document_html:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<HTML class="client-js ve-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"><HEAD>

<TITLE>Hops - Wikipedia</TITLE>

<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector" />

<STYLE>
.referencetooltip{position:absolute;list-style:none;list-style-image:none;opacity:0;font-size:12px;margin:0;z-index:5;padding:0}.referencetooltip > li{background:#fff;border:1px solid #bbb;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);margin:0;padding:8px 10px;line-height:18px;max-width:300px}.referencetooltip > li + li{box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:7px;margin-top:-1px;border:0;padding:0;height:3px;width:0;background-color:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;border-top:12px #bbb solid;border-right:7px transparent solid;border-left:7px transparent solid}.referencetooltip > li + li::after{z-index:111;content:'';border:6px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:8px solid #fff;height:0;width:0;display:block;margin-left:-6px;margin-top:-12px}.RTflipped{padding-top:13px}.referencetooltip.RTflipped > li + li{position:absolute;top:0;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px #bbb solid}.referencetooltip.RTflipped > li + li::after{border-top:0;border-bottom:8px #fff solid;position:absolute;margin-top:7px}.RTsettings{ background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22utf-8%22%3F%3E%0D%0A%3C%21--%20Generator%3A%20Adobe%20Illustrator%2018.1.1%2C%20SVG%20Export%20Plug-In%20.%20SVG%20Version%3A%206.00%20Build%200%29%20%20--%3E%0D%0A%3C%21DOCTYPE%20svg%20PUBLIC%20%22-%2F%2FW3C%2F%2FDTD%20SVG%201.1%2F%2FEN%22%20%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FGraphics%2FSVG%2F1.1%2FDTD%2Fsvg11.dtd%22%3E%0D%0A%3Csvg%20version%3D%221.1%22%20id%3D%22Layer_1%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20xmlns%3Axlink%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1999%2Fxlink%22%20x%3D%220px%22%20y%3D%220px%22%0D%0A%09%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2024%2024%22%20enable-background%3D%22new%200%200%2024%2024%22%20xml%3Aspace%3D%22preserve%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23555555%22%20d%3D%22M20%2C14.5v-2.9l-1.8-0.3c-0.1-0.4-0.3-0.8-0.6-1.4l1.1-1.5l-2.1-2.1l-1.5%2C1.1c-0.5-0.3-1-0.5-1.4-0.6L13.5%2C5h-2.9l-0.3%2C1.8%0D%0A%09C9.8%2C6.9%2C9.4%2C7.1%2C8.9%2C7.4L7.4%2C6.3L5.3%2C8.4l1%2C1.5c-0.3%2C0.5-0.4%2C0.9-0.6%2C1.4L4%2C11.5v2.9l1.8%2C0.3c0.1%2C0.5%2C0.3%2C0.9%2C0.6%2C1.4l-1%2C1.5%0D%0A%09l2.1%2C2.1l1.5-1c0.4%2C0.2%2C0.9%2C0.4%2C1.4%2C0.6l0.3%2C1.8h3l0.3-1.8c0.5-0.1%2C0.9-0.3%2C1.4-0.6l1.5%2C1.1l2.1-2.1l-1.1-1.5c0.3-0.5%2C0.5-1%2C0.6-1.4%0D%0A%09L20%2C14.5z%20M12%2C16c-1.7%2C0-3-1.3-3-3s1.3-3%2C3-3s3%2C1.3%2C3%2C3S13.7%2C16%2C12%2C16z%22%2F%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0D%0A);  display:block;float:right;cursor:pointer;margin:0;margin-top:-4px;height:24px;width:24px;border-radius:2px;box-sizing:border-box;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:24px 24px;margin-left:8px}.RTsettings:hover{background-color:#eee}.RTTarget{background-color:#def}
.wp-teahouse-question-form{position:absolute;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:#f4f3f0;border:1px solid #a7d7f9;padding:1em}#wp-th-question-ask{float:right}.wp-teahouse-ask a.external{background-image:none !important}.wp-teahouse-respond-form{position:absolute;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:#f4f3f0;border:1px solid #a7d7f9;padding:1em}.wp-th-respond{float:right}.wp-teahouse-respond a.external{background-image:none !important}
.cite-accessibility-label{ top:-99999px;clip:rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); position:absolute !important;padding:0 !important;border:0 !important;height:1px !important;width:1px !important; overflow:hidden}
.mw-spinner{background-color:transparent;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.mw-spinner-small{background-image:url(data:image/gif;base64,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);background-image:url(/w/resources/src/jquery/images/spinner.gif?ca65b)!ie;height:20px;width:20px; min-width:20px}.mw-spinner-large{background-image:url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhIAAgAOMAAP///wAAAMbGxoSEhLa2tpqamjY2NlZWVtjY2OTk5Ly8vB4eHgQEBP///////////yH/C05FVFNDQVBFMi4wAwEAAAAh+QQFCgAPACwAAAAAIAAgAAAE5/DJSWlhperN52JLhSSdRgwVo1ICQZRUsiwHpTJT4iowNS8vyW2icCF6k8HMMBk+EDskxTBDPZwuAkkqIfxIQyhBQBFvHwSDITM5VDW6XNE4KagNh6Bgwe60smQUB3d4Rz1ZBApnFASDd0hihh12BkE9kjAJVlycXIg7CQIFA6SlnJ87paqbSKiKoqusnbMdmDC2tXQlkUhziYtyWTxIfy6BE8WJt5YJvpJivxNaGmLHT0VnOgSYf0dZXS7APdpB309RnHOG5g/qXGLDaC457D1zZ/V/nmOM82XiHRLYKhKP1oZmADdEAAAh+QQFCgAPACwAAAAAGAAXAAAEcvDJSesiNetplqlDsYnUYlIGw2jGV55SoS5sq0wmLS3qoBWtAw42mG0ehxYp90CoGKRNy8U8qFzNweCGwlJkgolCq0VIEAbMkUIghxLrDcLti2/Gg7D9qN774wkKBIOEfw+ChIV/gYmDho+QkZKTR3p7EQAh+QQFCgAPACwBAAAAHQAOAAAEcvDJSScxNev9jjkZwU2IUhkodSzLKA2DOKGYRLD1CA/InEoGlkui2PlyuKGkADM9aI8EayGbJDYI4zM1YIEmAwajkCAoehNmTNNaLsQMHmGuuEYHgpHAAGfUBHNzeUp9VBQJCoFOLmFxWHNoQweRWEocEQAh+QQFCgAPACwHAAAAGQARAAAEavDJ+cQQNOtdRsnf9iRINpyZYYgEgU3nQKnr1hIJjEqHGmqIlkInexRUB5FE0So9YhKaUpK4SaAPlWaxIFAETQ3B4BxzF2Kn8nBeJKebdm3SgksKXDt8kNP7/xoMgoMLP36DiAyAD4kMhREAIfkEBQoADwAsDgAAABIAGAAABGUQFfSqvZiUghXF1cZZxTCA4WYh5omKVqugD/woLV2rT/u9KoJpFDIYaIJBwnIwGogoivOoq0wPs6r1qe16v5WFeEzVjc+LKnphIIC9g193wGC4uvX6Aoo05BllVQULeXdadAxuEQAh+QQFCgAPACwOAAAAEgAeAAAEgDCp9Kq9WBGFBb5ECBbFV4XERaYmahGk14qPQJbm4z53foq2AquiGAwQJsQQYTRyfIlCc4DzTY8+i8CZxQy74KxhTD58P+S0Qaw+hN8WyruwWMDrdcM5ecAv3CYDDDIEBngmBwwMaxeGJgmKDFVdggx2bwuKA28EkXAGinJhVCYRACH5BAUKAA8ALA8AAQARAB8AAAR88Mn5UKIYC0KyT5ziZQqHjBQSohRHXGzFCSkHU/eTlCa7uTSUi6DIeVSEU0yiXDo9g6i0EIRKr6hrlPrsOgkGQ8EZDh+eZcOosKAcymPKYLE4TwphCWMvoS86HnsME3RqgXwSBnQjghR+h4MTB4sZjRiAGAsMbU4FDHFLEQAh+QQFCgAPACwIAA4AGAASAAAEbPDJSesjOKtk+8yg4nkgto1oihIqKgyD2FpwjcxUUtRDMROG2wPBkz0EjEHHYKgoYMKHgcE4PBZYCbM5KlAZHOxCUmBaPQuq8pqVHJg+GnUsEVO2nTQjzqZPmB1UXHVtE3wVOxUGC4M4H34qEQAh+QQFCgAPACwCABIAHQAOAAAEePDJSat96FJ0tEUEkV0DwwwepYSEklDEYpopJbCEIBkzY+geweD1SKxCiJJpUZAgmBbCYNCcIFaJggk1OSwWKINYMh2MLMRJ7LsbPxTl2sTAbhsmhalC/vje7VZxNXQLBHNuEnlcKV8dh38TCmcehhUHBo58cpA1EQAh+QQFCgAPACwAAA8AGQARAAAEZ7AsRuu7OOtbO9tgJnlfaJ7omQwpuixFCxrvK2dHvRwoQmw1w+8i3PgIggzBpjEYLoPohUBNoJzPR5T1OCpOB2dMK70oqIhQwcmDlh8J6nCDzWwzAmrIqblnEFZqGgUDYzcaAgNJGxEAIfkEBQoADwAsAQAIABEAGAAABFyQMDaevfiOyVbJ4GNwjCGEWLGQaLZRbYZUcW3feK7vaGEYNsXh96sRgYiW73e4JAYn0O9zKQwGhAdhi5pdLdts6DpQgLkgBfkSHl+TZ7ELi2mDEHKLgmC+JRQJEQAh+QQFCgAPACwAAAIADgAdAAAEcvDJ+cqgeDJmMt4M4U3DtozTsl1oASJpRxnbkS6LIT4Cw0oHHO4A8xAMwhPqgSssH4nnknAwWK+Zq1ZGoW650vAOpRgMBCOEee2xrAtRTNlcQEsI8Yd6oKAICARFHgmAYx4KgIIZCIB9ZIB5RgR2KAmKEQA7);background-image:url(/w/resources/src/jquery/images/spinner-large.gif?57f34)!ie;height:32px;width:32px; min-width:32px}.mw-spinner-block{display:block; width:100%}.mw-spinner-inline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle; zoom:1;*display:inline; }
.suggestions{overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:0;border:0;z-index:1099;padding:0;margin:-1px 0 0 0}.suggestions-special{position:relative;background-color:#fff;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;margin-top:-2px;display:none;padding:0.25em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em}.suggestions-results{background-color:#fff;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0;margin:0}.suggestions-result{color:#000;margin:0;line-height:1.5em;padding:0.01em 0.25em;text-align:left; overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.suggestions-result-current{background-color:#2a4b8d;color:#fff}.suggestions-special .special-label{color:#72777d;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-query{color:#000;font-style:italic;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-hover{background-color:#c8ccd1}.suggestions-result-current .special-label,.suggestions-result-current .special-query{color:#fff}.highlight{font-weight:bold}
@media screen {
	.tochidden,.toctoggle{-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.toctoggle{font-size:94%}}
@media print {
	.toc.tochidden,.toctoggle{display:none}}
.uls-menu{border-radius:2px; font-size:medium}.uls-search,.uls-language-settings-close-block{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-top-left-radius:2px}.uls-language-list{border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.uls-menu.callout:before,.uls-menu.callout:after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right:before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right:after{ border-left:10px solid #f8f9fa; right:-10px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left:before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left:after{ border-right:10px solid #f8f9fa; left:-10px}.uls-ui-languages button{margin:5px 15px 5px 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}.uls-search-wrapper-wrapper{position:relative;padding-left:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px}.uls-icon-back{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.png?90e9b) no-repeat scroll center center;background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.svg?e226b);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2224%22 height=%2224%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2354595d%22 d=%22M7 13.1l8.9 8.9c.8-.8.8-2 0-2.8l-6.1-6.1 6-6.1c.8-.8.8-2 0-2.8L7 13.1z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");background-size:28px;background-position:center center;height:32px;width:40px;display:block;position:absolute;left:0;border-right:1px solid #c8ccd1;opacity:0.8}.uls-icon-back:hover{opacity:1;cursor:pointer}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view .uls-no-found-more{background-color:#fff}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view h3{padding:0 28px;margin:0;color:#54595d;font-size:1em;font-weight:normal}  .skin-vector .uls-menu{border-color:#c8ccd1;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);font-size:0.875em}.skin-vector .uls-search{border-bottom-color:#c8ccd1}.skin-vector .uls-filtersuggestion{color:#72777d}.skin-vector .uls-lcd-region-title{color:#54595d}
.mw-editfont-monospace{font-family:monospace,monospace}.mw-editfont-sans-serif{font-family:sans-serif}.mw-editfont-serif{font-family:serif} .mw-editfont-monospace,.mw-editfont-sans-serif,.mw-editfont-serif{font-size:13px; }.mw-editfont-monospace.oo-ui-textInputWidget,.mw-editfont-sans-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget,.mw-editfont-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget{font-size:inherit}.mw-editfont-monospace > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-sans-serif > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-serif > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input{font-size:13px}
table.jquery-tablesorter th.headerSort{background-image:url(/w/resources/src/jquery/images/sort_both.png?8b01b);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%229%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 9%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zM14.5 4l-4-4-4 4z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");cursor:pointer;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center right;padding-right:21px}table.jquery-tablesorter th.headerSortUp{background-image:url(/w/resources/src/jquery/images/sort_up.png?76242);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%224%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 4%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M6.5 4l4-4 4 4z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}table.jquery-tablesorter th.headerSortDown{background-image:url(/w/resources/src/jquery/images/sort_down.png?3f399);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2221%22 height=%224%22 viewBox=%220 0 21 4%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M14.5 0l-4 4-4-4z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}
@-webkit-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}}@-moz-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-moz-transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-moz-transform:translateY(0)}}@-o-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-o-transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-o-transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{-webkit-animation-duration:1s;-moz-animation-duration:1s;-o-animation-duration:1s;animation-duration:1s;-webkit-animation-fill-mode:both;-moz-animation-fill-mode:both;-o-animation-fill-mode:both;animation-fill-mode:both;-webkit-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;-moz-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;-o-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation}
@media print{#centralNotice{display:none}}.cn-closeButton{display:inline-block;zoom:1;background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUBAMAAAB/pwA+AAAAElBMVEUAAAAQEBDPz88AAABAQEDv7+9oe1vvAAAABnRSTlMA3rLe3rJS22KzAAAARElEQVQI12PAAUIUQCSTK5BwFgIxFU1AhKECUFAYKAAioXwwBeZChMGCEGGQIFQYJohgIhQgtCEMQ7ECYTHCOciOxA4AADgJTXIb9s8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=) no-repeat;background:url(/w/extensions/CentralNotice/resources/subscribing/close.png?8e3d8) no-repeat!ie;width:20px;height:20px;text-indent:20px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}
.mw-ui-button{font-family:inherit;font-size:1em;display:inline-block;min-width:4em;max-width:28.75em;padding:0.546875em 1em;line-height:1.286;margin:0;border-radius:2px;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-appearance:none;*display:inline; zoom:1;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#f8f9fa;color:#222222;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer}.mw-ui-button:visited{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button:hover{background-color:#ffffff;color:#444444;border-color:#a2a9b1}.mw-ui-button:focus{background-color:#ffffff;color:#222222;border-color:#3366cc;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button:active,.mw-ui-button.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#d9d9d9;color:#000000;border-color:#72777d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button:disabled:active{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;box-shadow:none;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button:focus{outline-width:0}.mw-ui-button:focus::-moz-focus-inner{border-color:transparent;padding:0}.mw-ui-button:not(:disabled){-webkit-transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms;-moz-transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms;transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms}.mw-ui-button:disabled{text-shadow:none;cursor:default}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-big{font-size:1.3em}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-block{display:block;width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive{background-color:#3366cc;color:#fff;border:1px solid #3366cc}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:hover{background-color:#447ff5;border-color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#2a4b8d;border-color:#2a4b8d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#2a4b8d}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#3366cc}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive{background-color:#dd3333;color:#fff;border:1px solid #dd3333}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:hover{background-color:#ff4242;border-color:#ff4242}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #dd3333,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#b32424;border-color:#b32424;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#ff4242}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#b32424}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#dd3333}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet{background:transparent;border:0;text-shadow:none;color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#444444}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#000000}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus{box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{background:transparent}input.mw-ui-button::-moz-focus-inner,button.mw-ui-button::-moz-focus-inner{margin-top:-1px;margin-bottom:-1px}a.mw-ui-button{text-decoration:none}a.mw-ui-button:hover,a.mw-ui-button:focus{text-decoration:none}.mw-ui-button-group > *{min-width:48px;border-radius:0;float:left}.mw-ui-button-group > *:first-child{border-top-left-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group > *:not(:first-child){border-left:0}.mw-ui-button-group > *:last-child{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-right-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group .is-on .button{cursor:default}
.mw-ui-icon{position:relative;line-height:1.5em;min-height:1.5em;min-width:1.5em}span.mw-ui-icon{display:inline-block}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element{text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden;width:3.5em;min-width:3.5em;max-width:3.5em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element:before{left:0;right:0;position:absolute;margin:0 1em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element.mw-ui-icon-large{width:4.625em;min-width:4.625em;max-width:4.625em;line-height:4.625em;min-height:4.625em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element.mw-ui-icon-large:before{min-height:4.625em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-before:before,.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element:before{background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto;float:left;display:block;min-height:1.5em;content:''}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-before:before{position:relative;width:1.5em;margin-right:1em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-small:before{background-size:66.67% auto}
.mw-ui-icon-popups-settings:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=popups-settings&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2354595d%22 d=%22M20 14.5v-2.9l-1.8-.3c-.1-.4-.3-.8-.6-1.4l1.1-1.5-2.1-2.1-1.5 1.1c-.5-.3-1-.5-1.4-.6L13.5 5h-2.9l-.3 1.8c-.5.1-.9.3-1.4.6L7.4 6.3 5.3 8.4l1 1.5c-.3.5-.4.9-.6 1.4l-1.7.2v2.9l1.8.3c.1.5.3.9.6 1.4l-1 1.5 2.1 2.1 1.5-1c.4.2.9.4 1.4.6l.3 1.8h3l.3-1.8c.5-.1.9-.3 1.4-.6l1.5 1.1 2.1-2.1-1.1-1.5c.3-.5.5-1 .6-1.4l1.5-.3zM12 16c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3s1.3-3 3-3 3 1.3 3 3-1.3 3-3 3z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-popups-close:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=popups-close&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M3.636 2.222l14.142 14.142-1.414 1.414L2.222 3.636z%22/%3E %3Cpath d=%22M17.778 3.636L3.636 17.778l-1.414-1.414L16.364 2.222z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-preview-generic:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=preview-generic&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width=%2237%22 height=%2227%22 xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%3E %3Cg id=%22Page-1%22 fill=%22none%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22%3E %3Cg id=%22sad-face%22 fill=%22%23C8CCD1%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M5.475.7v20.075L0 26.25h31.025c3.102 0 5.475-2.372 5.475-5.475V.7H5.475zm20.44 4.562c1.277 0 2.19 1.095 2.19 2.19 0 1.096-.913 2.373-2.19 2.373-1.278 0-2.19-1.095-2.19-2.19s1.095-2.373 2.19-2.373zm-9.855 0c1.277 0 2.19 1.095 2.19 2.19 0 1.096-1.095 2.373-2.19 2.373s-2.19-1.095-2.19-2.19.913-2.373 2.19-2.373zm4.928 8.213c-7.153 0-8.415 7.012-8.415 7.012s2.805-1.403 8.415-1.403c5.61 0 8.414 1.403 8.414 1.403S28 13.475 20.988 13.475z%22 id=%22Shape%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-footer:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=footer&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%22230%22 height=%22179%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 viewBox=%220 0 230 179%22%3E %3Cdefs%3E %3Crect id=%22a%22 width=%22201%22 height=%2213%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Crect id=%22b%22 width=%22201%22 height=%22169%22 y=%2210%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Crect id=%22c%22 width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%22135%22 y=%22158%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3C/defs%3E %3Cg fill=%22none%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22%3E %3Cg transform=%22matrix%281 0 0 -1 0 13%29%22%3E %3Cuse fill=%22%23f8f9fa%22 xlink:href=%22%23a%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%2211%22 x=%221%22 y=%221%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Cuse fill=%22%23fff%22 xlink:href=%22%23b%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%22167%22 x=%221%22 y=%2211%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Cg opacity=%22.4%22 transform=%22translate%2867 35%29%22%3E %3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 y=%227%22 fill=%22%23c8ccd1%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2231%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2232%22 height=%222%22 y=%2285%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 x=%2235%22 y=%2285%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 x=%2291%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2268%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2272%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2249%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2224%22 height=%222%22 x=%2284%22 y=%2231%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22 transform=%22matrix%28-1 0 0 1 192 0%29%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2266%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2214%22 height=%222%22 x=%2254%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2271%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2259%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2252%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2292%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2238%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2267%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2299%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Cuse fill=%22%2336c%22 xlink:href=%22%23c%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2233%22 height=%225%22 x=%22133.5%22 y=%22156.5%22 stroke=%22%23ffc057%22 stroke-opacity=%22.447%22 stroke-width=%223%22 rx=%222.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%2234%22 cy=%2249%22 r=%2219%22 fill=%22%23eaecf0%22/%3E %3Cg fill=%22%23a2a9b1%22 transform=%22translate%285 5%29%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%221.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%226%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%2210.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Cpath stroke=%22%23ff00af%22 d=%22M174.5 159.5h54.01%22 stroke-linecap=%22square%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-preview-disambiguation:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=preview-disambiguation&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%222 2 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23C8CCD1%22 d=%22M11 12h4V7h-4v5zm-5 2h9v-1H6v1zm0 2h9v-1H6v1zm0 2h9v-1H6v1zm4-9H6v1h4V9zm0 2H6v1h4v-1zm0-4H6v1h4V7zM4 5h13v16H7c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3V5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill-rule=%22evenodd%22 fill=%22%23C8CCD1%22 d=%22M18 4v14h2V2H7v2%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}</STYLE><STYLE>
.mw-3d-wrapper{display:inline-block;position:relative;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:top}.mw-3d-badge{position:absolute;top:11px;left:11px;color:#1e1f21;font-size:14px;line-height:19px;font-weight:bold;opacity:0.8;padding:2px 5px;background-color:#f8f9fa;border-radius:2px}.mw-3d-thumb-placeholder{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;color:#222}
.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#fff}.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link .special-query{ overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}
#uls-settings-block{background-color:#f8f9fa;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1;padding-left:10px;line-height:1.2em;border-radius:0 0 2px 2px}#uls-settings-block > button{background:left top transparent no-repeat;background-size:20px auto;color:#54595d;display:inline-block;margin:8px 15px;border:0;padding:0 0 0 26px;font-size:medium;cursor:pointer}#uls-settings-block > button:hover{color:#222}#uls-settings-block > button.display-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/display.png?d25f1);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23222%22 d=%22M.002 2.275v12.945h8.405c.535 1.624-.975 1.786-1.902 2.505 0 0 2.293-.024 3.439-.024 1.144 0 3.432.024 3.432.024-.905-.688-2.355-.868-1.902-2.505h8.527v-12.945h-20zm6.81 1.84h.797l3.313 8.466h-1.043l-1.043-2.638h-3.374l-1.043 2.638h-.982zm.368 1.104c-.084.369-.211.785-.368 1.227l-.982 2.577h2.699l-.982-2.577c-.128-.33-.234-.747-.368-1.227zm7.117.982c.753 0 1.295.157 1.656.491.365.334.552.858.552 1.595v4.294h-.675l-.184-.859h-.062c-.315.396-.605.655-.92.798-.311.138-.758.184-1.227.184-.626 0-1.115-.168-1.472-.491-.353-.323-.491-.754-.491-1.35 0-1.275 1.028-1.963 3.068-2.025h1.043v-.429c0-.495-.091-.87-.307-1.104-.211-.238-.574-.307-1.043-.307-.526 0-1.115.107-1.779.429l-.307-.675c.311-.169.674-.333 1.043-.429.373-.096.732-.123 1.104-.123zm.307 3.313c-.761.027-1.318.157-1.656.368-.334.207-.491.54-.491.982 0 .346.1.617.307.798.211.181.544.245.92.245.595 0 1.012-.164 1.35-.491.342-.326.552-.762.552-1.35v-.552z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}#uls-settings-block > button.input-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/input.png?aea9e);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23222%22 d=%22M9 1.281c-.124.259-.185.599-.5.688-.55.081-1.133.018-1.688 0-.866-.032-1.733-.148-2.594 0-.588.157-.953.727-1.188 1.25-.178.416-.271.836-.344 1.281h-2.688v11.5h20v-11.5h-16.344c.109-.52.203-1.057.563-1.469.222-.231.587-.17.875-.188 1.212.003 2.415.179 3.625.063.463-.058.812-.455.969-.875l.188-.438-.875-.313zm-7.125 5.844h1.563c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.531c0 .094-.093.188-.188.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.531c0 .094-.062.188-.156.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.531c0 .094-.062.188-.156.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.188-.093-.188-.188v-1.531c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm2.813 0h1.563c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.531c0 .094-.093.188-.188.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.531c0 .094-.062.188-.156.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.531c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.531c0 .094-.093.188-.188.188h-1.531c-.094 0-.188-.093-.188-.188v-1.531c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm-12.844 3h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.563c0 .094-.062.156-.156.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.062-.156-.156v-1.563c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.906 0h1.563c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.563c0 .094-.093.156-.188.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.062-.156-.156v-1.563c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.938 0h1.531c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.563c0 .094-.093.156-.188.156h-1.531c-.094 0-.188-.062-.188-.156v-1.563c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm2.906 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.563c0 .094-.062.156-.156.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.188-.062-.188-.156v-1.563c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm2.906 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.563c0 .094-.062.156-.156.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.062-.156-.156v-1.563c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm-10.875 3.563h12c.088 0 .156.068.156.156v.844c0 .088-.068.156-.156.156h-12c-.088 0-.156-.068-.156-.156v-.844c0-.088.068-.156.156-.156z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}
.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{border:0;padding:0;color:inherit;line-height:1.5em; }.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget:focus{outline:0;padding:0}.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget::selection{background:rgba(109,169,247,0.5); }
#p-lang .body ul .uls-trigger,#p-lang .pBody ul .uls-trigger{background-image:none;padding:0} .mw-interlanguage-selector,.mw-interlanguage-selector:active{cursor:pointer;padding:4px 6px 4px 25px;font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/compact-links-trigger.png?b0c8e);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2218%22 height=%2218%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2372777d%22 d=%22M13 19l.8-3h5.3l.9 3h2.2l-4.2-13h-3l-4.2 13h2.2zm3.5-11l2 6h-4l2-6zM5 4l.938 1.906h-4.938v2.094h1.594c.6 1.8 1.406 3.206 2.406 4.406-1.1.7-4.313 1.781-4.313 1.781l1.313 1.813s3.487-1.387 4.688-2.188c1 .7 2.319 1.188 3.719 1.688l.594-2c-1-.3-1.988-.688-2.688-1.188 1.1-1.1 1.9-2.506 2.5-4.406h2.188l.5-2h-5.563l-.938-1.906h-2zm-.188 4h3.781c-.4 1.3-.906 2-1.906 3-1.1-1-1.475-1.7-1.875-3z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");background-size:18px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:left 4px center;margin:4px 0;text-align:left}.mw-interlanguage-selector:active,.mw-interlanguage-selector.selector-open{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#54595d}.interlanguage-uls-menu:before,.interlanguage-uls-menu:after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-right:before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-right:after{ border-left:10px solid #f8f9fa; right:-10px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-left:before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-left:after{ border-right:10px solid #f8f9fa; left:-10px}
.mw-mmv-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1000;background-color:#000}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open{overflow-y:auto;  }body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-page-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-head-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-navigation,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #content,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #footer,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #globalWrapper{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > *{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-overlay,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-wrapper{display:block}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons{margin-top:5px}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded,.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config{display:block;line-height:inherit}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M851.2 71.6L690.7 232.1l-40.1-40.3-9.6 164.8 164.8-9.3-40.3-40.4L926 146.4l58.5 58.5L997.6 0 792.7 13.1%22/%3E %3Cpath d=%22M769.6 89.3H611.9l70.9 70.8 7.9 7.5m-47.1 234.6l-51.2 3 3-51.2 9.4-164.4 5.8-100.3H26.4V768h883.1V387l-100.9 5.8-165 9.4zM813.9 678H113.6l207.2-270.2 31.5-12.9L548 599.8l105.9-63.2 159.8 140.8.2.6zm95.6-291.9V228l-79.1 78.9 7.8 7.9%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M897 454.6V313.4L810.4 299c-6.4-23.3-16-45.7-27.3-65.8l50.5-71.4-99.4-100.2-71.4 50.5c-20.9-11.2-42.5-20.9-65.8-27.3L582.6-1H441.4L427 85.6c-23.3 6.4-45.7 16-65.8 27.3l-71.4-50.5-100.3 99.5 50.5 71.4c-11.2 20.9-20.9 42.5-27.3 66.6L127 313.4v141.2l85.8 14.4c6.4 23.3 16 45.7 27.3 66.6L189.6 607l99.5 99.5 71.4-50.5c20.9 11.2 42.5 20.9 66.6 27.3l14.4 85.8h141.2l14.4-86.6c23.3-6.4 45.7-16 65.8-27.3l71.4 50.5 99.5-99.5-50.5-71.4c11.2-20.9 20.9-42.5 27.3-66.6l86.4-13.6zm-385 77c-81.8 0-147.6-66.6-147.6-147.6 0-81.8 66.6-147.6 147.6-147.6S659.6 302.2 659.6 384 593.8 531.6 512 531.6z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");opacity:0.75}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before:hover{opacity:1}.mw-mmv-button{background-color:transparent;min-width:0;border:0;padding:0;overflow-x:hidden;text-indent:-9999em}
@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}.mwe-popups-fade-in-up{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-in-down{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-down{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-up{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards}     .mwe-popups{background:#fff;position:absolute;z-index:110;-webkit-box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px #a2a9b1;padding:0;display:none;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;min-width:300px;border-radius:2px; }.mwe-popups .mw-ui-icon{font-size:16px;margin:21px 0 8px 0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container{color:#222222;margin-top:-9px;padding-top:9px;text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer{padding:16px;margin:0;font-size:10px;position:absolute;bottom:0; left:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract{margin:16px;display:block;color:#222222;text-decoration:none;position:relative;   }.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:hover{text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:after{content:' ';position:absolute;bottom:0;width:25%;height:20px;background-color:transparent}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='ltr']:after{ right:0; background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-o-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='rtl']:after{ left:0; background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-o-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract p{margin:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ul,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ol,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract li,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dl,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dd,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dt{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.mwe-popups svg{overflow:hidden}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall{width:450px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{vertical-align:middle}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-extract{width:215px;height:180px;overflow:hidden; float:left}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall footer{width:215px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall{width:320px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-extract{min-height:40px;max-height:140px;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:47px;padding-bottom:0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall footer{width:290px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-extract,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-extract{min-height:auto;padding-top:4px;margin-bottom:60px;margin-top:0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-read-link{font-weight:bold;font-size:12px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link{text-decoration:underline}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:11px solid #ffffff;top:-7px; left:7px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:8px solid #a2a9b1;top:-8px; left:10px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:after{ left:auto; right:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:before{ left:auto; right:10px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:9px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px; left:6px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri.flipped_x:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:273px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri.flipped_x:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px; left:269px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri .mwe-popups-extract{padding-top:32px;margin-top:190px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri > div > a > svg{margin-top:-8px;position:absolute;z-index:113; left:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{margin:0;margin-top:-8px;margin-bottom:-7px;position:absolute;z-index:113; right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px; left:272px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px; left:269px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall:after{z-index:112;content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px; left:417px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px; left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{position:absolute;z-index:113;margin:0;margin-bottom:-9px; right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_y:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:11px solid #ffffff;bottom:-7px; left:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped_y:before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:8px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-8px; left:10px}#mwe-popups-settings{position:fixed;z-index:1000;background:#fff;width:420px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);border-radius:2px;font-size:14px}#mwe-popups-settings header{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;position:relative;display:table;width:100%;padding:5px 7px 5px 0}#mwe-popups-settings header > div{display:table-cell;width:3.5em;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer}#mwe-popups-settings header h1{margin-bottom:0.6em;padding-top:0.5em;border:0;width:100%;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close{opacity:0.87;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms;-moz-transition:opacity 100ms;transition:opacity 100ms}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:hover{opacity:0.73}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:active{opacity:1}#mwe-popups-settings main{display:block;width:350px;padding:32px 0 24px;margin:0 auto}#mwe-popups-settings main p{color:#54595d;font-size:17px;margin:16px 0 0}#mwe-popups-settings main p:first-child{margin-top:0}#mwe-popups-settings main form img,#mwe-popups-settings main form input,#mwe-popups-settings main form label{vertical-align:top}#mwe-popups-settings main form img{margin-right:60px}#mwe-popups-settings main form input{display:inline-block;margin:0 10px 0 0;padding:0}#mwe-popups-settings main form label{font-size:13px;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;width:300px}#mwe-popups-settings main form label > span{color:#000;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;display:block;margin-bottom:5px;line-height:18px}.mwe-popups-settings-help{font-size:13px;font-weight:800;margin:40px;position:relative}.mwe-popups-settings-help .mw-ui-icon:before,.mwe-popups-settings-help .mw-ui-icon{height:140px;width:180px;max-width:none;margin:0}.mwe-popups-settings-help p{left:180px;bottom:20px;position:absolute}.mwe-popups-settings-icon{border-radius:2px;font-size:16px; margin-right:-0.75em}.mwe-popups-settings-icon:hover{background-color:#eaecf0}.mwe-popups-settings-icon:active{background-color:#c8ccd1}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer .mwe-popups-settings-icon{float:right}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-title{display:block;font-weight:bold;margin:0 16px}.mwe-popups-overlay{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);z-index:999;position:fixed;height:100%;width:100%;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}#mwe-popups-svg{position:absolute;top:-1000px}</STYLE><STYLE>
.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-editableContent #toc,.ve-activated #siteNotice,.ve-activated .mw-indicators,.ve-activated #t-print,.ve-activated #t-permalink,.ve-activated #p-coll-print_export,.ve-activated #t-cite,.ve-deactivating .ve-ui-surface,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-editableContent,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{display:none} .ve-activating .ve-ui-surface{height:0;padding:0 !important; overflow:hidden} .ve-loading #content > :not(.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay), .ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-uneditableContent{pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;opacity:0.5}.ve-activated #catlinks{cursor:pointer}.ve-activated #catlinks a{opacity:1} .ve-activated #content{position:relative} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay{position:absolute;top:1.25em;left:0;right:0;z-index:1;margin-top:-0.5em}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress{height:1em;overflow:hidden;margin:0 25%}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress-bar{height:1em;width:0}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{transition:height 250ms ease;height:0; } .oo-ui-element-hidden{display:none !important; } .mw-editsection{white-space:nowrap; unicode-bidi:-moz-isolate;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;unicode-bidi:isolate}.mw-editsection-divider{color:#54595d} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress{height:0.75em;border:1px solid #36c;background:#fff;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 0.1em 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15)}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress-bar{height:0.75em;background:#36c}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbar,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{font-size:0.875em; margin:-1.14em -1.14em 1.14em -1.14em; }@media screen and (min-width:982px){.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbar,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{ margin:-1.43em -1.71em 1.43em -1.71em}}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;box-shadow:0 1px 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-open{height:40px}</STYLE><META name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="" />
<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector" />
<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector" />
<META name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.31.0-wmf.29" />
<META name="referrer" content="origin" />
<META name="referrer" content="origin-when-crossorigin" />
<META name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin" />
<META property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/1200px-Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg" />
<LINK rel="alternate" href="android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hops" />
<LINK rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit" />
<LINK rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit" />
<LINK rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png" />
<LINK rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico" />
<LINK rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)" />
<LINK rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd" />
<LINK rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" />
<LINK rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hops" />
<LINK rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org" />
<LINK rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" />
<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=html5shiv&only=scripts&skin=vector&sync=1"></script><![endif]-->
</HEAD>
<BODY class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hops rootpage-Hops skin-vector action-view">		<DIV id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></DIV>
		<DIV id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></DIV>
		<DIV id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
			<A id="top"></A>
			<DIV id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><DIV id="centralNotice"></DIV><!-- CentralNotice --></DIV><DIV class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
</DIV>
<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Hops</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
				<DIV id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</DIV>				<DIV id="contentSub"></DIV>
								<DIV id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
					Jump to:					<A href="#mw-head">navigation</A>, 					<A href="#p-search">search</A>
				</DIV>
				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <A href="/wiki/Hop_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hop (disambiguation)">hop (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:269px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/267px-Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg" width="267" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/401px-Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg/534px-Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Hopfendolde-mit-hopfengarten.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Hop flower in a hop yard in the <A href="/wiki/Hallertau" title="Hallertau">Hallertau</A>, Germany</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:269px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Cross-section_of_hop_cone.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cross-section_of_hop_cone.svg/267px-Cross-section_of_hop_cone.svg.png" width="267" height="187" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cross-section_of_hop_cone.svg/401px-Cross-section_of_hop_cone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cross-section_of_hop_cone.svg/534px-Cross-section_of_hop_cone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="812" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Cross-section_of_hop_cone.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Cross-section drawing of a hop</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P><B>Hops</B> are the <A href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</A> (also called seed cones or <A href="/wiki/Strobilus" title="Strobilus">strobiles</A>) of the hop plant <I><A href="/wiki/Humulus_lupulus" title="Humulus lupulus">Humulus lupulus</A>.</I><SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> They are used primarily as a flavouring and stability agent in <A href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</A>, to which they impart bitter, zesty, or citric flavours;<SUP id="cite_ref-schon_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-schon-2">[2]</A></SUP> though they are also used for various purposes in other beverages and <A href="/wiki/Herbalism" title="Herbalism">herbal medicine</A>. The hop plant is a vigorous, climbing, <A href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</A> <A href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" title="Perennial plant">perennial</A>, usually trained to grow up strings in a field called a hopfield, hop garden (nomenclature in the South of England), or hop yard (in the <A href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</A> and U.S.) when grown commercially. Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world, with different types used for particular styles of beer.</P>
<P>The first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century, though <A href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</A>, 300 years later, is often cited as the earliest documented source.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> Before this period, brewers used a "<A href="/wiki/Gruit" title="Gruit">gruit</A>", composed of a wide variety of bitter herbs and flowers, including <A href="/wiki/Dandelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandelion">dandelion</A>, <A href="/wiki/Burdock" class="mw-redirect" title="Burdock">burdock root</A>, <A href="/wiki/Calendula" title="Calendula">marigold</A>, <A href="/wiki/Common_horehound" class="mw-redirect" title="Common horehound">horehound</A> (the old German name for horehound, <I>Berghopfen</I>, means "mountain hops"), <A href="/wiki/Ground_ivy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground ivy">ground ivy</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Calluna" title="Calluna">heather</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP> Early documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of <A href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</A>'s father, <A href="/wiki/Pepin_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepin III">Pepin III</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Hops are also used in brewing for their <A href="/wiki/Antibiotics" title="Antibiotics">antibacterial</A> effect over less desirable <A href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</A> and for purported benefits including balancing the sweetness of the <A href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</A> with <A href="/wiki/Bitterness_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitterness (taste)">bitterness</A> and a variety of flavours and aromas.<SUP id="cite_ref-schon_2-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-schon-2">[2]</A></SUP> Historically, traditional herb combinations for beers were believed to have been abandoned when beers made with hops were noticed to be less prone to spoilage.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#World_production"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">World production</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Cultivation_and_harvest"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Cultivation and harvest</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Migrant_labor_and_social_impact"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Migrant labor and social impact</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Chemical_composition"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Chemical composition</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Alpha_acids"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Alpha acids</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Beta_acids"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Beta acids</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Essential_oils"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Essential oils</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Flavonoids"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Flavonoids</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#Brewing"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Brewing</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#Varieties"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Varieties</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#Breeding_programs"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Breeding programs</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Noble_hops"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Noble hops</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#Other_uses"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Other uses</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#Toxicity"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Toxicity</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The first documented hop cultivation was in 736, in the <A href="/wiki/Hallertau" title="Hallertau">Hallertau</A> region of present-day Germany,<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP> although the first mention of the use of hops in brewing in that country was 1079.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP> However, in a will of <A href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</A>, the father of <A href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</A>, hop gardens were left to the Cloister of Saint-Denis in 768. Not until the 13th century did hops begin to start threatening the use of <A href="/wiki/Gruit" title="Gruit">gruit</A> for flavouring. Gruit was used when taxes were levied by the nobility on hops. Whichever was taxed made the brewer then quickly switch to the other. In Britain, hopped beer was first imported from Holland around 1400, yet hops were condemned as late as 1519 as a "wicked and pernicious weed".<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP> In 1471, <A href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</A>, England, banned use of the plant in the brewing of <A href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ale</A> ("beer" was the name for fermented malt liquors bittered with hops; only in recent times are the words often used as synonyms).</P>
<P>In Germany, using hops was also a religious and political choice in the early 16th century. There was no tax on hops to be paid on the Catholic church, unlike on gruit, for which the Protestant preferred hopped beer.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Hops used in England were imported from France, Holland and Germany with <A href="/wiki/Import_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Import duty">import duty</A> paid for those; it was not until 1524 that hops were first grown in the southeast of England (<A href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</A>) when they were introduced as an agricultural crop by <A href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</A> farmers. Therefore, in the hop industry there are many words which originally were Dutch words (see <A href="/wiki/Oast_house" title="Oast house">oast house</A>). Hops were then grown as far north as <A href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</A>, near breweries for infrastructure convenience.</P>
<P>According to <A href="/wiki/Thomas_Tusser" title="Thomas Tusser">Thomas Tusser</A>'s 1557 <I>Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry</I>:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>"The hop for his profit I thus do exalt,<BR />
It strengtheneth drink and it flavoureth malt;<BR />
And being well-brewed long kept it will last,<BR />
And drawing abide, if ye draw not too fast."<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>In England there were many complaints over the quality of imported hops, the sacks of which were often contaminated by stalks, sand or straw to increase their weight. As a result, in 1603, King <A href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</A> approved an Act of Parliament banning the practice by which "the Subjects of this Realm have been of late years abused &c. to the Value of £20,000 yearly, besides the Danger of their Healths".<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Hop cultivation was begun in the present-day United States in 1629 by English and Dutch farmers.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP> Before <A href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibition</A>, cultivation was mainly centred around New York, California, Oregon, and <A href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</A>. Problems with <A href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildew</A> and <A href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">downy mildew</A> devastated New York's production by the 1920s, and California only produces hops on a small scale.<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Hop_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hop bar">Hop bars</A> were used before modern machinery was invented to make the holes for the hop poles.<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="World_production">World production</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World production">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Hops production is concentrated in moist temperate climates, with much of the world's production occurring near the <A href="/wiki/48th_parallel_north" title="48th parallel north">48th parallel north</A>. Hop plants prefer the same soils as <A href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</A> and the leading potato-growing states in the United States are also major hops-producing areas;<SUP id="cite_ref-peicanada.com_16-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-peicanada.com-16">[16]</A></SUP> however, not all potato-growing areas can produce good hops naturally: soils in the <A href="/wiki/Maritime_Provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Provinces">Maritime Provinces</A> of Canada, for example, lack the <A href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</A> that hops prefer.<SUP id="cite_ref-peicanada.com_16-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-peicanada.com-16">[16]</A></SUP> Historically, hops were not grown in Ireland, but were imported from England. In 1752 more than 500 <A href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</A> of English hops were imported through Dublin alone.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Important production centres today are the <A href="/wiki/Hallertau" title="Hallertau">Hallertau</A> in Germany (more hop-growing area than any other country as of 2006),<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP> the <A href="/wiki/Yakima_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakima River Valley">Yakima</A> (<A href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</A>) and <A href="/wiki/Willamette_Valley" title="Willamette Valley">Willamette</A> (Oregon) valleys, and western Canyon County, Idaho (including the communities of <A href="/wiki/Parma,_Idaho" title="Parma, Idaho">Parma</A>, <A href="/wiki/Wilder,_Idaho" title="Wilder, Idaho">Wilder</A>, <A href="/wiki/Greenleaf,_Idaho" title="Greenleaf, Idaho">Greenleaf</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Notus,_Idaho" title="Notus, Idaho">Notus</A>).<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP> The principal production centres in the UK are in <A href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</A> (which produces Kent Goldings hops), <A href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP> Essentially all of the harvested hops are used in beer making.</P>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg/220px-Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg/330px-Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg/440px-Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Yakima-Valley-Hop-Yard.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Early season hop growth in a hop yard in the <A href="/wiki/Yakima_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakima River Valley">Yakima River Valley</A> of <A href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</A> with <A href="/wiki/Mount_Adams_(Washington)" title="Mount Adams (Washington)">Mount Adams</A> in the distance</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<TABLE class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter">
<THEAD><TR>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Hop producing country</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">2012 hop output in <A href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</A> (t)<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP></TH>
</TR></THEAD><TBODY>
<TR>
<TD>Germany</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">34,434</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>United States</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">27,782</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>China</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">11,000</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Czech Republic</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">4,338</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Poland</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">2,206</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>North Korea</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">2,000</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Albania</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">1,650</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>United Kingdom</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">1,650</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Slovenia</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">1,338</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY><TFOOT></TFOOT></TABLE>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Cultivation_and_harvest">Cultivation and harvest</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultivation and harvest">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Chmelnice.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chmelnice.jpg/220px-Chmelnice.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chmelnice.jpg/330px-Chmelnice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chmelnice.jpg/440px-Chmelnice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Chmelnice.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
A superstructure of overhead wires supports strings that in turn support <A href="/wiki/Bine_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bine (botany)">bines</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Although hops are grown in most of the continental United States and Canada,<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP> cultivation of hops for commercial production requires a particular environment. As hops are a climbing plant, they are trained to grow up trellises made from strings or wires that support the plants and allow them significantly greater growth with the same sunlight profile. In this way, energy that would have been required to build structural cells is also freed for crop growth.<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>The hop plant's <A href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">reproduction</A> method is that male and female flowers develop on separate plants, although occasionally a fertile individual will develop which contains both male and female flowers.<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP> Because pollinated seeds are undesirable for brewing beer, only female plants are grown in hop fields, thus preventing pollination. Female plants are propagated <A href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetatively</A>, and male plants are culled if plants are grown from seeds.<SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Hop plants are planted in rows about 2 to 2.5 metres (7 to 8 ft) apart. Each spring, the roots send forth new <A href="/wiki/Bine_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bine (botany)">bines</A> that are started up strings from the ground to an overhead trellis. The cones grow high on the <A href="/wiki/Bine_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bine (botany)">bine</A>, and in the past, these cones were picked by hand. Harvesting of hops became much more efficient with the invention of the mechanical hops separator, patented by <A href="/wiki/Emil_Clemens_Horst" title="Emil Clemens Horst">Emil Clemens Horst</A> in 1909.</P>
<P>Harvest comes near the end of summer when the bines are pulled down and the flowers are taken to a hop house or <A href="/wiki/Oast_house" title="Oast house">oast house</A> for drying. Hop houses are two-story buildings, of which the upper story has a slatted floor covered with burlap. Here the flowers are poured out and raked even. A heating unit on the lower floor is used to dry the hops. When dry, the hops are moved to a press, a sturdy box with a plunger. Two long pieces of burlap are laid into the hop press at right angles, the hops are poured in and compressed into bales.</P>
<P>Hop cones contain different oils, such as lupulin, a yellowish, waxy substance, an <A href="/wiki/Oleoresin" title="Oleoresin">oleoresin</A>, that imparts flavour and aroma to beer.<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP> Lupulin contains lupulone and <A href="/wiki/Humulone" title="Humulone">humulone</A>, which possess antibiotic properties, suppressing bacterial growth favoring brewer's yeast to grow. After lupulin has been extracted in the brewing process the papery cones are discarded.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Migrant_labor_and_social_impact">Migrant labor and social impact</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Migrant labor and social impact">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Kratky,_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_(ca_1898).jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kratky%2C_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_%28ca_1898%29.jpg/220px-Kratky%2C_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_%28ca_1898%29.jpg" width="220" height="154" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kratky%2C_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_%28ca_1898%29.jpg/330px-Kratky%2C_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_%28ca_1898%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Kratky%2C_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_%28ca_1898%29.jpg/440px-Kratky%2C_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_%28ca_1898%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Kratky,_Frantisek_-_Sklizen_chmele_(ca_1898).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Hops harvest in the <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</A> (1898)</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg/220px-NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg/330px-NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg/440px-NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="781" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:NMA.0063746_Humleplockning_mellan_V%C3%A5nga_och_N%C3%A4sum.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Hops harvest in <A href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Skåne">Skåne</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</A> in 1937</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>The need for massed labor at harvest time meant hop-growing had a big social impact. Around the world, the labor-intensive harvesting work involved large numbers of migrant workers who would travel for the annual hop harvest. Whole families would partake and live in <A href="/wiki/Hopper_hut" title="Hopper hut">hoppers' huts</A>, with even the smallest children helping in the fields.<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP> The final chapters of W. Somerset Maugham's <I><A href="/wiki/Of_Human_Bondage" title="Of Human Bondage">Of Human Bondage</A></I> and a large part of George Orwell's <I><A href="/wiki/A_Clergyman%27s_Daughter" title="A Clergyman's Daughter">A Clergyman's Daughter</A></I> contain a vivid description of London families participating in this annual hops harvest. In England, many of those picking hops in <A href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</A> were from eastern areas of London. This provided a break from urban conditions that was spent in the countryside. People also came from Birmingham and other Midlands cities to pick hops in the <A href="/wiki/Malvern,_Worcestershire" title="Malvern, Worcestershire">Malvern</A> area of Worcestershire. Some photographs have been preserved.<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Particularly in Kent, because of a shortage of small-denomination coin of the realm, many growers issued their own currency to those doing the labor. In some cases, the coins issued were adorned with fanciful hops images, making them quite beautiful.<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the US, <A href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</A> had a major impact on hops productions, but remnants of this significant industry in West and Northwest US are still noticeable in the form of old hop kilns that survive throughout Sonoma County, among others. Florian Dauenhauer, of <A href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa</A> in Sonoma County, became a manufacturer of hop-harvesting machines in 1940, in part because of the hop industry's importance to the county. This mechanization helped destroy the local industry by enabling large-scale mechanized production, which moved to larger farms in other areas.<SUP id="cite_ref-DauenhauerPD_32-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DauenhauerPD-32">[32]</A></SUP> Dauenhauer Manufacturing remains a current producer of hop harvesting machines.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chemical composition">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>In addition to water, cellulose, and various proteins, the chemical composition of hops consists of compounds important for imparting character to beer.<SUP id="cite_ref-schon_2-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-schon-2">[2]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Verzele_32–48_33-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Verzele_32–48-33">[33]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Alpha_acids">Alpha acids</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alpha acids">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Reaction-degradation-humulone.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Reaction-degradation-humulone.png/220px-Reaction-degradation-humulone.png" width="220" height="58" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Reaction-degradation-humulone.png/330px-Reaction-degradation-humulone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Reaction-degradation-humulone.png/440px-Reaction-degradation-humulone.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="225" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Reaction-degradation-humulone.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Isomerization scheme of humulone</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Probably the most important chemical compound within hops are the alpha acids or <A href="/wiki/Humulone" title="Humulone">humulones.</A> During wort boiling, the humulones are thermally isomerized into iso-alpha acids or <A href="/wiki/Isohumulone" title="Isohumulone"><I>isohumulones</I></A>, which are responsible for the bitter taste of beer.<SUP id="cite_ref-De_Keukeleire_108–112_34-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-De_Keukeleire_108–112-34">[34]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Beta_acids">Beta acids</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Beta acids">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Lupulone.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lupulone.svg/220px-Lupulone.svg.png" width="220" height="155" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lupulone.svg/330px-Lupulone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lupulone.svg/440px-Lupulone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="360" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Lupulone.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Structure of lupulone (beta acid)</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Hops contain beta acids or lupulones sensitive to oxidative decomposition which may be detrimental to the taste of beer. For this reason, beta acids are considered a negative factor in brewing and many brewers usually choose hops with a low beta acid content.<SUP id="cite_ref-De_Keukeleire_108–112_34-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-De_Keukeleire_108–112-34">[34]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Essential_oils">Essential oils</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Essential oils">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The main components of hops essential oils are <A href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpene</A> <A href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</A> consisting of <A href="/wiki/Myrcene" title="Myrcene">myrcene</A>, <A href="/wiki/Humulene" title="Humulene">humulene</A> and <A href="/wiki/Caryophyllene" title="Caryophyllene">caryophyllene</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Verzele_32–48_33-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Verzele_32–48-33">[33]</A></SUP> Myrcene is responsible for the pungent smell of fresh hops. Humulene and its oxidative reaction products may give beer its prominent hop aroma. Together, myrcene, humulene, and caryophyllene represent 80 to 90% of the total hops essential oil.<SUP id="cite_ref-Verzele_32–48_33-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Verzele_32–48-33">[33]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Flavonoids">Flavonoids</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flavonoids">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:8-prenylnaringenin.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/8-prenylnaringenin.png/220px-8-prenylnaringenin.png" width="220" height="164" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/8-prenylnaringenin.png/330px-8-prenylnaringenin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/8-prenylnaringenin.png/440px-8-prenylnaringenin.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="464" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:8-prenylnaringenin.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Chemical structure of 8-prenylnaringenin</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Xanthohumol" title="Xanthohumol">Xanthohumol</A> is the principal flavonoid in hops. The other well-studied <A href="/wiki/Prenylflavonoid" title="Prenylflavonoid">prenylflavonoids</A> are <A href="/wiki/8-Prenylnaringenin" title="8-Prenylnaringenin">8-prenylnaringenin</A> and <A href="/wiki/Isoxanthohumol" title="Isoxanthohumol">isoxanthohumol</A>. Xanthohumol is under <A href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic research</A> for its potential properties, while 8-prenylnaringenin is a potent <A href="/wiki/Phytoestrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytoestrogen">phytoestrogen</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[36]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Brewing">Brewing</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Brewing">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG/220px-Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG" width="220" height="295" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG/330px-Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG/440px-Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Hops_are_used_for_beer_brewing.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Hops are used for beer brewing. The sample at the brewery Moscow Brewing Company.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Hops are usually dried in an <A href="/wiki/Oast_house" title="Oast house">oast house</A> before they are used in the brewing process.<SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[37]</A></SUP> Undried or "wet" hops are sometimes (since ca.1990) used.<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">wort</A> (sugar-rich liquid produced from <A href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</A>) is boiled with hops before it is cooled down and yeast is added, to start fermentation.</P>
<P>The effect of hops on the finished beer varies by type and use, though there are two main hop types: bittering and aroma.<SUP id="cite_ref-schon_2-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-schon-2">[2]</A></SUP> Bittering hops have higher concentrations of alpha acids, and are responsible for the large majority of the bitter flavour of a beer. European (so-called "noble") hops typically average 5–9% alpha acids by weight (AABW), and the newer American <A href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</A> typically range from 8–19% AABW. Aroma hops usually have a lower concentration of alpha acids (~5%) and are the primary contributors of hop aroma and (nonbitter) flavour. Bittering hops are boiled for a longer period of time, typically 60–90 minutes, to maximize the isomerization of the alpha acids. They often have inferior aromatic properties, as the aromatic compounds evaporate off during the boil.</P>
<P>The degree of bitterness imparted by hops depends on the degree to which <A href="/wiki/Alpha_acid" title="Alpha acid">alpha acids</A> are <A href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomerized</A> during the boil, and the impact of a given amount of hops is specified in <A href="/wiki/International_Bitterness_Units_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="International Bitterness Units scale">International Bitterness Units</A>. Unboiled hops are only mildly <A href="/wiki/Bitter_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter (taste)">bitter</A>. On the other hand, the nonbitter flavour and aroma of hops come from the essential oils, which evaporate during the boil.</P>
<P>Aroma hops are typically added to the wort later to prevent the evaporation of the essential oils, to impart "hop taste" (if during the final 30 minutes of boil) or "hop aroma" (if during the final 10 minutes, or less, of boil). <SPAN id="DryHopping"></SPAN>Aroma hops are often added after the wort has cooled and while the beer ferments, a technique known as "dry hopping", which contributes to the hop aroma. <A href="/wiki/Farnesene" title="Farnesene">Farnesene</A> is a major component in some hops.<SUP id="cite_ref-schon_2-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-schon-2">[2]</A></SUP> The composition of hop essential oils can differ between varieties and between years in the same variety, having a significant influence on flavour and aroma.<SUP id="cite_ref-schon_2-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-schon-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Today, a substantial amount of "dual-use" hops are used, as well. These have high concentrations of alpha acids and good aromatic properties. These can be added to the boil at any time, depending on the desired effect.<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP> Hop acids also contribute to and stabilize the foam qualities of beer.<SUP id="cite_ref-schon_2-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-schon-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Flavours and aromas are described appreciatively using terms which include "grassy", "floral", "citrus", "spicy", "piney", "lemony", "grapefruit", and "earthy".<SUP id="cite_ref-schon_2-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-schon-2">[2]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[41]</A></SUP> Many <A href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">pale lagers</A> have fairly low hop influence, while lagers marketed as <A href="/wiki/Pilsener" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilsener">Pilsener</A> or brewed in the Czech Republic may have noticeable noble hop aroma. Certain <A href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ales</A> (particularly the highly hopped style known as <A href="/wiki/India_Pale_Ale" class="mw-redirect" title="India Pale Ale">India Pale Ale</A>, or IPA) can have high levels of hop bitterness.</P>
<P>Brewers may use <A href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</A> tools to control the bittering levels in the boil and adjust recipes to account for a change in the hop bill or seasonal variations in the crop that may lead to the need to compensate for a difference in alpha acid contribution. Data may be shared with other brewers via <A href="/wiki/BeerXML" title="BeerXML">BeerXML</A> allowing the reproduction of a recipe allowing for differences in hop availability.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Varieties">Varieties</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Varieties">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties" title="List of hop varieties">List of hop varieties</A></DIV>
<TABLE class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image">
<DIV style="width:52px"><A href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></A></DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="mbox-text">
<DIV class="mbox-text-span">This section <B>needs additional citations for <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</A></B>. <SPAN class="hide-when-compact">Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit">improve this article</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</SPAN> <SMALL><I>(July 2014)</I></SMALL> <SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I>(<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Breeding_programs">Breeding programs</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Breeding programs">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>There are many different varieties of hops used in brewing today. Historically, hops varieties were identified by geography (such as Hallertau, Spalt, and Tettnang from Germany), by the farmer who is recognized as first cultivating them (such as Goldings or Fuggles from England), or by their growing habit (e. g., Oregon Cluster).<SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[42]</A></SUP><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>Around 1900, a number of institutions began to experiment with breeding specific hop varieties. The breeding program at <A href="/wiki/Wye_College" title="Wye College">Wye College</A> in <A href="/wiki/Wye,_Kent" title="Wye, Kent">Wye, Kent</A> was started in 1904 and rose to prominence through the work of Prof. <A href="/wiki/E._S._Salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="E. S. Salmon">E. S. Salmon</A>. Salmon released <A href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties#Brewer's_Gold" title="List of hop varieties">Brewer's Gold</A> and Brewer's Favorite for commercial cultivation in 1934, and went on to release more than two dozen new cultivars before his death in 1959. Brewer's Gold has become the ancestor of the bulk of new hop releases around the world since its release.<SUP id="cite_ref-IBD_APac_43-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-IBD_APac-43">[43]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Wye College continued its breeding program and again received attention in the 1970s, when Dr. Ray A. Neve released Wye <A href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties#Target" title="List of hop varieties">Target</A>, Wye <A href="/wiki/Challenger_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Challenger hop">Challenger</A>, Wye <A href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties#Northdown" title="List of hop varieties">Northdown</A>, Wye <A href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties#Saxon" title="List of hop varieties">Saxon</A> and Wye <A href="/wiki/List_of_hop_varieties#Yeoman" title="List of hop varieties">Yeoman</A>. More recently, Wye College and its successor institution Wye Hops Ltd., have focused on breeding the first <A href="/wiki/Dwarfing" title="Dwarfing">dwarf</A> hop varieties, which are easier to pick by machine and far more economical to grow.<SUP id="cite_ref-Brit_Hops_History_44-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Brit_Hops_History-44">[44]</A></SUP> Wye College have also been responsible for breeding hop varieties that will grow with only 12 hours of daily light for the South African hop farmers. Wye College was closed in 2009 but the legacy of their hop breeding programs, particularly that of the dwarf varieties, is continuing as already the U.S.A. private and public breeding programs are using their stock material.</P>
<P>Particular hop varieties are associated with beer regions and styles, for example <A href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">pale lagers</A> are usually brewed with European (often German, Polish or Czech) noble hop varieties such as <A href="/wiki/Saaz_hops" title="Saaz hops">Saaz</A>, Hallertau and Strissel Spalt. <A href="/wiki/Beer_in_England" title="Beer in England">British ales</A> use hop varieties such as Fuggles, Goldings and W.G.V. <A href="/wiki/Beer_in_the_United_States" title="Beer in the United States">North American beers</A> often use <A href="/wiki/Cascade_hops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade hops">Cascade hops</A>, Columbus hops, Centennial hops, Willamette, <A href="/wiki/Amarillo_hops" title="Amarillo hops">Amarillo hops</A> and about forty more varieties as the U.S.A. have lately been the more significant breeders of new hop varieties, including dwarf hop varieties.</P>
<P>Hops from New Zealand, such as Pacific Gem, Motueka and Nelson Sauvin, are used in a "Pacific Pale Ale" style of beer with increasing production in 2014.<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[45]</A></SUP><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Noble_hops">Noble hops</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Noble hops">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Hopfengarten.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hopfengarten.jpg/220px-Hopfengarten.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hopfengarten.jpg/330px-Hopfengarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hopfengarten.jpg/440px-Hopfengarten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Hopfengarten.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Mature hops growing in a hop yard in Germany</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>The term "noble hops" traditionally refers to varieties of hops which are low in bitterness and high in <A href="/wiki/Aroma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma">aroma</A>. They are the European <A href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</A> or races Hallertau, Tettnanger, Spalt, and <A href="/wiki/Saaz_hops" title="Saaz hops">Saaz</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[46]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Their low relative bitterness but strong aroma are often distinguishing characteristics of European-style <A href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">lagers</A>, such as <A href="/wiki/Pilsener" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilsener">Pilsener</A>, <A href="/wiki/Dunkel" title="Dunkel">Dunkel</A>, and <A href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rzen" title="Märzen">Oktoberfest/Märzen</A>. In beer, they are considered aroma hops (as opposed to bittering hops); see <A href="/wiki/Pilsner_Urquell" title="Pilsner Urquell">Pilsner Urquell</A> as a classic example of the Bohemian Pilsener style, which showcases noble hops.</P>
<P>As with grapes, the location where hops are grown affects the hops' characteristics. Much as <A href="/wiki/Dortmunder_(beer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dortmunder (beer)">Dortmunder beer</A> may within the EU be labelled "Dortmunder" only if it has been brewed in <A href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</A>, noble hops may officially be considered "noble" only if they were grown in the areas for which the hop varieties (<A href="/wiki/Race_(biology)" title="Race (biology)">races</A>) were named.</P>
<UL>
<LI><B>Hallertau</B> or <B>Hallertauer</B> – The original German lager hop; named after <A href="/wiki/Hallertau" title="Hallertau">Hallertau</A> or Holledau region in central Bavaria. Due to susceptibility to crop disease, it was largely replaced by <A href="/wiki/Hersbruck" title="Hersbruck">Hersbrucker</A> in the 1970s and 1980s. (Alpha acid 3.5–5.5% / beta acid 3–4%)</LI>
<LI><B>Žatec (Saaz)</B> – Noble hop, named after <A href="/wiki/%C5%BDatec" title="Žatec">Žatec</A> town, used extensively in Bohemia to flavour pale Czech lagers such as <A href="/wiki/Pilsner_Urquell" title="Pilsner Urquell">Pilsner Urquell</A>. Soft aroma and bitterness. (Alpha acid 3–4.5% /Beta acid 3–4.5%)</LI>
<LI><B>Spalt</B> – Traditional German noble hop from the <A href="/wiki/Spalt" title="Spalt">Spalter</A> region south of Nuremberg. With a delicate, spicy aroma. (Alpha acid 4–5% / beta acid 4–5%)</LI>
<LI><B>Tettnang</B> – Comes from <A href="/wiki/Tettnang" title="Tettnang">Tettnang</A>, a small town in southern <A href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</A> in Germany. The region produces significant quantities of hops, and ships them to <A href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">breweries</A> throughout the world. Noble German dual-use hop used in European pale lagers, sometimes with Hallertau. Soft bitterness. (Alpha acid 3.5–5.5% / beta acid 3.5–5.5%)</LI>
</UL>
<P>English noble varieties are Fuggle, East Kent Goldings and Goldings. They are characterized through analysis as having an alpha:beta ratio of 1:1, low alpha-acid levels (2–5%) with a low cohumulone content, low myrcene in the hop oil, high humulene in the oil, a ratio of humulene:caryophyllene above three, and poor storability resulting in them being more prone to oxidation. In reality, this means they have a relatively consistent bittering potential as they age, due to beta-acid oxidation, and a flavour that improves as they age during periods of poor storage.<SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[47]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Other_uses">Other uses</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg/220px-2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg.png" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg/330px-2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg/440px-2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="154" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>In addition to beer, hops are used in <A href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">herbal teas</A> and in soft drinks. These soft drinks include <A href="/wiki/Julmust" title="Julmust">Julmust</A> (a carbonated beverage similar to soda that is popular in Sweden during December), <A href="/wiki/Malta_(soft_drink)" title="Malta (soft drink)">Malta</A> (a <A href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</A> soft drink) and <A href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">kvass</A>.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> Hops can be eaten, the young shoots of the bine are edible and can be cooked similar to <A href="/wiki/Asparagus" title="Asparagus">asparagus</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[48]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-eating_49-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-eating-49">[49]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Hops may be used in <A href="/wiki/Herbalism" title="Herbalism">herbal medicine</A> in a way similar to <A href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">valerian</A>, as a treatment for anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia.<SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[50]</A></SUP> A pillow filled with hops is a popular folk remedy for sleeplessness, and animal research has shown a sedative effect.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid22849837_51-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid22849837-51">[51]</A></SUP> The relaxing effect of hops may be due, in part, to the specific degradation product from <A href="/wiki/Alpha_acid" title="Alpha acid">alpha acids</A>, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, as demonstrated from nighttime consumption of non-alcoholic beer.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid22849837_51-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid22849837-51">[51]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-pmid22815680_52-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid22815680-52">[52]</A></SUP> 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol is structurally similar to <A href="/wiki/Tert-amyl_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tert-amyl alcohol">tert-amyl alcohol</A> which was historically used as an anesthetic. Hops tend to be unstable when exposed to light or air and lose their potency after a few months' storage.</P>
<P>Hops are of interest for <A href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">hormone replacement therapy</A> and are under basic research for potential relief of menstruation-related problems.<SUP id="cite_ref-planta_53-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-planta-53">[53]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In preliminary <A href="/wiki/Veterinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary">veterinary</A> research, hops compounds are under study for potential activity against pasture-associated <A href="/wiki/Laminitis" title="Laminitis">laminitis</A> in horses.<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[54]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Toxicity">Toxicity</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P><A href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">Dermatitis</A> sometimes results from harvesting hops. Although few cases require medical treatment, an estimated 3% of the workers suffer some type of <A href="/wiki/Skin_lesions" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin lesions">skin lesions</A> on the face, hands, and legs.<SUP id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-55">[55]</A></SUP> Hops are toxic to <A href="/wiki/Dog_health#Dangerous_foods" title="Dog health">dogs</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-56">[56]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
<UL style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
<LI style="display:table-row"><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><A href="/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" class="image"><IMG alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/28px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/42px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png/56px-Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="242" /></A></SPAN><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Beer" title="Portal:Beer">Beer portal</A></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gruit" title="Gruit">Gruit</A>, an old-fashioned herb mixture used for bittering and flavouring beer, popular before the extensive use of hops</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</A>, a herb historically used as a bitter in beer production</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oast_house" title="Oast house">Oast house</A>, a building designed for drying hops</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Rhamnus_prinoides" title="Rhamnus prinoides">Rhamnus prinoides</A></I>, a plant whose leaves are used in the Ethiopian variety of <A href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</A> called <A href="/wiki/Tej" title="Tej">tej</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Humulus_lupulus" title="Humulus lupulus">Humulus lupulus</A></I>, the hop plant</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.umn.edu/botanical/plant.php">"University of Minnesota Libraries: The Transfer of Knowledge. Hops-''Humulus lupulus''"</A>. Lib.umn.edu. 2008-05-13<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-05-20</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Minnesota+Libraries%3A+The+Transfer+of+Knowledge.+Hops-%27%26%2339%3BHumulus+lupulus%27%26%2339%3B&rft.pub=Lib.umn.edu&rft.date=2008-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.umn.edu%2Fbotanical%2Fplant.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-schon-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-schon_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-schon_2-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-schon_2-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-schon_2-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-schon_2-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-schon_2-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-schon_2-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-schon_2-7"><SUP><I><B>h</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Schönberger C, Kostelecky T (16 May 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.2050-0416.2011.tb00471.x/pdf">"125th Anniversary Review: The Role of Hops in Brewing"</A>. <I>Journal of the Institute of Brewing (Wiley Online Library)</I>. <B>117</B> (3).</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Institute+of+Brewing+%28Wiley+Online+Library%29&rft.atitle=125th+Anniversary+Review%3A+The+Role+of+Hops+in+Brewing&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2012-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.2050-0416.2011.tb00471.x%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_authors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Hornsey, Ian S. (2003). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QqnvNsgas20C&pg=PA305"><I>A History of Beer and Brewing</I></A>. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 305. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780854046300" title="Special:BookSources/9780854046300">9780854046300</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Beer+and+Brewing&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780854046300&rft.aulast=Hornsey&rft.aufirst=Ian+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQqnvNsgas20C%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315195032/http://jongriffin.com/articles/understanding-beer/">"Understanding Beer - A Broad Overview of Brewing, Tasting and Analyzing Beer - October 12th, 2006, Beer & Brewing, The Brewing Process"</A>. Jongriffin.com. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jongriffin.com/articles/understanding-beer/">the original</A> on 15 March 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 May</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Beer+-+A+Broad+Overview+of+Brewing%2C+Tasting+and+Analyzing+Beer+-+October+12th%2C+2006%2C+Beer+%26+Brewing%2C+The+Brewing+Process&rft.pub=Jongriffin.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjongriffin.com%2Farticles%2Funderstanding-beer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_(writer)" title="Michael Jackson (writer)">Michael Jackson</A> (1988). <I>The New World World Guide to Beer</I>. Running Press. p. 18. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89471-884-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89471-884-3">0-89471-884-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+World+World+Guide+to+Beer&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-89471-884-3&rft.au=Michael+Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">F. G. Priest; Iain Campbell (2003). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jafz6LhdUbEC"><I>Brewing microbiology</I></A>. Springer. pp. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jafz6LhdUbEC&pg=PA5">5</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47288-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47288-6">978-0-306-47288-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brewing+microbiology&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47288-6&rft.au=F.+G.+Priest&rft.au=Iain+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djafz6LhdUbEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Ian Hornsey. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=omwoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58"><I>Brewing</I></A>. p. 58.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brewing&rft.pages=58&rft.au=Ian+Hornsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DomwoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">H.S. Corran (23 Jan 1975). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=17784589708&searchurl=isbn%3D0715367358%26tn%3DA%2520History%2520of%2520Brewing%26an%3Dcorran"><I>History of Brewing</I></A>. David and Charles PLC. p. 303. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0715367358" title="Special:BookSources/0715367358">0715367358</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Brewing&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=David+and+Charles+PLC&rft.date=1975-01-23&rft.isbn=0715367358&rft.au=H.S.+Corran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2Fservlet%2FBookDetailsPL%3Fbi%3D17784589708%26searchurl%3Disbn%253D0715367358%2526tn%253DA%252520History%252520of%252520Brewing%2526an%253Dcorran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Richard W. Unger (2004). <I>Beer in the Middle Ages and Renaissance</I>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 100.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beer+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+Renaissance&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Richard+W.+Unger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Mika Rissanen. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28640210/The_Reformation_had_some_help_from_hops">"The Reformation had some help from hops"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-09-21</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+had+some+help+from+hops&rft.au=Mika+Rissanen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28640210%2FThe_Reformation_had_some_help_from_hops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Charles_Knight_(publisher)" title="Charles Knight (publisher)">Charles Knight</A> (1832). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ThePennyMagazineOfTheSocietyForTheDiffusionOfUsefulKnowledge/ThePennyMagazineOfTheSocietyForTheDiffusionOfUsefulKnowledge1832#page/n15/mode/2up"><I>Antiquity of Beer</I></A>. <I>The <A href="/wiki/Penny_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny Magazine">Penny Magazine</A></I>. p. 3.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquity+of+Beer&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1832&rft.au=Charles+Knight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FThePennyMagazineOfTheSocietyForTheDiffusionOfUsefulKnowledge%2FThePennyMagazineOfTheSocietyForTheDiffusionOfUsefulKnowledge1832%23page%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Adam_Anderson_(economist)" title="Adam Anderson (economist)">Adam Anderson</A> (1764). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalchrono01ande"><I>An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce</I></A>. <B>1</B>. p. 461.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+and+Chronological+Deduction+of+the+Origin+of+Commerce&rft.pages=461&rft.date=1764&rft.au=Adam+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalchrono01ande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Charles W. Bamforth (1998). <I>Beer: tap into the art and science of brewing</I>. Plenum Press. p. 245. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-45797-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-45797-0">0-306-45797-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beer%3A+tap+into+the+art+and+science+of+brewing&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-306-45797-0&rft.au=Charles+W.+Bamforth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Knight, Paul D. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usahops.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=hop_info&pageID=16">"HOPS IN BEER"</A>. <I>USA Hops</I>. Hop Growers of America<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">11 June</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Hops&rft.atitle=HOPS+IN+BEER&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usahops.org%2Findex.cfm%3Ffuseaction%3Dhop_info%26pageID%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz0bkdUGl7oC&pg=PA291&lpg=PA291"><I>Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents, Part 2; Part 4</I></A>. US Patent office. 1858. p. 291.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Commissioner+of+Patents%2C+Part+2%3B+Part+4&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=US+Patent+office&rft.date=1858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZz0bkdUGl7oC%26pg%3DPA291%26lpg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-peicanada.com-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-peicanada.com_16-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-peicanada.com_16-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peicanada.com/island_farmer/news/article_647cda78-280a-5600-8676-20673eb7ba1f.html">Peicanada</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"The London magazine, 1752", page 332</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmelj-giz.si/ihgc/doc/5-EC%20table%20Nov06.pdf">Summary of Reports: Nürnberg, Germany, 14 November 2006</A>, International Hop Growers' Convention: Economic Committee</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov/cor/humulus/huminfo.html#use">"NCGR-Corvallis Humulus Genetic Resources"</A>. Ars-grin.gov<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-05-20</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NCGR-Corvallis+Humulus+Genetic+Resources&rft.pub=Ars-grin.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars-grin.gov%2Fcor%2Fhumulus%2Fhuminfo.html%23use&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Norman Moss, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hops.co.uk/sectionone/Worcester.htm">A Fancy to Worcesters</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929072147/http://www.hops.co.uk/sectionone/Worcester.htm">Archived</A> 29 September 2007 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>., <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ars-grin.gov">Agricultural research Service</A>, U.S. Department of Agriculture</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smr.herefordshire.gov.uk/agriculture%20_industry/hops_history.htm">"Herefordshire Through Time - Welcome"</A>. Smr.herefordshire.gov.uk<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-05-24</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herefordshire+Through+Time+-+Welcome&rft.pub=Smr.herefordshire.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smr.herefordshire.gov.uk%2Fagriculture%2520_industry%2Fhops_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</A> (FAO). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx">FAOSTAT</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx">Archived</A> 13 July 2011 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=HULU">"Humulus lupulus L. common hop"</A>. <I>USDA Plants database</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-09-13</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USDA+Plants+database&rft.atitle=Humulus+lupulus+L.+common+hop&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplants.usda.gov%2Fcore%2Fprofile%3Fsymbol%3DHULU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Keegstra, Kenneth (2010-10-01). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/154/2/483">"Plant Cell Walls"</A>. <I>Plant Physiology</I>. <B>154</B> (2): 483–486. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.110.161240">10.1104/pp.110.161240</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1532-2548">1532-2548</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2949028">2949028</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20921169">20921169</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=Plant+Cell+Walls&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=483-486&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2949028&rft.issn=1532-2548&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20921169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.110.161240&rft.aulast=Keegstra&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantphysiol.org%2Fcontent%2F154%2F2%2F483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">C. C. Ainsworth (15 Jun 1999). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MmO6rXOyvasC&pg=PA146#v=onepage&q&f=false"><I>Sex Determination in Plants</I></A>. Garland Science. p. 146.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Determination+in+Plants&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=1999-06-15&rft.au=C.+C.+Ainsworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMmO6rXOyvasC%26pg%3DPA146%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310182625/http://www.agroatlas.ru/cultural/Humulus_lupulus_K_en.htm">"Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Economic Plants and their Diseases, Pests and Weeds. ''Humulus lupulus''"</A>. Agroatlas.ru. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agroatlas.ru/cultural/Humulus_lupulus_K_en.htm">the original</A> on 10 March 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 May</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interactive+Agricultural+Ecological+Atlas+of+Russia+and+Neighboring+Countries.+Economic+Plants+and+their+Diseases%2C+Pests+and+Weeds.+%27%26%2339%3BHumulus+lupulus%27%26%2339%3B&rft.pub=Agroatlas.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agroatlas.ru%2Fcultural%2FHumulus_lupulus_K_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Andrew, Sewalish. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/sewalish_andr/Humulus%20Lupulus%20-%20Common%20Hops/Hop%20Anatomy%20and%20Chemistry%20101.html">"Hops: Anatomy and Chemistry 101"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-09-13</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hops%3A+Anatomy+and+Chemistry+101&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Sewalish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioweb.uwlax.edu%2Fbio203%2Fs2009%2Fsewalish_andr%2FHumulus%2520Lupulus%2520-%2520Common%2520Hops%2FHop%2520Anatomy%2520and%2520Chemistry%2520101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120721103026/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btinternet.com%2F%7Ehunny.pot%2Fhomepage%2Fhopping.html">"Connie's Homepage - Hop Picking in Kent"</A>. Btinternet.com. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btinternet.com/~hunny.pot/homepage/hopping.html">the original</A> on 21 July 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-05-20</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Connie%27s+Homepage+-+Hop+Picking+in+Kent&rft.pub=Btinternet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btinternet.com%2F~hunny.pot%2Fhomepage%2Fhopping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theorwellprize.co.uk/george-orwell/by-orwell/essays-and-other-works/hop-picking/">"George Orwell: Hop-picking"</A>. Theorwellprize.co.uk<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-05-20</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+Hop-picking&rft.pub=Theorwellprize.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheorwellprize.co.uk%2Fgeorge-orwell%2Fby-orwell%2Fessays-and-other-works%2Fhop-picking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Smith, Keith. <I>Around Malvern in old photographs.</I>. Alan Sutton Publishing, Gloucester. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86299-587-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-86299-587-6">0-86299-587-6</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/opac/search/cataloguedetail.html?&priref=94347&_function_=xslt&_limit_=10#1">"Charles Levett Hop Tokens, 60 Bushels Denomination, The Fitzwilliam Museum, fitzmuseum.cam.ack.uk"</A>. Fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-05-20</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Levett+Hop+Tokens%2C+60+Bushels+Denomination%2C+The+Fitzwilliam+Museum%2C+fitzmuseum.cam.ack.uk&rft.pub=Fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk%2Fopac%2Fsearch%2Fcataloguedetail.html%3F%26priref%3D94347%26_function_%3Dxslt%26_limit_%3D10%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-DauenhauerPD-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-DauenhauerPD_32-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A href="/wiki/Gaye_LeBaron" title="Gaye LeBaron">Gaye LeBaron</A> (29 June 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1673&dat=20080629&id=IIZPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VCUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1979,6896317">"Hops, once king of county's crops, helped put region on map"</A>. Press Democrat<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 September</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hops%2C+once+king+of+county%27s+crops%2C+helped+put+region+on+map&rft.date=2008-06-29&rft.au=Gaye+LeBaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1673%26dat%3D20080629%26id%3DIIZPAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DVCUEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1979%2C6896317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Verzele_32–48-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Verzele_32–48_33-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Verzele_32–48_33-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Verzele_32–48_33-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">M. Verzele (1986-01-02). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1986.tb04372.x/abstract">"100 Years of Hop Chemistry and Its Relevance to Brewing"</A>. <I>Journal of the Institute of Brewing</I>. <B>92</B> (1): 32–48. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.2050-0416.1986.tb04372.x">10.1002/j.2050-0416.1986.tb04372.x</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2050-0416">2050-0416</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Institute+of+Brewing&rft.atitle=100+Years+of+Hop+Chemistry+and+Its+Relevance+to+Brewing&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-48&rft.date=1986-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.2050-0416.1986.tb04372.x&rft.issn=2050-0416&rft.au=M.+Verzele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.2050-0416.1986.tb04372.x%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-De_Keukeleire_108–112-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-De_Keukeleire_108–112_34-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-De_Keukeleire_108–112_34-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Denis De Keukeleire. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0100-40422000000100019&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en">"Fundamentals of beer and hop chemistry"</A>. <I>Química Nova</I>. <B>23</B> (1): 108–112. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1590%2FS0100-40422000000100019">10.1590/S0100-40422000000100019</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0100-4042">0100-4042</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qu%C3%ADmica+Nova&rft.atitle=Fundamentals+of+beer+and+hop+chemistry&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108-112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0100-40422000000100019&rft.issn=0100-4042&rft.au=Denis+De+Keukeleire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_abstract%26pid%3DS0100-40422000000100019%26lng%3Den%26nrm%3Diso%26tlng%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Stevens, Jan F; Page, Jonathan E (2004-05-01). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942204001876">"Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: to your good health!"</A>. <I>Phytochemistry</I>. <B>65</B> (10): 1317–1330. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2004.04.025">10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.04.025</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15231405">15231405</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.atitle=Xanthohumol+and+related+prenylflavonoids+from+hops+and+beer%3A+to+your+good+health%21&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1317-1330&rft.date=2004-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2004.04.025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15231405&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Jan+F&rft.au=Page%2C+Jonathan+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0031942204001876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Milligan, S; Kalita, J; Pocock, V; Heyerick, A; Cooman, L De; Rong, H; Keukeleire, D De. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11494867_Oestrogenic_activity_of_the_hop_phyto-oestrogen_8-Prenylnaringenin">"Oestrogenic activity of the hop phyto-oestrogen, 8-prenylnaringenin"</A>. <I>Reproduction</I>. <B>123</B> (2): 235–242. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1530%2Frep.0.1230235">10.1530/rep.0.1230235</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reproduction&rft.atitle=Oestrogenic+activity+of+the+hop+phyto-oestrogen%2C+8-prenylnaringenin&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2Frep.0.1230235&rft.aulast=Milligan&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Kalita%2C+J&rft.au=Pocock%2C+V&rft.au=Heyerick%2C+A&rft.au=Cooman%2C+L+De&rft.au=Rong%2C+H&rft.au=Keukeleire%2C+D+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F11494867_Oestrogenic_activity_of_the_hop_phyto-oestrogen_8-Prenylnaringenin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">James S Hough (1991). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=TQuwGXt2NYAC&pg=PA78&dq=hop+oast+house"><I>The Biotechnology of Malting and Brewing</I></A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39553-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39553-3">978-0-521-39553-3</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2009-03-02</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biotechnology+of+Malting+and+Brewing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39553-3&rft.au=James+S+Hough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DTQuwGXt2NYAC%26pg%3DPA78%26dq%3Dhop%2Boast%2Bhouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Elizabeth Aguilera (10 September 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_10422358">"Hop harvest yields hip beer for brewer"</A>. <I>Denver Post</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Denver+Post&rft.atitle=Hop+harvest+yields+hip+beer+for+brewer&rft.date=2008-09-10&rft.au=Elizabeth+Aguilera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Fci_10422358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Kristin Underwood <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/08/its-harvest-time-at-the-sierra-nevada-brewery.php">It's Harvest Time at the Sierra Nevada Brewery</A>. Treehugger. 6 August 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2011.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">John Palmer (2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howtobrew.com/"><I>How to Brew</I></A>. Boulder, CO: Brewers Publications. pp. 41–44. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-937381-88-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-937381-88-8">0-937381-88-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Brew&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=41-44&rft.pub=Brewers+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-937381-88-8&rft.au=John+Palmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtobrew.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Hough JS, Briggs DE, Stevens R, Young TW (2012-12-06). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZPTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA867"><I>Malting and Brewing Science: Volume II Hopped Wort and Beer</I></A>. Springer. pp. 867–. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-1799-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-1799-3">978-1-4615-1799-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malting+and+Brewing+Science%3A+Volume+II+Hopped+Wort+and+Beer&rft.pages=867-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4615-1799-3&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Briggs%2C+DE&rft.au=Stevens%2C+R&rft.au=Young%2C+TW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZZPTBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breweryhistory.com/journal/archive/121/bh-121-094.htm">"Brewery History: 121, pp. 94-112"</A>. <I>www.breweryhistory.com</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-06-02</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.breweryhistory.com&rft.atitle=Brewery+History%3A+121%2C+pp.+94-112&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.breweryhistory.com%2Fjournal%2Farchive%2F121%2Fbh-121-094.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-IBD_APac-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-IBD_APac_43-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Capper, Allison; Darby, Peter (24 March 2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725154905/http://www.britishhops.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Asia-Pacific-Final-Paper.pdf">"What makes British Hops Unique in the world of Hop Growing?"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>British Hop Association</I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishhops.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Asia-Pacific-Final-Paper.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 25 July 2014<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 July</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Hop+Association&rft.atitle=What+makes+British+Hops+Unique+in+the+world+of+Hop+Growing%3F&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft.aulast=Capper&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft.au=Darby%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishhops.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F06%2FAsia-Pacific-Final-Paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Brit_Hops_History-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Brit_Hops_History_44-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishhops.org.uk/history-of-hops/">"History of Hops"</A>. <I>British Hop Association</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">19 July</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Hop+Association&rft.atitle=History+of+Hops&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishhops.org.uk%2Fhistory-of-hops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontrade.co.uk/Backissues/Totp2014/files/assets/common/downloads/The_OnTrade_Preview_2014.pdf">"On Trade Preview 2014"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>www.ontrade.co.uk</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ontrade.co.uk&rft.atitle=On+Trade+Preview+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontrade.co.uk%2FBackissues%2FTotp2014%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2Fcommon%2Fdownloads%2FThe_OnTrade_Preview_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czhops.cz/index.php/en">"Hop growers union of the Czech Republic"</A>. Czhops.cz<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-05-20</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hop+growers+union+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.pub=Czhops.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czhops.cz%2Findex.php%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byo.com/stories/article/indices/18-brewing-science/853-hop-chemistry-homebrew-science">"Hop Chemistry: Homebrew Science"</A>. Byo.com. 2000-04-28<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-05-20</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hop+Chemistry%3A+Homebrew+Science&rft.pub=Byo.com&rft.date=2000-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.byo.com%2Fstories%2Farticle%2Findices%2F18-brewing-science%2F853-hop-chemistry-homebrew-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storageprepper.com/9-perennial-vegetables-you-can-plant-once-harvest-forever-and-never-worry-about-again/">"9 Perennial Vegetables You Can Plant Once, Harvest Forever … And Never Worry About Again"</A>. <I>8 March 2017</I>. torageprepper.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 June</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=8+March+2017&rft.atitle=9+Perennial+Vegetables+You+Can+Plant+Once%2C+Harvest+Forever+%E2%80%A6+And+Never+Worry+About+Again&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storageprepper.com%2F9-perennial-vegetables-you-can-plant-once-harvest-forever-and-never-worry-about-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-eating-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-eating_49-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Alexi Duggins (18 May 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2015/may/18/its-like-eating-a-hedgerow-why-do-hop-shoots-cost-1000-a-kilo">"<SPAN style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</SPAN>It's like eating a hedgerow': why do hop shoots cost €1,000 a kilo?"</A>. <I>The Guardian</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 June</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+like+eating+a+hedgerow%27%3A+why+do+hop+shoots+cost+%E2%82%AC1%2C000+a+kilo%3F&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft.au=Alexi+Duggins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2Fwordofmouth%2F2015%2Fmay%2F18%2Fits-like-eating-a-hedgerow-why-do-hop-shoots-cost-1000-a-kilo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Humulus+lupulus">Plants for a Future: <I>Humulus lupulus</I></A> Plants for a Future. Retrieved 4 September 2012.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pmid22849837-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-pmid22849837_51-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pmid22849837_51-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Franco L, Sánchez C, Bravo R, Rodriguez A, Barriga C, Juánez JC (2012). "The sedative effects of hops (Humulus lupulus), a component of beer, on the activity/rest rhythm". <I>Acta Physiol Hung</I>. <B>99</B> (2): 133–9. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1556%2FAPhysiol.99.2012.2.6">10.1556/APhysiol.99.2012.2.6</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22849837">22849837</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Physiol+Hung&rft.atitle=The+sedative+effects+of+hops+%28Humulus+lupulus%29%2C+a+component+of+beer%2C+on+the+activity%2Frest+rhythm&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-9&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2FAPhysiol.99.2012.2.6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22849837&rft.aulast=Franco&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez%2C+C&rft.au=Bravo%2C+R&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+A&rft.au=Barriga%2C+C&rft.au=Ju%C3%A1nez%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pmid22815680-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-pmid22815680_52-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Franco L, Sánchez C, Bravo R, Rodríguez AB, Barriga C, Romero E, Cubero J (2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399866">"The sedative effect of non-alcoholic beer in healthy female nurses"</A>. <I>PLoS ONE</I>. <B>7</B> (7): e37290. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0037290">10.1371/journal.pone.0037290</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399866">3399866</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22815680">22815680</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+sedative+effect+of+non-alcoholic+beer+in+healthy+female+nurses&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e37290&rft.date=2012&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3399866&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22815680&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0037290&rft.aulast=Franco&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez%2C+C&rft.au=Bravo%2C+R&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+AB&rft.au=Barriga%2C+C&rft.au=Romero%2C+E&rft.au=Cubero%2C+J&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3399866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-planta-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-planta_53-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Keiler AM, Zierau O, Kretzschmar G (2013). "Hop extracts and hop substances in treatment of menopausal complaints". <I>Planta Med</I>. <B>79</B> (7): 576–9. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0032-1328330">10.1055/s-0032-1328330</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23512496">23512496</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planta+Med.&rft.atitle=Hop+extracts+and+hop+substances+in+treatment+of+menopausal+complaints&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=576-9&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-0032-1328330&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23512496&rft.aulast=Keiler&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Zierau%2C+O&rft.au=Kretzschmar%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207113939/http://www.horsecollaborative.com/beer-breakthrough-hops-may-prevent-pasture-associated-laminitis/">"Beer Breakthrough: Hops May Prevent Pasture-Associated Laminitis"</A>. Horse Collaborative. 1 August 2014. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horsecollaborative.com/beer-breakthrough-hops-may-prevent-pasture-associated-laminitis/">the original</A> on 7 December 2014<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">11 December</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beer+Breakthrough%3A+Hops+May+Prevent+Pasture-Associated+Laminitis&rft.pub=Horse+Collaborative&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horsecollaborative.com%2Fbeer-breakthrough-hops-may-prevent-pasture-associated-laminitis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-55"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Humulus_lupulus.html#Toxicity">"Purdue University: Center for New Crops and Plant Products. ''Humulus lupulus'' L"</A>. Hort.purdue.edu. 1998-01-07<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-05-20</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purdue+University%3A+Center+for+New+Crops+and+Plant+Products.+%27%26%2339%3BHumulus+lupulus%27%26%2339%3B+L&rft.pub=Hort.purdue.edu&rft.date=1998-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hort.purdue.edu%2Fnewcrop%2Fduke_energy%2FHumulus_lupulus.html%23Toxicity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-56"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/poison-control/plants/hops.html">"Animal Poison Control Center. Hops"</A>. ASPCA<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-05-20</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Animal+Poison+Control+Center.+Hops&rft.pub=ASPCA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspca.org%2Fpet-care%2Fpoison-control%2Fplants%2Fhops.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <I><B><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Humulus_lupulus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Humulus lupulus">Humulus lupulus</A></B></I>.</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<UL>
<LI><IMG alt="Wikisource-logo.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="12" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <CITE class="citation encyclopaedia">"<A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Hop" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Hop">Hop</A>". <I><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</A></I>. 1914.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hop&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHops" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>

<!--
NewPP limit report
Parsed by mw1287
Cached time: 20180416181406
Cache expiry: 1900800
Dynamic content: false
CPU time usage: 0.516 seconds
Real time usage: 0.611 seconds
Preprocessor visited node count: 3270/1000000
Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000
Post‐expand include size: 98270/2097152 bytes
Template argument size: 2808/2097152 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 16/40
Expensive parser function count: 6/500
Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20
Unstrip post‐expand size: 61139/5000000 bytes
Lua time usage: 0.246/10.000 seconds
Lua memory usage: 8.7 MB/50 MB
-->
<!--
Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)
100.00%  520.900      1 -total
 54.80%  285.461      1 Template:Reflist
 18.77%   97.773     22 Template:Cite_web
 10.32%   53.748      3 Template:Citation_needed
 10.29%   53.575      4 Template:Fix
  9.26%   48.212     14 Template:Cite_book
  7.26%   37.832      9 Template:Cite_journal
  5.84%   30.441      8 Template:Category_handler
  5.40%   28.125      1 Template:Other_uses
  4.96%   25.828      1 Template:Convert
-->
</DIV>
<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:14352-0!canonical and timestamp 20180416181422 and revision id 836763018
 -->
<NOSCRIPT><img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></NOSCRIPT></DIV>					<DIV class="printfooter">
						Retrieved from "<A dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hops&oldid=836763018">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hops&oldid=836763018</A>"					</DIV>
				<DIV id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><DIV id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><A href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</A>: <UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Brewing_ingredients" title="Category:Brewing ingredients">Brewing ingredients</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Crops_originating_from_Europe" title="Category:Crops originating from Europe">Crops originating from Europe</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Medicinal_plants" title="Category:Medicinal plants">Medicinal plants</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_agriculture" title="Category:Medieval agriculture">Medieval agriculture</A></LI></UL></DIV><DIV id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_authors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter">CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2014" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2014">Articles needing additional references from July 2014</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2010" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2010">Use dmy dates from September 2010</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_citation_to_the_NSRW" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW">Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_citation_to_the_NSRW_with_an_wstitle_parameter" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter">Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter</A></LI></UL></DIV></DIV>				<DIV class="visualClear"></DIV>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
		<DIV id="mw-navigation">
			<H2>Navigation menu</H2>
			<DIV id="mw-head">
									<DIV id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label">
						<H3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="pt-anonuserpage">Not logged in</LI><LI id="pt-anontalk"><A href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]" accesskey="n">Talk</A></LI><LI id="pt-anoncontribs"><A href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</A></LI><LI id="pt-createaccount"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hops" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</A></LI><LI id="pt-login"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hops" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]" accesskey="o">Log in</A></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
									<DIV id="left-navigation">
										<DIV id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label">
						<H3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Hops" title="View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]" accesskey="c">Article</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-talk"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Talk:Hops" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]" accesskey="t">Talk</A></SPAN></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label">
												<INPUT type="checkbox" class="vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" />
						<H3 id="p-variants-label">
							<SPAN>Variants</SPAN>
						</H3>
						<DIV class="menu">
							<UL>
															</UL>
						</DIV>
					</DIV>
									</DIV>
				<DIV id="right-navigation">
										<DIV id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label">
						<H3 id="p-views-label">Views</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="ca-view" class="collapsible selected"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Hops">Read</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-edit" class="collapsible"><SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=edit" title="Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]" accesskey="e">Edit</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]" accesskey="h">View history</A></SPAN></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label">
						<INPUT type="checkbox" class="vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" />
						<H3 id="p-cactions-label"><SPAN>More</SPAN></H3>
						<DIV class="menu">
							<UL>
															</UL>
						</DIV>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-search" role="search">
						<H3>
							<LABEL for="searchInput">Search</LABEL>
						</H3>
						<FORM action="/w/index.php" id="searchform">
							<DIV id="simpleSearch">
								<INPUT type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" title="Search Wikipedia [ctrl-alt-f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" tabindex="1" autocomplete="off" /><INPUT type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title" /><INPUT type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton" />							</DIV>
						</FORM>
					</DIV>
									</DIV>
			</DIV>
			<DIV id="mw-panel">
				<DIV id="p-logo" role="banner"><A class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></A></DIV>
						<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label">
			<H3 id="p-navigation-label">Navigation</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="n-mainpage-description"><A href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]" accesskey="z">Main page</A></LI><LI id="n-contents"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</A></LI><LI id="n-featuredcontent"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</A></LI><LI id="n-currentevents"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</A></LI><LI id="n-randompage"><A href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]" accesskey="x">Random article</A></LI><LI id="n-sitesupport"><A href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</A></LI><LI id="n-shoplink"><A href="//shop.wikimedia.org" title="Visit the Wikipedia store">Wikipedia store</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-interaction" aria-labelledby="p-interaction-label">
			<H3 id="p-interaction-label">Interaction</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="n-help"><A href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</A></LI><LI id="n-aboutsite"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</A></LI><LI id="n-portal"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</A></LI><LI id="n-recentchanges"><A href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</A></LI><LI id="n-contactpage"><A href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact page</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-tb" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label">
			<H3 id="p-tb-label">Tools</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="t-whatlinkshere"><A href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hops" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]" accesskey="j">What links here</A></LI><LI id="t-recentchangeslinked"><A href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hops" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</A></LI><LI id="t-upload"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</A></LI><LI id="t-specialpages"><A href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</A></LI><LI id="t-permalink"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&oldid=836763018" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</A></LI><LI id="t-info"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</A></LI><LI id="t-wikibase"><A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3214940" title="Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</A></LI><LI id="t-cite"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hops&id=836763018" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label">
			<H3 id="p-coll-print_export-label">Print/export</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="coll-create_a_book"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Hops">Create a book</A></LI><LI id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:ElectronPdf&page=Hops&action=show-download-screen">Download as PDF</A></LI><LI id="t-print"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hops&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label">
			<H3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label">In other projects</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Humulus_lupulus" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"><BUTTON class="uls-settings-trigger" title="Language settings"></BUTTON>
			<H3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopys" title="Hopys – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Λυκίσκος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inseksa_infloresko_de_lupolo" title="Inseksa infloresko de lupolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><A href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leannlus" title="Leannlus – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><A href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupulo" title="Lupulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop" title="Hop – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ii-hops" title="Ii-hops – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is" style="display: none;"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humall" title="Humall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hop" title="Hop – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hops" title="Hops – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="display: none;"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hops" title="Hops – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI>				<BUTTON class="mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button" title="All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)">4 more</BUTTON></UL>
				<DIV class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><SPAN class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3214940#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</A></SPAN></DIV>			</DIV>
		</DIV>
				</DIV>
		</DIV>
				<DIV id="footer" role="contentinfo">
						<UL id="footer-info">
								<LI id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 April 2018, at 18:14.</LI>
								<LI id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <A rel="license" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</A><A rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></A>;
additional terms may apply.  By using this site, you agree to the <A href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</A> and <A href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</A>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <A href="//www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</A>, a non-profit organization.</LI>
							</UL>
						<UL id="footer-places">
								<LI id="footer-places-privacy"><A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-about"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-disclaimer"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-contact"><A href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-developers"><A href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute">Developers</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-mobileview"><A href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hops&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</A></LI>
							<LI style="display: none;"><A href="#">Enable previews</A></LI></UL>
										<UL id="footer-icons" class="noprint">
										<LI id="footer-copyrightico">
						<A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/"><IMG src="/static/images/wikimedia-button.png" srcset="/static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" /></A>					</LI>
										<LI id="footer-poweredbyico">
						<A href="//www.mediawiki.org/"><IMG src="/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" /></A>					</LI>
									</UL>
						<DIV style="clear: both;"></DIV>
		</DIV>

<DIV id="mwe-popups-svg"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0" height="0"><defs><clipPath id="mwe-popups-mask"><polygon points="0 8, 10 8, 18 0, 26 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-mask-flip"><polygon points="0 8, 274 8, 282 0, 290 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-landscape-mask"><polygon points="0 8, 174 8, 182 0, 190 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-landscape-mask-flip"><polygon points="0 0, 1000 0, 1000 242, 190 242, 182 250, 174 242, 0 242"></polygon></clipPath></defs></svg></DIV><DIV class="suggestions" style="display: none; font-size: 13px;"><DIV class="suggestions-results"></DIV><DIV class="suggestions-special"></DIV></DIV></BODY></HTML>

document_title: Hops

token: Hops

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: For

token: other

token: uses

token: see

token: hop

token: disambiguation

token: Hop

token: flower

token: in

token: a

token: yard

token: the

token: Hallertau

token: Germany

token: Cross-section

token: drawing

token: of

token: are

token: flowers

token: also

token: called

token: seed

token: cones

token: or

token: strobiles

token: plant

token: Humulus

token: lupulus

token: They

token: used

token: primarily

token: as

token: flavouring

token: and

token: stability

token: agent

token: beer

token: which

token: they

token: impart

token: bitter

token: zesty

token: citric

token: flavours

token: though

token: for

token: various

token: purposes

token: beverages

token: herbal

token: medicine

token: The

token: vigorous

token: climbing

token: herbaceous

token: perennial

token: usually

token: trained

token: grow

token: up

token: strings

token: field