document_html:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<HTML class="client-js ve-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"><HEAD>

<TITLE>Santa Claus - Wikipedia</TITLE>

<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector" />

<STYLE>
.referencetooltip{position:absolute;list-style:none;list-style-image:none;opacity:0;font-size:10px;margin:0;z-index:5;padding:0}.referencetooltip li{border:#080086 2px solid;max-width:260px;padding:10px 8px 13px 8px;margin:0px;background-color:#F7F7F7;-webkit-box-shadow:2px 4px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);-moz-box-shadow:2px 4px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow:2px 4px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3)}.referencetooltip li+li{margin-left:7px;margin-top:-2px;border:0;padding:0;height:3px;width:0px;background-color:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;border-top:12px #080086 solid;border-right:7px transparent solid;border-left:7px transparent solid}.referencetooltip>li+li::after{content:'';border-top:8px #F7F7F7 solid;border-right:5px transparent solid;border-left:5px transparent solid;margin-top:-12px;margin-left:-5px;z-index:1;height:0px;width:0px;display:block}.client-js body .referencetooltip li li{border:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;height:auto;width:auto;margin:auto;padding:0;position:static}.RTflipped{padding-top:13px}.referencetooltip.RTflipped li+li{position:absolute;top:2px;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px #080086 solid}.referencetooltip.RTflipped li+li::after{border-top:0;border-bottom:8px #F7F7F7 solid;position:absolute;margin-top:7px}.RTsettings{float:right;height:24px;width:24px;cursor:pointer;background-image:url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_advanced.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_advanced.svg.png);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/OOjs_UI_icon_advanced.svg);margin-top:-9px;margin-right:-7px;-webkit-transition:opacity 0.15s;-moz-transition:opacity 0.15s;-ms-transition:opacity 0.15s;-o-transition:opacity 0.15s;transition:opacity 0.15s;opacity:0.6;filter:alpha(opacity=60)}.RTsettings:hover{opacity:1;filter:alpha(opacity=100)}.RTTarget{border:#080086 2px solid}
.wp-teahouse-question-form{position:absolute;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:#f4f3f0;border:1px solid #a7d7f9;padding:1em}#wp-th-question-ask{float:right}.wp-teahouse-ask a.external{background-image:none !important}.wp-teahouse-respond-form{position:absolute;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:#f4f3f0;border:1px solid #a7d7f9;padding:1em}.wp-th-respond{float:right}.wp-teahouse-respond a.external{background-image:none !important}
.cite-accessibility-label{ top:-99999px;clip:rect( 1px 1px 1px 1px ); clip:rect( 1px,1px,1px,1px ); position:absolute !important;padding:0 !important;border:0 !important;height:1px !important;width:1px !important; overflow:hidden}
.mw-ui-icon-popups-settings:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=popups-settings&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0prxv9n);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22utf-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E%0A %3Cpath fill=%22%2354595d%22 d=%22M20 14.5v-2.9l-1.8-.3c-.1-.4-.3-.8-.6-1.4l1.1-1.5-2.1-2.1-1.5 1.1c-.5-.3-1-.5-1.4-.6L13.5 5h-2.9l-.3 1.8c-.5.1-.9.3-1.4.6L7.4 6.3 5.3 8.4l1 1.5c-.3.5-.4.9-.6 1.4l-1.7.2v2.9l1.8.3c.1.5.3.9.6 1.4l-1 1.5 2.1 2.1 1.5-1c.4.2.9.4 1.4.6l.3 1.8h3l.3-1.8c.5-.1.9-.3 1.4-.6l1.5 1.1 2.1-2.1-1.1-1.5c.3-.5.5-1 .6-1.4l1.5-.3zM12 16c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3s1.3-3 3-3 3 1.3 3 3-1.3 3-3 3z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.mw-ui-icon-popups-close:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=popups-close&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0prxv9n);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath d=%22M3.636 2.222l14.142 14.142-1.414 1.414L2.222 3.636z%22/%3E%0A%09%3Cpath d=%22M17.778 3.636L3.636 17.778l-1.414-1.414L16.364 2.222z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A")}
.suggestions{overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:0;border:0;z-index:1099;padding:0;margin:-1px 0 0 0}.suggestions-special{position:relative;background-color:#fff;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;margin-top:-2px;display:none;padding:0.25em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em}.suggestions-results{background-color:#fff;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0;margin:0}.suggestions-result{color:#000;margin:0;line-height:1.5em;padding:0.01em 0.25em;text-align:left; overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.suggestions-result-current{background-color:#2a4b8d;color:#fff}.suggestions-special .special-label{color:#72777d;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-query{color:#000;font-style:italic;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-hover{background-color:#c8ccd1}.suggestions-result-current .special-label,.suggestions-result-current .special-query{color:#fff}.highlight{font-weight:bold}
@media screen {
	.tochidden,.toctoggle{-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.toctoggle{font-size:94%}}
@media print {
	#toc.tochidden,.toc.tochidden,.toctoggle{display:none}}
.uls-menu{border-radius:2px; font-size:medium}.uls-search,.uls-language-settings-close-block{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-top-left-radius:2px}.uls-language-list{border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.uls-menu.callout:before,.uls-menu.callout:after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right:before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right:after{ border-left:10px solid #f8f9fa; right:-10px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left:before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left:after{ border-right:10px solid #f8f9fa; left:-10px}.uls-ui-languages button{margin:5px 15px 5px 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}.uls-search-wrapper-wrapper{position:relative;padding-left:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px}.uls-icon-back{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.png?90e9b) no-repeat scroll center center;background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.svg?e226b);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2224%22 height=%2224%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%2354595d%22 d=%22M7 13.1l8.9 8.9c.8-.8.8-2 0-2.8l-6.1-6.1 6-6.1c.8-.8.8-2 0-2.8L7 13.1z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A");background-size:28px;background-position:center center;height:32px;width:40px;display:block;position:absolute;left:0;border-right:1px solid #c8ccd1;opacity:0.8}.uls-icon-back:hover{opacity:1;cursor:pointer}  .skin-vector .uls-menu{border-color:#c8ccd1;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);font-size:0.875em}.skin-vector .uls-search{border-bottom-color:#c8ccd1}.skin-vector .uls-filtersuggestion{color:#72777d}.skin-vector .uls-lcd-region-title{color:#54595d}
@-webkit-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY( -20px )}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY( 0 )}}@-moz-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-moz-transform:translateY( -20px )}100%{opacity:1;-moz-transform:translateY( 0 )}}@-o-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-o-transform:translateY( -20px )}100%{opacity:1;-o-transform:translateY( 0 )}}@keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY( -20px )}100%{opacity:1;transform:translateY( 0 )}}.centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{-webkit-animation-duration:1s;-moz-animation-duration:1s;-o-animation-duration:1s;animation-duration:1s;-webkit-animation-fill-mode:both;-moz-animation-fill-mode:both;-o-animation-fill-mode:both;animation-fill-mode:both;-webkit-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;-moz-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;-o-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation}
@media print{#centralNotice{display:none}}.cn-closeButton{display:inline-block;zoom:1;background:url(data:image/png;base64,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);background:url(/w/extensions/CentralNotice/resources/subscribing/CloseWindow19x19.png?7596b)!ie;width:19px;height:19px;text-indent:19px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}
.ve-activated #toc,.ve-activated #siteNotice,.ve-activated .mw-indicators,.ve-activated #t-print,.ve-activated #t-permalink,.ve-activated #p-coll-print_export,.ve-activated #t-cite,.ve-deactivating .ve-ui-surface,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-editableContent{display:none} .ve-activating .ve-ui-surface{height:0;padding:0 !important; overflow:hidden} .ve-loading #content > :not( .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay ), .ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-uneditableContent{ pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;opacity:0.5}.ve-activated #catlinks{cursor:pointer}.ve-activated #catlinks a{opacity:1} .ve-activated #content{position:relative} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;z-index:1;margin-top:-0.5em}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress{height:1em;overflow:hidden;margin:0 25%}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress-bar{height:1em;width:0} .mw-editsection{white-space:nowrap; unicode-bidi:-moz-isolate;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;unicode-bidi:isolate}.mw-editsection-divider{color:#54595d} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress{height:0.75em;border:1px solid #36c;background:#fff;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 0.1em 0 0 rgba( 0,0,0,0.15 )}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress-bar{height:0.75em;background:#36c}
.mw-ui-button{font-family:inherit;font-size:1em;display:inline-block;min-width:4em;max-width:28.75em;padding:0.546875em 1em;line-height:1.286;margin:0;border-radius:2px;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-appearance:none;*display:inline; zoom:1;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#f8f9fa;color:#222222;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer}.mw-ui-button:visited{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button:hover{background-color:#ffffff;color:#444444;border-color:#a2a9b1}.mw-ui-button:focus{background-color:#ffffff;color:#222222;border-color:#3366cc;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button:active,.mw-ui-button.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#d9d9d9;color:#000000;border-color:#72777d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button:disabled:active{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;box-shadow:none;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button:focus{outline-width:0}.mw-ui-button:focus::-moz-focus-inner{border-color:transparent;padding:0}.mw-ui-button:not( :disabled ){-webkit-transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms;-moz-transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms;transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms}.mw-ui-button:disabled{text-shadow:none;cursor:default}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-big{font-size:1.3em}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-block{display:block;width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive{background-color:#3366cc;color:#fff;border:1px solid #3366cc}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:hover{background-color:#447ff5;border-color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#2a4b8d;border-color:#2a4b8d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#2a4b8d}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#3366cc}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive{background-color:#dd3333;color:#fff;border:1px solid #dd3333}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:hover{background-color:#ff4242;border-color:#ff4242}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #dd3333,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#b32424;border-color:#b32424;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#ff4242}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#b32424}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#dd3333}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet{background:transparent;border:0;text-shadow:none;color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#444444}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#000000}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus{box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{background:transparent}input.mw-ui-button::-moz-focus-inner,button.mw-ui-button::-moz-focus-inner{margin-top:-1px;margin-bottom:-1px}a.mw-ui-button{text-decoration:none}a.mw-ui-button:hover,a.mw-ui-button:focus{text-decoration:none}.mw-ui-button-group > *{min-width:48px;border-radius:0;float:left}.mw-ui-button-group > *:first-child{border-top-left-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group > *:not( :first-child ){border-left:0}.mw-ui-button-group > *:last-child{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-right-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group .is-on .button{cursor:default}
.mw-ui-icon{position:relative;line-height:1.5em;min-height:1.5em;min-width:1.5em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element{text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden;width:3.5em;min-width:3.5em;max-width:3.5em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element:before{left:0;right:0;position:absolute;margin:0 1em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element.mw-ui-icon-large{width:4.625em;min-width:4.625em;max-width:4.625em;line-height:4.625em;min-height:4.625em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element.mw-ui-icon-large:before{min-height:4.625em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-before:before,.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element:before{background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto;float:left;display:block;min-height:1.5em;content:''}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-before:before{position:relative;width:1.5em;margin-right:1em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-small:before{background-size:66.67% auto}</STYLE><STYLE>
.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#fff}.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link .special-query{ overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}
#uls-settings-block{background-color:#f8f9fa;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1;padding-left:10px;line-height:1.2em;border-radius:0 0 2px 2px}#uls-settings-block div.display-settings-block,#uls-settings-block div.input-settings-block{display:inline-block;margin:8px 15px;color:#54595d}#uls-settings-block div.display-settings-block:hover,#uls-settings-block div.input-settings-block:hover{color:#222}
.mw-mmv-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1000;background-color:#000}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open{overflow-y:auto;  }body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-page-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-head-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-navigation,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #content,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #footer,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #globalWrapper{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > *{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-overlay,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-wrapper{display:block}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons{margin-top:5px}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded,.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config{display:block;line-height:inherit}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E%0A %3Cg fill=%22%2372777d%22%3E%0A %3Cpath d=%22M851.2 71.6L690.7 232.1l-40.1-40.3-9.6 164.8 164.8-9.3-40.3-40.4L926 146.4l58.5 58.5L997.6 0 792.7 13.1%22/%3E%0A %3Cpath d=%22M769.6 89.3H611.9l70.9 70.8 7.9 7.5m-47.1 234.6l-51.2 3 3-51.2 9.4-164.4 5.8-100.3H26.4V768h883.1V387l-100.9 5.8-165 9.4zM813.9 678H113.6l207.2-270.2 31.5-12.9L548 599.8l105.9-63.2 159.8 140.8.2.6zm95.6-291.9V228l-79.1 78.9 7.8 7.9%22/%3E%0A %3C/g%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22 standalone=%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E%0A %3Cpath d=%22M897 454.6V313.4L810.4 299c-6.4-23.3-16-45.7-27.3-65.8l50.5-71.4-99.4-100.2-71.4 50.5c-20.9-11.2-42.5-20.9-65.8-27.3L582.6-1H441.4L427 85.6c-23.3 6.4-45.7 16-65.8 27.3l-71.4-50.5-100.3 99.5 50.5 71.4c-11.2 20.9-20.9 42.5-27.3 66.6L127 313.4v141.2l85.8 14.4c6.4 23.3 16 45.7 27.3 66.6L189.6 607l99.5 99.5 71.4-50.5c20.9 11.2 42.5 20.9 66.6 27.3l14.4 85.8h141.2l14.4-86.6c23.3-6.4 45.7-16 65.8-27.3l71.4 50.5 99.5-99.5-50.5-71.4c11.2-20.9 20.9-42.5 27.3-66.6l86.4-13.6zm-385 77c-81.8 0-147.6-66.6-147.6-147.6 0-81.8 66.6-147.6 147.6-147.6S659.6 302.2 659.6 384 593.8 531.6 512 531.6z%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A");opacity:0.75}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before:hover{opacity:1}
#mwe-popups-svg{position:absolute;top:-1000px}.mwe-popups-settings-icon{border-radius:2px;font-size:16px; margin-right:-0.75em}.mwe-popups-settings-icon:hover{background-color:#eaecf0}.mwe-popups-settings-icon:active{background-color:#c8ccd1}.mwe-popups-sade-face-icon{display:block;width:37px;height:27px;margin:16px 16px 0;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url(/w/extensions/Popups/resources/ext.popups/images/sad-face.png?3984d);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2237%22 height=%2227%22 viewBox=%220 0 37 27%22%3E%0A%09%3Ctitle%3Esad face%3C/title%3E%0A%09%3Cpath fill=%22%23c8ccd1%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22 d=%22M5.475.7v20.075L0 26.25h31.025c3.102 0 5.475-2.372 5.475-5.475V.7H5.475zm20.44 4.562c1.277 0 2.19 1.095 2.19 2.19 0 1.096-.913 2.373-2.19 2.373-1.278 0-2.19-1.095-2.19-2.19s1.095-2.373 2.19-2.373zm-9.855 0c1.277 0 2.19 1.095 2.19 2.19 0 1.096-1.095 2.373-2.19 2.373s-2.19-1.095-2.19-2.19.913-2.373 2.19-2.373zm4.928 8.213c-7.153 0-8.415 7.012-8.415 7.012s2.805-1.403 8.415-1.403c5.61 0 8.414 1.403 8.414 1.403S28 13.475 20.988 13.475z%22/%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.mwe-popups{background:#fff;position:absolute;z-index:110;-webkit-box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px #a2a9b1;padding:0;display:none;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;min-width:300px;border-radius:2px; }.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container{color:#222222;margin-top:-9px;padding-top:9px;text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer{padding:16px;margin:0;font-size:10px;position:absolute;bottom:0; left:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer .mwe-popups-settings-icon{float:right}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract{margin:16px;display:block;color:#222222;text-decoration:none;position:relative;   }.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:hover{text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:after{content:' ';position:absolute;bottom:0;width:25%;height:20px;background-color:transparent}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='ltr']:after{ right:0; background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-o-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='rtl']:after{ left:0; background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-o-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract p{margin:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ul,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ol,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract li,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dl,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dd,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dt{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.mwe-popups svg{overflow:hidden}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall{width:450px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{vertical-align:middle}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-extract{width:215px;height:180px;overflow:hidden; float:left}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall footer{width:215px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall{width:320px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-extract{max-height:140px;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:47px;padding-bottom:0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall footer{width:290px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-empty .mwe-popups-extract{padding-top:4px;margin-bottom:60px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-empty .mwe-popups-read-link{font-weight:bold;font-size:12px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-empty .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link{text-decoration:underline}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:11px solid #ffffff;top:-7px; left:7px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:8px solid #a2a9b1;top:-8px; left:10px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:after{ left:auto; right:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:before{ left:auto; right:10px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:9px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px; left:6px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri.flipped_x:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:273px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri.flipped_x:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px; left:269px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri .mwe-popups-extract{padding-top:32px;margin-top:190px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri > div > a > svg{margin-top:-8px;position:absolute;z-index:113; left:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{margin:0;margin-top:-8px;margin-bottom:-7px;position:absolute;z-index:113; right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px; left:272px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px; left:269px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall:after{z-index:112;content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px; left:417px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px; left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{position:absolute;z-index:113;margin:0;margin-bottom:-9px; right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_y:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:11px solid #ffffff;bottom:-7px; left:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped_y:before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:8px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-8px; left:10px} @-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}.mwe-popups-fade-in-up{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-in-down{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-down{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-up{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards}  #mwe-popups-settings{position:fixed;z-index:1000;background:#fff;width:420px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);border-radius:2px}#mwe-popups-settings header{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;position:relative;display:table;width:100%;padding:5px 7px 5px 0}#mwe-popups-settings header > div{display:table-cell;width:3.5em;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer}#mwe-popups-settings header h1{border:0;width:100%;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close{opacity:0.87;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms;-moz-transition:opacity 100ms;transition:opacity 100ms}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:hover{opacity:0.73}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:active{opacity:1}#mwe-popups-settings main{display:block;width:350px;padding:32px 0 24px;margin:0 auto}#mwe-popups-settings main p{color:#54595d;font-size:17px;margin:16px 0 0}#mwe-popups-settings main p:first-child{margin-top:0}#mwe-popups-settings main form img,#mwe-popups-settings main form input,#mwe-popups-settings main form label{vertical-align:top}#mwe-popups-settings main form img{margin-right:60px}#mwe-popups-settings main form input{display:inline-block;margin:0 10px 0 0;padding:0}#mwe-popups-settings main form label{font-size:13px;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;width:300px}#mwe-popups-settings main form label > span{color:#000;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;display:block;margin-bottom:5px;line-height:18px}.mwe-popups-settings-help{background-image:url(/w/extensions/Popups/resources/ext.popups/images/footer-ltr.png?3533c);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version=%221.0%22 encoding=%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%22230%22 height=%22179%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 viewBox=%220 0 230 179%22%3E%0A%09%3Cdefs%3E%0A%09%09%3Crect id=%22a%22 width=%22201%22 height=%2213%22 rx=%222%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Crect id=%22b%22 width=%22201%22 height=%22169%22 y=%2210%22 rx=%222%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Crect id=%22c%22 width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%22135%22 y=%22158%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%3C/defs%3E%0A%09%3Cg fill=%22none%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22%3E%0A%09%09%3Cg transform=%22matrix%281 0 0 -1 0 13%29%22%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Cuse fill=%22%23f8f9fa%22 xlink:href=%22%23a%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%2211%22 x=%221%22 y=%221%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3C/g%3E%0A%09%09%3Cuse fill=%22%23fff%22 xlink:href=%22%23b%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%22167%22 x=%221%22 y=%2211%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Cg opacity=%22.4%22 transform=%22translate%2867 35%29%22%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 y=%227%22 fill=%22%23c8ccd1%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2231%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2232%22 height=%222%22 y=%2285%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 x=%2235%22 y=%2285%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 x=%2291%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2268%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2272%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2249%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2224%22 height=%222%22 x=%2284%22 y=%2231%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22 transform=%22matrix%28-1 0 0 1 192 0%29%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2266%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2214%22 height=%222%22 x=%2254%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2271%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2259%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2252%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2292%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2238%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3C/g%3E%0A%09%09%3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2267%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2299%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Cuse fill=%22%2336c%22 xlink:href=%22%23c%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Crect width=%2233%22 height=%225%22 x=%22133.5%22 y=%22156.5%22 stroke=%22%23ffc057%22 stroke-opacity=%22.447%22 stroke-width=%223%22 rx=%222.5%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Ccircle cx=%2234%22 cy=%2249%22 r=%2219%22 fill=%22%23eaecf0%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3Cg fill=%22%23a2a9b1%22 transform=%22translate%285 5%29%22%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Ccircle cx=%221.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Ccircle cx=%226%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E%0A%09%09%09%3Ccircle cx=%2210.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E%0A%09%09%3C/g%3E%0A%09%09%3Cpath stroke=%22%23ff00af%22 d=%22M174.5 159.5h54.01%22 stroke-linecap=%22square%22/%3E%0A%09%3C/g%3E%0A%3C/svg%3E%0A");background-position:top left;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:180px 140px;font-size:13px;font-weight:800;height:140px;margin:40px;position:relative}.mwe-popups-settings-help p{left:180px;bottom:20px;position:absolute}.mwe-popups-overlay{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);z-index:999;position:fixed;height:100%;width:100%;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0}#mwe-popups-settings{font-size:0.875em}</STYLE><META name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="" />
<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector" />
<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector" />
<META name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.31.0-wmf.15" />
<META name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin" />
<META property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/MerryOldSanta.jpg" />
<LINK rel="alternate" href="android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" />
<LINK rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png" />
<LINK rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico" />
<LINK rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)" />
<LINK rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd" />
<LINK rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" />
<LINK rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" />
<LINK rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org" />
<LINK rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" />
<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=html5shiv&only=scripts&skin=vector&sync=1"></script><![endif]-->
</HEAD>
<BODY class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Santa_Claus rootpage-Santa_Claus skin-vector action-view">		<DIV id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></DIV>
		<DIV id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></DIV>
		<DIV id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
			<A id="top"></A>
			<DIV id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><DIV id="centralNotice"></DIV><!-- CentralNotice --></DIV><DIV class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
<DIV id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><IMG alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/30px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/40px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Santa Claus</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
				<DIV id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</DIV>				<DIV id="contentSub"></DIV>
								<DIV id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
					Jump to:					<A href="#mw-head">navigation</A>, 					<A href="#p-search">search</A>
				</DIV>
				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Santa" redirects here. For other uses, see <A href="/wiki/Santa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Santa (disambiguation)">Santa (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the legendary character. For other uses, see <A href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Santa Claus (disambiguation)">Santa Claus (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:MerryOldSanta.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MerryOldSanta.jpg/220px-MerryOldSanta.jpg" width="220" height="304" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MerryOldSanta.jpg/330px-MerryOldSanta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MerryOldSanta.jpg/440px-MerryOldSanta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="630" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:MerryOldSanta.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
1881 illustration by <A href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</A> who, along with <A href="/wiki/Clement_Clarke_Moore" title="Clement Clarke Moore">Clement Clarke Moore's</A> poem <I><A href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</A></I>, helped to create the modern image of Santa Claus</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:SantaWithKids2014.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SantaWithKids2014.jpg/220px-SantaWithKids2014.jpg" width="220" height="164" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SantaWithKids2014.jpg/330px-SantaWithKids2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SantaWithKids2014.jpg/440px-SantaWithKids2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4213" data-file-height="3141" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:SantaWithKids2014.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The modern portrayal of Santa Claus frequently depicts him listening to the Christmas wishes of different children.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P><B>Santa Claus</B>, also known as <B>Saint Nicholas</B>, <B>Kris Kringle</B>, <B>Father Christmas</B>, or simply <B>Santa</B>, is a legendary figure originating in <A href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western Christian culture</A> who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well-behaved ("good" or "nice") children on <A href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</A> (24 December) and the early morning hours of <A href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas Day</A> (25 December).<SUP id="cite_ref-Krulwich_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Krulwich-1">[1]</A></SUP> The modern Santa Claus grew out of traditions surrounding the historical <A href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</A> (a fourth-century Greek <A href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</A> and gift-giver of <A href="/wiki/Demre" title="Demre">Myra</A>), the <A href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">British</A> figure of <A href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_Low_Countries" title="Folklore of the Low Countries">Dutch</A> figure of <I><A href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</A></I> (himself also based on Saint Nicholas). Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed elements of the <A href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</A> god <A href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wodan</A>, who was associated with the pagan midwinter event of <A href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</A> and led the <A href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</A>, a ghostly procession through the sky.</P>
<P>Santa Claus is generally depicted as a portly, joyous, white-<A href="/wiki/Beard" title="Beard">bearded</A> man—sometimes with <A href="/wiki/Spectacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectacles">spectacles</A>—wearing a red coat with white fur collar and cuffs, white-fur-cuffed red trousers, a red hat with white fur and black leather belt and boots and who carries a bag full of gifts for children. This image became popular in the United States and Canada in the 19th century due to the significant influence of the 1823 poem "<A href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</A>" and of caricaturist and political cartoonist <A href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP> This image has been maintained and reinforced through song, radio, television, children's books, films, and advertising.</P>
<P>Santa Claus is said to make lists of children throughout the world, categorizing them according to their behavior ("good" and "bad", or "naughty" and "nice") and to deliver presents, including toys, and candy to all of the well-behaved children in the world, and <A href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</A> to all the misbehaved children, on the single night of Christmas Eve. He accomplishes this feat with the aid of <A href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">his elves</A>, who make the toys in <A href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">his workshop</A> at the <A href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">his flying reindeer</A>, who pull his sleigh.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP> He is commonly portrayed as living at the <A href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</A>, and often laughing in a way that sounds like "ho ho ho".</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Predecessor_figures"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Predecessor figures</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><A href="#Saint_Nicholas"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Saint Nicholas</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Father_Christmas"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Father Christmas</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Dutch,_Belgian_and_Swiss_folklore"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Dutch, Belgian and Swiss folklore</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Germanic_paganism,_Wodan,_and_Christianization"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Germanic paganism, Wodan, and Christianization</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Origins"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Origins</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#19th_century"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">19th century</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#20th_century"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">20th century</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#In_popular_culture"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">In popular culture</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#Traditions_and_rituals"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Traditions and rituals</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#Chimney_tradition"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Chimney tradition</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Christmas_Eve_rituals"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Christmas Eve rituals</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><A href="#Ho,_ho,_ho"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Ho, ho, ho</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><A href="#Home"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Home</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><A href="#Parades,_department_stores,_and_shopping_malls"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Parades, department stores, and shopping malls</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><A href="#Letter_writing_to_Santa"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Letter writing to Santa</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><A href="#Santa_tracking,_Santa_websites_and_email_to_and_from_Santa"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Santa tracking, Santa websites and email to and from Santa</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><A href="#Criticism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Criticism</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><A href="#Calvinist_and_Puritan_opposition"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Calvinist and Puritan opposition</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><A href="#Opposition_under_state_atheism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Opposition under state atheism</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><A href="#Symbol_of_commercialism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Symbol of commercialism</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><A href="#Controversy_about_deceiving_children"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Controversy about deceiving children</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><A href="#Related_figures_in_folklore"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Related figures in folklore</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Predecessor_figures">Predecessor figures</SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Saint_Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:St_Nicholas_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/St_Nicholas_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/170px-St_Nicholas_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg" width="170" height="285" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/St_Nicholas_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/255px-St_Nicholas_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/St_Nicholas_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/340px-St_Nicholas_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1501" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:St_Nicholas_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
A 13th-century depiction of St. Nicholas from <A href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</A></DIV>
<P>Saint Nicholas of Myra was a 4th-century <A href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey#History" title="Greeks in Turkey">Greek</A> Christian bishop of <A href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</A> (now <A href="/wiki/Demre" title="Demre">Demre</A>) in <A href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</A>, a province of the <A href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</A>, now in Turkey. Nicholas was famous for his generous gifts to the poor, in particular presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with <A href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowries</A> so that they would not have to become prostitutes.<SUP id="cite_ref-msnbc_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-msnbc-7">[7]</A></SUP> He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life entirely to Christianity. In continental Europe (more precisely the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, the Czech Republic and Germany) he is usually portrayed as a bearded bishop in canonical robes.</P>
<P>The remains of Saint Nicholas are in Italy. In 1087, the Italian city of <A href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</A> mounted an expedition to locate the tomb of the Saint. The reliquary of St. Nicholas was conquered by Italian sailors and his <A href="/wiki/Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">relics</A> were taken to Bari<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP> where they are kept to this day. <A href="/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Nicola" title="Basilica di San Nicola">A basilica</A> was constructed the same year to store the loot and the area became a <A href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</A> site for the devout. Sailors from Bari collected just half of Nicholas' skeleton, leaving all the minor fragments in the grave. These were collected by Venetian sailors during the <A href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</A> and taken to <A href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</A>, where a church to St. Nicholas, the patron of sailors, was built on the <A href="/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%B2_al_Lido" title="San Nicolò al Lido">San Nicolò al Lido</A>. This tradition was confirmed in two important scientific investigations of the relics in <A href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</A> and <A href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</A>, which revealed that the relics in the two Italian cities belong to the same skeleton. Saint Nicholas was later claimed as a <A href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</A> of many diverse groups, from <A href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archers</A>, sailors, and children to <A href="/wiki/Pawnbroker" title="Pawnbroker">pawnbrokers</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-msnbc_7-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-msnbc-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP> He is also the patron saint of both <A href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</A> and <A href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP></P>
<P>During the Middle Ages, often on the evening before his name day of 6 December, children were bestowed gifts in his honour. This date was earlier than the original day of gifts for the children, which moved in the course of the <A href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</A> and its opposition to the veneration of saints in many countries on the 24th and 25th of December. So Saint Nicholas changed to Santa Claus. The custom of gifting to children at Christmas has been propagated by <A href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</A> as an alternative to the previous very popular gift custom on St. Nicholas, to focus the interest of the children to Christ instead of the veneration of saints. <A href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</A> first suggested the <A href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</A> as the bringer of gifts. But Nicholas remained popular as gifts bearer for the people.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Father_Christmas">Father Christmas</SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech,1843.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/170px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg" width="170" height="273" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/255px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/340px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="2439" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech,1843.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
"Ghost of Christmas Present", an illustration by <A href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech</A> made for <A href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</A>'s festive classic <I><A href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</A></I> (1843).</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</A></DIV>
<P>Father Christmas dates back as far as 16th century in <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</A> during the reign of <A href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</A>, when he was pictured as a large man in green or scarlet robes lined with fur.<SUP id="cite_ref-Federer_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Federer-15">[15]</A></SUP> He typified the spirit of good cheer at Christmas, bringing peace, joy, good food and wine and revelry.<SUP id="cite_ref-Federer_15-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Federer-15">[15]</A></SUP> As England no longer kept the <A href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</A> of Saint Nicholas on 6 December, the Father Christmas celebration was moved to the 25th of December to coincide with Christmas Day.<SUP id="cite_ref-Federer_15-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Federer-15">[15]</A></SUP> The Victorian revival of Christmas included Father Christmas as the emblem of 'good cheer'.<SUP id="cite_ref-Simpson,_Roud_16-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Simpson,_Roud-16">[16]</A></SUP> His physical appearance was variable,<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP> with one famous image being <A href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech's</A> illustration of the "Ghost of Christmas Present" in <A href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</A>'s festive classic <I><A href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</A></I> (1843), as a great genial man in a green coat lined with fur who takes Scrooge through the bustling streets of London on the current Christmas morning, sprinkling the essence of Christmas onto the happy populace.<SUP id="cite_ref-Federer_15-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Federer-15">[15]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Simpson,_Roud_16-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Simpson,_Roud-16">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN id="Dutch.2C_Belgian_and_Swiss_folklore"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Dutch,_Belgian_and_Swiss_folklore">Dutch, Belgian and Swiss folklore</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</A> and <A href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Intocht_van_Sinterklaas_in_Schiedam_2009_(4102602499)_(2).jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Intocht_van_Sinterklaas_in_Schiedam_2009_%284102602499%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Intocht_van_Sinterklaas_in_Schiedam_2009_%284102602499%29_%282%29.jpg" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Intocht_van_Sinterklaas_in_Schiedam_2009_%284102602499%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Intocht_van_Sinterklaas_in_Schiedam_2009_%284102602499%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Intocht_van_Sinterklaas_in_Schiedam_2009_%284102602499%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Intocht_van_Sinterklaas_in_Schiedam_2009_%284102602499%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Intocht_van_Sinterklaas_in_Schiedam_2009_(4102602499)_(2).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Sinterklaas, Netherlands (2009) on his horse called <I>Slecht Weer Vandaag</I> or <I>Amerigo</I></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>In the Netherlands and Belgium the character of Santa Claus has to compete with that of <A href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</A>, Santa's presumed progenitor. Santa Claus is known as <I>de Kerstman</I> in Dutch ("the Christmas man") and <I><A href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</A></I> ("Father Christmas") in French. But for children in the Netherlands Sinterklaas remains the predominant gift-giver in December; 36% of the Dutch only give presents on Sinterklaas evening or the day itself (December 6th<SUP id="cite_ref-Davis2010_18-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Davis2010-18">[18]</A></SUP>), whereas Christmas (December 25th) is used by another 21% to give presents. Some 26% of the Dutch population gives presents on both days.<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP> In Belgium, Sinterklaas day presents are offered exclusively to children, whereas on Christmas Day, all ages may receive presents. Sinterklaas' assistants are called "<A href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Pieten</A>" (in Dutch, "Pères Fouettard" in French), so they are not elves.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP> In Switzerland, Pères Fouettard accompanies Père Noël in the French speaking region, while the sinister Schmutzli accompanies Samichlaus in the <A href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</A> region. Schmutzli carries a twig broom to spank the naughty children.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN id="Germanic_paganism.2C_Wodan.2C_and_Christianization"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Germanic_paganism,_Wodan,_and_Christianization">Germanic paganism, Wodan, and Christianization</SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman,_1886_(Odin,_the_Wanderer).jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg/170px-Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg" width="170" height="249" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg/255px-Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg/340px-Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="733" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman,_1886_(Odin,_the_Wanderer).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
An 1886 depiction of the long-bearded Norse god <A href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</A> by <A href="/wiki/Georg_von_Rosen" title="Georg von Rosen">Georg von Rosen</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Prior to Christianization, the <A href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</A> (including the English) celebrated a midwinter event called <A href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</A> (Old English <I>geola</I> or <I>giuli</I>).<SUP id="cite_ref-ORCHARD-187_22-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ORCHARD-187-22">[22]</A></SUP> With the Christianization of Germanic Europe, numerous traditions were absorbed from Yuletide celebrations into modern Christmas.<SUP id="cite_ref-SIMEK-379-380_23-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SIMEK-379-380-23">[23]</A></SUP> During this period, supernatural and ghostly occurrences were said to increase in frequency, such as the <A href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</A>, a ghostly procession through the sky.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> The leader of the wild hunt is frequently attested as the god <A href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wodan</A> (Norse <A href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</A>), bearing (among <A href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Odin" title="List of names of Odin">many names</A>) the names <I>Jólnir</I>, meaning "Yule figure", and <I>Langbarðr</I>, meaning "long-beard", in <A href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-SIMEK372-373_24-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SIMEK372-373-24">[24]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Wodan's role during the Yuletide period has been theorized as having influenced concepts of St. Nicholas in a variety of facets, including his long white beard and his gray horse for nightly rides (compare Odin's horse <A href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</A>) or his reindeer in North American tradition.<SUP id="cite_ref-ODIN-CLAUS-EXAMPLES_25-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ODIN-CLAUS-EXAMPLES-25">[25]</A></SUP> Folklorist Margaret Baker maintains that "the appearance of Santa Claus or Father Christmas, whose day is the 25th of December, owes much to Odin, the old blue-hooded, cloaked, white-bearded Giftbringer of the north, who rode the midwinter sky on his eight-footed steed Sleipnir, visiting his people with gifts. […] Odin, transformed into Father Christmas, then Santa Claus, prospered with <A href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">St Nicholas</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christchild</A>, became a leading player on the Christmas stage."<SUP id="cite_ref-BAKER-62_26-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BAKER-62-26">[26]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In Finland they still use <A href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</A> or the Christmas Goat.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</SPAN></H3>
<P>Pre-modern representations of the gift-giver from Church history and folklore, notably St Nicholas (known in <A href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</A> as <A href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</A>), merged with the English character Father Christmas to create the character known to Americans and the rest of the English-speaking world as "Santa Claus" (a phonetic derivation of "Sinterklaas").</P>
<P>In the <A href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</A> and later British colonies of North America, and later in the United States, British and Dutch versions of the gift-giver merged further. For example, in <A href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</A>'s <I>History of New York</I> (1809), <I>Sinterklaas</I> was Americanized into "Santa Claus" (a name first used in the American press in 1773)<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP> but lost his bishop's apparel, and was at first pictured as a thick-bellied Dutch sailor with a pipe in a green winter coat. Irving's book was a <A href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">lampoon</A> of the Dutch culture of New York, and much of this portrait is his joking invention.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="19th_century">19th century</SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present,_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_(1821),_page_1.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present%2C_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_%281821%29%2C_page_1.jpg/220px-The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present%2C_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_%281821%29%2C_page_1.jpg" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present%2C_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_%281821%29%2C_page_1.jpg/330px-The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present%2C_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_%281821%29%2C_page_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present%2C_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_%281821%29%2C_page_1.jpg/440px-The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present%2C_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_%281821%29%2C_page_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="1613" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present,_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_(1821),_page_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Illustration to verse 1 of <I><A href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</A></I></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:08_St._Nikolaas_bij_een_Snoeper.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/08_St._Nikolaas_bij_een_Snoeper.png/220px-08_St._Nikolaas_bij_een_Snoeper.png" width="220" height="326" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/08_St._Nikolaas_bij_een_Snoeper.png/330px-08_St._Nikolaas_bij_een_Snoeper.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/08_St._Nikolaas_bij_een_Snoeper.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="593" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:08_St._Nikolaas_bij_een_Snoeper.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
1850 illustration of Saint Nicolas with his servant <A href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</A> / <A href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="quotebox pullquote" style="float: left; clear: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 0.8em 0; width:23%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;">
<DIV class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;">
<DIV>"December 24, 1864. This has usually been a very busy day with me, preparing for Christmas not only for my own tables, but for gifts for my servants. Now how changed! No confectionary, cakes, or pies can I have. We are all sad; no loud, jovial laugh from our boys is heard. Christmas Eve, which has ever been gaily celebrated here, which has witnessed the popping of firecrackers … and the hanging up of stockings, is an occasion now of sadness and gloom. I have nothing even to put in 8-year-old daughter Sadai's stocking, which hangs so invitingly for <B>Santa Claus</B>. How disappointed she will be in the morning, though I have explained to her why he cannot come. Poor children! Why must the innocent suffer with the guilty?"</DIV>
</DIV>
<CITE style="display: block; text-align: left;"><I>Diary of <A href="/wiki/Dolly_Lunt_Burge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolly Lunt Burge">Dolly Lunt Burge</A></I>, a Maine native, widow of Thomas Burge, and resident living c. 40 miles southeast of Atlanta near <A href="/wiki/Covington,_Georgia" title="Covington, Georgia">Covington, Georgia</A>. This entry from Mrs. Burge's diary was five weeks after most of General T. Sherman's U.S. Army forces had passed on their blackened-earth "march across Georgia" toward Savanna, after the army's destruction of Atlanta in mid-November 1864. U.S. Army mop-up companies and stragglers during those intervening weeks continued to "forage", loot, burn, and liberate slaves, hence, the concern of Mrs. Burge and her household.<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP></CITE></DIV>
<P>In 1821, the book <I>A New-year's present, to the little ones from five to twelve</I> was published in New York. It contained <I><A href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</A></I>, an anonymous poem describing Santeclaus on a reindeer sleigh, bringing presents to children.<SUP id="cite_ref-Toronto_29-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Toronto-29">[29]</A></SUP> Some modern ideas of Santa Claus seemingly became <A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canon" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:canon">canon</A> after the anonymous publication of the poem "<A href="/wiki/A_Visit_From_St._Nicholas" class="mw-redirect" title="A Visit From St. Nicholas">A Visit From St. Nicholas</A>" (better known today as "The Night Before Christmas") in the <A href="/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy, New York</A>, <I>Sentinel</I> on 23 December 1823; <A href="/wiki/Clement_Clarke_Moore" title="Clement Clarke Moore">Clement Clarke Moore</A> later claimed authorship, though some scholars contest persuasively that <A href="/wiki/Henry_Livingston,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Livingston, Jr.">Henry Livingston, Jr.</A> (who died nine years before Moore's claim) was the author.<SUP id="cite_ref-msnbc_7-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-msnbc-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP> St. Nick is described as being "chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf" with "a little round belly", that "shook when he laughed like a bowlful of jelly", in spite of which the "miniature sleigh" and "tiny reindeer" still indicate that he is physically diminutive. The <A href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">reindeer</A> were also named: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder and Blixem (Dunder and Blixem came from the old Dutch words for thunder and lightning, which were later changed to the more German sounding Donner and Blitzen).<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP></P>
<P>By 1845 'Kris Kringle' was a common variant of Santa in parts of the U.S.<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP> A magazine article from 1853, describing American Christmas customs to British readers, refers to children hanging up their stockings on Christmas Eve for 'a fabulous personage' whose name varies: in Pennsylvania he is usually called 'Krishkinkle' but in New York he is 'St. Nicholas' or 'Santa Claus'. The author<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP> quotes Moore's poem in its entirety, saying that its descriptions apply to Krishkinkle too.<SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[34]</A></SUP></P>
<P>As the years passed, Santa Claus evolved in popular culture into a large, heavyset person. One of the first artists to define Santa Claus's modern image was <A href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</A>, an American <A href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonist</A> of the 19th century. In 1863, a picture of Santa illustrated by Nast appeared in <I><A href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</A></I>.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</A> immortalized Santa Claus with an illustration for the 3 January 1863 issue of <I>Harper's Weekly</I>. Santa was dressed in an <A href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">American flag</A>, and had a puppet with the name "<A href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jeff</A>" written on it, reflecting its Civil War context. The story that Santa Claus lives at the North Pole may also have been a Nast creation. His Christmas image in the <I>Harper's</I> issue dated 29 December 1866 was a collage of engravings titled <I>Santa Claus and His Works</I>, which included the caption "Santa Claussville, N.P."<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP> A color collection of Nast's pictures, published in 1869, had a poem also titled "Santa Claus and His Works" by George P. Webster, who wrote that Santa Claus's home was "near the North Pole, in the ice and snow".<SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[36]</A></SUP> The tale had become well known by the 1870s. A boy from <A href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</A> writing to the children's magazine <I>The Nursery</I> in late 1874 said, "If we did not live so very far from the North Pole, I should ask Santa Claus to bring me a donkey."<SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[37]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The idea of a wife for Santa Claus may have been the creation of American authors, beginning in the mid-19th century. In 1889, the poet <A href="/wiki/Katharine_Lee_Bates" title="Katharine Lee Bates">Katharine Lee Bates</A> popularized <A href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</A> in the poem "Goody Santa Claus on a Sleigh Ride".</P>
<P><I>"Is There a Santa Claus?"</I> was the title of an editorial appearing in the 21 September 1897 edition of <I><A href="/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun (New York)">The New York Sun</A></I>. The editorial, which included the famous reply "<A href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</A>", has become an indelible part of popular Christmas lore in the United States and Canada.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="20th_century">20th century</SPAN></H3>
<P><A href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</A>'s <I><A href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Adventures_of_Santa_Claus" title="The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus">The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus</A></I>, a 1902 <A href="/wiki/Children%27s_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's book">children's book</A>, further popularized Santa Claus. Much of Santa Claus's mythos was not set in stone at the time, leaving Baum to give his "Neclaus" (Necile's Little One) a wide variety of immortal support, a home in the Laughing Valley of Hohaho, and <I>ten</I> reindeer—who could not fly, but leapt in enormous, flight-like bounds. Claus's <A href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</A> was earned, much like his title ("Santa"), decided by a vote of those naturally immortal. This work also established Claus's motives: a happy childhood among immortals. When Ak, Master Woodsman of the World, exposes him to the misery and poverty of children in the outside world, Santa strives to find a way to bring joy into the lives of all children, and eventually invents toys as a principal means. Santa later appears in <I><A href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Oz" title="The Road to Oz">The Road to Oz</A></I> as a honored guest at Ozma's birthday party, stated to be famous and beloved enough for everyone to bow even before he is announced as "The most Mighty and Loyal Friend of Children, His Supreme Highness - Santa Claus".</P>
<P>Images of Santa Claus were further popularized through <A href="/wiki/Haddon_Sundblom" title="Haddon Sundblom">Haddon Sundblom</A>'s depiction of him for <A href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">The Coca-Cola Company</A>'s Christmas advertising in the 1930s.<SUP id="cite_ref-msnbc_7-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-msnbc-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-ccc_38-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ccc-38">[38]</A></SUP> The popularity of the image spawned <A href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legends</A> that Santa Claus was invented by The Coca-Cola Company or that Santa wears red and white because they are the colors used to promote the Coca-Cola brand.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP> Historically, Coca-Cola was not the first <A href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drink</A> company to utilize the modern image of Santa Claus in its advertising—<A href="/wiki/White_Rock_Beverages" title="White Rock Beverages">White Rock Beverages</A> had already used a red and white Santa to sell <A href="/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water">mineral water</A> in 1915 and then in advertisements for its <A href="/wiki/Ginger_ale" title="Ginger ale">ginger ale</A> in 1923.<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[41]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-bevnet_42-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bevnet-42">[42]</A></SUP> Earlier still, Santa Claus had appeared dressed in red and white and essentially in his current form on several covers of <I><A href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</A></I> magazine in the first few years of the 20th century.<SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[43]</A></SUP></P>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Santa_Claus_1902.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chicago_Santa_Claus_1902.jpg/220px-Chicago_Santa_Claus_1902.jpg" width="220" height="158" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chicago_Santa_Claus_1902.jpg/330px-Chicago_Santa_Claus_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chicago_Santa_Claus_1902.jpg/440px-Chicago_Santa_Claus_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="459" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Santa_Claus_1902.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
A man dressed as Santa Claus <A href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">fundraising</A> for <A href="/wiki/Volunteers_of_America" title="Volunteers of America">Volunteers of America</A> on the <A href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalk</A> of street in <A href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</A>, in 1902. He is wearing a mask with a beard attached.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>The image of Santa Claus as a benevolent character became reinforced with its association with charity and philanthropy, particularly by organizations such as the <A href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</A>. Volunteers dressed as Santa Claus typically became part of <A href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">fundraising</A> drives to aid needy families at Christmas time.</P>
<P>In 1937, <A href="/wiki/Charles_W._Howard" title="Charles W. Howard">Charles W. Howard</A>, who played Santa Claus in department stores and parades, established the Charles W. Howard Santa School, the oldest continuously-run such school in the world.<SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[44]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In some images from the early 20th century, Santa was depicted as personally making his toys by hand in a small workshop like a craftsman. Eventually, the idea emerged that he had numerous elves responsible for making the toys, but the toys were still handmade by each individual elf working in the traditional manner.</P>
<P>The 1956 popular song by <A href="/wiki/George_Melachrino" title="George Melachrino">George Melachrino</A>, "Mrs. Santa Claus", and the 1963 children's book <I>How Mrs. Santa Claus Saved Christmas</I>, by <A href="/wiki/Phyllis_McGinley" title="Phyllis McGinley">Phyllis McGinley</A>, helped standardize and establish the character and role of <A href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</A> in the popular imagination.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Seabury_Quinn" title="Seabury Quinn">Seabury Quinn</A>'s 1948 novel <I><A href="/wiki/Roads_(novel)" title="Roads (novel)">Roads</A></I> draws from historical legends to tell the story of Santa and the origins of Christmas. Other modern additions to the "story" of Santa include <A href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</A>, the 9th and lead reindeer immortalized in a <A href="/wiki/Gene_Autry" title="Gene Autry">Gene Autry</A> song, written by a <A href="/wiki/Montgomery_Ward" title="Montgomery Ward">Montgomery Ward</A> copywriter.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Santa1905PuckCover.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Santa1905PuckCover.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Santa1905PuckCover.jpg/220px-Santa1905PuckCover.jpg" width="220" height="297" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Santa1905PuckCover.jpg/330px-Santa1905PuckCover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Santa1905PuckCover.jpg/440px-Santa1905PuckCover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="4984" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Santa1905PuckCover.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>By the end of the 20th century, the reality of mass mechanized production became more fully accepted by the Western public.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> Elves had been portrayed as using <A href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly lines</A> to produce toys early in the 20th century. That shift was reflected in the modern depiction of Santa's residence—now often humorously portrayed as a fully mechanized production and distribution facility, equipped with the latest manufacturing technology, and overseen by the elves with Santa and Mrs. Claus as executives and/or managers.<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[45]</A></SUP> An excerpt from a 2004 article, from a supply chain managers' trade magazine, aptly illustrates this depiction:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>Santa's main <A href="/wiki/Distribution_center" title="Distribution center">distribution center</A> is a sight to behold. At 4,000,000 square feet (370,000 m<SUP>2</SUP>), it's one of the world's largest facilities. A real-time <A href="/wiki/Warehouse_management_system" title="Warehouse management system">warehouse management system</A> (WMS) is of course required to run such a complex. The facility makes extensive use of task interleaving, literally combining dozens of DC activities (putaway, replenishing, order picking, sleigh loading, cycle counting) in a dynamic queue...the DC elves have been on engineered standards and incentives for three years, leading to a 12% gain in <A href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</A>...The WMS and transportation system are fully integrated, allowing (the elves) to make optimal decisions that balance transportation and order picking and other DC costs. Unbeknownst to many, Santa actually has to use many sleighs and fake Santa drivers to get the job done Christmas Eve, and the <A href="/wiki/Transportation_management_system" title="Transportation management system">transportation management system (TMS)</A> optimally builds thousands of consolidated sacks that maximize cube utilization and minimize total air miles.<SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[46]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>In the cartoon base, Santa has been voiced by several people, including Stan Francis, <A href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ed_Asner" title="Ed Asner">Ed Asner</A>, <A href="/wiki/John_Goodman" title="John Goodman">John Goodman</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Keith_Wickham" title="Keith Wickham">Keith Wickham</A>.</P>
<P>Santa has been described as a positive male <A href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">cultural icon</A>:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>Santa is really the only cultural icon we have who's male, does not carry a gun, and is all about peace, joy, giving, and caring for other people. That's part of the magic for me, especially in a culture where we've become so commercialized and hooked into manufactured icons. Santa is much more organic, integral, connected to the past, and therefore connected to the future.</P>
<DIV class="templatequotecite">— <CITE>TV producer <A href="/wiki/Jonathan_Meath" title="Jonathan Meath">Jonathan Meath</A> who portrays Santa, 2011<SUP id="cite_ref-tws2DecL113_47-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws2DecL113-47">[47]</A></SUP></CITE></DIV>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Many television commercials, <A href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strips</A> and other media depict this as a sort of humorous business, with <A href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Santa's elves</A> acting as a sometimes mischievously disgruntled workforce, cracking jokes and pulling pranks on their boss. For instance, a <I><A href="/wiki/Bloom_County" title="Bloom County">Bloom County</A></I> story from 15 December 1981 through 24 December 1981 has Santa rejecting the demands of PETCO (Professional Elves Toy-Making and Craft Organization) for higher wages, a hot tub in the locker room, and "short broads,” with the elves then going on strike. <A href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">President Reagan</A> steps in, fires all of Santa's helpers, and replaces them with out-of-work <A href="/wiki/Aircraft_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft control">air traffic controllers</A> (an obvious reference to the <A href="/wiki/Professional_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Organization_(1968)" title="Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)">1981 air traffic controllers' strike</A>), resulting in a riot before Santa vindictively rehires them in humiliating new positions such as his reindeer.<SUP id="cite_ref-High_Five!_Top_Five!_–_Bizarre_Santa_Claus_Cameos_in_Comics_by_Robert_Bazz,_December_13,_2010_48-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-High_Five!_Top_Five!_–_Bizarre_Santa_Claus_Cameos_in_Comics_by_Robert_Bazz,_December_13,_2010-48">[48]</A></SUP> In <I><A href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</A></I> episode, "<A href="/wiki/...To_Save_Us_All_from_Satan%27s_Power" title="...To Save Us All from Satan's Power">...To Save Us All from Satan's Power</A>", <A href="/wiki/Paulie_Gualtieri" title="Paulie Gualtieri">Paulie Gualtieri</A> says he "Used to think Santa and Mrs. Claus were running a <A href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">sweatshop</A> over there... The original elves were ugly, traveled with Santa to throw bad kids a beatin', and gave the good ones toys."</P>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Liverpool_Santa_Dash_2009.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Liverpool_Santa_Dash_2009.jpg/200px-Liverpool_Santa_Dash_2009.jpg" width="200" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Liverpool_Santa_Dash_2009.jpg/300px-Liverpool_Santa_Dash_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Liverpool_Santa_Dash_2009.jpg/400px-Liverpool_Santa_Dash_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="684" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Liverpool_Santa_Dash_2009.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
2009 <A href="/wiki/Liverpool_Santa_Dash" title="Liverpool Santa Dash">Liverpool Santa Dash</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>In Kyrgyzstan, a mountain peak was named after Santa Claus, after a Swedish company had suggested the location be a more efficient starting place for present-delivering journeys all over the world, than Lapland. In the Kyrgyz capital, <A href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</A>, a Santa Claus Festival was held on 30 December 2007, with government officials attending. 2008 was officially declared the Year of Santa Claus in the country. The events are seen as moves to boost tourism in Kyrgyzstan.<SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[49]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness World Record">Guinness World Record</A> for the largest gathering of Santa Clauses is held by <A href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</A>, <A href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</A>, <A href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</A> where on 27 December 2014, 18,112 Santas came overtaking the current record of Derry City, Northern Ireland. On 9 September 2007 where a total of 12,965 people dressed up as Santa or Santa's helper which previously brought down the record of 3,921, which was set during the Santa Dash event in Liverpool City Centre in 2005.<SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[50]</A></SUP> A gathering of Santas in 2009 in Bucharest, Romania attempted to top the world record, but failed with only 3,939 Santas.<SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[51]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Traditions_and_rituals">Traditions and rituals</SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Chimney_tradition">Chimney tradition</SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Jan_Steen_%E2%80%93_Het_Sint-Nicolaasfeest_(2).jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jan_Steen_%E2%80%93_Het_Sint-Nicolaasfeest_%282%29.jpg/220px-Jan_Steen_%E2%80%93_Het_Sint-Nicolaasfeest_%282%29.jpg" width="220" height="262" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jan_Steen_%E2%80%93_Het_Sint-Nicolaasfeest_%282%29.jpg/330px-Jan_Steen_%E2%80%93_Het_Sint-Nicolaasfeest_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jan_Steen_%E2%80%93_Het_Sint-Nicolaasfeest_%282%29.jpg/440px-Jan_Steen_%E2%80%93_Het_Sint-Nicolaasfeest_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1022" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Jan_Steen_%E2%80%93_Het_Sint-Nicolaasfeest_(2).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Steen's <I><A href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="The Feast of Saint Nicholas">The Feast of Saint Nicholas</A></I></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>The tradition of Santa Claus entering dwellings through the chimney is shared by many European seasonal gift-givers. In pre-Christian Norse tradition, Odin would often enter through chimneys and fire holes on the solstice.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> In the Italian <A href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</A> tradition, the gift-giving witch is perpetually covered with soot from her trips down the chimneys of children's homes. In the tale of Saint Nicholas, the saint tossed coins through a window, and, in a later version of the tale, down a chimney when he finds the window locked. In Dutch artist <A href="/wiki/Jan_Steen" title="Jan Steen">Jan Steen</A>'s painting, <I><A href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="The Feast of Saint Nicholas">The Feast of Saint Nicholas</A></I>, adults and toddlers are glancing up a chimney with amazement on their faces while other children play with their toys. The hearth was held sacred in primitive belief as a source of beneficence, and popular belief had elves and fairies bringing gifts to the house through this portal. Santa's entrance into homes on Christmas Eve via the chimney was made part of American tradition through the poem <I>"A Visit from St. Nicholas"</I> where the author described him as an elf.<SUP id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-52">[52]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Christmas_Eve_rituals">Christmas Eve rituals</SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:20121123_SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/20121123_SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG/220px-20121123_SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/20121123_SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG/330px-20121123_SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/20121123_SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG/440px-20121123_SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:20121123_SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Santa Claus waves to children from an <A href="/wiki/CTA_Holiday_Train" title="CTA Holiday Train">annual holiday train</A> in Chicago.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>In the United States and Canada, children traditionally leave Santa a glass of milk and a plate of <A href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">cookies</A>; in Britain and Australia, he is sometimes given <A href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</A> or beer, and <A href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">mince pies</A> instead. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, it is common for children to leave him rice porridge with cinnamon sugar instead. In Ireland it is popular to give him <A href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</A> or milk, along with <A href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Christmas pudding</A> or mince pies.</P>
<P>In Hungary, St. Nicolaus (Mikulás) comes on the night of 5 December and the children get their gifts the next morning. They get sweets in a bag if they were good, and a golden colored birch switch if not. On Christmas Eve "Little Jesus" comes and gives gifts for everyone.</P>
<P>In Slovenia, Saint Nicholas (Miklavž) also brings small gifts for good children on the eve of 6 December. Božiček (Christmas Man) brings gifts on the eve of 25 December, and Dedek Mraz (Grandfather Frost) brings gifts in the evening of 31 December to be opened on New Years Day.</P>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:ChristmasEveOhio1928.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ChristmasEveOhio1928.jpg/220px-ChristmasEveOhio1928.jpg" width="220" height="144" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ChristmasEveOhio1928.jpg/330px-ChristmasEveOhio1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ChristmasEveOhio1928.jpg/440px-ChristmasEveOhio1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="668" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:ChristmasEveOhio1928.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Hanging up stockings for Santa Claus, Ohio, 1928</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>New Zealander, British, Australian, Irish, Canadian, and American children also leave a carrot for Santa's reindeer, and are told that if they are not good all year round that they will receive a lump of coal in their stockings, although the actual practice of giving coal is now considered archaic. Children following the Dutch custom for <I>sinterklaas</I> will "put out their shoe" (leave hay and a carrot for his horse in a shoe before going to bed, sometimes weeks before the <I>sinterklaas avond</I>). The next morning they will find the hay and carrot replaced by a gift; often, this is a <A href="/wiki/Marzipan" title="Marzipan">marzipan</A> <A href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">figurine</A>. Naughty children were once told that they would be left a <I>roe</I> (a bundle of sticks) instead of sweets, but this practice has been discontinued.</P>
<P>Other Christmas Eve Santa Claus rituals in the United States include reading <I><A href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</A></I> or other tale about Santa Claus, watching a Santa or Christmas-related animated program on television (such as the aforementioned <I>Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town</I> and similar specials, such as <I><A href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer_(TV_special)" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</A></I>, among many others), and the singing of Santa Claus songs such as "<A href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Is_Coming_to_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Claus Is Coming to Town">Santa Claus Is Coming to Town</A>", "<A href="/wiki/Here_Comes_Santa_Claus" title="Here Comes Santa Claus">Here Comes Santa Claus</A>", and "<A href="/wiki/Up_on_the_House_Top" title="Up on the House Top">Up on the House Top</A>". Last minute rituals for children before going to bed include aligning stockings at the mantelpiece or other place where Santa cannot fail to see them, peeking up the chimney (in homes with a fireplace), glancing out a window and scanning the heavens for Santa's sleigh, and (in homes without a fireplace) unlocking an exterior door so Santa can easily enter the house. Tags on gifts for children are sometimes signed by their parents "From Santa Claus" before the gifts are laid beneath the tree.</P>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:181px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Jolly-old-saint-nick.gif" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Jolly-old-saint-nick.gif" width="179" height="278" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="278" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">A classic American image of Santa Claus.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H3><SPAN id="Ho.2C_ho.2C_ho"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Ho,_ho,_ho">Ho, ho, ho</SPAN></H3>
<P><I><B>Ho ho ho</B></I> is the way that many languages write out how Santa Claus laughs. "<B>Ho, ho, ho</B>! Merry Christmas!" It is the textual rendition of a particular type of deep-throated <A href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">laugh</A> or chuckle, most associated today with Santa Claus and <A href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</A>.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">laughter</A> of Santa Claus has long been an important attribute by which the character is identified, but it also does not appear in many non-<A href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</A>-speaking countries. The traditional Christmas poem <I><A href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</A></I> relates that Santa has:</P>
<DL>
<DD><I>. . . a little round belly<BR />
That shook when he laugh'd, like a bowl full of jelly</I></DD>
</DL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Home">Home</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop#Location_of_Santa's_Workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop § Location of Santa's Workshop</A></DIV>
<P>Santa Claus's home traditionally includes a residence and a workshop where he creates—often with the aid of elves or other supernatural beings—the gifts he delivers to good children at Christmas. Some stories and legends include a village, inhabited by his helpers, surrounding his home and shop.</P>
<P>In North American tradition (in the United States and Canada), Santa lives on the North Pole, which according to <A href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</A> lies within Canadian jurisdiction in <A href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Canada" title="Postal codes in Canada">postal code</A> H0H 0H0<SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[53]</A></SUP> (a reference to "ho ho ho", Santa's notable saying, although postal codes starting with H are usually reserved for the island of Montreal in Québec). On 23 December 2008, <A href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Jason Kenney</A>, Canada's minister of Citizenship, Immigration and Multiculturalism, formally awarded Canadian citizenship status to Santa Claus. "<I>The Government of Canada wishes Santa the very best in his Christmas Eve duties and wants to let him know that, as a Canadian citizen, he has the automatic right to re-enter Canada once his trip around the world is complete,</I>" Kenney said in an official statement.<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[54]</A></SUP></P>
<P>There is also a city named <A href="/wiki/North_Pole,_Alaska" title="North Pole, Alaska">North Pole</A> in <A href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</A> where a tourist attraction known as the "Santa Claus House" has been established. The <A href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</A> uses the city's <A href="/wiki/ZIP_code" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIP code">ZIP code</A> of 99705 as their advertised postal code for Santa Claus. A <A href="/wiki/Wendy%27s" title="Wendy's">Wendy's</A> in North Pole, AK has also claimed to have a "sleigh fly through".<SUP id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-55">[55]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Each <A href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic country</A> claims Santa's residence to be within their territory. Norway claims he lives in <A href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B8bak" title="Drøbak">Drøbak</A>. In Denmark, he is said to live in Greenland (near <A href="/wiki/Uummannaq" title="Uummannaq">Uummannaq</A>). In Sweden, the town of <A href="/wiki/Mora,_Sweden" title="Mora, Sweden">Mora</A> has a theme park named <A href="/wiki/Tomteland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomteland">Tomteland</A>. The national postal terminal in <A href="/wiki/Tomteboda" title="Tomteboda">Tomteboda</A> in Stockholm receives children's letters for Santa. In Finland, <A href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</A> has long been known as Santa's home, and two theme parks, <A href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</A> and <A href="/wiki/Santa_Park" title="Santa Park">Santa Park</A> are located near <A href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</A>. In <A href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</A> there is a home of <A href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</A> in <A href="/wiki/Belovezhskaya_Pushcha_National_Park" title="Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park">Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-56">[56]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN id="Parades.2C_department_stores.2C_and_shopping_malls"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Parades,_department_stores,_and_shopping_malls">Parades, department stores, and shopping malls</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop#Santa_Claus_grottos/department_stores" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop § Santa Claus grottos/department stores</A></DIV>
<TABLE class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image">
<DIV style="width:52px"><IMG alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" width="48" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="mbox-text">
<DIV class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <B>deal primarily with North America and do not represent a <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</A> of the subject</B>. <SPAN class="hide-when-compact">You may <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Claus&action=edit">improve this article</A>, discuss the issue on the <A href="/wiki/Talk:Santa_Claus" title="Talk:Santa Claus">talk page</A>, or <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</A>, as appropriate.</SPAN> <SMALL><I>(December 2016)</I></SMALL> <SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I>(<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:1918eatonssantaclausparade.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1918eatonssantaclausparade.jpg/220px-1918eatonssantaclausparade.jpg" width="220" height="178" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1918eatonssantaclausparade.jpg/330px-1918eatonssantaclausparade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1918eatonssantaclausparade.jpg/440px-1918eatonssantaclausparade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="810" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:1918eatonssantaclausparade.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Eaton's Santa Claus Parade, 1918, Toronto, Canada. Having arrived at the <A href="/wiki/Eaton%27s" title="Eaton's">Eaton's</A> department store, Santa is readying his ladder to climb up onto the building.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Santaclausjf.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Santaclausjf.JPG/220px-Santaclausjf.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Santaclausjf.JPG/330px-Santaclausjf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Santaclausjf.JPG/440px-Santaclausjf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Santaclausjf.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Giant Santa Claus, Philippines</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Santa Claus appears in the weeks before Christmas in <A href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department stores</A> or shopping malls, or at parties. The practice of this has been credited<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><SPAN title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2016)">dubious</SPAN></A> <SPAN class="metadata">– <A href="/wiki/Talk:Santa_Claus#Dubious" title="Talk:Santa Claus">discuss</A></SPAN></I>]</SUP> to <A href="/wiki/James_Edgar_(entrepreneur)" title="James Edgar (entrepreneur)">James Edgar</A>, as he started doing this in 1890 in his <A href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton, Massachusetts</A> department store.<SUP id="cite_ref-Enterprise_57-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Enterprise-57">[57]</A></SUP> He is played by an actor, usually helped by other actors (often mall employees) dressed as elves or other creatures of folklore associated with Santa. Santa's function is either to promote the store's image by distributing small gifts to children, or to provide a seasonal experience to children by listening to their wishlist while having them sit on his knee (a practice now under review by some organisations in Britain,<SUP id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-58">[58]</A></SUP> and Switzerland<SUP id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-59">[59]</A></SUP>). Sometimes a photograph of the child and Santa are taken. Having a Santa set up to take pictures with children is a ritual that dates back at least to 1918.<SUP id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-60">[60]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The area set up for this purpose is festively decorated, usually with a large throne, and is called variously "Santa's Grotto", "Santa's Workshop" or a similar term. In the United States, the most notable of these is the Santa at the flagship <A href="/wiki/Macy%27s" title="Macy's">Macy's</A> store in New York City—he arrives at the store by sleigh in the <A href="/wiki/Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade">Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade</A> on the last float, and his court takes over a large portion of one floor in the store. The Macy's Santa Claus in <A href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</A> is often said to be the real Santa. This was popularized by the 1947 film <I><A href="/wiki/Miracle_on_34th_Street" title="Miracle on 34th Street">Miracle on 34th Street</A></I> with Santa Claus being called Kris Kringle. Essayist <A href="/wiki/David_Sedaris" title="David Sedaris">David Sedaris</A> is known for the satirical <A href="/wiki/SantaLand_Diaries" class="mw-redirect" title="SantaLand Diaries">SantaLand Diaries</A> he kept while working as an elf in the Macy's display, which were turned into a famous radio segment and later published.</P>
<P>Quite often the Santa, if and when he is detected to be fake, explains that he is not the real Santa and is helping him at this time of year. Most young children accept this explanation. At family parties, Santa is sometimes impersonated by the male head of the household or other adult male family member.</P>
<P>In Canada, malls operated by <A href="/wiki/Oxford_Properties" title="Oxford Properties">Oxford Properties</A> established a process by which autistic children could visit Santa Claus at the mall without having to contend with crowds.<SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[61]</A></SUP> The malls open early to allow entry only to families with autistic children, who have a private visit with Santa Claus. In 2012, the <A href="/wiki/Southcentre_Mall" title="Southcentre Mall">Southcentre Mall</A> in Calgary was the first mall to offer this service.<SUP id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-62">[62]</A></SUP></P>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_G_Meath_portrays_Santa_Claus.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jonathan_G_Meath_portrays_Santa_Claus.jpg/220px-Jonathan_G_Meath_portrays_Santa_Claus.jpg" width="220" height="308" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jonathan_G_Meath_portrays_Santa_Claus.jpg/330px-Jonathan_G_Meath_portrays_Santa_Claus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jonathan_G_Meath_portrays_Santa_Claus.jpg/440px-Jonathan_G_Meath_portrays_Santa_Claus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="2791" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_G_Meath_portrays_Santa_Claus.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Santa Claus portrayed by children's television producer <A href="/wiki/Jonathan_Meath" title="Jonathan Meath">Jonathan Meath</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>There are schools offering instruction on how to act as Santa Claus. For example, children's television producer <A href="/wiki/Jonathan_Meath" title="Jonathan Meath">Jonathan Meath</A> studied at the International School of Santa Claus and earned the degree <I>Master of Santa Claus</I> in 2006. It blossomed into a second career for him, and after appearing in parades and malls,<SUP id="cite_ref-twsNovMc_63-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-twsNovMc-63">[63]</A></SUP> he appeared on the cover of the American monthly <I><A href="/wiki/Boston_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Magazine">Boston Magazine</A></I> as Santa.<SUP id="cite_ref-twsNovM32_64-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-twsNovM32-64">[64]</A></SUP> There are associations with members who portray Santa; for example, Mr. Meath was a board member of the international organization called <I>Fraternal Order of Real Bearded Santas.</I><SUP id="cite_ref-twsNovM24_65-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-twsNovM24-65">[65]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Letter_writing_to_Santa">Letter writing to Santa</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Letters to Santa" redirects here. For the Muppet television film, see <A href="/wiki/A_Muppets_Christmas:_Letters_to_Santa" title="A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa">A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa</A>. For the Polish film, see <A href="/wiki/Letters_to_Santa_(film)" title="Letters to Santa (film)">Letters to Santa (film)</A>.</DIV>
<P>Writing letters to Santa Claus has been a Christmas tradition for children for many years. These letters normally contain a <A href="/wiki/Wish_list" title="Wish list">wishlist</A> of toys and assertions of good behavior. Some <A href="/wiki/Social_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Social scientists">social scientists</A> have found that boys and girls write different types of letters. Girls generally write longer but more polite lists and express the nature of Christmas more in their letters than in letters written by boys. Girls also more often request gifts for other people.<SUP id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-66">[66]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Many <A href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">postal services</A> allow children to send letters to Santa Claus. These letters may be answered by postal workers and/or outside volunteers.<SUP id="cite_ref-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007_67-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007-67">[67]</A></SUP> Writing letters to Santa Claus has the educational benefits of promoting literacy, computer literacy, and e-mail literacy. A letter to Santa is often a child's first experience of correspondence. Written and sent with the help of a parent or teacher, children learn about the <A href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">structure of a letter, salutations, and the use of an address and postcode</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010_68-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010-68">[68]</A></SUP></P>
<P>According to the <A href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</A> (UPU)'s 2007 study and survey of national postal operations, the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</A> (USPS) has the oldest Santa letter answering effort by a national postal system. The <A href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">USPS</A> Santa letter answering effort started in 1912 out of the historic <A href="/wiki/James_Farley_Post_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="James Farley Post Office">James Farley Post Office</A><SUP id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-69">[69]</A></SUP> in New York, and since 1940 has been called "Operation Santa" to ensure that letters to Santa are adopted by charitable organizations, major corporations, local businesses and individuals in order to make children's holiday dreams come true from coast to coast.<SUP id="cite_ref-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007_67-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007-67">[67]</A></SUP> Those seeking a <A href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</A> holiday postmark through the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">USPS</A>, are told to send their letter from Santa or a holiday greeting card by 10 December to: North Pole Holiday Postmark, Postmaster, 4141 Postmark Dr, Anchorage, AK 99530-9998.<SUP id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-70">[70]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2006, according to the <A href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU's</A> 2007 study and survey of national postal operations, <A href="/wiki/La_Poste_(France)" title="La Poste (France)">France's Postal Service</A> received the most letters for Santa Claus or "<A href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</A>" with 1,220,000 letters received from 126 countries.<SUP id="cite_ref-France_answers_the_most_Santa_letters,_21_Dec_2007_71-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-France_answers_the_most_Santa_letters,_21_Dec_2007-71">[71]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/La_Poste_(France)" title="La Poste (France)">France's Postal Service</A> in 2007 specially recruited someone to answer the enormous volume of mail that was coming from Russia for Santa Claus.<SUP id="cite_ref-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007_67-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007-67">[67]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Other interesting Santa letter processing information, according to the <A href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU's</A> 2007 study and survey of national postal operations, are:<SUP id="cite_ref-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007_67-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007-67">[67]</A></SUP></P>
<UL>
<LI>Countries whose national postal operators answer letters to Santa and other end-of-year holiday figures, and the number of letters received in 2006: Germany (500,000), Australia (117,000), Austria (6,000), Bulgaria (500), Canada (1,060,000), Spain (232,000), United States (no figure, as statistics are not kept centrally), Finland (750,000), France (1,220,000), Ireland (100,000), New Zealand (110,000), Portugal (255,000), Poland (3,000), Slovakia (85,000), Sweden (150,000), Switzerland (17,863), Ukraine (5,019), United Kingdom (750,000).</LI>
<LI>In 2006, <A href="/wiki/Itella" class="mw-redirect" title="Itella">Finland's national postal operation</A> received letters from 150 countries (representing 90% of the letters received), <A href="/wiki/La_Poste_(France)" title="La Poste (France)">France's Postal Service</A> from 126 countries, Germany from 80 countries, and Slovakia from 20 countries.</LI>
<LI>In 2007, <A href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</A> replied to letters in 26 languages and <A href="/wiki/Deutsche_Post" title="Deutsche Post">Deutsche Post</A> in 16 languages.</LI>
<LI>Some national postal operators make it possible to send in e-mail messages which are answered by physical mail. All the same, Santa still receives far more letters than e-mail through the national postal operators, proving that children still write letters. National postal operators offering the ability to use an on-line <A href="/wiki/Form_(web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (web)">web form</A> (with or without a return e-mail address) to Santa and obtain a reply include <A href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</A><SUP id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-72">[72]</A></SUP> (on-line web request form in English and French), <A href="/wiki/La_Poste_(France)" title="La Poste (France)">France's Postal Service</A> (on-line web request form in French),<SUP id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-73">[73]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Father_Christmas's_French_office_open,_18_Nov_2010_74-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Father_Christmas's_French_office_open,_18_Nov_2010-74">[74]</A></SUP> and <A href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Post" title="New Zealand Post">New Zealand Post</A><SUP id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-75">[75]</A></SUP> (on-line web request form in English).<SUP id="cite_ref-NZ_Post_to_tighten_net_for_Santa,_by_Alexis_Grant,_30_Nov_2004_76-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NZ_Post_to_tighten_net_for_Santa,_by_Alexis_Grant,_30_Nov_2004-76">[76]</A></SUP> In France, by 6 December 2010, a team of 60 postal elves had sent out reply cards in response to 80,000 e-mail on-line request forms and more than 500,000 physical letters.<SUP id="cite_ref-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010_68-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010-68">[68]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
<P><A href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</A> has a special <A href="/wiki/Canadian_postal_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian postal code">postal code</A> for letters to Santa Claus, and since 1982 over 13,000 Canadian postal workers have volunteered to write responses. His address is: Santa Claus, <A href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">North Pole, Canada</A>, <A href="/wiki/H0H_0H0" class="mw-redirect" title="H0H 0H0">H0H 0H0</A>; no postage is required.<SUP id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-77">[77]</A></SUP> (see also: <A href="/wiki/Ho_ho_ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho ho ho">Ho ho ho</A>). (This postal code, in which zeroes are used for the letter "O", is consistent with the alternating letter-number format of all Canadian postal codes.) Sometimes children's charities answer letters in poor communities, or from children's hospitals, and give them presents they would not otherwise receive. From 2002 to 2014, the program replied to approximately "one million letters or more a year, and in total answered more than 24.7 million letters";<SUP id="cite_ref-CanadaPost1_78-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CanadaPost1-78">[78]</A></SUP> as of 2015, it responds to more than 1.5 million letters per year, "in over 30 languages, including Braille … answer[ing] them all in the language they are written".<SUP id="cite_ref-CanadaPost2_79-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CanadaPost2-79">[79]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In Britain it was traditional for some to burn the Christmas letters on the fire so that they would be magically transported by the wind to the North Pole. However this has been found to be less efficient than the use of the normal postal service, and this tradition is dying out in modern times, especially with few homes having open fires.<SUP id="cite_ref-letters_80-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-letters-80">[80]</A></SUP> According to the Royal Mail website, Santa's address for letters from British children is: Santa/Father Christmas, Santa's Grotto, Reindeerland, XM4 5HQ <SUP id="cite_ref-Christmas_letters_to_Santa_81-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Christmas_letters_to_Santa-81">[81]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In Mexico and other Latin American countries, besides using the mail, sometimes children wrap their letters to a small helium balloon, releasing them into the air so Santa magically receives them.<SUP id="cite_ref-letters_80-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-letters-80">[80]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2010, the Brazilian National Post Service, "<A href="/wiki/Correios" title="Correios">Correios</A>" formed partnerships with public schools and social institutions to encourage children to write letters and make use of postcodes and stamps. In 2009, the Brazilian National Post Service, "<A href="/wiki/Correios" title="Correios">Correios</A>" answered almost two million children's letters, and spread some seasonal cheer by donating 414,000 Christmas gifts to some of Brazil's neediest citizens.<SUP id="cite_ref-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010_68-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010-68">[68]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Through the years, the Finnish Santa Claus (<A href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</A> or "<A href="/wiki/Yule_Goat" title="Yule Goat">Yule Goat</A>") has received over eight million letters. He receives over 600,000 letters every year from over 198 different countries with Togo being the most recent country added to the list.<SUP id="cite_ref-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010_68-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010-68">[68]</A></SUP> Children from Great Britain, Poland and Japan are the busiest writers. The Finnish Santa Claus lives in <A href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</A>, however the Santa Claus Main Post Office is situated in <A href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</A> precisely at the <A href="/wiki/Arctic_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic circle">Arctic circle</A>. His address is: Santa Claus' Main Post Office, <A href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</A>, FIN-96930 Arctic Circle. The post office welcomes 300,000 visitors a year, with 70,000 visitors in December alone.<SUP id="cite_ref-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010_68-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010-68">[68]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Children can also receive a letter from Santa through a variety of private agencies and organizations, and on occasion public and private cooperative ventures. An example of a public and private cooperative venture is the opportunity for <A href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</A> and local children and parents to receive postmarked mail and greeting cards from Santa during December in the Finnish Embassy in Beijing, People's Republic of China,<SUP id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-82">[82]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</A> in <A href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</A>, Finland, and the <A href="/wiki/China_Post" title="China Post">People's Republic of China Postal System's</A> Beijing International Post Office.<SUP id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-83">[83]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-84">[84]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Expat_kids_get_the_chance_to_connect_with_Santa,_November_17,_2010_by_Todd_Balazovic_and_Li_Jing_(China_Daily)_85-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Expat_kids_get_the_chance_to_connect_with_Santa,_November_17,_2010_by_Todd_Balazovic_and_Li_Jing_(China_Daily)-85">[85]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Say_hello_to_Santa_Claus,_November_24,_2010_by_Zhao_Hongyi_86-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Say_hello_to_Santa_Claus,_November_24,_2010_by_Zhao_Hongyi-86">[86]</A></SUP> Parents can order a personalized "Santa letter" to be sent to their child, often with a North Pole postmark. The "Santa Letter" market generally relies on the internet as a medium for ordering such letters rather than <A href="/wiki/Retail_stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail stores">retail stores</A>.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><SPAN title="The material near this tag may be giving undue weight to a viewpoint or idea. (June 2011)">undue weight?</SPAN></A> <SPAN class="metadata">– <A href="/wiki/Talk:Santa_Claus#undue" title="Talk:Santa Claus">discuss</A></SPAN></I>]</SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN id="Santa_tracking.2C_Santa_websites_and_email_to_and_from_Santa"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Santa_tracking,_Santa_websites_and_email_to_and_from_Santa">Santa tracking, Santa websites and email to and from Santa</SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Weather_Bureau_Topics_(December_1958_-_front_cover).jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Weather_Bureau_Topics_%28December_1958_-_front_cover%29.jpg/170px-Weather_Bureau_Topics_%28December_1958_-_front_cover%29.jpg" width="170" height="247" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Weather_Bureau_Topics_%28December_1958_-_front_cover%29.jpg/255px-Weather_Bureau_Topics_%28December_1958_-_front_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Weather_Bureau_Topics_%28December_1958_-_front_cover%29.jpg/340px-Weather_Bureau_Topics_%28December_1958_-_front_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="1780" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Weather_Bureau_Topics_(December_1958_-_front_cover).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The Christmas issue of <A href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</A>'s <I>Weather Bureau Topics</I> with "Santa Claus" streaking across a weather <A href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</A> screen, 1958</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Over the years there have been a number of websites created by various organizations that have purported to track Santa Claus. Some, such as <A href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</A>, the Airservices Australia Tracks Santa Project,<SUP id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-87">[87]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Safe_Travels_Santa!_We_will_Be_Watching,_19_Dec_2005_88-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Safe_Travels_Santa!_We_will_Be_Watching,_19_Dec_2005-88">[88]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-New_technology_to_map_Santa's_flight,_24_Dec_2009_89-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-New_technology_to_map_Santa's_flight,_24_Dec_2009-89">[89]</A></SUP> the Santa Update Project, and the <A href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</A> and <A href="/wiki/Bing_Maps_Platform" title="Bing Maps Platform">Bing Maps Platform</A> Tracks Santa Project<SUP id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-90">[90]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Tracking_Santa_with_Bing_Maps_in_2009,_by_Chris_Pendleton,_24_Dec_2009_91-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Tracking_Santa_with_Bing_Maps_in_2009,_by_Chris_Pendleton,_24_Dec_2009-91">[91]</A></SUP> have endured. Others, such as the <A href="/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport" title="Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport</A>'s Tracks Santa Project,<SUP id="cite_ref-DFW_airport_unveils_Santa_Tracker_website,_18_Dec_2006_92-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DFW_airport_unveils_Santa_Tracker_website,_18_Dec_2006-92">[92]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-DFW_Airport's_‘Santa_Tracker'_Is_Operational,_by_BJ_Austin,_24_Dec_2009_93-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DFW_Airport's_‘Santa_Tracker'_Is_Operational,_by_BJ_Austin,_24_Dec_2009-93">[93]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-From_NORAD_Santa_Tracker_To_Twitter:_Santa_Tracking_For_Christmas_Eve_2009,_by_Danny_Sullivan,_23_Dec_2009_94-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-From_NORAD_Santa_Tracker_To_Twitter:_Santa_Tracking_For_Christmas_Eve_2009,_by_Danny_Sullivan,_23_Dec_2009-94">[94]</A></SUP> the Santa Retro Radar – <A href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Lehigh Valley</A> Project,<SUP id="cite_ref-Frank_and_Debi_DeFreitas_of_Holoworld_95-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Frank_and_Debi_DeFreitas_of_Holoworld-95">[95]</A></SUP> and the NASA Tracks Santa Project,<SUP id="cite_ref-Here_Comes_Santa_Claus!_Watch_it_on_the_Web!,_24_Dec_2005_96-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Here_Comes_Santa_Claus!_Watch_it_on_the_Web!,_24_Dec_2005-96">[96]</A></SUP> have fallen by the wayside.</P>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Why_NORAD_Tracks_Santa.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Why_NORAD_Tracks_Santa.jpg/170px-Why_NORAD_Tracks_Santa.jpg" width="170" height="212" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Why_NORAD_Tracks_Santa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="249" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Why_NORAD_Tracks_Santa.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
1955 Sears ad with the misprinted telephone number that led to the creation of the NORAD Tracks Santa program</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>The origins of the NORAD Tracks Santa programme began in the United States in 1955, when a <A href="/wiki/Sears_Roebuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Sears Roebuck">Sears Roebuck</A> store in <A href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</A>, gave children a number to call a "Santa <A href="/wiki/Hotline" title="Hotline">hotline</A>". The number was mistyped, resulting in children calling the <A href="/wiki/Continental_Air_Defense_Command" title="Continental Air Defense Command">Continental Air Defense Command</A> (CONAD) on Christmas Eve instead. The Director of Operations, Colonel Harry Shoup, received the first call for Santa and responded by telling children that there were signs on the radar that Santa was indeed heading south from the North Pole. A tradition began which continued under the name NORAD Tracks Santa when in 1958 Canada and the United States jointly created the <A href="/wiki/North_American_Air_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Air Defense Command">North American Air Defense Command</A> (NORAD).<SUP id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-97">[97]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-98">[98]</A></SUP> This tracking can now be done via the Internet and NORAD's website.</P>
<P>In the past, many local television stations in the United States and Canada likewise claimed they "tracked Santa Claus" in their own <A href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan areas">metropolitan areas</A> through the stations' <A href="/wiki/Meteorologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorologists">meteorologists</A>. In December 2000, the <A href="/wiki/The_Weather_Channel" title="The Weather Channel">Weather Channel</A> built upon these local efforts to provide a national Christmas Eve "Santa tracking" effort, called "SantaWatch" in cooperation with <A href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</A>, the <A href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</A>-based new <A href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</A> firm Dreamtime Holdings.<SUP id="cite_ref-SantaWatch:_Hunt_for_Santa_to_Include_Clues_from_the_International_Space_Station,_by_Dreamtime,_18_Dec_2000_99-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SantaWatch:_Hunt_for_Santa_to_Include_Clues_from_the_International_Space_Station,_by_Dreamtime,_18_Dec_2000-99">[99]</A></SUP> In the 21st century, most local television stations in the United States and Canada rely upon outside established "Santa tracking" efforts, such as NORAD Tracks Santa.<SUP id="cite_ref-Keep_track_of_Santa_thanks_to_NORAD,_by_WKTV_News,_24_Dec_2009_100-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Keep_track_of_Santa_thanks_to_NORAD,_by_WKTV_News,_24_Dec_2009-100">[100]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Many other websites became available year-round, devoted to Santa Claus and purport to keep tabs on his activities in his workshop. Many of these websites also include email addresses which allow children to send email to Santa Claus. Most of these websites use volunteer living people as "<A href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">elves</A>" to answer email sent to Santa. Some websites, such as Santa's page on Microsoft's <A href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Spaces" title="Windows Live Spaces">Windows Live Spaces</A>, however have used or still use "<A href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">bots</A>" to compose and send email replies, with occasional unfortunate results.<SUP id="cite_ref-Microsoft_pulls_plug_on_potty-mouth_Santa,_by_John_Fontana,_4_Dec_2007_101-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Microsoft_pulls_plug_on_potty-mouth_Santa,_by_John_Fontana,_4_Dec_2007-101">[101]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-For_a_Jolly_Good_Time,_Chat_With_Santa_on_Windows_Live_Messenger,_13_Dec_2006_102-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-For_a_Jolly_Good_Time,_Chat_With_Santa_on_Windows_Live_Messenger,_13_Dec_2006-102">[102]</A></SUP></P>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Santa_Claus_Museum,_Columbus,_TX_IMG_8241.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Santa_Claus_Museum%2C_Columbus%2C_TX_IMG_8241.JPG/200px-Santa_Claus_Museum%2C_Columbus%2C_TX_IMG_8241.JPG" width="200" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Santa_Claus_Museum%2C_Columbus%2C_TX_IMG_8241.JPG/300px-Santa_Claus_Museum%2C_Columbus%2C_TX_IMG_8241.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Santa_Claus_Museum%2C_Columbus%2C_TX_IMG_8241.JPG/400px-Santa_Claus_Museum%2C_Columbus%2C_TX_IMG_8241.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Santa_Claus_Museum,_Columbus,_TX_IMG_8241.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The Santa Claus Museum in <A href="/wiki/Columbus,_Texas" title="Columbus, Texas">Columbus, Texas</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>In addition to providing holiday-themed entertainment, "Santa tracking" websites raise interest in <A href="/wiki/Space_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Space technology">space technology</A> and <A href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">exploration</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-NORAD_Tracks_Santa_-_Citation_-_Space_Certification_Program_as_a_Corporate_Patron_Level_Partner_in_the_Certified_Imagination_Product_Category,_December_2007_103-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NORAD_Tracks_Santa_-_Citation_-_Space_Certification_Program_as_a_Corporate_Patron_Level_Partner_in_the_Certified_Imagination_Product_Category,_December_2007-103">[103]</A></SUP> serve to educate children in geography.<SUP id="cite_ref-BBC_News_-_Hi-tech_helps_track_Santa_Claus,_December_24,_2008_104-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BBC_News_-_Hi-tech_helps_track_Santa_Claus,_December_24,_2008-104">[104]</A></SUP> and encourage them to take an interest in science.<SUP id="cite_ref-You'd_Better_Not_Pout!_Booz_Allen_Supports_NORAD_to_Track_Santa's_Approach_This_Year,_December_1,_2010_by_Booz_Allen_Hamilton_105-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-You'd_Better_Not_Pout!_Booz_Allen_Supports_NORAD_to_Track_Santa's_Approach_This_Year,_December_1,_2010_by_Booz_Allen_Hamilton-105">[105]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-It's_Time_for_e-Sputnik,_by_Patrick_Gorman,_December_8,_2010_106-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-It's_Time_for_e-Sputnik,_by_Patrick_Gorman,_December_8,_2010-106">[106]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Christmas_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas controversy">Christmas controversy</A></DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Calvinist_and_Puritan_opposition">Calvinist and Puritan opposition</SPAN></H3>
<P>Santa Claus has partial Christian roots in <A href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</A>, particularly in the <A href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</A> denominations that practice the <A href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</A> of him, in addition to other <A href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</A>. In light of this, the character has sometimes been the focus of controversy over the holiday and its meanings. Some Christians, particularly <A href="/wiki/Calvinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinists">Calvinists</A> and <A href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</A>, disliked the idea of Santa Claus, as well as Christmas in general, believing that the lavish celebrations were not in accordance with their faith.<SUP id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-107">[107]</A></SUP> Other <A href="/wiki/Nonconformism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonconformism">nonconformist</A> Christians condemn the materialist focus of contemporary gift giving and see Santa Claus as the symbol of that culture.<SUP id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-108">[108]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Condemnation of Christmas was prevalent among the 17th-century English Puritans and Dutch Calvinists who banned the holiday as either <A href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</A> or <A href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</A>. The American colonies established by these groups reflected this view. Tolerance for Christmas increased after the <A href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</A> but the Puritan opposition to the holiday persisted in New England for almost two centuries.<SUP id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-109">[109]</A></SUP> In the Dutch <A href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</A> colony, season celebrations focused on New Year's Day.</P>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:FatherChristmastrial.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FatherChristmastrial.jpg/220px-FatherChristmastrial.jpg" width="220" height="254" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FatherChristmastrial.jpg/330px-FatherChristmastrial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FatherChristmastrial.jpg/440px-FatherChristmastrial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="978" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:FatherChristmastrial.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Excerpt from Josiah King's <I>The Examination and Tryal of Father Christmas</I> (1686), published shortly after Christmas was reinstated as a holy day in England; <I>Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, D.C.</I></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Following the <A href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</A> of the monarchy and with Puritans out of power in England,<SUP id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-110">[110]</A></SUP> the ban on Christmas was satirized in works such as Josiah King's <I>The Examination and Tryal of Old <A href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</A>; Together with his Clearing by the Jury</I> (1686).<SUP id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-111">[111]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Reverend Paul Nedergaard, a clergyman in <A href="/wiki/Copenhagen,_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen, Denmark">Copenhagen, Denmark</A>, attracted controversy in 1958 when he declared Santa to be a "pagan goblin" (translated from Danish) after Santa's image was used on fundraising materials for a Danish welfare organization <A href="/w/index.php?title=Clar,_337&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clar, 337 (page does not exist)">Clar, 337</A>. A number of denominations of Christians have varying concerns about Santa Claus, which range from acceptance to denouncement.<SUP id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-112">[112]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-113">[113]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</A>, the founder of the <A href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</A> movement, wrote: "the children should not be taught that Santa Claus has aught to do with this [Christmas] pastime. A deceit or falsehood is never wise. Too much cannot be done towards guarding and guiding well the germinating and inclining thought of childhood. To mould aright the first impressions of innocence, aids in perpetuating purity and in unfolding the immortal model, man in His image and likeness."<SUP id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-114">[114]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Opposition_under_state_atheism">Opposition under state atheism</SPAN></H3>
<P>Under the <A href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">Marxist–Leninist</A> doctrine of <A href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</A> in the Soviet Union after its foundation in 1917, Christmas celebrations—along with other religious holidays—were prohibited as a result of the Soviet <A href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">antireligious campaign</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Connelly2000_115-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Connelly2000-115">[115]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-MIG_116-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MIG-116">[116]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/League_of_Militant_Atheists" title="League of Militant Atheists">League of Militant Atheists</A> encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions, among them being Santa Claus and the <A href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</A>, as well as other Christian holidays including <A href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</A>; the League established an antireligious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement.<SUP id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-117">[117]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Ramet2005_118-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Ramet2005-118">[118]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Symbol_of_commercialism">Symbol of commercialism</SPAN></H3>
<P>In his book <I>Nicholas: The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus</I>, writer Jeremy Seal describes how the commercialization of the Santa Claus figure began in the 19th century. "In the 1820s he began to acquire the recognizable trappings: reindeer, <A href="/wiki/Sleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleigh">sleigh</A>, bells," said Seal in an interview.<SUP id="cite_ref-Seal_119-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Seal-119">[119]</A></SUP> "They are simply the actual bearings in the world from which he emerged. At that time, sleighs were how you got about <A href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</A>."</P>
<P>Writing in <I>Mothering</I>, writer Carol Jean-Swanson makes similar points, noting that the original figure of St. Nicholas gave only to those who were needy and that today Santa Claus seems to be more about <A href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">conspicuous consumption</A>:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>Our jolly old Saint Nicholas reflects our culture to a T, for he is fanciful, exuberant, bountiful, over-weight, and highly commercial. He also mirrors some of our highest ideals: childhood purity and innocence, selfless giving, unfaltering love, justice, and mercy. (What child has ever received a coal for Christmas?) The problem is that, in the process, he has become burdened with some of society's greatest challenges: materialism, corporate greed, and domination by the media. Here, Santa carries more in his baggage than toys alone!<SUP id="cite_ref-Mother_120-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Mother-120">[120]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>In the Czech Republic, a group of advertising professionals started a website against Santa Claus, a relatively recent phenomenon in that country.<SUP id="cite_ref-Czech_121-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Czech-121">[121]</A></SUP> "Czech Christmases are intimate and magical. All that Santa stuff seems to me like cheap show business," said David König of the Creative Copywriters Club, pointing out that it is primarily an American and British tradition. "I'm not against Santa himself. I'm against Santa in my country only." In the Czech tradition, presents are delivered by <A href="/wiki/Je%C5%BE%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Ježíšek">Ježíšek</A>, which translates as <A href="/wiki/Baby_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Jesus">Baby Jesus</A>.</P>
<P>In the United Kingdom, <A href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</A> was historically depicted wearing a green cloak.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> As Father Christmas has been increasingly merged into the image of Santa Claus, that has been changed to the more commonly known red suit.<SUP id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-122">[122]</A></SUP> One school in the seaside town of <A href="/wiki/Brighton,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Brighton, England">Brighton</A> banned the use of a red suit erroneously believing it was only indicative of the Coca-Cola advertising campaign. School spokesman Sarah James said: "The red-suited Santa was created as a marketing tool by Coca-Cola, it is a symbol of commercialism."<SUP id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-123">[123]</A></SUP> However, Santa had been portrayed in a red suit in the 19th century by <A href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</A> among others.<SUP id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-124">[124]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Controversy_about_deceiving_children">Controversy about deceiving children</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Paternalistic_deception" title="Paternalistic deception">Paternalistic deception</A></DIV>
<P>Various psychologists and researchers have wrestled with the ways that parents collude to convince young children of the existence of Santa Claus, and have wondered whether children's abilities to critically weigh real-world evidence may be undermined by their belief in this or other imaginary figures. For example, <A href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</A> psychology professor Jacqueline Woolley helped conduct a study that found, to the contrary, that children seemed competent in their use of logic, evidence, and comparative reasoning even though they might conclude that Santa Claus or other fanciful creatures were real:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>The adults they count on to provide reliable information about the world introduce them to Santa. Then his existence is affirmed by friends, books, TV and movies. It is also validated by hard evidence: the half-eaten cookies and empty milk glasses by the tree on Christmas morning. In other words, children do a great job of scientifically evaluating Santa. And adults do a great job of duping them.<SUP id="cite_ref-Woolley_125-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Woolley-125">[125]</A></SUP></P>
<DIV class="templatequotecite">— <CITE>Jacqueline Wooley</CITE></DIV>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Woolley posited that it is perhaps "kinship with the adult world" that causes children not to be angry that they were lied to for so long.<SUP id="cite_ref-Woolley_125-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Woolley-125">[125]</A></SUP> However, the criticism about this deception is not that it is a simple lie, but a complicated series of very large lies.<SUP id="cite_ref-Cline_126-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Cline-126">[126]</A></SUP> Objections include that it is unethical for parents to lie to children without good cause, and that it discourages healthy skepticism in children.<SUP id="cite_ref-Cline_126-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Cline-126">[126]</A></SUP> With no greater good at the heart of the lie, some have charged that it is more about the parents than it is about the children. For instance, writer Austin Cline posed the question: "Is it not possible that kids would find at least as much pleasure in knowing that parents are responsible for Christmas, not a supernatural stranger?"<SUP id="cite_ref-Cline_126-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Cline-126">[126]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Others, however, see no harm in the belief in Santa Claus. Psychologist Tamar Murachver said that because it is a cultural, not parental, lie, it does not undermine parental trust.<SUP id="cite_ref-SantaTrust_127-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SantaTrust-127">[127]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/NZ_Skeptics" title="NZ Skeptics">New Zealand Skeptics</A> also see no harm in parents telling their children that Santa is real. Spokesperson <A href="/wiki/Vicki_Hyde" title="Vicki Hyde">Vicki Hyde</A> said, "It would be a hard-hearted parent indeed who frowned upon the innocent joys of our children's cultural heritage. We save our bah humbugs for the things that exploit the vulnerable."<SUP id="cite_ref-SantaTrust_127-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SantaTrust-127">[127]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Dr. John Condry of <A href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</A> interviewed more than 500 children for a study of the issue and found that not a single child was angry at his or her parents for telling them Santa Claus was real. According to Dr. Condry, "The most common response to finding out the truth was that they felt older and more mature. They now knew something that the younger kids did not".<SUP id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-128">[128]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
<UL style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
<LI style="display:table-row"><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Xmas_tree.svg/28px-Xmas_tree.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Xmas_tree.svg/42px-Xmas_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Xmas_tree.svg/56px-Xmas_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Christmas" title="Portal:Christmas">Christmas portal</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI style="display:table-row"><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><A href="/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/22px-Calendar_icon.svg.png" width="22" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/33px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/44px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="920" /></A></SPAN><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Holidays" title="Portal:Holidays">Holidays portal</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI style="display:table-row"><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/32px-Draig.svg.png" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/48px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/64px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" title="Portal:Mythology">Mythology portal</A></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas controversy">Christmas controversy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</A>—a northeastern US tradition of pilots delivering presents to families in remote lighthouses</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fraternal_Order_of_Real_Bearded_Santas" title="Fraternal Order of Real Bearded Santas">Fraternal Order of Real Bearded Santas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Santa_Claus,_Indiana" title="Santa Claus, Indiana">Santa Claus, Indiana</A>—a small <A href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</A> town named after the figure, and home to <A href="/wiki/Holiday_World_%26_Splashin%27_Safari" title="Holiday World & Splashin' Safari">Holiday World</A> <A href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement park</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Easter_Bunny" title="Easter Bunny">Easter Bunny</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tooth_fairy" title="Tooth fairy">Tooth fairy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa Claus's reindeer</A></LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Related_figures_in_folklore">Related figures in folklore</SPAN></H3>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</A> Original Santa-Claus from Finland</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1s" title="Mikulás">Mikulás</A> Hungary, Poland, Romania Slovenia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, a figure who brings treats before Christmas</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of Saint Nicholas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</A> and <A href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</A>—Mythical characters</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</A>, Basque character, possibly derived from Roman traditions</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_of_Myra" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Nicholas of Myra">Saint Nicholas of Myra</A> and <A href="/wiki/Saint_Basil" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Basil">Saint Basil</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</A>, Dutch mythical figure</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomte">Tomte</A>—Scandinavian mythical character</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yule_Goat" title="Yule Goat">Yule Goat</A>—Scandinavian Christmas symbol</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yule_Lads" title="Yule Lads">Yule Lads</A> a group of Icelandic figures who may leave gifts or rotting potatoes in the days before Christmas</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</A> (Father Frost, Russian: Дед Мороз) plays a role similar to Santa Claus</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mo%C8%99_Geril%C4%83" title="Moș Gerilă">Moș Gerilă</A> name of a character from Romanian communist propaganda</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</A> In German-speaking <A href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</A> folklore, a horned figure who, during the Christmas season, punishes children who have misbehaved</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amu_Nowruz" title="Amu Nowruz">Amu Nowruz</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN></H2>
<P><B>Notes</B></P>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-Krulwich-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Krulwich_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Krulwich, Robert. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=127509&page=1">"How Does Santa Do It?"</A>. ABC News<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 25,</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+Does+Santa+Do+It%3F&rft.au=Krulwich%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FGMA%2Fstory%3Fid%3D127509%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2007/dec/10/coke-denies-claims-it-bottled-familiar-santa/">Coke denies claims it bottled familiar Santa image</A>, Jim Auchmutey, <I><A href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_News" title="Rocky Mountain News">Rocky Mountain News</A></I>, 10 December 2007.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20121205232536/http://www.dailyrecord.com/article/20091128/COMMUNITIES/91127064/1005/news01/Santa-s-arrival-lights-up-the-Green">"Santa's arrival lights up the Green"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyrecord.com/article/20091128/COMMUNITIES/91127064/1005/news01/Santa-s-arrival-lights-up-the-Green">the original</A> on 2012-12-05.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Santa%27s+arrival+lights+up+the+Green&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyrecord.com%2Farticle%2F20091128%2FCOMMUNITIES%2F91127064%2F1005%2Fnews01%2FSanta-s-arrival-lights-up-the-Green&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Penne L. Restad (1996-12-05). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0pnJDKfYi3QC&pg=PA146&dq=thomas+nast+santa+claus#v=onepage&q=thomas%20nast%20santa%20claus&f=false"><I>Christmas in America: A History</I></A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195355093" title="Special:BookSources/9780195355093">9780195355093</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas+in+America%3A+A+History&rft.date=1996-12-05&rft.isbn=9780195355093&rft.au=Penne+L.+Restad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0pnJDKfYi3QC%26pg%3DPA146%26dq%3Dthomas%2Bnast%2Bsanta%2Bclaus%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dthomas%2520nast%2520santa%2520claus%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">B. K. Swartz, Jr.; <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsu.edu/web/01bkswartz/xmaspub.html">THE ORIGIN OF AMERICAN CHRISTMAS MYTH AND CUSTOMS</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430004539/http://www.bsu.edu/web/01bkswartz/xmaspub.html">Archived</A> 30 April 2011 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.; Retrieved 22 December 2007</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Jeff Westover; <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mymerrychristmas.com/2005/reindeer.shtml">The Legendary Role of Reindeer in Christmas</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120803030248/http://mymerrychristmas.com/2005/reindeer.shtml">Archived</A> 3 August 2012 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.; Retrieved 22 December 2007</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-msnbc-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-msnbc_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-msnbc_7-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-msnbc_7-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-msnbc_7-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34525202/ns/technology_and_science-science/">"Santa Claus: The real man behind the myth"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</A></I>. 22 December 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">27 December</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MSNBC&rft.atitle=Santa+Claus%3A+The+real+man+behind+the+myth&rft.date=2009-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F34525202%2Fns%2Ftechnology_and_science-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11063b.htm">St. Nicholas of Myra</A> Catholic Encyclopedia</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/414051/Saint-Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</A> Encyclopædia Britannica</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=45">"Saint Nicholas ::: People"</A>. Stnicholascenter.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Nicholas+%3A%3A%3A+People&rft.pub=Stnicholascenter.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stnicholascenter.org%2FBrix%3FpageID%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=46">"Saint Nicholas ::: Places"</A>. Stnicholascenter.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Nicholas+%3A%3A%3A+Places&rft.pub=Stnicholascenter.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stnicholascenter.org%2FBrix%3FpageID%3D46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Rudolf Öller: <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientific.at/2004/roe_0452.htm">2004 <I>Martin Luthers Christkind</I>;</A> in: Welt der Naturwissenschaften, Ausgabe Dezember 2004</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://einestages.spiegel.de/s/tb/26282/wie-abraham-lincoln-den-weihnachtsmann-erfand.html">Wie Abraham Lincoln den Weihnachtsmann erfand</A> – spiegel.de</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manager-magazin.de/lifestyle/leute/0,2828,874273-2,00.html">"Ein Verkaufsfahrer diente als Vorbild - angeblich - manager magazin"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ein+Verkaufsfahrer+diente+als+Vorbild+-+angeblich+-+manager+magazin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manager-magazin.de%2Flifestyle%2Fleute%2F0%2C2828%2C874273-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Federer-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Federer_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Federer_15-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Federer_15-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Federer_15-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">William J. Federer (2002). "There Really Is a Santa Claus: The History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions" p. 39. Amerisearch, Inc., 2002</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Simpson,_Roud-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Simpson,_Roud_16-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Simpson,_Roud_16-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Jacqueline Simpson, Steve Roud (2000) "English Folklore". Oxford University Press, 2000</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">A children's party given in England on 26 December 1842 featured 'venerable effigies' of Father Christmas and the Old Year; '...Father Christmas with scarlet coat and cocked hat, stuck all over with presents for the guests...' R. L. Brett, ed., Barclay Fox's Journal, Bell and Hyman, London, 1979</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Davis2010-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Davis2010_18-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Davis, Derek H. (2010-11-18). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ypkyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT334"><I>The Oxford Handbook of Church and State in the United States</I></A>. Oxford University Press. pp. 334–. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190208783" title="Special:BookSources/9780190208783">9780190208783</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 December</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Church+and+State+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=334-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-11-18&rft.isbn=9780190208783&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Derek+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DypkyAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214092530/http://www.nibud.nl/over-het-nibud/pers/informatie-voor-de-pers.html?page=content&subject=persberichten&main=pe_persberichten&pag=pe_persberichten&id=100&year=2003">"Nibud Pers, persberichten"</A> (in Dutch). NIBUD. 2003. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nibud.nl/over-het-nibud/pers/informatie-voor-de-pers.html?page=content&subject=persberichten&main=pe_persberichten&pag=pe_persberichten&id=100&year=2003">the original</A> on 2009-12-14.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nibud+Pers%2C+persberichten&rft.pub=NIBUD&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nibud.nl%2Fover-het-nibud%2Fpers%2Finformatie-voor-de-pers.html%3Fpage%3Dcontent%26subject%3Dpersberichten%26main%3Dpe_persberichten%26pag%3Dpe_persberichten%26id%3D100%26year%3D2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> Netherlands budget institute table showing money spent by households categorised into those that give gifts only on Sint (36%), only on Christmas day (21%), on both days (26%)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=105">"Sinterklaas Arrival--Amsterdam, the Netherlands"</A>. St. Nicholas Center. 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 September</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sinterklaas+Arrival--Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=St.+Nicholas+Center&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stnicholascenter.org%2FBrix%3FpageID%3D105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">swissinfo.ch, Morven McLean,. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/schmutzli--the-swiss-santa-s-sinister-sidekick/7082046">"Schmutzli: the Swiss Santa's sinister sidekick"</A>. <I>SWI swissinfo.ch</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">25 December</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SWI+swissinfo.ch&rft.atitle=Schmutzli%3A+the+Swiss+Santa%27s+sinister+sidekick&rft.aulast=swissinfo.ch&rft.aufirst=Morven+McLean%2C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fschmutzli--the-swiss-santa-s-sinister-sidekick%2F7082046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ORCHARD-187-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-ORCHARD-187_22-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Orchard, Andy (1997). <I>Dictionary of Norse Mythology and Legend</I>, page 187. Cassell.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SIMEK-379-380-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-SIMEK-379-380_23-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Simek, Rudolf</A> (2007) translated by Angela Hall. <I>Dictionary of Northern Mythology</I>, pages 379–380. <A href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">D.S. Brewer</A>. & Orchard (1997:1987).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SIMEK372-373-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-SIMEK372-373_24-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">For the wild hunt, Simek (2010:372–373). For <I>Jólnir</I>, see Simek (2010:180) and Orchard (1997:189). For <I>Langbarðr</I>, see Simek (2010:186).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ODIN-CLAUS-EXAMPLES-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-ODIN-CLAUS-EXAMPLES_25-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">For example, see McKnight, George Harley (1917). <I>St. Nicholas: His Legend and His Role in the Christmas Celebration and Other Popular Customs</I>, pages 24–26, 138–139. G. P. Putman's sons. & Springwood, Charles Fruehling (2009). "If Santa Wuz Black: The Domestication of a White Myth", pages 243–244. As published in <I>Studies in Symbolic Interaction: Volume 33 of Studies in Symbolic Interactions Series</I>. Emerald Group Publishing. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848557840" title="Special:BookSources/9781848557840">9781848557840</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stnicholashis00mckn">archive.org copy</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BAKER-62-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-BAKER-62_26-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Baker, Margaret (2007 1962). <I>Discovering Christmas Customs and Folklore: A Guide to Seasonal Rites Throughout the World</I>, page 62. Osprey Publishing.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"Last Monday, the anniversary of St. Nicholas, otherwise called Santa Claus, was celebrated at Protestant Hall, at Mr. Waldron's; where a great number of sons of the ancient saint <A href="/w/index.php?title=The_Sons_of_Saint_Nicholas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Sons of Saint Nicholas (page does not exist)">the Sons of Saint Nicholas</A> celebrated the day with great joy and festivity." <I>Rivington's Gazette</I> (New York City), 23 December 1773.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">A Woman's Wartime Journal, An account of Sherman's devastation of a southern plantation. <A href="/wiki/Dolly_Sumner_Lunt_Burge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolly Sumner Lunt Burge">Dolly Sumner Lunt Burge</A>, 1988 (orig. 1927), Cherokee Publishing, Marietta GA. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87797-149-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87797-149-8">0-87797-149-8</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Toronto-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Toronto_29-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/html/1807/4350/poem1485.html">"mentioning Don Foster, ''Author Unknown: On the Trial of Anonymous (New York: Henry Holt, 2000 : 221–75) for the attribution of ''Old Santeclaus'' to Clement Clarke Moore"</A>. Tspace.library.utoronto.ca<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=mentioning+Don+Foster%2C+%27%26%2339%3BAuthor+Unknown%3A+On+the+Trial+of+Anonymous+%28New+York%3A+Henry+Holt%2C+2000+%3A+221%26ndash%3B75%29+for+the+attribution+of+%27%26%2339%3BOld+Santeclaus%27%26%2339%3B+to+Clement+Clarke+Moore&rft.pub=Tspace.library.utoronto.ca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fhtml%2F1807%2F4350%2Fpoem1485.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Kirkpatrick, David D. (2000-10-26). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/26/books/whose-jolly-old-elf-that-anyway-literary-sleuth-casts-doubt-authorship-iconic.html">"Whose Jolly Old Elf Is That, Anyway?; Literary Sleuth Casts Doubt on the Authorship of an Iconic Christmas Poem"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-01-08</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Whose+Jolly+Old+Elf+Is+That%2C+Anyway%3F%3B+Literary+Sleuth+Casts+Doubt+on+the+Authorship+of+an+Iconic+Christmas+Poem&rft.date=2000-10-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F10%2F26%2Fbooks%2Fwhose-jolly-old-elf-that-anyway-literary-sleuth-casts-doubt-authorship-iconic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/holidays/christmas/donner.asp"><I>Snopes</I></A> The Donner Party's over; on reindeer name changes.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">[newspaperarchive.com "Advertisement for Harrison's Bookstore"] <SPAN style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Check <CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</CODE> value (<A href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</A>)</SPAN>. <I>Baltimore American Republican And Daily Clipper</I> (p.3). January 1, 1846<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">11 June</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+American+Republican+And+Daily+Clipper&rft.atitle=Advertisement+for+Harrison%27s+Bookstore&rft.issue=p.3&rft.date=1846-01-01&rft_id=newspaperarchive.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The article is signed 'Uneda', an anagrammatic pen-name used by William Duane (1808-1882) of Philadelphia, son of <A href="/wiki/William_John_Duane" class="mw-redirect" title="William John Duane">William John Duane</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">'Notes and Queries', volume 8 (217), 24 December 1853, p.615</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Thomas Nast, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forensicgenealogy.info/images/nast_santa_and_his_works.jpg">Santa Claus and His Works</A>, 1866. The phrase "Santa Claussville, N.P." is on the curved border to the right of center, above the large word "Claus".</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Jeremy Seal, <I>Nicholas: The Epic Journey From Saint to Santa Claus</I>, Bloomsbury, 2005, p. 199–200. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-419-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-419-5">978-1-58234-419-5</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Ralph Armstrong, age 6, "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tIUDAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA43">A Letter From Colorado</A>", <I>The Nursery</I>, 1875, vol. 18, pp. 42–43.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ccc-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-ccc_38-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coca-colacompany.com/topics/heritage#TCCC?assetId=41565&assetTag=heritage">"Image Gallery Santa 1931"</A>. <I>Press Center</I>. Coca Cola Company<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">28 October</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Center&rft.atitle=Image+Gallery+Santa+1931&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coca-colacompany.com%2Ftopics%2Fheritage%23TCCC%3FassetId%3D41565%26assetTag%3Dheritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/holidays/christmas/santa/cocacola.asp">The Claus That Refreshes</A> Snopes.com . Retrieved 7 January 2008.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The White Rock Collectors Association, "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whiterocking.org/santa.html#article">Did White Rock or The Coca-Cola Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement?</A>," whiterocking.org, 2001 Retrieved 19 January 2007.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">White Rock Beverages, "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bevnet.com/news/2006/12-18-2006-white_rock_coke_santa_claus.asp">Coca-Cola's Santa Claus: Not The Real Thing!</A>," BevNET.com, 18 December 2006.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-bevnet-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-bevnet_42-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">White Rock Beverages, "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bevnet.com/news/2006/12-18-2006-white_rock_coke_santa_claus.asp">Coca-Cola's Santa Claus: Not The Real Thing!</A>," BevNET.com, 18 December 2006 . Retrieved 19 January 2007.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/File:Santa1902PuckCover.jpg" title="File:Santa1902PuckCover.jpg">thumb|Santa Claus on the 1902 cover of Puck magazine</A>, <A href="/wiki/File:Santa1904PuckCover.jpg" title="File:Santa1904PuckCover.jpg">thumb|Santa Claus on the 1904 cover of Puck magazine</A>, <A href="/wiki/File:Santa1905PuckCover.jpg" title="File:Santa1905PuckCover.jpg">thumb|Santa Claus on the 1905 cover of Puck magazine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Tina Susman (30 October 2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/30/nation/la-na-santa-school-20111031">"Claus and effect: The ultimate Santa school"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Claus+and+effect%3A+The+ultimate+Santa+school&rft.date=2011-10-30&rft.au=Tina+Susman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2011%2Foct%2F30%2Fnation%2Fla-na-santa-school-20111031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Nissenbaum, chap. 2; Belk, 87–100</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scdigest.com/assets/FirstThoughts/04-12-16.cfm?cid=390&ctype=content">The North Pole's Turbo Supply Chain</A> SupplyChainDigest News, 16 December 2004</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws2DecL113-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws2DecL113_47-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Ian Aldrich (November 2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yankeemagazine.com/issues/2011-11/features/kris-kringle">"The Big Question: Why Should We Believe in Santa? We ask Kris Kringle, a.k.a. Jonathan Meath: Why Should We Believe in Santa?"</A>. <I>Yankee Magazine</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">12 December</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>. <Q> ... Santa is really the only cultural icon we have who's male, does not carry a gun, and is all about peace...</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yankee+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Big+Question%3A+Why+Should+We+Believe+in+Santa%3F+We+ask+Kris+Kringle%2C+a.k.a.+Jonathan+Meath%3A+Why+Should+We+Believe+in+Santa%3F&rft.date=2011-11&rft.au=Ian+Aldrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yankeemagazine.com%2Fissues%2F2011-11%2Ffeatures%2Fkris-kringle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-High_Five!_Top_Five!_–_Bizarre_Santa_Claus_Cameos_in_Comics_by_Robert_Bazz,_December_13,_2010-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-High_Five!_Top_Five!_–_Bizarre_Santa_Claus_Cameos_in_Comics_by_Robert_Bazz,_December_13,_2010_48-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://highfivecomics.net/2010/12/13/high-five-top-five-bizarre-santa-claus-cameos-in-comics/">"High Five! Top Five! – Bizarre Santa Claus Cameos in Comics by Robert Bazz, December 13, 2010"</A>. High Five! Comics<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">25 February</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Five%21+Top+Five%21+%E2%80%93+Bizarre+Santa+Claus+Cameos+in+Comics+by+Robert+Bazz%2C+December+13%2C+2010&rft.pub=High+Five%21+Comics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhighfivecomics.net%2F2010%2F12%2F13%2Fhigh-five-top-five-bizarre-santa-claus-cameos-in-comics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1079309.html">Kyrgyzstan: Central Asian Country Welcomes Santa Claus To His New Home</A>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 30 December 2007</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">guinness world records <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/amazing_feats/mass_participation/largest_gathering_Santa_Claus.aspx">http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/amazing_feats/mass_participation/largest_gathering_Santa_Claus.aspx</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webphoto.ro/imagini/christmas/guiness-world-record-santa-claus-costumes.html">"Guiness (sic) World Record Santa Claus Costumes | WebPhotoBlog | imagini, fotografii, pictures, poze, images"</A>. Webphoto.ro. 30 November 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 September</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guiness+%28sic%29+World+Record+Santa+Claus+Costumes+%26%23124%3B+WebPhotoBlog+%26%23124%3B+imagini%2C+fotografii%2C+pictures%2C+poze%2C+images&rft.pub=Webphoto.ro&rft.date=2009-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webphoto.ro%2Fimagini%2Fchristmas%2Fguiness-world-record-santa-claus-costumes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-52"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Walsh, Joseph J.. <I>Were They Wise Men Or Kings?: The Book of Christmas Questions</I>. Westminster John Knox Press, 2001. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22312-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22312-5">0-664-22312-5</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424005801/http://www.canadapost.ca/corporate/about/newsroom/letters_editor/letters-e.asp?l=belleville">"Canada Post - Newsroom - Letters to the Editor"</A>. 24 April 2008. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadapost.ca/corporate/about/newsroom/letters_editor/letters-e.asp?l=belleville">the original</A> on 24 April 2008.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+Post+-+Newsroom+-+Letters+to+the+Editor&rft.date=2008-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadapost.ca%2Fcorporate%2Fabout%2Fnewsroom%2Fletters_editor%2Fletters-e.asp%3Fl%3Dbelleville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torontosun.com/news/canada/2008/12/23/7839591.html">Santa Claus declared a Canadian citizen</A> Toronto Sun, 12 December 2008</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-55"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:blhuWoo_yFwJ:www.northpolechamber.us/npguide.pdf+Wendy%27s&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a">"2010–2011 North Pole Visitor Guide"</A>. webcache.googleusercontent.com. 31 March 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 September</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010%E2%80%932011+North+Pole+Visitor+Guide&rft.pub=webcache.googleusercontent.com&rft.date=2010-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebcache.googleusercontent.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dcache%3AblhuWoo_yFwJ%3Awww.northpolechamber.us%2Fnpguide.pdf%2BWendy%2527s%26cd%3D1%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Dus%26client%3Dfirefox-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><SPAN title=" Dead link since December 2010">dead link</SPAN></A></I>]</SPAN></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-56"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fotobel.by/belovezhskaya-pushha/">"Беловежская пуща - Фотоэнциклопедия Беларуси"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B0+-+%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotobel.by%2Fbelovezhskaya-pushha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Enterprise-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Enterprise_57-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Allegrini, Elaine (15 November 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enterprisenews.com/homepage/x1013044544/James-Edgar-s-Santa-Claus-the-spirit-of-Christmas">"James Edgar's Santa Claus—the spirit of Christmas"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Enterprise_(Brockton)" title="The Enterprise (Brockton)">The Enterprise</A></I>. <A href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton, Massachusetts</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 November</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Enterprise&rft.atitle=James+Edgar%27s+Santa+Claus%E2%80%94the+spirit+of+Christmas&rft.date=2008-11-15&rft.aulast=Allegrini&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enterprisenews.com%2Fhomepage%2Fx1013044544%2FJames-Edgar-s-Santa-Claus-the-spirit-of-Christmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-58"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/2557741.stm">"New Santa clauses introduced"</A>. <I>BBC News</I>. 9 December 2002<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">23 May</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=New+Santa+clauses+introduced&rft.date=2002-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2F2557741.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-59"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Kate Connolly. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720053028/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F11%2F15%2Fwsanta15.xml&sSheet=%2Fportal%2F2005%2F11%2F15%2Fixportal.html">"Swiss Santas are banned from sitting children on their laps"</A>. <I>The Daily Telegraph</I>. Berlin. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/11/15/wsanta15.xml&sSheet=/portal/2005/11/15/ixportal.html">the original</A> on 20 July 2006<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">23 May</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Swiss+Santas+are+banned+from+sitting+children+on+their+laps&rft.au=Kate+Connolly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2005%2F11%2F15%2Fwsanta15.xml%26sSheet%3D%2Fportal%2F2005%2F11%2F15%2Fixportal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-60"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.squareamerica.com/sa1.htm">"A Visit from St. Nick"</A>. Squareamerica.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Visit+from+St.+Nick&rft.pub=Squareamerica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.squareamerica.com%2Fsa1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">DeMara, Bruce (25 November 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/life/2013/11/25/autistic_kids_get_quiet_time_with_santa_at_malls.html">"Autistic kids get quiet time with Santa at malls"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Autistic+kids+get+quiet+time+with+Santa+at+malls&rft.date=2013-11-25&rft.aulast=DeMara&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Flife%2F2013%2F11%2F25%2Fautistic_kids_get_quiet_time_with_santa_at_malls.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-62"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/canadian-malls-offer-quieter-calmer-visits-with-santa-for-kids-with-autism-1.1558284">"Canadian malls offer quieter, calmer visits with Santa for kids with autism"</A>. CTVNews. 24 November 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canadian+malls+offer+quieter%2C+calmer+visits+with+Santa+for+kids+with+autism&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcanada%2Fcanadian-malls-offer-quieter-calmer-visits-with-santa-for-kids-with-autism-1.1558284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-twsNovMc-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-twsNovMc_63-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Edward B. Colby (3 December 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721190925/http://www.dailynewstranscript.com/entertainment/x1945276785/Town-in-the-spirit-Dedham-Square-to-be-filled-with-song-shopping">"Town in the spirit: Dedham Square to be filled with song, shopping"</A>. <I>Dedham Transcript</I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailynewstranscript.com/entertainment/x1945276785/Town-in-the-spirit-Dedham-Square-to-be-filled-with-song-shopping">the original</A> on 21 July 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">13 November</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>. <Q>DEDHAM—The fifth annual Dedham Square Holiday Stroll this ... At 6 p.m., Jonathan Meath – better known as Santa JG, who performs with the Boston Pops – will entertain children and families at Cafe Video Paradiso with a sing-along with Santa. "We booked him months ago because we knew that he's in demand this time of year,” Haelsen says.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dedham+Transcript&rft.atitle=Town+in+the+spirit%3A+Dedham+Square+to+be+filled+with+song%2C+shopping&rft.date=2009-12-03&rft.au=Edward+B.+Colby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynewstranscript.com%2Fentertainment%2Fx1945276785%2FTown-in-the-spirit-Dedham-Square-to-be-filled-with-song-shopping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-twsNovM32-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-twsNovM32_64-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Mary Ann Georgantopoulos (23 December 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/12/23/miracle_on_mass_ave_city_santa_takes_suit_seriously/">"Miracle on Mass. Ave.: City Santa takes suit seriously"</A>. <I>The Boston Globe</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">13 November</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>. <Q>Santa Claus is coming to town. More accurately, he's from town—Cambridge that is. Jonathan Meath is the perfect fit for a Santa.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Miracle+on+Mass.+Ave.%3A+City+Santa+takes+suit+seriously&rft.date=2007-12-23&rft.au=Mary+Ann+Georgantopoulos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticles%2F2007%2F12%2F23%2Fmiracle_on_mass_ave_city_santa_takes_suit_seriously%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-twsNovM24-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-twsNovM24_65-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Santa Glen, secretary (October 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101022231420/http://www.realsantasandiego.com/Minutes.htm">"Minutes of meeting"</A>. San Diego Chapter of F.O.R.B.S. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realsantasandiego.com/Minutes.htm">the original</A> on 22 October 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">13 November</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>. <Q>Hello fellow Santas, Once again we had an informative and fun gathering. Ten Santas were in attendance and we were happy to welcome Karilyn Curran, the chair person of our up and coming Santa Luncheon for 2011. ... Fashion Show:...Jonathan Meath...</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Minutes+of+meeting&rft.date=2010-10&rft.au=Santa+Glen%2C+secretary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realsantasandiego.com%2FMinutes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-66"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-66"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/promo/xmas/understanding_what.pdf">"Understanding What Christmas Gifts Mean to Children" by Jenniina Halkoaho and Pirjo Laaksonnen</A>, pages 248–255 in "Young Consumers" and their reference to the 1994 article by Otnes, Cele, Kyungseung Kim, and Young Chan Kim. "Yes, Virginia, There is a Gender Difference: Analyzing Children's Requests to Santa Claus." in the <I>Journal of Popular Culture</I>, Vol. 28, no. 1 (Summer 1994), pp. 17–29</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007-67"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007_67-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007_67-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007_67-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007_67-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiantribune.com/node/8798">"Santa Claus receives more than six million letters annually and growing, 20 Dec 2007"</A>. <I>Asian Tribune</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">12 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Tribune&rft.atitle=Santa+Claus+receives+more+than+six+million+letters+annually+and+growing%2C+20+Dec+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiantribune.com%2Fnode%2F8798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010-68"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010_68-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010_68-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010_68-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010_68-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010_68-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upu.int/en/media-centre/news/union-postale-emag/underway-news/article/1/no-small-job-for-postal-elves.html">"No small job for postal elves, 15 Dec 2010"</A>. Universal Postal Union – UPU<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">17 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+small+job+for+postal+elves%2C+15+Dec+2010&rft.pub=Universal+Postal+Union+%E2%80%93+UPU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upu.int%2Fen%2Fmedia-centre%2Fnews%2Funion-postale-emag%2Funderway-news%2Farticle%2F1%2Fno-small-job-for-postal-elves.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-69"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-69"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">15 November 2011 No Comments (15 November 2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128235359/http://operationsanta.com/operation-santa-claus-at-james-farley-post-office-2012/">"Operation Santa Claus at James Farley Post Office 2012 | Operation Santa Claus – Santa's Blog"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://operationsanta.com/operation-santa-claus-at-james-farley-post-office-2012/">the original</A> on 28 November 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 December</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Santa+Claus+at+James+Farley+Post+Office+2012+%26%23124%3B+Operation+Santa+Claus+%E2%80%93+Santa%27s+Blog&rft.date=2011-11-15&rft.au=15+November+2011+No+Comments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foperationsanta.com%2Foperation-santa-claus-at-james-farley-post-office-2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-70"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-70"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://about.usps.com/news/electronic-press-kits/holidaynews/2014/holiday_santa.htm#letterstosanta">"Santa Mail - Letters to Santa"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">25 November</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Santa+Mail+-+Letters+to+Santa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabout.usps.com%2Fnews%2Felectronic-press-kits%2Fholidaynews%2F2014%2Fholiday_santa.htm%23letterstosanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-France_answers_the_most_Santa_letters,_21_Dec_2007-71"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-France_answers_the_most_Santa_letters,_21_Dec_2007_71-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xmas.co.uk/news/2007/Dec/france-answers-the-most-santa-letters.html">"France answers the most Santa letters, 21 Dec 2007"</A>. xmas.co.uk<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">12 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France+answers+the+most+Santa+letters%2C+21+Dec+2007&rft.pub=xmas.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xmas.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2007%2FDec%2Ffrance-answers-the-most-santa-letters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-72"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-72"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadapost.ca/dec/santa/writesanta/default-e.asp">"Canada Post – Holiday – Santa's Corner"</A>. Canadapost.ca<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+Post+%E2%80%93+Holiday+%E2%80%93+Santa%27s+Corner&rft.pub=Canadapost.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadapost.ca%2Fdec%2Fsanta%2Fwritesanta%2Fdefault-e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-73"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-73"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laposte.fr/pere-noel/LaPoste-PereNoel.html">": LA POSTE | Père Noël :"</A>. Laposte.fr<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3A+LA+POSTE+%26%23124%3B+P%C3%A8re+No%C3%ABl+%3A&rft.pub=Laposte.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laposte.fr%2Fpere-noel%2FLaPoste-PereNoel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Father_Christmas's_French_office_open,_18_Nov_2010-74"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Father_Christmas's_French_office_open,_18_Nov_2010_74-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.connexionfrance.com/Father-Christmas-Le-Pere-Noel-12267-view-article.html">"Father Christmas's French office open, 18 Nov 2010"</A>. <I>The Connexion</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">12 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Connexion&rft.atitle=Father+Christmas%27s+French+office+open%2C+18+Nov+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connexionfrance.com%2FFather-Christmas-Le-Pere-Noel-12267-view-article.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-75"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-75"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121194158/http://www.nzpost.co.nz/home/christmas-2010/santa-letter">"Send a letter to Santa | New Zealand Post"</A>. Nzpost.co.nz. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzpost.co.nz/home/christmas-2010/santa-letter">the original</A> on 21 January 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Send+a+letter+to+Santa+%26%23124%3B+New+Zealand+Post&rft.pub=Nzpost.co.nz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzpost.co.nz%2Fhome%2Fchristmas-2010%2Fsanta-letter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-NZ_Post_to_tighten_net_for_Santa,_by_Alexis_Grant,_30_Nov_2004-76"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-NZ_Post_to_tighten_net_for_Santa,_by_Alexis_Grant,_30_Nov_2004_76-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/technology/news/article.cfm?c_id=5&objectid=8500944">"NZ Post to tighten net for Santa, by Alexis Grant, 30 Nov 2004"</A>. <I>New Zealand Herald</I>. 30 November 2004<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">12 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=NZ+Post+to+tighten+net+for+Santa%2C+by+Alexis+Grant%2C+30+Nov+2004&rft.date=2004-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Ftechnology%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D5%26objectid%3D8500944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-77"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-77"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Canada Post. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408034050/http://www.canadapost.ca/personal/corporate/about/jobs/traditions-e.asp">"Canada Post – Employment Opportunities – Traditions"</A>. Web.archive.org. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadapost.ca/personal/corporate/about/jobs/traditions-e.asp">the original</A> on 8 April 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+Post+%E2%80%93+Employment+Opportunities+%E2%80%93+Traditions&rft.pub=Web.archive.org&rft.au=Canada+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadapost.ca%2Fpersonal%2Fcorporate%2Fabout%2Fjobs%2Ftraditions-e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CanadaPost1-78"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CanadaPost1_78-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadapost.ca/web/en/blogs/announcements/details.page?article=2015/11/19/time_to_write_to_san&cattype=announcements&cat=newsreleases">"Time to write to Santa!"</A>. Canada Post. 19 Nov 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2 Aug</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+to+write+to+Santa%21&rft.pub=Canada+Post&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadapost.ca%2Fweb%2Fen%2Fblogs%2Fannouncements%2Fdetails.page%3Farticle%3D2015%2F11%2F19%2Ftime_to_write_to_san%26cattype%3Dannouncements%26cat%3Dnewsreleases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CanadaPost2-79"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CanadaPost2_79-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadapost.ca/web/en/blogs/consumer/details.page?article=2015/11/05/create_magic_this_ch&cattype=Consumer&cat=living">"Write to Santa and he'll write you back!"</A>. Canada Post. 5 Nov 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2 Aug</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Write+to+Santa+and+he%27ll+write+you+back%21&rft.pub=Canada+Post&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadapost.ca%2Fweb%2Fen%2Fblogs%2Fconsumer%2Fdetails.page%3Farticle%3D2015%2F11%2F05%2Fcreate_magic_this_ch%26cattype%3DConsumer%26cat%3Dliving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-letters-80"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-letters_80-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-letters_80-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">'Letters to Santa Claus'. (2000). In <I>The World Encyclopedia of Christmas</I>. Gerry Bowler, Editor. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Limited. pp. 131–132.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Christmas_letters_to_Santa-81"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Christmas_letters_to_Santa_81-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalmail.com/letters-to-santa">"Christmas letters to Santa"</A>. Royal Mail<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">27 December</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christmas+letters+to+Santa&rft.pub=Royal+Mail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalmail.com%2Fletters-to-santa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-82"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-82"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finland.cn/public/default.aspx?contentid=89807&contentlan=2&culture=en-US">"About this site – Embassy of Finland, Beijing – Consulates General of Finland, Shanghai and Guangzhou : Current Affairs"</A>. Finland.cn. 16 May 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+this+site+%E2%80%93+Embassy+of+Finland%2C+Beijing+%E2%80%93+Consulates+General+of+Finland%2C+Shanghai+and+Guangzhou+%3A+Current+Affairs&rft.pub=Finland.cn&rft.date=2007-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finland.cn%2Fpublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fcontentid%3D89807%26contentlan%3D2%26culture%3Den-US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-83"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-83"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beijingyourway.com/2010/10/beijing-post-office/">"Beijing Post Office"</A>. Beijing Your Way<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beijing+Post+Office&rft.pub=Beijing+Your+Way&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beijingyourway.com%2F2010%2F10%2Fbeijing-post-office%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-84"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-84"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vip.fesco.com.cn/bipto/en.htm">"Beijing International Post Office"</A>. Vip.fesco.com.cn<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beijing+International+Post+Office&rft.pub=Vip.fesco.com.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvip.fesco.com.cn%2Fbipto%2Fen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Expat_kids_get_the_chance_to_connect_with_Santa,_November_17,_2010_by_Todd_Balazovic_and_Li_Jing_(China_Daily)-85"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Expat_kids_get_the_chance_to_connect_with_Santa,_November_17,_2010_by_Todd_Balazovic_and_Li_Jing_(China_Daily)_85-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2010-11/17/content_11560299.htm">"Expat kids get the chance to connect with Santa, November 17, 2010 by Todd Balazovic and Li Jing (China Daily)"</A>. <I>China Daily News</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">12 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Expat+kids+get+the+chance+to+connect+with+Santa%2C+November+17%2C+2010+by+Todd+Balazovic+and+Li+Jing+%28China+Daily%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fcndy%2F2010-11%2F17%2Fcontent_11560299.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Say_hello_to_Santa_Claus,_November_24,_2010_by_Zhao_Hongyi-86"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Say_hello_to_Santa_Claus,_November_24,_2010_by_Zhao_Hongyi_86-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111201062433/http://www.beijingtoday.com.cn/tag/post-office">"Say hello to Santa Claus, November 24, 2010 by Zhao Hongyi"</A>. <I>Beijing Today</I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beijingtoday.com.cn/tag/post-office">the original</A> on 1 December 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">12 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beijing+Today&rft.atitle=Say+hello+to+Santa+Claus%2C+November+24%2C+2010+by+Zhao+Hongyi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beijingtoday.com.cn%2Ftag%2Fpost-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-87"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-87"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220044335/http://mirror.airservicesaustralia.com/santa10/santa.asp">"Santa 2010 website by Airservices Australia"</A>. Mirror.airservicesaustralia.com. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mirror.airservicesaustralia.com/santa10/santa.asp">the original</A> on 20 December 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Santa+2010+website+by+Airservices+Australia&rft.pub=Mirror.airservicesaustralia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmirror.airservicesaustralia.com%2Fsanta10%2Fsanta.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Safe_Travels_Santa!_We_will_Be_Watching,_19_Dec_2005-88"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Safe_Travels_Santa!_We_will_Be_Watching,_19_Dec_2005_88-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216115503/http://www.cdscc.nasa.gov/Features/pg_santa2005.html">"Safe Travels Santa! We will Be Watching, 19 Dec 2005"</A>. NASA's Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdscc.nasa.gov/features/pg_santa2005.html">the original</A> on 16 February 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safe+Travels+Santa%21+We+will+Be+Watching%2C+19+Dec+2005&rft.pub=NASA%27s+Canberra+Deep+Space+Communications+Complex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdscc.nasa.gov%2Ffeatures%2Fpg_santa2005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-New_technology_to_map_Santa's_flight,_24_Dec_2009-89"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-New_technology_to_map_Santa's_flight,_24_Dec_2009_89-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gladstoneobserver.com.au/story/2009/12/24/technology-to-map-santas-flight/">"New technology to map Santa's flight, 24 Dec 2009"</A>. <I>The Observer</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">5 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=New+technology+to+map+Santa%27s+flight%2C+24+Dec+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gladstoneobserver.com.au%2Fstory%2F2009%2F12%2F24%2Ftechnology-to-map-santas-flight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-90"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-90"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/28241481">"Welcome to The North Pole – A Virtual Earth 3D Experience!"</A>. Today.msnbc.msn.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+The+North+Pole+%E2%80%93+A+Virtual+Earth+3D+Experience%21&rft.pub=Today.msnbc.msn.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoday.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F28241481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Tracking_Santa_with_Bing_Maps_in_2009,_by_Chris_Pendleton,_24_Dec_2009-91"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Tracking_Santa_with_Bing_Maps_in_2009,_by_Chris_Pendleton,_24_Dec_2009_91-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100101223315/http://www.bing.com/toolbox/blogs/maps/archive/2009/12/24/tracking-santa-with-bing-maps-in-2009.aspx">"Tracking Santa with Bing Maps, by Chris Pendleton, 24 Dec 2009"</A>. Microsoft. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bing.com/toolbox/blogs/maps/archive/2009/12/24/tracking-santa-with-bing-maps-in-2009.aspx/">the original</A> on 1 January 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">5 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tracking+Santa+with+Bing+Maps%2C+by+Chris+Pendleton%2C+24+Dec+2009&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2Ftoolbox%2Fblogs%2Fmaps%2Farchive%2F2009%2F12%2F24%2Ftracking-santa-with-bing-maps-in-2009.aspx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-DFW_airport_unveils_Santa_Tracker_website,_18_Dec_2006-92"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-DFW_airport_unveils_Santa_Tracker_website,_18_Dec_2006_92-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826144826/http://www.pegasusnews.com/news/2006/dec/18/dfw-airport-unveils-santa-tracker-website/">"DFW airport unveils Santa Tracker website, 18 Dec 2006"</A>. PegNews wire. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pegasusnews.com/news/2006/dec/18/dfw-airport-unveils-santa-tracker-website/">the original</A> on 26 August 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DFW+airport+unveils+Santa+Tracker+website%2C+18+Dec+2006&rft.pub=PegNews+wire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pegasusnews.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2Fdec%2F18%2Fdfw-airport-unveils-santa-tracker-website%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-DFW_Airport's_‘Santa_Tracker'_Is_Operational,_by_BJ_Austin,_24_Dec_2009-93"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-DFW_Airport's_‘Santa_Tracker'_Is_Operational,_by_BJ_Austin,_24_Dec_2009_93-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicbroadcasting.net/kera/news.newsmain/article/1/0/1592516/North.Texas/DFW.Airport's.'Santa.Tracker'.Is.Operational">"DFW Airport's 'Santa Tracker' Is Operational, by BJ Austin, 24 Dec 2009"</A>. PBS KERA<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DFW+Airport%27s+%27Santa+Tracker%27+Is+Operational%2C+by+BJ+Austin%2C+24+Dec+2009&rft.pub=PBS+KERA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicbroadcasting.net%2Fkera%2Fnews.newsmain%2Farticle%2F1%2F0%2F1592516%2FNorth.Texas%2FDFW.Airport%27s.%27Santa.Tracker%27.Is.Operational&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-From_NORAD_Santa_Tracker_To_Twitter:_Santa_Tracking_For_Christmas_Eve_2009,_by_Danny_Sullivan,_23_Dec_2009-94"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-From_NORAD_Santa_Tracker_To_Twitter:_Santa_Tracking_For_Christmas_Eve_2009,_by_Danny_Sullivan,_23_Dec_2009_94-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchengineland.com/santa-tracking-for-christmas-eve-2009-32427">"From NORAD Santa Tracker To Twitter: Santa Tracking For Christmas Eve 2009, by Danny Sullivan, 23 Dec 2009"</A>. Search Engine Land<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">5 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+NORAD+Santa+Tracker+To+Twitter%3A+Santa+Tracking+For+Christmas+Eve+2009%2C+by+Danny+Sullivan%2C+23+Dec+2009&rft.pub=Search+Engine+Land&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchengineland.com%2Fsanta-tracking-for-christmas-eve-2009-32427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Frank_and_Debi_DeFreitas_of_Holoworld-95"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Frank_and_Debi_DeFreitas_of_Holoworld_95-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206221009/http://holoworld.com/santa/">"Frank and Debi DeFreitas of Holoworld"</A>. Frank and Debi DeFreitas. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holoworld.com/santa/">the original</A> on 6 December 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frank+and+Debi+DeFreitas+of+Holoworld&rft.pub=Frank+and+Debi+DeFreitas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holoworld.com%2Fsanta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Here_Comes_Santa_Claus!_Watch_it_on_the_Web!,_24_Dec_2005-96"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Here_Comes_Santa_Claus!_Watch_it_on_the_Web!,_24_Dec_2005_96-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808170053/http://www.wral.com/business/blogpost/1103523/">"Here Comes Santa Claus! Watch it on the Web!, 24 Dec 2005"</A>. WRAL.com – Raleigh, Durham, Fayetteville – North Carolina's TV Station website. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wral.com/business/blogpost/1103523/">the original</A> on 8 August 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Here+Comes+Santa+Claus%21+Watch+it+on+the+Web%21%2C+24+Dec+2005&rft.pub=WRAL.com+%E2%80%93+Raleigh%2C+Durham%2C+Fayetteville+%E2%80%93+North+Carolina%27s+TV+Station+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wral.com%2Fbusiness%2Fblogpost%2F1103523%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-97"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-97"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Gurnon, Emily (23 December 2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/nextavenue/2014/12/23/how-a-sears-typo-led-to-norads-santa-tracker/">"How A Sears Typo Led To NORAD's Santa Tracker"</A>. <I>Forbes</I>. New York, United States: Forbes, Inc<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">24 December</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=How+A+Sears+Typo+Led+To+NORAD%27s+Santa+Tracker&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft.aulast=Gurnon&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fnextavenue%2F2014%2F12%2F23%2Fhow-a-sears-typo-led-to-norads-santa-tracker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-98"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-98"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/norad-santa-tracker-christmas-tradition-began-with-a-wrong-number-1.2883284">"Norad Santa Tracker: Christmas tradition began with a wrong number"</A>. <I>CBC News</I>. CBC. 24 December 2014<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">24 December</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Norad+Santa+Tracker%3A+Christmas+tradition+began+with+a+wrong+number&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fnorad-santa-tracker-christmas-tradition-began-with-a-wrong-number-1.2883284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SantaWatch:_Hunt_for_Santa_to_Include_Clues_from_the_International_Space_Station,_by_Dreamtime,_18_Dec_2000-99"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-SantaWatch:_Hunt_for_Santa_to_Include_Clues_from_the_International_Space_Station,_by_Dreamtime,_18_Dec_2000_99-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=3376">"SantaWatch: Hunt for Santa to Include Clues from the International Space Station, by Dreamtime, 18 Dec 2000"</A>. Dreamtime<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">11 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SantaWatch%3A+Hunt+for+Santa+to+Include+Clues+from+the+International+Space+Station%2C+by+Dreamtime%2C+18+Dec+2000&rft.pub=Dreamtime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceref.com%2Fnews%2Fviewpr.html%3Fpid%3D3376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Keep_track_of_Santa_thanks_to_NORAD,_by_WKTV_News,_24_Dec_2009-100"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Keep_track_of_Santa_thanks_to_NORAD,_by_WKTV_News,_24_Dec_2009_100-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wktv.com/news/local/80067537.html">"Keep track of Santa thanks to NORAD, by WKTV News, 24 Dec 2009"</A>. Dreamtime<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">11 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keep+track+of+Santa+thanks+to+NORAD%2C+by+WKTV+News%2C+24+Dec+2009&rft.pub=Dreamtime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wktv.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F80067537.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Microsoft_pulls_plug_on_potty-mouth_Santa,_by_John_Fontana,_4_Dec_2007-101"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_pulls_plug_on_potty-mouth_Santa,_by_John_Fontana,_4_Dec_2007_101-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/120407-microsoft-santa-bot.html">"Microsoft pulls plug on potty-mouth Santa, by John Fontana, 4 Dec 2007"</A>. Network World<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+pulls+plug+on+potty-mouth+Santa%2C+by+John+Fontana%2C+4+Dec+2007&rft.pub=Network+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F120407-microsoft-santa-bot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-For_a_Jolly_Good_Time,_Chat_With_Santa_on_Windows_Live_Messenger,_13_Dec_2006-102"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-For_a_Jolly_Good_Time,_Chat_With_Santa_on_Windows_Live_Messenger,_13_Dec_2006_102-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2006/dec06/12-13SantaIMPR.mspx">"For a Jolly Good Time, Chat With Santa on Windows Live Messenger, 13 Dec 2006"</A>. Microsoft<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+a+Jolly+Good+Time%2C+Chat+With+Santa+on+Windows+Live+Messenger%2C+13+Dec+2006&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fpresspass%2Fpress%2F2006%2Fdec06%2F12-13SantaIMPR.mspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-NORAD_Tracks_Santa_-_Citation_-_Space_Certification_Program_as_a_Corporate_Patron_Level_Partner_in_the_Certified_Imagination_Product_Category,_December_2007-103"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-NORAD_Tracks_Santa_-_Citation_-_Space_Certification_Program_as_a_Corporate_Patron_Level_Partner_in_the_Certified_Imagination_Product_Category,_December_2007_103-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceconnection.org/certified-products/norad-tracks-santa">"NORAD Tracks Santa – Citation – Space Certification Program as a Corporate Patron Level Partner in the Certified Imagination Product Category, December 2007"</A>. Space Foundation<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">31 December</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NORAD+Tracks+Santa+%E2%80%93+Citation+%E2%80%93+Space+Certification+Program+as+a+Corporate+Patron+Level+Partner+in+the+Certified+Imagination+Product+Category%2C+December+2007&rft.pub=Space+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceconnection.org%2Fcertified-products%2Fnorad-tracks-santa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BBC_News_-_Hi-tech_helps_track_Santa_Claus,_December_24,_2008-104"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_-_Hi-tech_helps_track_Santa_Claus,_December_24,_2008_104-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7792256.stm">"Hi-tech helps track Santa Claus, December 24, 2008"</A>. BBC News. 24 December 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">31 December</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hi-tech+helps+track+Santa+Claus%2C+December+24%2C+2008&rft.date=2008-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F7792256.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-You'd_Better_Not_Pout!_Booz_Allen_Supports_NORAD_to_Track_Santa's_Approach_This_Year,_December_1,_2010_by_Booz_Allen_Hamilton-105"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-You'd_Better_Not_Pout!_Booz_Allen_Supports_NORAD_to_Track_Santa's_Approach_This_Year,_December_1,_2010_by_Booz_Allen_Hamilton_105-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101210172240/http://www.boozallen.com/media-center/press-releases/48399320/NORAD-tracks-santa">"You'd Better Not Pout! Booz Allen Supports NORAD to Track Santa's Approach This Year, December 1, 2010 by Booz Allen Hamilton"</A>. Booz Allen Hamilton. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boozallen.com/media-center/press-releases/48399320/NORAD-tracks-santa">the original</A> on 10 December 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">1 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You%27d+Better+Not+Pout%21+Booz+Allen+Supports+NORAD+to+Track+Santa%27s+Approach+This+Year%2C+December+1%2C+2010+by+Booz+Allen+Hamilton&rft.pub=Booz+Allen+Hamilton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boozallen.com%2Fmedia-center%2Fpress-releases%2F48399320%2FNORAD-tracks-santa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-It's_Time_for_e-Sputnik,_by_Patrick_Gorman,_December_8,_2010-106"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-It's_Time_for_e-Sputnik,_by_Patrick_Gorman,_December_8,_2010_106-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.govexec.com/dailyfed/1210/120810 mm.htm">"It's Time for e-Sputnik, by Patrick Gorman, December 8, 2010"</A>. Government Executive<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+Time+for+e-Sputnik%2C+by+Patrick+Gorman%2C+December+8%2C+2010&rft.pub=Government+Executive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govexec.com%2Fdailyfed%2F1210%2F120810+mm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-107"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-107"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Kippenberg, Hans G.; Kuiper, Yme B.; Sanders, Andy F. (January 1, 1990). <I>Concepts of Person in Religion and Thought</I>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 363. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110874377" title="Special:BookSources/3110874377">3110874377</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Person+in+Religion+and+Thought&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.isbn=3110874377&rft.aulast=Kippenberg&rft.aufirst=Hans+G.&rft.au=Kuiper%2C+Yme+B.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+Andy+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-108"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-108"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Bowler, Gerry (27 July 2011). <I>Santa Claus: A Biography</I>. Random House. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1551996081" title="Special:BookSources/1551996081">1551996081</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Santa+Claus%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011-07-27&rft.isbn=1551996081&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-109"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-109"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100108033515/http://www.apuritansmind.com/Christmas/DankoChristmasBanned.htm">"When Christmas Was Banned – The early colonies and Christmas"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apuritansmind.com/Christmas/DankoChristmasBanned.htm">the original</A> on 8 January 2010.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Christmas+Was+Banned+%E2%80%93+The+early+colonies+and+Christmas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apuritansmind.com%2FChristmas%2FDankoChristmasBanned.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-110"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-110"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050313041241/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/society_culture/society/ten_ages_gallery_03.shtml">"History – Ten Ages of Christmas"</A>. BBC. 13 March 2005. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/society_culture/society/ten_ages_gallery_03.shtml">the original</A> on 13 March 2005<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+Ten+Ages+of+Christmas&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2005-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fsociety_culture%2Fsociety%2Ften_ages_gallery_03.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-111"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-111"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Nissenbaum, chap. 1</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-112"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-112"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.av1611.org/othpubls/santa.html">Santa Claus: The great imposter</A>, Terry Watkins, <A href="/wiki/Dial-the-Truth_Ministries" title="Dial-the-Truth Ministries">Dial-the-Truth Ministries</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-113"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-113"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familiesonlinemagazine.com/christian-parenting/christian-santa.html">To Santa or Not to Santa</A>, Sylvia Cochran, <I>Families Online Magazine</I>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-114"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-114"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Eddy, Mary Baker (1925). <I>Miscellany, p. 261, in Prose Works other than Science and Health</I>. Trustees under the will of Mary Baker G. Eddy, Boston, USA.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miscellany%2C+p.+261%2C+in+Prose+Works+other+than+Science+and+Health&rft.pub=Trustees+under+the+will+of+Mary+Baker+G.+Eddy%2C+Boston%2C+USA&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Mary+Baker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Connelly2000-115"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Connelly2000_115-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Connelly, Mark (2000). <I>Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema</I>. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860643972" title="Special:BookSources/9781860643972">9781860643972</A>. <Q>A chapter on representations of <I>Christmas</I> in Soviet cinema could, in fact be the shortest in this collection: suffice it to say that there were, at least officially, no Christmas celebrations in the atheist socialist state after its foundation in 1917.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas+at+the+Movies%3A+Images+of+Christmas+in+American%2C+British+and+European+Cinema&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781860643972&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-MIG-116"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-MIG_116-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><I>Echo of Islam</I>. MIG. 1993. <Q>In the former Soviet Union, fir trees were usually put up to mark New Year's day, following a tradition established by the officially atheist state.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echo+of+Islam&rft.pub=MIG&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</CODE> requires <CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</CODE> (<A href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-117"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-117"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Luzer, Daniel (November 26, 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psmag.com/culture/whats-real-war-christmas-look-like-70524/">"What a Real War on Christmas Looks Like"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Pacific_Standard" title="Pacific Standard">Pacific Standard</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 12,</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>. <Q>There were several anti-religious campaigns, the most dramatic of which occurred in the 1920s. According to a piece published by the School of Russian and Asia Studies: In 1925, Christmas was effectively banned under the officially atheist Soviets, and was not to return to Russian lands until 1992. The New Year celebration usurped the traditions of a Christmas Tree (Ёлка), Santa (known in Russian as "Дед Mopoз" or "Grandfather Frost"), and presents. In the Russian tradition, Grandfather Frost's granddaughter, the Snow Maiden (Снегурочка), always accompanies him to help distribute the gifts. Elves are not associated with the holiday. The state prohibited people from selling Christmas trees. There were even festivals, organized by the League of Militant Atheists, specifically to denigrate religious holidays. Their carnivals were inspired by similar events staged by activists after the French Revolution. From 1923 to 1924 and then again from 1929 to 1930 the "Komsomol Christmases" and Easters were basically holiday celebrations of atheism.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Standard&rft.atitle=What+a+Real+War+on+Christmas+Looks+Like&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft.aulast=Luzer&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psmag.com%2Fculture%2Fwhats-real-war-christmas-look-like-70524%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Ramet2005-118"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Ramet2005_118-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Ramet, Sabrina Petra (10 November 2005). <I>Religious Policy in the Soviet Union</I>. <A href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</A>. p. 138. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521022309" title="Special:BookSources/9780521022309">9780521022309</A>. <Q>The League sallied forth to save the day from this putative religious revival. <I>Antireligioznik</I> obliged with so many articles that it devoted an entire section of its annual index for 1928 to anti-religious training in the schools. More such material followed in 1929, and a flood of it the next year. It recommended what Lenin and others earlier had explicitly condemned—carnivals, farces, and games to intimidate and purge the youth of religious belief. It suggested that pupils campaign against customs associated with Christmas (including Christmas trees) and Easter. Some schools, the League approvingly reported, staged an anti-religious day on the 31st of each month. Not teachers but the League's local set the programme for this special occasion.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Policy+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-11-10&rft.isbn=9780521022309&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+Petra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Seal-119"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Seal_119-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=611">How St. Nicholas Became Santa Claus: One Theory</A>, interview with Jeremy Seal at the St. Nicholas Center.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Mother-120"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Mother_120-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20071226135150/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0838/is_n65/ai_12694470/print">"In defense of Santa Claus"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0838/is_n65/ai_12694470/print">the original</A> on 26 December 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">7 September</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+defense+of+Santa+Claus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0838%2Fis_n65%2Fai_12694470%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>, Carol-Jean Swanson, <I>Mothering</I>, Fall 1992.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Czech-121"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Czech_121-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070120090521/http://www.praguepost.com/articles/2006/12/13/better-watch-out-better-not-cry.php">"Better Watch Out, Better Not Cry"</A>. Archived from the original on 20 January 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2007-12-13</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Better+Watch+Out%2C+Better+Not+Cry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.praguepost.com%2Farticles%2F2006%2F12%2F13%2Fbetter-watch-out-better-not-cry.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown">link</A>)</SPAN> , Hilda Hoy, <I><A href="/wiki/The_Prague_Post" title="The Prague Post">The Prague Post</A></I>, 13 December 2006.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-122"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-122"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2007/11/26/green_father_christmas_feature.shtml">Santa goes green!</A>; <A href="/wiki/BBC.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC.co.uk">BBC.co.uk</A>; 26 November 2007; Retrieved 22 December 2007</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-123"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-123"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-495435/Parents-red-schools-green-suited-santa.html">Parents see red over school's green-suited santa</A>, Olinka Koster, The Daily Mail (UK), 22 November 2007.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-124"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-124"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/67600/Merry-Old-Santa-Claus-by-Thomas-Nast">"Nast, Thomas: "Merry Old Santa Claus" – Encyclopædia Britannica"</A>. Britannica.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">11 June</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nast%2C+Thomas%3A+%22Merry+Old+Santa+Claus%22+%E2%80%93+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Fmedia%2F67600%2FMerry-Old-Santa-Claus-by-Thomas-Nast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Woolley-125"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Woolley_125-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Woolley_125-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/23/opinion/23woolley.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">Do You Believe in Surnits?</A>, Jaqueline Woolley, <I><A href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</A></I>, December 23, 2006.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Cline-126"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Cline_126-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Cline_126-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Cline_126-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atheism.about.com/od/christmasholidayseason/p/SantaMyth.htm">Santa Claus: Should Parents Perpetuate the Santa Claus Myth?</A>, Austin Cline, About.com</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SantaTrust-127"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-SantaTrust_127-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-SantaTrust_127-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/archive/national-news/186155">"How to deal with the 'is Santa real?<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)" title="The Dominion Post (Wellington)">The Dominion Post</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">7 November</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dominion+Post&rft.atitle=How+to+deal+with+the+%27is+Santa+real%3F%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fdominion-post%2Farchive%2Fnational-news%2F186155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-128"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-128"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lawrence Kutner;<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE0DC173AF932A15752C1A967958260">Parent & Child</A>; <A href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</A>; 21 November 1991; Retrieved 22 December 2007</SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<P><B>Bibliography</B></P>
<DIV class="refbegin" style="">
<UL>
<LI>Belk, Russell. 1989. "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/asr/v001/1.1belk.html">Materialism with the modern U.S. Christmas</A>”. In Interpretive Consumer Research, ed. by Elizabeth C. Hirschman, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 75–104.</LI>
<LI>Bowler, Gerry, Editor (2004). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclelland.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780771015359">The World Encyclopedia of Christmas</A></I>, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Limited. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1535-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1535-9">978-0-7710-1535-9</A> (0-7710-1535-6)</LI>
<LI>Bowler, Gerry, (2007). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclelland.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780771016684">Santa Claus: A Biography</A></I>, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Limited. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1668-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1668-4">978-0-7710-1668-4</A> (0-7710-1668-9)</LI>
<LI>Crump, William D. Editor (2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-2293-7"><I>The Christmas Encyclopedia</I>, 2nd edition</A>, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2293-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2293-7">978-0-7864-2293-7</A></LI>
<LI>Nissenbaum, Stephen (1997). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780679740384">The Battle for Christmas</A></I>, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74038-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74038-4">978-0-679-74038-4</A> (0-679-74038-4)</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><CITE class="citation web">Joffe-Walt, Chana (19 December 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2012/12/19/167570321/without-magic-santa-would-need-12-million-employees">"Without Magic, Santa Would Need 12 Million Employees"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/All_Things_Considered" title="All Things Considered">All Things Considered</A></I>. <A href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 December</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Things+Considered&rft.atitle=Without+Magic%2C+Santa+Would+Need+12+Million+Employees&rft.date=2012-12-19&rft.aulast=Joffe-Walt&rft.aufirst=Chana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fmoney%2F2012%2F12%2F19%2F167570321%2Fwithout-magic-santa-would-need-12-million-employees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;">
<DIV style="padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;">Find more about<B style="display:block;">Santa Claus</B>at Wikipedia's <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><SPAN id="sister-projects">sister projects</SPAN></A></DIV>
<UL style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;">
<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Santa_Claus" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Santa Claus">Definitions</A> from Wiktionary</SPAN></LI>
<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Santa_Claus" class="extiw" title="c:Special:Search/Santa Claus">Media</A> from Wikimedia Commons</SPAN></LI>
<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Santa_Claus" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Santa Claus">News</A> from Wikinews</SPAN></LI>
<LI style="min-height: 31px;"><SPAN style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><A href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Santa_Claus" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Santa Claus">Quotations</A> from Wikiquote</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/who-is-st-nicholas/">An article on the History of Santa Claus from the St. Nicholas Center</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arthuriana.co.uk/xmas/">The History of Santa Claus and Father Christmas</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16122221/">North Pole Flooded With Letters</A>—<A href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfpl.org/NJHistoryPathfinders.cfm?doc_Id=31">Research guides for Thomas Nast and Santa Claus at The Morristown & Morris Township Public Library, NJ</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheKnickerbockersRescueSantaClausJamesKirkePaulding">"THE KNICKERBOCKERS RESCUE SANTA CLAUS: 'CLAAS SCHLASCHENSCHLINGER' from James Kirke Paulding's <I>The Book of Saint Nicholas</I>" (1836)</A></LI>
</UL>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christmas" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit" id="collapsibleTable0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton0" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Christmas&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</ABBR></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV id="Christmas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nochebuena" title="Nochebuena">Nochebuena</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day">Saint Nicholas Day</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephen's Day">St. Stephen's Day</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In<BR />
Christianity</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">In <A href="/wiki/Pre-Christian_Alpine_traditions" title="Pre-Christian Alpine traditions">folklore</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">La Befana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1s" title="Mikulás">Mikulás</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse/Tomte</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Saint Lucy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yule_Cat" title="Yule Cat">Yule Cat</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yule_Lads" title="Yule Lads">Yule Lads</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><A href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">Gift-bringers</A></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Santa Claus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers_by_country" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers by country">List of Christmas gift-bringers by country</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions">Traditions</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_events_and_celebrations" title="Category:Christmas events and celebrations">Events and celebrations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_meals_and_feasts" title="Category:Christmas meals and feasts">Meals and feasts</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_seal" title="Christmas seal">Seals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yule_Goat" title="Yule Goat">Yule Goat</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in Australia and New Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Serbian_Christmas_traditions" title="Serbian Christmas traditions">Serbia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Music</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles UK</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles US</A></LI>
<LI>Music books
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</A></I></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium">Other media</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films</A></LI>
<LI>Poetry
<UL>
<LI>"<A href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</A>"</LI>
<LI>"<A href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</A>"</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Television
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">specials</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</A></I></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In<BR />
modern<BR />
society</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Advent_Conspiracy" title="Advent Conspiracy">Advent Conspiracy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Holiday season</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Leon_Day_(holiday)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Day (holiday)">Leon Day</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association_Christmas_games" title="National Basketball Association Christmas games">NBA games</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Football_League_Christmas_games" title="National Football League Christmas games">NFL games</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Puritan_New_England" title="Christmas in Puritan New England">Puritan New England</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_post-war_United_States" title="Christmas in the post-war United States">Post-War United States</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pub_crawl#Santa_Claus_theme" title="Pub crawl">Running of the Santas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Virginia O'Hanlon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_multinational_festivals_and_holidays" title="List of multinational festivals and holidays">Winter festivals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/WWE_Tribute_to_the_Troops" title="WWE Tribute to the Troops">WWE Tribute to the Troops</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes">Food and<BR />
drink</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner">Dinner</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Sweets
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">bûche de Noël</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Kourabiedes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pavlova_(food)" title="Pavlova (food)">Pavlova</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rosca_de_reyes" title="Rosca de reyes">Rosca de reyes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Soup
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Sauce
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Beverages
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Smoking_Bishop" title="Smoking Bishop">Smoking Bishop</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Dumpling
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Meat
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Domesticated_turkey#Turkeys_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated turkey">Turkey</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI><IMG alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <A href="/wiki/Category:Christmas" title="Category:Christmas">Category</A></LI>
<LI><IMG alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <A href="/wiki/Portal:Christmas" title="Portal:Christmas">Portal</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forbes_Fictional_15" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit" id="collapsibleTable1">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton1" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Forbes_Fictional_15" title="Template:Forbes Fictional 15"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Forbes_Fictional_15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Forbes Fictional 15 (page does not exist)"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Forbes_Fictional_15&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</ABBR></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV id="Forbes_Fictional_15" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Forbes_Fictional_15" title="Forbes Fictional 15"><I>Forbes</I> Fictional 15</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable2">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton2" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="2002" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2002</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<OL>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Santa Claus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Richie_Rich_(comics)" title="Richie Rich (comics)">Richie Rich</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oliver_%22Daddy%22_Warbucks" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks">Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scrooge_McDuck" title="Scrooge McDuck">Scrooge McDuck</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thurston_Howell_III" title="Thurston Howell III">Thurston Howell III</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Willy_Wonka" title="Willy Wonka">Willy Wonka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Bruce Wayne</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lex_Luthor" title="Lex Luthor">Lex Luthor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/J._R._Ewing" title="J. R. Ewing">J. R. Ewing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Auric_Goldfinger" title="Auric Goldfinger">Auric Goldfinger</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mr._Burns" title="Mr. Burns">C. Montgomery Burns</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_Kane" title="Charles Foster Kane">Charles Foster Kane</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cruella_de_Vil" title="Cruella de Vil">Cruella de Vil</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gordon_Gekko" title="Gordon Gekko">Gordon Gekko</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jay_Gatsby" title="Jay Gatsby">Jay Gatsby</A></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton3" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="2005" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2005</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<OL>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Santa Claus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oliver_%22Daddy%22_Warbucks" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks">Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Richie_Rich_(comics)" title="Richie Rich (comics)">Richie Rich</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lex_Luthor" title="Lex Luthor">Lex Luthor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mr._Burns" title="Mr. Burns">C. Montgomery Burns</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scrooge_McDuck" title="Scrooge McDuck">Scrooge McDuck</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jed_Clampett" class="mw-redirect" title="Jed Clampett">Jed Clampett</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Bruce Wayne</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thurston_Howell_III" title="Thurston Howell III">Thurston Howell III</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Willy_Wonka" title="Willy Wonka">Willy Wonka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arthur_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Bach">Arthur Bach</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Ebenezer Scrooge</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lara_Croft" title="Lara Croft">Lara Croft</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cruella_de_Vil" title="Cruella de Vil">Cruella de Vil</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lucius_Malfoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Malfoy">Lucius Malfoy</A></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable4">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton4" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="2006" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2006</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<OL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oliver_%22Daddy%22_Warbucks" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks">Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mr._Burns" title="Mr. Burns">C. Montgomery Burns</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scrooge_McDuck" title="Scrooge McDuck">Scrooge McDuck</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Richie_Rich_(comics)" title="Richie Rich (comics)">Richie Rich</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jed_Clampett" class="mw-redirect" title="Jed Clampett">Jed Clampett</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rich_Uncle_Pennybags" title="Rich Uncle Pennybags">Mr. Monopoly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Bruce Wayne</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iron_Man" title="Iron Man">Tony Stark</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Abakaliki_of_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince Abakaliki of Nigeria (page does not exist)">Prince Abakaliki of Nigeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thurston_Howell_III" title="Thurston Howell III">Thurston Howell III</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Willy_Wonka" title="Willy Wonka">Willy Wonka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lucius_Malfoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Malfoy">Lucius Malfoy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tony_Montana" title="Tony Montana">Tony Montana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lara_Croft" title="Lara Croft">Lara Croft</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mario" title="Mario">Mario</A></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable5">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton5" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="2007" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2007</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<OL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scrooge_McDuck" title="Scrooge McDuck">Scrooge McDuck</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming_the_Merciless" title="Ming the Merciless">Ming the Merciless</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Richie_Rich_(comics)" title="Richie Rich (comics)">Richie Rich</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mom_(Futurama)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mom (Futurama)">Mom</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jed_Clampett" class="mw-redirect" title="Jed Clampett">Jed Clampett</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mr._Burns" title="Mr. Burns">C. Montgomery Burns</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carter_Pewterschmidt" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter Pewterschmidt">Carter Pewterschmidt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Bruce Wayne</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thurston_Howell_III" title="Thurston Howell III">Thurston Howell III</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iron_Man" title="Iron Man">Tony Stark</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fake_Steve_Jobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fake Steve Jobs">Fake Steve Jobs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gomez_Addams" title="Gomez Addams">Gomez Addams</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Willy_Wonka" title="Willy Wonka">Willy Wonka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lucius_Malfoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Malfoy">Lucius Malfoy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Princess_Peach" title="Princess Peach">Princess Peach</A></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable6">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton6" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="2008" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2008</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<OL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scrooge_McDuck" title="Scrooge McDuck">Scrooge McDuck</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Richie_Rich_(comics)" title="Richie Rich (comics)">Richie Rich</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gordon_Gekko" title="Gordon Gekko">Gordon Gekko</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jabba_the_Hutt" title="Jabba the Hutt">Jabba the Hutt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Ebenezer Scrooge</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iron_Man" title="Iron Man">Tony Stark</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thurston_Howell_III" title="Thurston Howell III">Thurston Howell III</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Bruce Wayne</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ozymandias_(comics)" title="Ozymandias (comics)">Adrian Veidt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jed_Clampett" class="mw-redirect" title="Jed Clampett">Jed Clampett</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Artemis_Fowl_II" title="Artemis Fowl II">Artemis Fowl II</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mr._Burns" title="Mr. Burns">C. Montgomery Burns</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lara_Croft" title="Lara Croft">Lara Croft</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rich_Uncle_Pennybags" title="Rich Uncle Pennybags">Mr. Monopoly</A></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable7">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton7" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="2010" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<OL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carlisle_Cullen" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle Cullen">Carlisle Cullen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scrooge_McDuck" title="Scrooge McDuck">Scrooge McDuck</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Richie_Rich_(comics)" title="Richie Rich (comics)">Richie Rich</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iron_Man" title="Iron Man">Tony Stark</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jed_Clampett" class="mw-redirect" title="Jed Clampett">Jed Clampett</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ozymandias_(comics)" title="Ozymandias (comics)">Adrian Veidt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Bruce Wayne</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tooth_fairy" title="Tooth fairy">Tooth fairy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thurston_Howell_III" title="Thurston Howell III">Thurston Howell III</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Fat_Controller" title="The Fat Controller">Sir Topham Hatt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Artemis_Fowl_II" title="Artemis Fowl II">Artemis Fowl II</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mr._Burns" title="Mr. Burns">C. Montgomery Burns</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chuck_Bass" title="Chuck Bass">Chuck Bass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jay_Gatsby" title="Jay Gatsby">Jay Gatsby</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lucille_Bluth" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucille Bluth">Lucille Bluth</A></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable8">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton8" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="2011" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2011</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<OL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scrooge_McDuck" title="Scrooge McDuck">Scrooge McDuck</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carlisle_Cullen" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle Cullen">Carlisle Cullen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Artemis_Fowl_II" title="Artemis Fowl II">Artemis Fowl II</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Richie_Rich_(comics)" title="Richie Rich (comics)">Richie Rich</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jed_Clampett" class="mw-redirect" title="Jed Clampett">Jed Clampett</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iron_Man" title="Iron Man">Tony Stark</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Bruce Wayne</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rich_Uncle_Pennybags" title="Rich Uncle Pennybags">Mr. Monopoly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arthur_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Bach">Arthur Bach</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jo_Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Jo Bennett">Jo Bennett</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mr._Burns" title="Mr. Burns">C. Montgomery Burns</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chuck_Bass" title="Chuck Bass">Chuck Bass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gordon_Gekko" title="Gordon Gekko">Gordon Gekko</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Lebowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey Lebowski">Jeffrey Lebowski</A></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable9">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton9" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="2012" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2012</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<OL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flintheart_Glomgold" title="Flintheart Glomgold">Flintheart Glomgold</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carlisle_Cullen" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle Cullen">Carlisle Cullen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jed_Clampett" class="mw-redirect" title="Jed Clampett">Jed Clampett</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iron_Man" title="Iron Man">Tony Stark</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Richie_Rich_(comics)" title="Richie Rich (comics)">Richie Rich</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_Kane" title="Charles Foster Kane">Charles Foster Kane</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Bruce Wayne</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Forrest_Gump_(character)" title="Forrest Gump (character)">Forrest Gump</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rich_Uncle_Pennybags" title="Rich Uncle Pennybags">Mr. Monopoly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lisbeth_Salander" title="Lisbeth Salander">Lisbeth Salander</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tywin_Lannister" title="Tywin Lannister">Tywin Lannister</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mr._Burns" title="Mr. Burns">C. Montgomery Burns</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Downton_Abbey_characters#Lord_Robert_Crawley" title="List of Downton Abbey characters">Robert Crawley</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jo_Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Jo Bennett">Jo Bennett</A></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable10">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton10" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="2013" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2013</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<OL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scrooge_McDuck" title="Scrooge McDuck">Scrooge McDuck</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Smaug" title="Smaug">Smaug</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carlisle_Cullen" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle Cullen">Carlisle Cullen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iron_Man" title="Iron Man">Tony Stark</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_Kane" title="Charles Foster Kane">Charles Foster Kane</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Bruce Wayne</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Richie_Rich_(comics)" title="Richie Rich (comics)">Richie Rich</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Christian_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Grey">Christian Grey</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tywin_Lannister" title="Tywin Lannister">Tywin Lannister</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mr._Burns" title="Mr. Burns">C. Montgomery Burns</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Walden_Schmidt" title="Walden Schmidt">Walden Schmidt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lara_Croft" title="Lara Croft">Lara Croft</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rich_Uncle_Pennybags" title="Rich Uncle Pennybags">Mr. Monopoly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mary_Crawley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Crawley">Mary Crawley</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jay_Gatsby" title="Jay Gatsby">Jay Gatsby</A></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2015-039717">WorldCat Identities</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2015039717">no2015039717</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4322773-9">4322773-9</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028165594">028165594</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12005470x">cb12005470x</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12005470x">(data)</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001123057">001123057</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Technology_in_the_Humanities" title="Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities">IATH</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w69z9tk7">w69z9tk7</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>

<!--
NewPP limit report
Parsed by mw1265
Cached time: 20180109003044
Cache expiry: 1900800
Dynamic content: false
CPU time usage: 1.120 seconds
Real time usage: 1.271 seconds
Preprocessor visited node count: 8166/1000000
Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000
Post‐expand include size: 256540/2097152 bytes
Template argument size: 15600/2097152 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 16/40
Expensive parser function count: 15/500
Lua time usage: 0.550/10.000 seconds
Lua memory usage: 10.7 MB/50 MB
-->
<!--
Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)
100.00% 1043.285      1 -total
 53.06%  553.613      1 Template:Reflist
 22.64%  236.228     59 Template:Cite_web
 10.12%  105.578     16 Template:Cite_news
  7.39%   77.105      7 Template:Fix
  6.01%   62.701      4 Template:Citation_needed
  5.96%   62.142      8 Template:ISBN
  5.03%   52.498      4 Template:Quote
  4.28%   44.696      1 Template:Forbes_Fictional_15
  3.98%   41.571      1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups
-->
</DIV>
<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:8720252-0!canonical and timestamp 20180109003043 and revision id 819364064
 -->
<NOSCRIPT><img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></NOSCRIPT></DIV>					<DIV class="printfooter">
						Retrieved from "<A dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Claus&oldid=819364064">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Claus&oldid=819364064</A>"					</DIV>
				<DIV id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><DIV id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><A href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</A>: <UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Advertising_characters" title="Category:Advertising characters">Advertising characters</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Christian_folklore" title="Category:Christian folklore">Christian folklore</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_traditions" title="Category:Christmas traditions">Christmas traditions</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Supernatural_beings_identified_with_Christian_saints" title="Category:Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints">Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_Christian_saints" title="Category:Fictional Christian saints">Fictional Christian saints</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_toymakers_and_toy_inventors" title="Category:Fictional toymakers and toy inventors">Fictional toymakers and toy inventors</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Folk_saints" title="Category:Folk saints">Folk saints</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Holiday_characters" title="Category:Holiday characters">Holiday characters</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Holiday_fiction" title="Category:Holiday fiction">Holiday fiction</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Santa_Claus" title="Category:Santa Claus">Santa Claus</A></LI></UL></DIV><DIV id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_URL_errors" title="Category:Pages with URL errors">Pages with URL errors</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2010" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2010">Articles with dead external links from December 2010</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_citations_with_accessdate_and_no_URL" title="Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL">Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown">CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2013" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2013">Use dmy dates from December 2013</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_December_2016" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2016">Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2016</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:North_America-centric" title="Category:North America-centric">North America-centric</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_December_2016" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from December 2016">Articles with disputed statements from December 2016</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_minor_POV_problems_from_June_2011" title="Category:Articles with minor POV problems from June 2011">Articles with minor POV problems from June 2011</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_LCCN_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers">Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_GND_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers">Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_BNF_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers">Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_SNAC-ID_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers">Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers</A></LI></UL></DIV></DIV>				<DIV class="visualClear"></DIV>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
		<DIV id="mw-navigation">
			<H2>Navigation menu</H2>
			<DIV id="mw-head">
									<DIV id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label">
						<H3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="pt-anonuserpage">Not logged in</LI><LI id="pt-anontalk"><A href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]" accesskey="n">Talk</A></LI><LI id="pt-anoncontribs"><A href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</A></LI><LI id="pt-createaccount"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Santa+Claus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</A></LI><LI id="pt-login"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Santa+Claus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]" accesskey="o">Log in</A></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
									<DIV id="left-navigation">
										<DIV id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label">
						<H3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]" accesskey="c">Article</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-talk"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Talk:Santa_Claus" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]" accesskey="t">Talk</A></SPAN></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label">
												<H3 id="p-variants-label" tabindex="0">
							<SPAN>Variants</SPAN>
						</H3>
						<DIV class="menu">
							<UL>
															</UL>
						</DIV>
					</DIV>
									</DIV>
				<DIV id="right-navigation">
										<DIV id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label">
						<H3 id="p-views-label">Views</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="ca-view" class="collapsible selected"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Santa_Claus">Read</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-viewsource" class="collapsible"><SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Claus&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]" accesskey="e">View source</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Claus&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]" accesskey="h">View history</A></SPAN></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label">
						<H3 id="p-cactions-label" tabindex="0"><SPAN>More</SPAN></H3>
						<DIV class="menu">
							<UL>
															</UL>
						</DIV>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-search" role="search">
						<H3>
							<LABEL for="searchInput">Search</LABEL>
						</H3>
						<FORM action="/w/index.php" id="searchform">
							<DIV id="simpleSearch">
								<INPUT type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" title="Search Wikipedia [ctrl-alt-f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" tabindex="1" autocomplete="off" /><INPUT type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title" /><INPUT type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton" />							</DIV>
						</FORM>
					</DIV>
									</DIV>
			</DIV>
			<DIV id="mw-panel">
				<DIV id="p-logo" role="banner"><A class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></A></DIV>
						<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label">
			<H3 id="p-navigation-label">Navigation</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="n-mainpage-description"><A href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]" accesskey="z">Main page</A></LI><LI id="n-contents"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</A></LI><LI id="n-featuredcontent"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</A></LI><LI id="n-currentevents"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</A></LI><LI id="n-randompage"><A href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]" accesskey="x">Random article</A></LI><LI id="n-sitesupport"><A href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</A></LI><LI id="n-shoplink"><A href="//shop.wikimedia.org" title="Visit the Wikipedia store">Wikipedia store</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-interaction" aria-labelledby="p-interaction-label">
			<H3 id="p-interaction-label">Interaction</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="n-help"><A href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</A></LI><LI id="n-aboutsite"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</A></LI><LI id="n-portal"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</A></LI><LI id="n-recentchanges"><A href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</A></LI><LI id="n-contactpage"><A href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact page</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-tb" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label">
			<H3 id="p-tb-label">Tools</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="t-whatlinkshere"><A href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Santa_Claus" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]" accesskey="j">What links here</A></LI><LI id="t-recentchangeslinked"><A href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Santa_Claus" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</A></LI><LI id="t-upload"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</A></LI><LI id="t-specialpages"><A href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</A></LI><LI id="t-permalink"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Claus&oldid=819364064" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</A></LI><LI id="t-info"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Claus&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</A></LI><LI id="t-wikibase"><A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q315796" title="Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</A></LI><LI id="t-cite"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Santa_Claus&id=819364064" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label">
			<H3 id="p-coll-print_export-label">Print/export</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="coll-create_a_book"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Santa+Claus">Create a book</A></LI><LI id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:ElectronPdf&page=Santa+Claus&action=show-download-screen">Download as PDF</A></LI><LI id="t-print"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Claus&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label">
			<H3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label">In other projects</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Santa_Claus" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</A></LI><LI class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote"><A href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"><SPAN class="uls-settings-trigger" title="Language settings" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-haspopup="true"></SPAN>
			<H3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als"><A href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihnachtsmann" title="Weihnachtsmann – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="بابا نويل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as"><A href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C" title="ছাণ্টাক্লজ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><A href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1_Noel" title="Pá Noel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><A href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaxta_Baba" title="Şaxta Baba – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><A href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C" title="সান্টাক্লজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><A href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng-t%C3%A0n_L%C4%81u-l%C3%A2ng" title="Sèng-tàn Lāu-lâng – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><A href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Санта-Клаус – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><A href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%9E%D1%81" title="Санта-Кляўс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дядо Коледа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><A href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad-kozh_an_Nedeleg" title="Tad-kozh an Nedeleg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pare_Noel" title="Pare Noel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B4n_Corn" title="Siôn Corn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihnachtsmann" title="Weihnachtsmann – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B5uluvana" title="Jõuluvana – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B9_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Άι Βασίλης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%A1_Noel" title="Papá Noel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristnaska_Viro" title="Kristnaska Viro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizarzuri" title="Bizarzuri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84" title="بابا نوئل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><A href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3lama%C3%B0urin" title="Jólamaðurin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><A href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daid%C3%AD_na_Nollag" title="Daidí na Nollag – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><A href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noo_Niglus_(persoonid_Nollick)" title="Noo Niglus (persoonid Nollick) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><A href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodach_na_Nollaige" title="Bodach na Nollaige – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%A1_Noel" title="Papá Noel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%83%80%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="산타클로스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1_%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Սանտա Կլաուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="सांता क्लॉज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb"><A href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpodich" title="Rumpodich – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djed_Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87njak" title="Djed Božićnjak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3lasveinn" title="Jólasveinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babbo_Natale" title="Babbo Natale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1" title="סנטה קלאוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><A href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸಾಂಟಾ ಕ್ಲಾಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სანტა კლაუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb"><A href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swi%C3%A3ti_Mik%C3%B2%C5%82%C3%B4j" title="Swiãti Mikòłôj – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><A href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Krismasi" title="Baba Krismasi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><A href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2_%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA" title="ຊານຕາ ຄລອດສ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pater_Natalis" title="Pater Natalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tku_vec%C4%ABtis" title="Ziemassvētku vecītis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><A href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%97d%C5%B3_Senelis" title="Kalėdų Senelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><A href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%C3%A0_Nedal" title="Bobà Nedal – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikul%C3%A1s" title="Mikulás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><A href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9C" title="सेन्टा क्लज – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><A href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Дедо Мраз – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സാന്റാക്ലോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><A href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C" title="सांता क्लॉज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><A href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სანტა კლაუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><A href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="بابا نويل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerstman" title="Kerstman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><A href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ACrstman" title="Kìrstman – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="サンタクロース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julenissen" title="Julenissen – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julenissen" title="Julenissen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><A href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Nou%C3%A9" title="Papa Noué – Norman" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paire_nadal" title="Paire nadal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><A href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D" title="ସାନ୍ତା କ୍ଲଜ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><A href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Klaus" title="Santa Klaus – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><A href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਸੈਂਟਾ ਕਲਾਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl"><A href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_von_Myra" title="Nikolaus von Myra – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Miko%C5%82aj_(kultura_masowa)" title="Święty Mikołaj (kultura masowa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papai_Noel" title="Papai Noel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C8%99_Cr%C4%83ciun" title="Moș Crăciun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Санта-Клаус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santae_Claus" title="Santae Claus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEi%C4%8Dek" title="Božiček – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><A href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%84" title="بابانۆئێل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Санта Клоз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djed_Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87njak" title="Djed Božićnjak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jultomten" title="Jultomten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><A href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE" title="கிறித்துமசு தாத்தா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><A href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D" title="శాంతా క్లాజ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" title="ซานตาคลอส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr"><A href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%AD%E1%8F%84%E1%8E%A7%E1%8E%AF" title="ᏗᎭᏄᎧᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Санта-Клаус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><A href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="سانتا کلاز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ng_gi%C3%A0_Noel" title="Ông già Noel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><A href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><A href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1" title="סאנטא קלאס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%AA%95%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA" title="聖誕老人 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%AF%9E%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA" title="圣诞老人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				</UL>
				<DIV class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><SPAN class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q315796#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</A></SPAN></DIV>			</DIV>
		</DIV>
				</DIV>
		</DIV>
				<DIV id="footer" role="contentinfo">
						<UL id="footer-info">
								<LI id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 January 2018, at 23:41.</LI>
								<LI id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <A rel="license" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</A><A rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></A>;
additional terms may apply.  By using this site, you agree to the <A href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</A> and <A href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</A>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <A href="//www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</A>, a non-profit organization.</LI>
							</UL>
						<UL id="footer-places">
								<LI id="footer-places-privacy"><A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-about"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-disclaimer"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-contact"><A href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-developers"><A href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute">Developers</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-mobileview"><A href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Claus&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</A></LI>
							<LI style=""><A href="#">Enable previews</A></LI></UL>
										<UL id="footer-icons" class="noprint">
										<LI id="footer-copyrightico">
						<A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/"><IMG src="/static/images/wikimedia-button.png" srcset="/static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" /></A>					</LI>
										<LI id="footer-poweredbyico">
						<A href="//www.mediawiki.org/"><IMG src="/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" /></A>					</LI>
									</UL>
						<DIV style="clear: both;"></DIV>
		</DIV>

<DIV class="suggestions" style="display: none; font-size: 13px;"><DIV class="suggestions-results"></DIV><DIV class="suggestions-special"></DIV></DIV><DIV id="mwe-popups-svg"><svg width="0" height="0"><defs><clipPath id="mwe-popups-mask"><polygon points="0 8, 10 8, 18 0, 26 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-mask-flip"><polygon points="0 8, 274 8, 282 0, 290 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-landscape-mask"><polygon points="0 8, 174 8, 182 0, 190 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-landscape-mask-flip"><polygon points="0 0, 1000 0, 1000 242, 190 242, 182 250, 174 242, 0 242"></polygon></clipPath></defs></svg></DIV></BODY></HTML>

document_title: Santa Claus

token: Santa

token: Claus

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: redirects

token: here

token: For

token: other

token: uses

token: see

token: disambiguation

token: This

token: article

token: about

token: the

token: legendary

token: character

token: illustration

token: by

token: Thomas

token: Nast

token: who

token: along

token: with

token: Clement

token: Clarke

token: Moore

token: 's

token: poem

token: A

token: Visit

token: from

token: St.

token: Nicholas

token: helped

token: create

token: modern

token: image

token: of

token: The

token: portrayal

token: frequently

token: depicts

token: him

token: listening

token: Christmas

token: wishes

token: different

token: children

token: also

token: known

token: Saint

token: Kris

token: Kringle

token: Father

token: simply

token: figure

token: originating

token: in

token: Western

token: Christian

token: culture

token: Фотоэнциклопедия

token: српскохрватски

question_text: what guides santa home after he has delivered presents