:11px solid #ffffff;top:-7px; left:7px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:8px solid #a2a9b1;top:-8px; left:10px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:after{ left:auto; right:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:before{ left:auto; right:10px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:9px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px; left:6px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri.flipped_x:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:273px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri.flipped_x:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px; left:269px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri .mwe-popups-extract{padding-top:32px;margin-top:190px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri > div > a > svg{margin-top:-8px;position:absolute;z-index:113; left:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{margin:0;margin-top:-8px;margin-bottom:-7px;position:absolute;z-index:113; right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px; left:272px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px; left:269px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall:after{z-index:112;content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px; left:417px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px; left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{position:absolute;z-index:113;margin:0;margin-bottom:-9px; right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_y:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:11px solid #ffffff;bottom:-7px; left:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped_y:before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:8px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-8px; left:10px}#mwe-popups-settings{position:fixed;z-index:1000;background:#fff;width:420px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);border-radius:2px;font-size:14px}#mwe-popups-settings header{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;position:relative;display:table;width:100%;padding:5px 7px 5px 0}#mwe-popups-settings header > div{display:table-cell;width:3.5em;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer}#mwe-popups-settings header h1{margin-bottom:0.6em;padding-top:0.5em;border:0;width:100%;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close{opacity:0.87;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms;-moz-transition:opacity 100ms;transition:opacity 100ms}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:hover{opacity:0.73}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:active{opacity:1}#mwe-popups-settings main{display:block;width:350px;padding:32px 0 24px;margin:0 auto}#mwe-popups-settings main p{color:#54595d;font-size:17px;margin:16px 0 0}#mwe-popups-settings main p:first-child{margin-top:0}#mwe-popups-settings main form img,#mwe-popups-settings main form input,#mwe-popups-settings main form label{vertical-align:top}#mwe-popups-settings main form img{margin-right:60px}#mwe-popups-settings main form input{display:inline-block;margin:0 10px 0 0;padding:0}#mwe-popups-settings main form label{font-size:13px;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;width:300px}#mwe-popups-settings main form label > span{color:#000;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;display:block;margin-bottom:5px;line-height:18px}.mwe-popups-settings-help{font-size:13px;font-weight:800;margin:40px;position:relative}.mwe-popups-settings-help .mw-ui-icon:before,.mwe-popups-settings-help .mw-ui-icon{height:140px;width:180px;max-width:none;margin:0}.mwe-popups-settings-help p{left:180px;bottom:20px;position:absolute}.mwe-popups-settings-icon{border-radius:2px;font-size:16px; margin-right:-0.75em}.mwe-popups-settings-icon:hover{background-color:#eaecf0}.mwe-popups-settings-icon:active{background-color:#c8ccd1}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer .mwe-popups-settings-icon{float:right}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-title{display:block;font-weight:bold;margin:0 16px}.mwe-popups-overlay{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);z-index:999;position:fixed;height:100%;width:100%;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}#mwe-popups-svg{position:absolute;top:-1000px}</STYLE><STYLE>
.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-editableContent #toc,.ve-activated #siteNotice,.ve-activated .mw-indicators,.ve-activated #t-print,.ve-activated #t-permalink,.ve-activated #p-coll-print_export,.ve-activated #t-cite,.ve-deactivating .ve-ui-surface,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-editableContent,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{display:none} .ve-activating .ve-ui-surface{height:0;padding:0 !important; overflow:hidden} .ve-loading #content > :not(.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay), .ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-uneditableContent{pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;opacity:0.5}.ve-activated #catlinks{cursor:pointer}.ve-activated #catlinks a{opacity:1} .ve-activated #content{position:relative} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay{position:absolute;top:1.25em;left:0;right:0;z-index:1;margin-top:-0.5em}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress{height:1em;overflow:hidden;margin:0 25%}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress-bar{height:1em;width:0}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{transition:height 250ms ease;height:0; } .oo-ui-element-hidden{display:none !important; } .mw-editsection{white-space:nowrap; unicode-bidi:-moz-isolate;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;unicode-bidi:isolate}.mw-editsection-divider{color:#54595d} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress{height:0.75em;border:1px solid #36c;background:#fff;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 0.1em 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15)}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress-bar{height:0.75em;background:#36c}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbar,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{font-size:0.875em; margin:-1.14em -1.14em 1.14em -1.14em; }@media screen and (min-width:982px){.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbar,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{ margin:-1.43em -1.71em 1.43em -1.71em}}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;box-shadow:0 1px 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-open{height:40px}</STYLE><META name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="" />
<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector" />
<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector" />
<META name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.31.0-wmf.29" />
<META name="referrer" content="origin" />
<META name="referrer" content="origin-when-crossorigin" />
<META name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin" />
<LINK rel="alternate" href="android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India" />
<LINK rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit" />
<LINK rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit" />
<LINK rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png" />
<LINK rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico" />
<LINK rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)" />
<LINK rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd" />
<LINK rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" />
<LINK rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India" />
<LINK rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org" />
<LINK rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" />
<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=html5shiv&only=scripts&skin=vector&sync=1"></script><![endif]-->
</HEAD>
<BODY class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Fundamental_rights_in_India rootpage-Fundamental_rights_in_India skin-vector action-view">		<DIV id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></DIV>
		<DIV id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></DIV>
		<DIV id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
			<A id="top"></A>
			<DIV id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><DIV id="centralNotice"></DIV><!-- CentralNotice --></DIV><DIV class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
<DIV id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles" title="This is a good article. Follow the link for more information."><IMG alt="This is a good article. Follow the link for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" width="19" height="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Fundamental rights in India</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
				<DIV id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</DIV>				<DIV id="contentSub"></DIV>
								<DIV id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
					Jump to:					<A href="#mw-head">navigation</A>, 					<A href="#p-search">search</A>
				</DIV>
				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><TABLE class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <A href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_India" title="Category:Constitution of India">a series</A> on</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><A href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Emblem of India.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/70px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" width="70" height="119" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/105px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/140px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="562" /></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0;"><B><A href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Preamble to the Constitution of India">Preamble</A></B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0;">
<DIV class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0" id="NavFrame1">
<DIV class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0;"><A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India#Parts" title="Constitution of India">Parts</A><A class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle1" href="#">[show]</A></DIV>
<DIV class="NavContent" style="font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;"><B><A href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental Rights in India">Fundamental Rights</A></B><BR />
<B>PART</B><BR />
<A href="/wiki/Part_One_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part One of the Constitution of India">I</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Part_Two_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Two of the Constitution of India">II</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Part_Three_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Three of the Constitution of India">III</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Part_Four_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Four of the Constitution of India">IV</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Part_IVA_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part IVA of the Constitution of India">IVA</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Part_Five_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part Five of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">V</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Part_Six_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part Six of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">VI</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Part_Seven_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part Seven of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">VII</A><BR />
<A href="/w/index.php?title=Part_Eight_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part Eight of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">VIII</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Part_IX_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part IX of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">IX</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Part_IXA_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part IXA of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">IXA</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Part_IXB_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part IXB of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">IXB</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Part_Ten_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Ten of the Constitution of India">X</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Part_Eleven_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Eleven of the Constitution of India">XI</A>  ∙ <A href="/wiki/Part_Twelve_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Twelve of the Constitution of India">XII</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Part_Thirteen_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Thirteen of the Constitution of India">XIII</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Part_Fourteen_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Fourteen of the Constitution of India">XIV</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/Part_Fifteen_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Fifteen of the Constitution of India">XV</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Part_XVI_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVI of the Constitution of India">XVI</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Part_XVIA_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part XVIA of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">XVIA</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Part_Seventeen_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Seventeen of the Constitution of India">XVII</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Part_Eighteen_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Eighteen of the Constitution of India">XVIII</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Part_Nineteen_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Nineteen of the Constitution of India">XIX</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Part_Twenty_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Twenty of the Constitution of India">XX</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Part_Twenty-one_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Twenty-one of the Constitution of India">XXI</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/Part_Twenty-two_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part Twenty-two of the Constitution of India">XXII</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0;">
<DIV class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0" id="NavFrame2">
<DIV class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0;"><A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India#Schedules" title="Constitution of India">Schedules</A><A class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle2" href="#">[show]</A></DIV>
<DIV class="NavContent" style="font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;"><A href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">First</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">Second</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">Third</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Fourth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Fourth</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Fifth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">Fifth</A><BR />
<A href="/w/index.php?title=Sixth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">Sixth</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">Seventh</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Ninth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninth Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">Ninth</A><BR />
<A href="/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenth Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">Tenth</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Eleventh_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleventh Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">Eleventh</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Twelfth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">Twelfth</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0;">
<DIV class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0" id="NavFrame3">
<DIV class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0;">Appendices<A class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle3" href="#">[show]</A></DIV>
<DIV class="NavContent" style="font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_One_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix One of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">I</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_Two_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix Two of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">II</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_Three_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix Three of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">III</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_Four_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix Four of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">IV</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_Five_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix Five of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">V</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0;">
<DIV class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0" id="NavFrame4">
<DIV class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0;"><A href="/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Amendment of the Constitution of India">Amendments</A><A class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle4" href="#">[show]</A></DIV>
<DIV class="NavContent" style="font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;"><A href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">List</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/First_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="First Amendment of the Constitution of India">1</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Second Amendment of the Constitution of India">2</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Third Amendment of the Constitution of India">3</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">4</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">5</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">6</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">7</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">8</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">9</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">10</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">11</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India">12</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Thirteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">13</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">14</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Fifteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">15</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Sixteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">16</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Seventeenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">17</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">18</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">19</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">20</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">21</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">22</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">23</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">24</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">25</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">26</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">27</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">28</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Twenty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twenty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">29</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Thirtieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">30</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">31</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">32</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">33</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">34</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">35</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">36</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Thirty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">37</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Thirty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">38</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Thirty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">39</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Fortieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">40</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Forty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">41</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">42</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Forty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">43</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Forty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">44</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Forty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">45</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Forty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">46</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Forty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">47</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Forty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">48</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Forty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">49</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Fiftieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiftieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">50</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Fifty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">51</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Fifty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">52</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Fifty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">53</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Fifty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">54</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Fifty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">55</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Fifty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">56</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Fifty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">57</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Fifty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">58</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Fifty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fifty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">59</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Sixtieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">60</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Sixty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">61</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Sixty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">62</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Sixty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">63</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Sixty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">64</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Sixty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">65</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Sixty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">66</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Sixty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">67</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Sixty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">68</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Sixty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sixty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">69</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Seventieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">70</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Seventy-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">71</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Seventy-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventy-second Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">72</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Seventy-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">73</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Seventy-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">74</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Seventy-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventy-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">75</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Seventy-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventy-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">76</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Seventy-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventy-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">77</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Seventy-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seventy-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">78</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Seventy-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventy-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">79</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Eightieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eightieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">80</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eighty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">81</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eighty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">82</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eighty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">83</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eighty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">84</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eighty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">85</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eighty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">86</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eighty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">87</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eighty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">88</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eighty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">89</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Ninetieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninetieth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">90</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninety-first Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">91</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Ninety-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">92</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninety-third Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">93</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Ninety-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">94</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/Ninety-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">95</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninety-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">96</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninety-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">97</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninety-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">98</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ninety-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">99</A> ∙ <A href="/w/index.php?title=One_Hundredth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="One Hundredth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">100</A> ∙ <A href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_First_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India">101</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD class="plainlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0;">
<DIV class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0" id="NavFrame5">
<DIV class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0;">Related topics<A class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle5" href="#">[show]</A></DIV>
<DIV class="NavContent" style="font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;">
<DIV class="plainlist">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Union_List" title="Union List">Union List</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/State_List" title="State List">State List</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Concurrent_List" title="Concurrent List">Concurrent List</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;">
<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Constitution_of_India" title="Template:Constitution of India"><ABBR title="View this template">v</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitution_of_India" title="Template talk:Constitution of India"><ABBR title="Discuss this template">t</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Constitution_of_India&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template">e</ABBR></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P><B>Fundamental Rights</B> are the basic rights of the people and the <A href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">charter of rights</A> contained in Part III(Article 12 to 35) of <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</A>. It guarantees <A href="/wiki/Civil_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil liberty">civil liberties</A> such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as <A href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">citizens of India</A>. These include individual rights common to most <A href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracies</A>, such as <A href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality before law</A> <A href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</A> and <A href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">expression</A>, religious and cultural freedom and <A href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">peaceful assembly</A>, <A href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom to practice religion</A>, and the right to <A href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutional</A> remedies for the protection of <A href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</A> by means of <A href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writs</A> such as <A href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">Mandamus</A>, <A href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</A>, <A href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">Certiorari</A> and <A href="/wiki/Quo_Warranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Quo Warranto">Quo Warranto</A>. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the <A href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</A> or other special laws, subject to discretion of the <A href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</A>. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic <A href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human freedoms</A> that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of <A href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</A>, place of birth, religion, <A href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</A> or <A href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</A>. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, <A href="/wiki/Supreme_court_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme court of India">Supreme court of India</A> can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including <A href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">England's Bill of Rights</A>, the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</A> and <A href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">France's Declaration of the Rights of Man</A>.</P>
<P>The six fundamental rights recognised by the Indian constitution are the right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, right to constitutional remedies and right to privacy. The right to equality includes <A href="/wiki/Equality_before_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Equality before law">equality before law</A>, prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth, and equality of opportunity in matters of employment, abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles. The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association or union or cooperatives, movement, residence, and right to practice any profession or occupation, right to life and liberty, protection in respect to conviction in offences and protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour, child labour and trafficking of human beings. The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession, practice, and propagation of religion, freedom to manage religious affairs, freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes. Cultural and educational rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture, language or script, and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. The right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 that protects life and liberty of the citizens.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices. Specifically, they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime). They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions. They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of Indian constitution.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Genesis"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Genesis</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Significance_and_characteristics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Significance and characteristics</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Right_to_equality"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Right to equality</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#Right_to_freedom"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Right to freedom</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Right_against_exploitation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Right against exploitation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Right_to_freedom_of_religion"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Right to freedom of religion</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Right_to_life"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Right to life</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#Cultural_and_Educational_rights"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Cultural and Educational rights</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#Right_to_constitutional_remedies"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Right to constitutional remedies</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#Right_to_Privacy"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Right to Privacy</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#Critical_analysis"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Critical analysis</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#Amendments"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Amendments</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#Fundamental_rights_not_sacrosanct"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Fundamental rights not sacrosanct</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><A href="#Validity_of_Article_31B"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Validity of Article 31B</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><A href="#Amendment_to_Article_31C"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Amendment to Article 31C</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><A href="#Right_to_property"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Right to property</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><A href="#Right_to_education"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Right to education</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">14</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">15</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><A href="#Footnotes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Footnotes</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Genesis">Genesis</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Genesis">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The development of constitutionally guaranteed fundamental human rights in India was inspired by historical examples such as <A href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">England's Bill of Rights</A> (1689), the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</A> (approved on 17 September 1787, final ratification on 15 December 1791) and <A href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">France's Declaration of the Rights of Man</A> (created during the <A href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">revolution of 1789</A>, and ratified on 26 August 1789).<SUP id="cite_ref-pgA23_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pgA23-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 1919, the <A href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Act</A> gave extensive powers to the British government and police, and allowed indefinite arrest and detention of individuals, warrant-less searches and seizures, restrictions on public gatherings, and intensive censorship of media and publications. The public opposition to this act eventually led to <A href="/wiki/Non-Cooperation_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Cooperation Movement">mass campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience</A> throughout the country demanding guaranteed civil freedoms, and limitations on government power. Indians, who were seeking independence and their own government, were particularly influenced by the independence of Ireland and the development of the Irish constitution. Also, the directive principles of state policy in Irish constitution were looked upon by the people of India as an inspiration for the independent India's government to comprehensively tackle complex social and economic challenges across a vast, diverse nation and population.</P>
<P>In 1928, the <A href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Commission</A> composing of representatives of Indian political parties proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from calling for <A href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</A> status for India and elections under universal suffrage, would guarantee rights deemed fundamental, representation for religious and ethnic minorities, and limit the powers of the government. In 1931, the <A href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</A> (the largest Indian political party of the time) adopted resolutions committing itself to the defence of fundamental civil rights, as well as socio-economic rights such as the <A href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</A> and the abolition of <A href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</A> and <A href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> Committing themselves to socialism in 1936, the Congress leaders took examples from the <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution of the Soviet Union</A>, which inspired the fundamental duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic responsibility for national interests and challenges.</P>
<P>Task of developing a constitution for the nation was undertaken by the <A href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</A>, composing of elected representatives. The Constituent Assembly first met on 9 December 1946 under the presidency of Dr. Sachidanand later <A href="/wiki/Dr._Rajendra_Prasad" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Rajendra Prasad">Dr. Rajendra Prasad</A> was made its president. While members of Congress composed of a large majority, Congress leaders appointed persons from diverse political backgrounds to responsibilities of developing the constitution and national laws.<SUP id="cite_ref-constitution_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-constitution-4">[4]</A></SUP> Notably, <A href="/wiki/Bhimrao_Ramji_Ambedkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar">Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar</A> became the chairperson of the drafting committee, while <A href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</A> and <A href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</A> became chairpersons of committees and sub-committees responsible for different subjects. A notable development during that period having significant effect on the Indian constitution took place on 10 December 1948 when the <A href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</A> adopted the <A href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</A> and called upon all member states to adopt these rights in their respective constitutions.</P>
<P>The fundamental rights were included in the First Draft Constitution (February 1948), the Second Draft Constitution (17 October 1948) and final Third Draft Constitution (26 November 1949), prepared by the <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India#Drafting" title="Constitution of India">Drafting Committee</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Significance_and_characteristics">Significance and characteristics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Significance and characteristics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The fundamental rights were included in the constitution because they were considered essential for the development of the personality of every individual and to preserve human dignity. The writers of the constitution regarded democracy of no avail if civil liberties, like freedom of speech and religion were not recognised and protected by the State.<SUP id="cite_ref-State_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-State-5">[5]</A></SUP> According to them, "democracy" is, in essence, a government by opinion and therefore, the means of formulating public opinion should be secured to the people of a democratic nation. For this purpose, the constitution guaranteed to all the citizens of India the freedom of speech and expression and various other freedoms in the form of the fundamental rights.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<TABLE class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><A href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em">Theoretical distinctions</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<DIV class="plainlist">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Claim_rights_and_liberty_rights" title="Claim rights and liberty rights">Claim rights and liberty rights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">Individual and group rights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights" title="Natural and legal rights">Natural and legal rights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em">Human rights</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<DIV class="plainlist">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social and cultural</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">Three generations</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em">Rights by beneficiary</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<DIV class="hlist hlist-separated">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Authors%27_rights" title="Authors' rights">Authors</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Creditor%27s_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Creditor's rights">Creditors</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elder_rights" title="Elder rights">Elders</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetuses</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Gun owners</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Humans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Natives</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Kings</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights_movement" title="Men's rights movement">Men</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minorities</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mothers%27_rights" title="Mothers' rights">Mothers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Patients%27_rights" title="Patients' rights">Patients</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_rights" title="Plant rights">Plants</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Student_rights_in_higher_education" title="Student rights in higher education">Students</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Victims%27_rights" title="Victims' rights">Victims</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Workers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disabled persons</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.1em">Other groups of rights</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
<DIV class="hlist hlist-separated">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">Linguistic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination of people</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Water and sanitation</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="text-align:right;font-size:115%">
<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Rights" title="Template:Rights"><ABBR title="View this template">v</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rights" title="Template talk:Rights"><ABBR title="Discuss this template">t</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Rights&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template">e</ABBR></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P>All people, irrespective of race, religion, caste or sex, have been given the right to petition directly the <A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</A> or the <A href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of India">High Courts</A> for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so. Poverty stricken people may not have the means to do so and therefore, in the public interest, anyone can commence litigation in the court on their behalf. This is known as "<A href="/wiki/Public_interest_litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public interest litigation">Public interest litigation</A>".<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP> In some cases, High Court judges have acted <A href="/wiki/Suo_moto" class="mw-redirect" title="Suo moto">suo moto</A> on their own on the basis of newspaper reports.</P>
<P>These fundamental rights help not only in protection but also the prevention of gross violations of human rights. They emphasise on the fundamental unity of India by guaranteeing to all citizens the access and use of the same facilities, irrespective of background. Some fundamental rights apply for persons of any nationality whereas others are available only to the citizens of India. The right to life and personal liberty is available to all people and so is the right to freedom of religion. On the other hand, <A href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedoms of speech</A> and <A href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">expression</A> and freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country are reserved to citizens alone, including <A href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">non-resident Indian citizens</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP> The right to equality in matters of public employment cannot be conferred to <A href="/wiki/Overseas_Citizenship_of_India" title="Overseas Citizenship of India">overseas citizens of India</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-OCI_9-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-OCI-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state actions, but some rights are enforceable against individuals.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP> For instance, the Constitution abolishes <A href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</A> and also prohibits <I><A href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" title="Unfree labour">begar</A></I>. These provisions act as a check both on state action as well as the action of private individuals. However, these rights are not absolute or uncontrolled and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of general welfare. They can also be selectively curtailed. The Supreme Court has ruled<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP> that all provisions of the Constitution, including fundamental rights can be amended. However, the <A href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</A> cannot alter the basic structure of the constitution. Since the fundamental rights can be altered only by a <A href="/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Amendment of the Constitution of India">constitutional amendment</A>, their inclusion is a check not only on the <A href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</A> but also on the <A href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</A> and state legislatures.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<P>A <A href="/wiki/State_of_Emergency_in_India" title="State of Emergency in India">state of national emergency</A> has an adverse effect on these rights. Under such a state, the rights conferred by Article 19 (freedoms of speech, assembly and movement, etc.) remain suspended. Hence, in such a situation, the legislature may make laws that go against the rights given in Article 19. Also, the <A href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</A> may by order suspend the right to move court for the enforcement of other rights as well.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Right_to_equality">Right to equality</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Right to equality">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Right to equality is an important and meaningful right provided for in <A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part III">Articles 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 of the constitution</A>. It is the principal foundation of all other rights and liberties, and guarantees the following:</P>
<UL>
<LI>Equality before law: Article 14 of the constitution guarantees that all people shall be equally protected by the laws of the country. It means that the State<SUP id="cite_ref-State_5-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-State-5">[5]</A></SUP> will treat people in the same circumstances alike. This article also means that individuals, whether citizens of India or otherwise shall be treated differently if the circumstances are different.</LI>
<LI>Social equality and equal access to public areas: Article 15 of the constitution states that no person shall be discriminated on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. Every person shall have equal access to public places like public parks, museums, wells, bathing ghats and temples etc. However, the State may make any special provision for women and children. Special provisions may be made for the advancements of any socially or educationally backward class or <A href="/wiki/Scheduled_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled castes">scheduled castes</A> or <A href="/wiki/Scheduled_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled tribes">scheduled tribes</A>.</LI>
<LI>Equality in matters of public employment: Article 16 of the constitution lays down that the State cannot discriminate against anyone in the matters of employment. All citizens can apply for government jobs. There are some exceptions. The Parliament may enact a law stating that certain jobs can be filled only by applicants who are domiciled in the area. This may be meant for posts that require knowledge of the locality and language of the area. The State may also reserve posts for members of backward classes, scheduled castes or scheduled tribes which are not adequately represented in the services under the State to bring up the weaker sections of the society. Also, there a law may be passed that requires that the holder of an office of any religious institution shall also be a person professing that particular religion. According to the <I>Citizenship (Amendment) Bill</I>, 2003, this right shall not be conferred to <A href="/wiki/Overseas_Citizenship_of_India" title="Overseas Citizenship of India">Overseas citizens of India</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-OCI_9-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-OCI-9">[9]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>Abolition of untouchability: Article 17 of the constitution abolishes the practice of <A href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</A>. Practice of untouchability is an offence and anyone doing so is punishable by law. The <I>Untouchability Offences Act</I> of 1955 (renamed to <I>Protection of Civil Rights Act</I> in 1976) provided penalties for preventing a person from entering a place of worship or from taking water from a tank or well.</LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI>Abolition of Titles: Article 18 of the constitution prohibits the State from conferring any titles. "Citizens of India cannot accept titles from a foreign State. The British government had created an aristocratic class known as <I>Rai Bahadurs</I> and <I>Khan Bahadurs</I> in India – these titles were also abolished. However, <A href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</A> and <A href="/wiki/Academic_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic rank">academic</A> distinctions can be conferred on the citizens of India. The awards of <I><A href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</A></I> cannot be used by the recipient as a title and do not, accordingly, come within the constitutional prohibition".<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP> The Supreme Court, on 15 December 1995, upheld the validity of such awards.</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Right_to_freedom">Right to freedom</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Right to freedom">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The Constitution of India contains the right to freedom, given<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP> in articles 19, 20, 21, 21A, and 22, and with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the constitution. It is a cluster of four main laws. The right to freedom in Article 19 guarantees the following six freedoms:</P>
<UL>
<LI>Freedom of speech and expression, on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order and the sovereignty and integrity of India.</LI>
<LI>The Freedom to form associations or unions or co-operative societies on which the State can impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order, morality and the sovereignty and integrity of India.</LI>
<LI>Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India though reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this right in the interest of the general public, for example, restrictions may be imposed on movement and travelling, so as to control epidemics.</LI>
<LI>Freedom to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India, subject to reasonable restrictions by the State in the interest of the general public or for the protection of the <A href="/wiki/Scheduled_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled tribes">scheduled tribes</A> because certain safeguards as are envisaged here seem to be justified to protect indigenous and tribal peoples from exploitation and coercion.<SUP id="cite_ref-MVPylee_16-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MVPylee-16">[16]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Article_370" class="mw-redirect" title="Article 370">Article 370</A> restricts citizens from other Indian states and Kashmiri women who marry men from other states from purchasing land or <A href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">property</A> in <A href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu & Kashmir">Jammu & Kashmir</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI>Freedom to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business on which the State may impose reasonable restrictions in the interest of the general public. Thus, there is no right to carry on a business which is dangerous or immoral. Also, professional or technical qualifications may be prescribed for practising any profession or carrying on any trade.</LI>
</UL>
<P>Article 21A gives education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine.</P>
<P>The constitution also imposes restrictions on these rights. The government restricts these freedoms in the interest of the independence, sovereignty and integrity of India. In the interest of morality and public order, the government can also impose restrictions. However, the right to life and personal liberty cannot be suspended. The six freedoms are also automatically suspended or have restrictions imposed on them during a state of emergency.</P>
<P><U><B>Right to Information (RTI)</B></U></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Right_to_Information_Act,_2005" title="Right to Information Act, 2005">Right to Information</A> has been given the status of a fundamental right under Article 19(1) of the Constitution in 2005. Article 19 (1) under which every citizen has freedom of speech and expression and have the right to know how the government works, what role does it play, what are its functions and so on.<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Right_against_exploitation">Right against exploitation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Right against exploitation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:231px;"><A href="/wiki/File:ChildLabor1910.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ChildLabor1910.png/229px-ChildLabor1910.png" width="229" height="181" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ChildLabor1910.png/344px-ChildLabor1910.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ChildLabor1910.png/458px-ChildLabor1910.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="800" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:ChildLabor1910.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<B><A href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</A></B> and <A href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" title="Unfree labour">Begar</A> is prohibited under Right against exploitation.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>The right against exploitation, given in Articles 23 and 24, provides for two provisions, namely the abolition of trafficking in human beings and <A href="/wiki/Unfree_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labor"><I>Begar</I></A> (forced labour), and abolition of employment of children below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like factories, mines, etc. <A href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</A> is considered a gross violation of the spirit and provisions of the constitution. <I><A href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" title="Unfree labour">Begar</A></I>, practised in the past by landlords, has been declared a crime and is punishable by law. Trafficking in humans for the purpose of <A href="/wiki/Slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave trade">slave trade</A> or prostitution is also prohibited by law. An exception is made in employment without payment for compulsory services for public purposes. Compulsory military <A href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</A> is covered by this provision.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Right_to_freedom_of_religion">Right to freedom of religion</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Right to freedom of religion">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Right to freedom of religion, covered in Articles 25, 26, 27 and 28, provides <A href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</A> to all citizens of India. The objective of this right is to sustain the principle of <A href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</A> in India. According to the Constitution, all religions are equal before the State and no religion shall be given preference over the other. Citizens are free to preach, practice and propagate any religion of their choice.</P>
<P>Religious communities can set up charitable institutions of their own. However, activities in such institutions that are not religious are performed according to the laws laid down by the government. Establishing a charitable institution can also be restricted in the interest of public order, morality and health. No person shall be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of a particular religion. A State run institution cannot be impart education that is pro-religion. Also, nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any further law regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular activity that may be associated with religious practice, or providing for social welfare and reform.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Right_to_life">Right to life</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Right to life">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, which in turn cites specific provisions in which these rights are applied and enforced:</P>
<UL>
<LI>Protection with respect to conviction for offences is guaranteed in the right to life and personal liberty. According to Article 20, no one can be awarded punishment which is more than what the law of the land prescribes at that time. This legal axiom is based on the principle that no criminal law can be made retrospective, that is, for an act to become an offence, the essential condition is that it should have been an offence legally at the time of committing it. Moreover, no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. "Compulsion" in this article refers to what in law is called "<A href="/wiki/Duress" class="mw-redirect" title="Duress">Duress</A>" (injury, beating or unlawful imprisonment to make a person do something that he does not want to do). This article is known as a safeguard against self incrimination. The other principle enshrined in this article is known as the principle of <A href="/wiki/Double_jeopardy" title="Double jeopardy">double jeopardy</A>, that is, no person can be convicted twice for the same offence, which has been derived from Anglo Saxon law. This principle was first established in the <A href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</A>.</LI>
<LI>Protection of life and personal liberty is also stated under right to life and personal liberty. Article 21 declares that no citizen can be denied his life and liberty except by law. This means that a person's life and personal liberty can be disputed only if that person has committed a crime. However, the <A href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</A> does not include the <A href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">right to die</A> and hence, suicide or an attempt thereof, is an offence. (Attempted suicide being interpreted as a crime has seen many debates. The Supreme Court of India gave a landmark ruling in 1994. The court repealed section 309 of the Indian penal code, under which people attempting suicide could face prosecution and prison terms of up to one year.<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP> In 1996 however another Supreme Court ruling nullified the earlier one.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP>) "Personal liberty" includes all the freedoms which are not included in Article 19 (that is, the six freedoms). The right to travel abroad is also covered under "personal liberty" in Article 21.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>In 2002, through the 86th Amendment Act, Article 21(A) was incorporated. It made the right to primary education part of the right to freedom, stating that the State would provide free and compulsory education to children from six to fourteen years of age.<SUP id="cite_ref-86amact_22-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-86amact-22">[22]</A></SUP> Six years after an amendment was made in the Indian Constitution, the union cabinet cleared the Right to Education Bill in 2008.<SUP id="cite_ref-right_to_education_bill_23-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-right_to_education_bill-23">[23]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>Rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances is laid down in the right to life and personal liberty. No one can be arrested without being told the grounds for his arrest. If arrested, the person has the right to defend himself by a lawyer of his choice. Also an arrested citizen has to be brought before the nearest <A href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</A> within 24 hours. The rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances are not available to an enemy alien. They are also not available to persons detained under the <I>Preventive Detention Act</I>. Under <A href="/wiki/Preventive_detention" title="Preventive detention">preventive detention</A>, the government can imprison a person for a maximum of three months. It means that if the government feels that a person being at liberty can be a threat to the law and order or to the unity and integrity of the nation, it can detain or arrest that person to prevent him from doing this possible harm. After three months such a case is brought before an advisory board for review.</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Cultural_and_Educational_rights">Cultural and Educational rights</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultural and Educational rights">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:223px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/221px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="221" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/332px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/442px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The Flag of India</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>As India is a country of many <A href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">languages</A>, <A href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">religions</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">cultures</A>, the Constitution provides special measures, in Articles 29 and 30, to protect the rights of the minorities. Any community that has a language and a script of its own has the right to conserve and develop it. No citizen can be discriminated against for admission in State or State aided institutions.</P>
<P>All minorities, or linguistic, can set up their own educational institutions to preserve and develop their own culture. In granting aid to institutions, the State cannot discriminate against any institution on the basis of the fact that it is administered by a minority institution. But the right to administer does not mean that the State cannot interfere in case of maladministration. In a precedent-setting judgement in 1980, the Supreme Court held that the State can certainly take regulatory measures to promote the efficiency and excellence of educational standards. It can also issue guidelines for ensuring the security of the services of the teachers or other employees of the institution. In another landmark judgement delivered on 31 October 2002, the Supreme Court ruled that in case of aided minority institutions offering professional courses, admission could be only through a common entrance test conducted by State or a university. Even an unaided minority institution ought not to ignore the merit of the students for admission.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Right_to_constitutional_remedies">Right to constitutional remedies</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Right to constitutional remedies">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Right to constitutional remedies [Article 32 to 35] empowers the citizens to move to a <A href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</A> of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights. For instance, in case of imprisonment, any citizen can ask the court to see if it is according to the provisions of the law of the country by lodging a <A href="/wiki/Public_interest_litigation_in_India" title="Public interest litigation in India">PIL</A>. If the court finds that it is not, the person will have to be freed. This procedure of asking the courts to preserve or safeguard the citizens' fundamental rights can be done in various ways. The courts can issue various kinds of <I><A href="/wiki/Writs#Indian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Writs">writs</A></I>. These writs are <I><A href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</A></I>, <I><A href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">mandamus</A></I>, <I><A href="/wiki/Prohibition_(writ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition (writ)">prohibition</A></I>, <I><A href="/wiki/Quo_warranto" title="Quo warranto">quo warranto</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</A></I>. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar rightly declared Right to constitutional remedies as "the heart and soul" of Indian constitution. When a national or state emergency is declared, this right is suspended by the central government.</P>
<P><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part III">Article 32</A> is also called citizens right to protect and defend the constitution as it can be used by the citizens to enforce the constitution through the judiciary.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Right_to_Privacy">Right to Privacy</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Right to Privacy">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution. It protects the inner sphere of the individual from interference from both State, and non-State actors and allows the individuals to make autonomous life choices. On 24 August 2017 the Supreme Court<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP> ruled that:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>"Right to Privacy is an integral part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty guaranteed in Article 21 of the Constitution,"</P>
<DIV class="templatequotecite">— <CITE>Supreme Court</CITE></DIV>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Critical_analysis">Critical analysis</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Critical analysis">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The fundamental rights have been revised for many reasons. Political groups have demanded that the <A href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">right to work</A>, the right to economic assistance in case of unemployment, old age, and similar rights be enshrined as constitutional guarantees to address issues of poverty and economic insecurity,<SUP id="cite_ref-pgA33_25-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pgA33-25">[25]</A></SUP> though these provisions have been enshrined in the <A href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India#Directive_Principles_of_State_Policy" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Directive Principles of state policy</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP> The right to freedom and personal liberty has a number of limiting clauses, and thus have been criticised for failing to check the sanctioning of powers often deemed "excessive".<SUP id="cite_ref-pgA33_25-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pgA33-25">[25]</A></SUP> There is also the provision of preventive detention and suspension of fundamental rights in times of <A href="/wiki/State_of_Emergency_in_India" title="State of Emergency in India">Emergency</A>. The provisions of acts like the <A href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Internal_Security_Act" title="Maintenance of Internal Security Act">Maintenance of Internal Security Act</A> (MISA), Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act and the <A href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_(India)" title="National Security Act (India)">National Security Act</A> (NSA) are a means of countering the fundamental rights, because they sanction excessive powers with the aim of fighting internal and <A href="/wiki/Cross-border_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-border terrorism">cross-border terrorism</A> and political violence, without safeguards for <A href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-pgA33_25-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pgA33-25">[25]</A></SUP> The phrases "security of State", "public order" and "morality" are of wide implication. People of alternate sexuality are criminalised in India with prison term up to 10 years. The meaning of phrases like "reasonable restrictions" and "the interest of public order" have not been explicitly stated in the constitution, and this ambiguity leads to unnecessary litigation.<SUP id="cite_ref-pgA33_25-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pgA33-25">[25]</A></SUP> The freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms is exercised, but in some cases, these meetings are broken up by the police through the use of non-fatal methods.<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP></P>
<P>"<A href="/wiki/Freedom_of_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of press">Freedom of press</A>" has not been included in the right to freedom, which is necessary for formulating <A href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</A> and to make <A href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</A> more legitimate.<SUP id="cite_ref-pgA33_25-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pgA33-25">[25]</A></SUP> Employment of child labour in hazardous job environments has been reduced, but their employment even in non-hazardous jobs, including their prevalent employment as domestic help violates the spirit and ideals of the <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">constitution</A>. More than 16.5 million children are employed and working in India.<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP> India was ranked 88 out of 159 in 2005, according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians worldwide. But in 2014, India has improved marginally to a rank of 85.<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP> The right to equality in matters regarding public employment shall not be conferred to <A href="/wiki/Overseas_Citizenship_of_India" title="Overseas Citizenship of India">overseas citizens of India</A>, according to the <A href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-OCI_9-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-OCI-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<P>As per <A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part III">Article 19 of Part III</A> of the Indian constitution, the fundamental rights of people such as freedom of speech and expression, gathering peaceably without arms and forming associations or unions shall not effect the interests of the sovereignty<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP> and <A href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">integrity</A> of India but not unity of India. The words sovereignty and integrity are the qualities to be cultivated / emulated by Indian people as urged by the Indian constitution but not used related to territory of India. <A href="/wiki/Part_One_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part One of the Constitution of India">Article 1</A> of Part 1 of the Indian constitution, defines India (Bharat) as union of states. In nutshell, India is its people not its land as enshrined in its constitution.</P>
<P>Since <A href="/wiki/Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">speedy trial</A> is not the constitutional right of the citizens, the cases involving violations of fundamental rights take inordinate time for resolution by the Supreme Court which is against the <A href="/wiki/Legal_maxim" title="Legal maxim">legal maxim</A> '<A href="/wiki/Justice_delayed_is_justice_denied" title="Justice delayed is justice denied">justice delayed is justice denied</A>'.<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Amendments">Amendments</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Amendments">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Changes to the fundamental rights require a <A href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</A>, which has to be passed by a special majority of both houses of Parliament. This means that an amendment requires the approval of two-thirds of the members present and voting. However, the number of members voting in support of the amendment shall not be less than the <A href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">simple majority</A> of the total members of a house – whether the <A href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</A> or <A href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Fundamental_rights_not_sacrosanct">Fundamental rights not sacrosanct</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fundamental rights not sacrosanct">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>While deciding the <A href="/wiki/I.C._Golaknath_and_Ors._vs_State_of_Punjab_and_Anrs." title="I.C. Golaknath and Ors. vs State of Punjab and Anrs.">Golaknath case</A> in February 1967, Supreme Court ruled that the Parliament has no power to curtail the fundamental rights. They were made permanent and sacrosanct reversing the Supreme Court's earlier decision which had upheld Parliament's power to amend all parts of the Constitution, including Part III related to Fundamental Rights. Up till the <A href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">24th constitutional amendment</A> in 1971, the fundamental rights given to the people were permanent and can not be repealed or diluted by the Parliament. 24th constitutional amendment introduced a new <A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part III">Article 13(4)</A> enabling Parliament to legislate on the subjects of <A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part III">Part III of the constitution</A> using its constituent powers per <A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XX" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part XX">Article 368 (1)</A>. In the year 1973, the <A href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._State_of_Kerala" title="Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala">13 member constitutional bench</A> of supreme court also upheld with majority the validity of 24th constitutional amendment. However it ruled that <A href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure of the constitution</A> which is built on the basic foundation representing the dignity and freedom of the individual, can not be altered. This is of supreme importance and cannot be destroyed by any form of amendment to the constitution.<SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[34]</A></SUP> Many constitutional amendments to Part III of the constitution were made deleting or adding or diluting the fundamental rights before the judgement of Golaknath case (<A href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">Constitutional amendments</A> 1,4,7 and 16) and after the validity of 24th constitutional amendment is upheld by the Supreme Court (Constitutional amendments 25,42,44,50,77,81,85,86,93 and 97).</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Validity_of_Article_31B">Validity of Article 31B</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Validity of Article 31B">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Articles 31A and <A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part III">Article 31B</A> are added by <A href="/wiki/First_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="First Amendment of the Constitution of India">First constitutional amendment</A> in 1951. Article 31B says that any acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule of the constitution by the Parliament can override the fundamental rights and such laws can not be repealed or made void by the judiciary on the grounds of violating fundamental rights. Thus fundamental rights given in <A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part III">Part III</A> are not equally applicable in each state /region and can be made different by making additions/deletions to Ninth Schedule by constitutional amendments. In 2007, Supreme Court ruled that there could not be any blanket immunity from judicial review for the laws inserted in the Ninth Schedule. Apex court also stated it shall examine laws included in the Ninth Schedule after 1973 for any incompatibility with the basic structure doctrine.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Amendment_to_Article_31C">Amendment to Article 31C</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Amendment to Article 31C">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Section 4 of the <A href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">42nd Amendment</A>, had changed <A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part III">Article 31C</A> of the constitution to accord precedence to the <A href="/wiki/Directive_Principles" title="Directive Principles">Directive Principles</A> <A href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">(earlier applicable only to clauses b & c of Article 39)</A> over the fundamental rights of individuals. In <A href="/wiki/Minerva_Mills_v._Union_of_India" title="Minerva Mills v. Union of India">Minerva Mills v. Union of India</A> case, supreme court ruled that the amendment to the Article 31C is not valid and <A href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">ultra vires</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Right_to_property">Right to property</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Right to property">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The Constitution originally provided for the <A href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">right to property</A> under Articles 19 and 31. Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property. Article 31 provided that "no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law." It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property has been taken for public purposes.</P>
<P>The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times. The <A href="/wiki/Forty-Fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">Forty-Fourth Amendment</A> of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of fundamental rights<SUP id="cite_ref-44amact_36-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44amact-36">[36]</A></SUP> A new provision, Article 300-A, was added to the constitution, which provided that "no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law". Thus if a legislature makes a law depriving a person of his property, there would be no obligation on the part of the State to pay anything as compensation. The aggrieved person shall have no right to move the court under Article 32. Thus, the right to property is no longer a fundamental right, though it is still a constitutional right. If the government appears to have acted unfairly, the action can be challenged in a court of law by aggrieved citizens.<SUP id="cite_ref-pgA33_25-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pgA33-25">[25]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The liberalisation of the economy and the government's initiative to set up special economic zones has led to many protests by farmers and have led to calls for the reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property.<SUP id="cite_ref-property-right_37-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-property-right-37">[37]</A></SUP> The Supreme Court has sent a notice to the government questioning why the right should not be brought back but in 2010 the court rejected the PIL<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Right_to_education">Right to education</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Right to education">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights in 2002 under the <A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighty-Sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eighty-Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">Eighty-Sixth Amendment</A> of 2002.<SUP id="cite_ref-86amact_22-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-86amact-22">[22]</A></SUP> However this right was brought in to implementation after eight years in 2010. Article 21A – On 2 April 2010, India joined a group of few countries in the world, with a historic law making education a fundamental right of every child coming into force.<SUP id="cite_ref-RTA_39-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-RTA-39">[39]</A></SUP> Making elementary education an entitlement for children in the 6–14 age group, the <A href="/wiki/Right_of_Children_to_Free_and_Compulsory_Education_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act">Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act</A> will directly benefit children who do not go to school at present. This act provides for appointment of teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications.</P>
<P>The former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh announced the operationalisation of the Act. Children, who had either dropped out of schools or never been to any educational institution, will get elementary education as it will be binding on the part of the local and State governments to ensure that all children in the 6–14 age group get schooling. As per the Act, private educational institutions should reserve 25 per cent seats for children from the weaker sections of society. The Centre and the States have agreed to share the financial burden in the ratio of 55:45, while the Finance Commission has given Rs.250 billion to the States for implementing the Act. The Centre has approved an outlay of Rs.150 billion for 2010–2011.</P>
<P>The school management committee or the local authority will identify the drop-outs or out-of-school children aged above six and admit them in classes appropriate to their age after giving special training.</P>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist"><A href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</A> has original text related to this article:
<DIV style="margin-left: 10px;"><B><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_III" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of India/Part III">Constitution of India/Part III</A></B></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lawmaking_procedure_in_India" title="Lawmaking procedure in India">Lawmaking procedure in India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President's rule">President's rule</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federalism_in_India" title="Federalism in India">Federalism in India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Part_I_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part I of the Constitution of India">Part I of the Constitution of India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">List of amendments of the Constitution of India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Acts_of_the_Parliament_of_India" title="List of Acts of the Parliament of India">List of Acts of the Parliament of India</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41033954">http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41033954</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pgA23-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-pgA23_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), <I>Indian History, World Developments and Civics</I>, pg. A-23</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Gandhi, Rajmohan. <I>Patel: A Life</I>. p. 206.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patel%3A+A+Life&rft.pages=206&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-constitution-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-constitution_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A href="/wiki/United_News_of_India" title="United News of India">UNI</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/freedom/22patel.htm">"Sardar Patel was the real architect of the Constitution"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff.com</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2006-05-15</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sardar+Patel+was+the+real+architect+of+the+Constitution&rft.pub=Rediff.com&rft.au=UNI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Ffreedom%2F22patel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-State-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-State_5-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-State_5-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The term "State" includes all authorities within the territory of India. It includes the <A href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</A>, the Government and legislature of the <A href="/wiki/States_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States of India">states of India</A>. It also includes all local or other authorities such as Municipal Corporations, Municipal Boards, District Boards, <A href="/wiki/Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayat">Panchayats</A> etc. To avoid confusion with the term <A href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">states and territories of India</A>, State (encompassing all the authorities in India) has been capitalised and the term <A href="/wiki/States_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States of India">state</A> (referring to the state governments) is in lowercase.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Laski, Harold Joseph</A> (1930). <I>Liberty in the Modern State</I>. New York and London: Harpers and Brothers.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+in+the+Modern+State&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Harpers+and+Brothers&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Laski&rft.aufirst=Harold+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1995/69.html">"<I>Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty</I>; 1995 ICHRL 69"</A>. www.worldlii.org, World Legal Information Institute<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2006-05-25</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bodhisattwa+Gautam+vs.+Subhra+Chakraborty%3B+1995+ICHRL+69&rft.pub=www.worldlii.org%2C+World+Legal+Information+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlii.org%2Fint%2Fcases%2FICHRL%2F1995%2F69.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> This was the case where <A href="/wiki/Public_interest_litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public interest litigation">Public interest litigation</A> was introduced (date of ruling 15 December 1995).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), <I>Indian History, World Developments and Civics</I>, pg. A-25</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-OCI-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-OCI_9-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-OCI_9-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-OCI_9-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060425230738/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/legislative/amendbills/XXXIX_2003.pdf">"<I>Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003</I>"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. rajyasabha.nic.in/, Rajya Sabha. p. 5. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rajyasabha.nic.in/legislative/amendbills/XXXIX_2003.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 25 April 2006<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2006-05-25</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizenship+%28Amendment%29+Bill%2C+2003&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=rajyasabha.nic.in%2F%2C+Rajya+Sabha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frajyasabha.nic.in%2Flegislative%2Famendbills%2FXXXIX_2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1995/69.html">"<I>Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty</I>; 1995 ICHRL 69"</A>. www.worldlii.org, World Legal Information Institute<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2006-05-25</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bodhisattwa+Gautam+vs.+Subhra+Chakraborty%3B+1995+ICHRL+69&rft.pub=www.worldlii.org%2C+World+Legal+Information+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlii.org%2Fint%2Fcases%2FICHRL%2F1995%2F69.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> This was the case where fundamental rights were enforced against private individuals (date of ruling 15 December 1995).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_vs._The_State_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesavananda Bharati vs. The State of Kerala">Kesavananda Bharati vs. The State of Kerala</A></I>; AIR 1973 S.C. 1461, (1973) 4 SCC 225 – In what became famously known as the "Fundamental Rights case", the <A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</A> decided that the basic structure of the <A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</A> was unamendable</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), <I>Indian History, World Developments and Civics</I>, pg. A-24</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Basu, Durga Das (1988). <I>Shorter Constitution of India</I>. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shorter+Constitution+of+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+of+India&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Durga+Das&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <CITE class="citation book">Basu, Durga Das (1993). <I>Introduction to the Constitution of India</I>. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Constitution+of+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+of+India&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Durga+Das&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><I>Democratic Politics Class 9</I>. NCERT.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Politics+Class+9&rft.pub=NCERT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1218090/">"Article 19 in The Constitution Of India 1949"</A>. Indiankanoon.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-05-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+19+in+The+Constitution+Of+India+1949&rft.pub=Indiankanoon.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F1218090%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-MVPylee-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-MVPylee_16-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Pylee, M.V. (1999). <I>India's Constitution</I>. New Delhi: S. Chand and Company. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-219-1907-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-219-1907-X">81-219-1907-X</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Constitution&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=S.+Chand+and+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-219-1907-X&rft.aulast=Pylee&rft.aufirst=M.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Vasudha Dhagamwar (4 May 2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/46240/">"The price of a Bill"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">24 March</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+price+of+a+Bill&rft.date=2004-05-04&rft.au=Vasudha+Dhagamwar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2FoldStory%2F46240%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rti.india.gov.in/">"Home: Central Information Commission (CIC) Online"</A>. <I>rti.india.gov.in</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-02-10</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rti.india.gov.in&rft.atitle=Home%3A+Central+Information+Commission+%28CIC%29+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frti.india.gov.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Nandan G (May 1994). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/308/6941/1392">"Indian grants right to suicide"</A>. <I>BMJ</I>. <B>308</B> (6941): 1392. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.308.6941.1392">10.1136/bmj.308.6941.1392</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Indian+grants+right+to+suicide&rft.volume=308&rft.issue=6941&rft.pages=1392&rft.date=1994-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.308.6941.1392&rft.au=Nandan+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmj.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F308%2F6941%2F1392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geradts.com/anil/ij/vol_007_no_001/papers/paper003.html">Paper 3: Abolition and Restoration of Section 309 IPC – an overview by BR Sharma, A Sharma, D Harish: Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine: Vol. 7, No. 1 (January – June 2006)</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725072104/http://www.geradts.com/anil/ij/vol_007_no_001/papers/paper003.html">Archived</A> 25 July 2008 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A href="/wiki/Maneka_Gandhi" title="Maneka Gandhi">Maneka Gandhi</A> v. Union of India</I>; AIR 1978 S.C. 597, (1978).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-86amact-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-86amact_22-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-86amact_22-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend86.htm">86th Amendment Act, 2002</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-right_to_education_bill-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-right_to_education_bill_23-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indg.gov.in/primary-education/policiesandschemes/right-to-education-bill">right to education bill</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090626123844/http://www.indg.gov.in/primary-education/policiesandschemes/right-to-education-bill">Archived</A> 26 June 2009 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>..</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/supremecourt/2012/35071/35071_2012_Judgement_24-Aug-2017.pdf">"Justice KS Puttaswamy v. Union of India"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justice+KS+Puttaswamy+v.+Union+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupremecourtofindia.nic.in%2Fsupremecourt%2F2012%2F35071%2F35071_2012_Judgement_24-Aug-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pgA33-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-pgA33_25-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pgA33_25-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pgA33_25-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pgA33_25-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pgA33_25-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pgA33_25-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), <I>Indian History, World Developments and Civics</I>, pg. A-33</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_IV" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of India/Part IV">Constitution of India-Part IV Article 41 Directive Principles of State Policy</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mid-day.com/news/city/2006/may/137263.htm">Senior Inspector justifies lathi-charge</A><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><SPAN title=" Dead link since January 2017">permanent dead link</SPAN></A></I>]</SPAN></SUP> during the <A href="/wiki/2006_Indian_anti-reservation_protests" title="2006 Indian anti-reservation protests">2006 Indian anti-reservation protests</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1029206&CatID=1">Lathi Charge in Mumbai</A> during the <A href="/wiki/2006_Indian_anti-reservation_protests" title="2006 Indian anti-reservation protests">2006 Indian anti-reservation protests</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140712041623/http://indiatogether.org/photo/2006/chi-labour.htm">"Child labour in India"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiatogether.org/photo/2006/chi-labour.htm">the original</A> on 12 July 2014<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">27 June</SPAN> 2006</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child+labour+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatogether.org%2Fphoto%2F2006%2Fchi-labour.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results">https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index#Numerical_listing" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Index of perception of corruption</A>, published by <A href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><B>Sovereign</B> means possessing supreme or ultimate power. "in modern democracies the people's will is in theory sovereign" synonyms: supreme, absolute, unlimited, unrestricted, unrestrained, unbounded, boundless, infinite, ultimate, total, unconditional, full, utter, paramount; principal, chief, dominant, predominant</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/what-causes-judicial-delay-judgments-diluting-timeframes-in-code-of-civil-procedure-worsen-the-problem-of-adjournments/">"What causes judicial delay? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">13 September</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+causes+judicial+delay%3F+Judgements+diluting+time+frames+in+Code+of+Civil+Procedure+worsen+the+problem+of+adjournments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Ftoi-edit-page%2Fwhat-causes-judicial-delay-judgments-diluting-timeframes-in-code-of-civil-procedure-worsen-the-problem-of-adjournments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/257876/">"Paras 316 and 317 of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (AIR 1973 SC 1461)"</A>. 1973<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 October</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paras+316+and+317+of+Kesavananda+Bharati+v.+State+of+Kerala%2C+%28AIR+1973+SC+1461%29&rft.date=1973&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F257876%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/IX-Schedule-laws-open-to-review/article14705323.ece">"IX Schedule laws open to review"</A>. 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 October</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IX+Schedule+laws+open+to+review&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2FIX-Schedule-laws-open-to-review%2Farticle14705323.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44amact-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44amact_36-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend44.htm">44th Amendment Act, 1978</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-property-right-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-property-right_37-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Mahapatra, Dhananjay (28 February 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Should-right-to-property-return/articleshow/4202212.cms">"Should right to property return?"</A>. <I>The Times of India</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 July</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Should+right+to+property+return%3F&rft.date=2009-02-28&rft.aulast=Mahapatra&rft.aufirst=Dhananjay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FIndia%2FShould-right-to-property-return%2Farticleshow%2F4202212.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article836599.ece">"Court rejects plea to make property a fundamental right"</A>. <I>The Hindu</I>. Chennai, India. 19 October 2010.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Court+rejects+plea+to+make+property+a+fundamental+right&rft.date=2010-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Farticle836599.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-RTA-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-RTA_39-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709022552/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Education-is-now-a-fundamental-right-of-every-child/Article1-525653.aspx">"Education is now a fundamental right of every child"</A>. <I>Hindustan Times</I>. 1 April 2010. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/Education-is-now-a-fundamental-right-of-every-child/Article1-525653.aspx">the original</A> on 9 July 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 July</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Education+is+now+a+fundamental+right+of+every+child&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FEducation-is-now-a-fundamental-right-of-every-child%2FArticle1-525653.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFundamental+rights+in+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit" id="collapsibleTable0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton0" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%;">
<DIV style="padding:0px;">
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Government_of_India" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible {{{state}}} navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit" id="collapsibleTable1">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton1" href="#">hide</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Government_of_India" title="Template:Government of India"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:Government_of_India" title="Template talk:Government of India"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Government_of_India&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</ABBR></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Government_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><SPAN class="flagicon"><A href="/wiki/India" title="India"><IMG alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></A></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitution</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federalism_in_India" title="Federalism in India">Federalism</A> (<A href="/wiki/Union_List" title="Union List">Union List</A> • <A href="/wiki/State_List" title="State List">State List</A> • <A href="/wiki/Concurrent_List" title="Concurrent List">Concurrent List</A>)</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<DIV><A href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="image" title="Emblem of India"><IMG alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/80px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" width="80" height="136" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/120px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/160px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="562" /></A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Union Government</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</A> <SMALL>(<A href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_India" title="List of Prime Ministers of India">list</A>)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Council of Ministers of India">Cabinet Ministers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</A> <SMALL>(<A href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_India" title="List of Presidents of India">list</A>)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of India">Vice President</A> <SMALL>(<A href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice Presidents of India">list</A>)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/All_India_Services" title="All India Services">All India Services</A> (<A href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">IAS</A> • <A href="/wiki/Indian_Forest_Service" title="Indian Forest Service">IFS/IFoS</A> • <A href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">IPS</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_of_India" title="Cabinet Secretary of India">Cabinet Secretary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Secretary_to_Government_of_India" title="Secretary to Government of India">Secretaries</A> (<A href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_(India)" title="Defence Secretary (India)">Defence</A> • <A href="/wiki/Finance_Secretary" title="Finance Secretary">Finance</A> • <A href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign</A> • <A href="/wiki/Home_Secretary_(India)" title="Home Secretary (India)">Home</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_(India)" title="Chief Minister (India)">Chief Minister</A> <SMALL>(<A href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_chief_ministers" title="List of current Indian chief ministers">list</A>)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_(India)" title="Chief Secretary (India)">Chief Secretary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governors_of_states_of_India" title="Governors of states of India">Governors</A> <SMALL>(<A href="/wiki/List_of_current_Indian_governors" title="List of current Indian governors">list</A>)</SMALL></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</A> (<A href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Speaker of the Lok Sabha">Speaker</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</A> (<A href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Rajya_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Rajya Sabha">Chairman</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha" title="Vidhan Sabha">Vidhan Sabha</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vidhan_Parishad" title="Vidhan Parishad">Vidhan Parishad</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(India)" title="Leader of the Opposition (India)">Leader of the Opposition</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judiciary</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</A> (<A href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_High_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Courts of India">High Courts</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_India" title="District Courts of India">District Courts</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>

<!--
NewPP limit report
Parsed by mw1302
Cached time: 20180422053856
Cache expiry: 1900800
Dynamic content: false
CPU time usage: 0.348 seconds
Real time usage: 0.439 seconds
Preprocessor visited node count: 2248/1000000
Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000
Post‐expand include size: 110213/2097152 bytes
Template argument size: 11630/2097152 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 12/40
Expensive parser function count: 3/500
Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20
Unstrip post‐expand size: 30613/5000000 bytes
Lua time usage: 0.128/10.000 seconds
Lua memory usage: 4.37 MB/50 MB
-->
<!--
Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)
100.00%  339.107      1 -total
 52.45%  177.878      1 Template:Reflist
 14.78%   50.119      6 Template:Cite_book
 11.62%   39.390     12 Template:Cite_web
  7.97%   27.024      1 Template:Use_dmy_dates
  7.81%   26.482      1 Template:Dead_link
  7.21%   24.466      1 Template:Indian_Constitution_TOC
  7.08%   24.016      1 Template:Fix
  6.46%   21.912      3 Template:Category_handler
  5.78%   19.587      1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists
-->
</DIV>
<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:5433334-0!canonical and timestamp 20180422053856 and revision id 837658190
 -->
<NOSCRIPT><img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></NOSCRIPT></DIV>					<DIV class="printfooter">
						Retrieved from "<A dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&oldid=837658190">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&oldid=837658190</A>"					</DIV>
				<DIV id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><DIV id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><A href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</A>: <UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_India" title="Category:Constitution of India">Constitution of India</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:National_human_rights_instruments" title="Category:National human rights instruments">National human rights instruments</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_India" title="Category:Human rights in India">Human rights in India</A></LI></UL></DIV><DIV id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2017">Articles with dead external links from January 2017</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2013" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2013">Use dmy dates from March 2013</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_August_2017" title="Category:Use Indian English from August 2017">Use Indian English from August 2017</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_div_col_with_deprecated_parameters" title="Category:Pages using div col with deprecated parameters">Pages using div col with deprecated parameters</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</A></LI></UL></DIV></DIV>				<DIV class="visualClear"></DIV>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
		<DIV id="mw-navigation">
			<H2>Navigation menu</H2>
			<DIV id="mw-head">
									<DIV id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label">
						<H3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="pt-anonuserpage">Not logged in</LI><LI id="pt-anontalk"><A href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]" accesskey="n">Talk</A></LI><LI id="pt-anoncontribs"><A href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</A></LI><LI id="pt-createaccount"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fundamental+rights+in+India" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</A></LI><LI id="pt-login"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fundamental+rights+in+India" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]" accesskey="o">Log in</A></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
									<DIV id="left-navigation">
										<DIV id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label">
						<H3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India" title="View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]" accesskey="c">Article</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-talk"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Talk:Fundamental_rights_in_India" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]" accesskey="t">Talk</A></SPAN></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label">
												<INPUT type="checkbox" class="vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" />
						<H3 id="p-variants-label">
							<SPAN>Variants</SPAN>
						</H3>
						<DIV class="menu">
							<UL>
															</UL>
						</DIV>
					</DIV>
									</DIV>
				<DIV id="right-navigation">
										<DIV id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label">
						<H3 id="p-views-label">Views</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="ca-view" class="collapsible selected"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India">Read</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-edit" class="collapsible"><SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=edit" title="Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]" accesskey="e">Edit</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]" accesskey="h">View history</A></SPAN></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label">
						<INPUT type="checkbox" class="vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" />
						<H3 id="p-cactions-label"><SPAN>More</SPAN></H3>
						<DIV class="menu">
							<UL>
															</UL>
						</DIV>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-search" role="search">
						<H3>
							<LABEL for="searchInput">Search</LABEL>
						</H3>
						<FORM action="/w/index.php" id="searchform">
							<DIV id="simpleSearch">
								<INPUT type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" title="Search Wikipedia [ctrl-alt-f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" tabindex="1" autocomplete="off" /><INPUT type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title" /><INPUT type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton" />							</DIV>
						</FORM>
					</DIV>
									</DIV>
			</DIV>
			<DIV id="mw-panel">
				<DIV id="p-logo" role="banner"><A class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></A></DIV>
						<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label">
			<H3 id="p-navigation-label">Navigation</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="n-mainpage-description"><A href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]" accesskey="z">Main page</A></LI><LI id="n-contents"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</A></LI><LI id="n-featuredcontent"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</A></LI><LI id="n-currentevents"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</A></LI><LI id="n-randompage"><A href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]" accesskey="x">Random article</A></LI><LI id="n-sitesupport"><A href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</A></LI><LI id="n-shoplink"><A href="//shop.wikimedia.org" title="Visit the Wikipedia store">Wikipedia store</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-interaction" aria-labelledby="p-interaction-label">
			<H3 id="p-interaction-label">Interaction</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="n-help"><A href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</A></LI><LI id="n-aboutsite"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</A></LI><LI id="n-portal"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</A></LI><LI id="n-recentchanges"><A href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</A></LI><LI id="n-contactpage"><A href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact page</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-tb" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label">
			<H3 id="p-tb-label">Tools</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="t-whatlinkshere"><A href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Fundamental_rights_in_India" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]" accesskey="j">What links here</A></LI><LI id="t-recentchangeslinked"><A href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Fundamental_rights_in_India" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</A></LI><LI id="t-upload"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</A></LI><LI id="t-specialpages"><A href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</A></LI><LI id="t-permalink"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&oldid=837658190" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</A></LI><LI id="t-info"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</A></LI><LI id="t-wikibase"><A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3345485" title="Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</A></LI><LI id="t-cite"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Fundamental_rights_in_India&id=837658190" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label">
			<H3 id="p-coll-print_export-label">Print/export</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="coll-create_a_book"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Fundamental+rights+in+India">Create a book</A></LI><LI id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:ElectronPdf&page=Fundamental+rights+in+India&action=show-download-screen">Download as PDF</A></LI><LI id="t-print"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"><BUTTON class="uls-settings-trigger" title="Language settings"></BUTTON>
			<H3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><A href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ভারতে মৌলিক অধিকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><A href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भारत में मूल अधिकार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भारत के नागरिकों का मौलिक अधिकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><A href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="भारतातील मूलभूत हक्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><A href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भारतका नागरिकहरुको मौलिक अधिकार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><A href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਭਾਰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਅਧਿਕਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்திய அரசியலமைப்பிலுள்ள அடிப்படை உரிமைகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><A href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82_-_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="భారత రాజ్యాంగం - ప్రాథమిక హక్కులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</A></LI>				</UL>
				<DIV class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><SPAN class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3345485#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</A></SPAN></DIV>			</DIV>
		</DIV>
				</DIV>
		</DIV>
				<DIV id="footer" role="contentinfo">
						<UL id="footer-info">
								<LI id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 April 2018, at 05:38.</LI>
								<LI id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <A rel="license" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</A><A rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></A>;
additional terms may apply.  By using this site, you agree to the <A href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</A> and <A href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</A>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <A href="//www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</A>, a non-profit organization.</LI>
							</UL>
						<UL id="footer-places">
								<LI id="footer-places-privacy"><A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-about"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-disclaimer"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-contact"><A href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-developers"><A href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute">Developers</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-mobileview"><A href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</A></LI>
							<LI style="display: none;"><A href="#">Enable previews</A></LI></UL>
										<UL id="footer-icons" class="noprint">
										<LI id="footer-copyrightico">
						<A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/"><IMG src="/static/images/wikimedia-button.png" srcset="/static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" /></A>					</LI>
										<LI id="footer-poweredbyico">
						<A href="//www.mediawiki.org/"><IMG src="/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" /></A>					</LI>
									</UL>
						<DIV style="clear: both;"></DIV>
		</DIV>

<DIV id="mwe-popups-svg"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0" height="0"><defs><clipPath id="mwe-popups-mask"><polygon points="0 8, 10 8, 18 0, 26 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-mask-flip"><polygon points="0 8, 274 8, 282 0, 290 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-landscape-mask"><polygon points="0 8, 174 8, 182 0, 190 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-landscape-mask-flip"><polygon points="0 0, 1000 0, 1000 242, 190 242, 182 250, 174 242, 0 242"></polygon></clipPath></defs></svg></DIV><DIV class="suggestions" style="display: none; font-size: 13px;"><DIV class="suggestions-results"></DIV><DIV class="suggestions-special"></DIV></DIV></BODY></HTML>

document_title: Fundamental rights in India

token: Fundamental

token: rights

token: in

token: India

token: Wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: <Table>

token: <Tr>

token: <Td>

token: Part

token: of

token: a

token: series

token: <Th>

token: Constitution

token: Preamble

token: Parts

token: show

token: Rights

token: PART

token: I

token: II

token: III

token: IV

token: IVA

token: V

token: VI

token: VII

token: VIII

token: IX

token: IXA

token: IXB

token: X

token: XI

token: XII

token: XIII

token: XIV

token: XV

token: XVI

token: XVIA

token: XVII

token: XVIII

token: XIX

token: XX

token: XXI

token: XXII

token: Schedules

token: First

token: Second

token: Third

token: Fourth

token: Fifth

token: Sixth

token: Seventh

token: Eighth

token: Ninth

token: Tenth

token: Eleventh

token: Twelfth

token: Appendices

token: Amendments

token: List

token: Related

token: topics

question_text: right to property according to the constitution of india is a