document_html:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<HTML class="client-js ve-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"><HEAD>

<TITLE>Economy of the Ming dynasty - Wikipedia</TITLE>

<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector" />

<STYLE>
.referencetooltip{position:absolute;list-style:none;list-style-image:none;opacity:0;font-size:12px;margin:0;z-index:5;padding:0}.referencetooltip > li{background:#fff;border:1px solid #bbb;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);margin:0;padding:8px 10px;line-height:18px;max-width:300px}.referencetooltip > li + li{box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:7px;margin-top:-1px;border:0;padding:0;height:3px;width:0;background-color:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;border-top:12px #bbb solid;border-right:7px transparent solid;border-left:7px transparent solid}.referencetooltip > li + li::after{z-index:111;content:'';border:6px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:8px solid #fff;height:0;width:0;display:block;margin-left:-6px;margin-top:-12px}.RTflipped{padding-top:13px}.referencetooltip.RTflipped > li + li{position:absolute;top:0;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px #bbb solid}.referencetooltip.RTflipped > li + li::after{border-top:0;border-bottom:8px #fff solid;position:absolute;margin-top:7px}.RTsettings{ background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22utf-8%22%3F%3E%0D%0A%3C%21--%20Generator%3A%20Adobe%20Illustrator%2018.1.1%2C%20SVG%20Export%20Plug-In%20.%20SVG%20Version%3A%206.00%20Build%200%29%20%20--%3E%0D%0A%3C%21DOCTYPE%20svg%20PUBLIC%20%22-%2F%2FW3C%2F%2FDTD%20SVG%201.1%2F%2FEN%22%20%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FGraphics%2FSVG%2F1.1%2FDTD%2Fsvg11.dtd%22%3E%0D%0A%3Csvg%20version%3D%221.1%22%20id%3D%22Layer_1%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20xmlns%3Axlink%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1999%2Fxlink%22%20x%3D%220px%22%20y%3D%220px%22%0D%0A%09%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2024%2024%22%20enable-background%3D%22new%200%200%2024%2024%22%20xml%3Aspace%3D%22preserve%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23555555%22%20d%3D%22M20%2C14.5v-2.9l-1.8-0.3c-0.1-0.4-0.3-0.8-0.6-1.4l1.1-1.5l-2.1-2.1l-1.5%2C1.1c-0.5-0.3-1-0.5-1.4-0.6L13.5%2C5h-2.9l-0.3%2C1.8%0D%0A%09C9.8%2C6.9%2C9.4%2C7.1%2C8.9%2C7.4L7.4%2C6.3L5.3%2C8.4l1%2C1.5c-0.3%2C0.5-0.4%2C0.9-0.6%2C1.4L4%2C11.5v2.9l1.8%2C0.3c0.1%2C0.5%2C0.3%2C0.9%2C0.6%2C1.4l-1%2C1.5%0D%0A%09l2.1%2C2.1l1.5-1c0.4%2C0.2%2C0.9%2C0.4%2C1.4%2C0.6l0.3%2C1.8h3l0.3-1.8c0.5-0.1%2C0.9-0.3%2C1.4-0.6l1.5%2C1.1l2.1-2.1l-1.1-1.5c0.3-0.5%2C0.5-1%2C0.6-1.4%0D%0A%09L20%2C14.5z%20M12%2C16c-1.7%2C0-3-1.3-3-3s1.3-3%2C3-3s3%2C1.3%2C3%2C3S13.7%2C16%2C12%2C16z%22%2F%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0D%0A);  display:block;float:right;cursor:pointer;margin:0;margin-top:-4px;height:24px;width:24px;border-radius:2px;box-sizing:border-box;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:24px 24px;margin-left:8px}.RTsettings:hover{background-color:#eee}.RTTarget{background-color:#def}
.wp-teahouse-question-form{position:absolute;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:#f4f3f0;border:1px solid #a7d7f9;padding:1em}#wp-th-question-ask{float:right}.wp-teahouse-ask a.external{background-image:none !important}.wp-teahouse-respond-form{position:absolute;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:#f4f3f0;border:1px solid #a7d7f9;padding:1em}.wp-th-respond{float:right}.wp-teahouse-respond a.external{background-image:none !important}
.cite-accessibility-label{ top:-99999px;clip:rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); position:absolute !important;padding:0 !important;border:0 !important;height:1px !important;width:1px !important; overflow:hidden}
.mw-spinner{background-color:transparent;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.mw-spinner-small{background-image:url(data:image/gif;base64,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);background-image:url(/w/resources/src/jquery/images/spinner.gif?ca65b)!ie;height:20px;width:20px; min-width:20px}.mw-spinner-large{background-image:url(data:image/gif;base64,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);background-image:url(/w/resources/src/jquery/images/spinner-large.gif?57f34)!ie;height:32px;width:32px; min-width:32px}.mw-spinner-block{display:block; width:100%}.mw-spinner-inline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle; zoom:1;*display:inline; }
.suggestions{overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:0;border:0;z-index:1099;padding:0;margin:-1px 0 0 0}.suggestions-special{position:relative;background-color:#fff;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;margin-top:-2px;display:none;padding:0.25em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em}.suggestions-results{background-color:#fff;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0;margin:0}.suggestions-result{color:#000;margin:0;line-height:1.5em;padding:0.01em 0.25em;text-align:left; overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.suggestions-result-current{background-color:#2a4b8d;color:#fff}.suggestions-special .special-label{color:#72777d;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-query{color:#000;font-style:italic;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-hover{background-color:#c8ccd1}.suggestions-result-current .special-label,.suggestions-result-current .special-query{color:#fff}.highlight{font-weight:bold}
@media screen {
	.tochidden,.toctoggle{-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.toctoggle{font-size:94%}}
@media print {
	.toc.tochidden,.toctoggle{display:none}}
.uls-menu{border-radius:2px; font-size:medium}.uls-search,.uls-language-settings-close-block{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-top-left-radius:2px}.uls-language-list{border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.uls-menu.callout:before,.uls-menu.callout:after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right:before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right:after{ border-left:10px solid #f8f9fa; right:-10px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left:before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left:after{ border-right:10px solid #f8f9fa; left:-10px}.uls-ui-languages button{margin:5px 15px 5px 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}.uls-search-wrapper-wrapper{position:relative;padding-left:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px}.uls-icon-back{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.png?90e9b) no-repeat scroll center center;background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.svg?e226b);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2224%22 height=%2224%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2354595d%22 d=%22M7 13.1l8.9 8.9c.8-.8.8-2 0-2.8l-6.1-6.1 6-6.1c.8-.8.8-2 0-2.8L7 13.1z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");background-size:28px;background-position:center center;height:32px;width:40px;display:block;position:absolute;left:0;border-right:1px solid #c8ccd1;opacity:0.8}.uls-icon-back:hover{opacity:1;cursor:pointer}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view .uls-no-found-more{background-color:#fff}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view h3{padding:0 28px;margin:0;color:#54595d;font-size:1em;font-weight:normal}  .skin-vector .uls-menu{border-color:#c8ccd1;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);font-size:0.875em}.skin-vector .uls-search{border-bottom-color:#c8ccd1}.skin-vector .uls-filtersuggestion{color:#72777d}.skin-vector .uls-lcd-region-title{color:#54595d}
.mw-editfont-monospace{font-family:monospace,monospace}.mw-editfont-sans-serif{font-family:sans-serif}.mw-editfont-serif{font-family:serif} .mw-editfont-monospace,.mw-editfont-sans-serif,.mw-editfont-serif{font-size:13px; }.mw-editfont-monospace.oo-ui-textInputWidget,.mw-editfont-sans-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget,.mw-editfont-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget{font-size:inherit}.mw-editfont-monospace > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-sans-serif > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-serif > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input{font-size:13px}
@-webkit-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}}@-moz-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-moz-transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-moz-transform:translateY(0)}}@-o-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-o-transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-o-transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{-webkit-animation-duration:1s;-moz-animation-duration:1s;-o-animation-duration:1s;animation-duration:1s;-webkit-animation-fill-mode:both;-moz-animation-fill-mode:both;-o-animation-fill-mode:both;animation-fill-mode:both;-webkit-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;-moz-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;-o-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation}
@media print{#centralNotice{display:none}}.cn-closeButton{display:inline-block;zoom:1;background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUBAMAAAB/pwA+AAAAElBMVEUAAAAQEBDPz88AAABAQEDv7+9oe1vvAAAABnRSTlMA3rLe3rJS22KzAAAARElEQVQI12PAAUIUQCSTK5BwFgIxFU1AhKECUFAYKAAioXwwBeZChMGCEGGQIFQYJohgIhQgtCEMQ7ECYTHCOciOxA4AADgJTXIb9s8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=) no-repeat;background:url(/w/extensions/CentralNotice/resources/subscribing/close.png?8e3d8) no-repeat!ie;width:20px;height:20px;text-indent:20px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}
.mw-ui-button{font-family:inherit;font-size:1em;display:inline-block;min-width:4em;max-width:28.75em;padding:0.546875em 1em;line-height:1.286;margin:0;border-radius:2px;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-appearance:none;*display:inline; zoom:1;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#f8f9fa;color:#222222;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer}.mw-ui-button:visited{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button:hover{background-color:#ffffff;color:#444444;border-color:#a2a9b1}.mw-ui-button:focus{background-color:#ffffff;color:#222222;border-color:#3366cc;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button:active,.mw-ui-button.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#d9d9d9;color:#000000;border-color:#72777d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button:disabled:active{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;box-shadow:none;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button:focus{outline-width:0}.mw-ui-button:focus::-moz-focus-inner{border-color:transparent;padding:0}.mw-ui-button:not(:disabled){-webkit-transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms;-moz-transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms;transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms}.mw-ui-button:disabled{text-shadow:none;cursor:default}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-big{font-size:1.3em}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-block{display:block;width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive{background-color:#3366cc;color:#fff;border:1px solid #3366cc}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:hover{background-color:#447ff5;border-color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#2a4b8d;border-color:#2a4b8d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#2a4b8d}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#3366cc}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive{background-color:#dd3333;color:#fff;border:1px solid #dd3333}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:hover{background-color:#ff4242;border-color:#ff4242}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #dd3333,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#b32424;border-color:#b32424;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#ff4242}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#b32424}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#dd3333}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet{background:transparent;border:0;text-shadow:none;color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#444444}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#000000}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus{box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{background:transparent}input.mw-ui-button::-moz-focus-inner,button.mw-ui-button::-moz-focus-inner{margin-top:-1px;margin-bottom:-1px}a.mw-ui-button{text-decoration:none}a.mw-ui-button:hover,a.mw-ui-button:focus{text-decoration:none}.mw-ui-button-group > *{min-width:48px;border-radius:0;float:left}.mw-ui-button-group > *:first-child{border-top-left-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group > *:not(:first-child){border-left:0}.mw-ui-button-group > *:last-child{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-right-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group .is-on .button{cursor:default}
.mw-ui-icon{position:relative;line-height:1.5em;min-height:1.5em;min-width:1.5em}span.mw-ui-icon{display:inline-block}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element{text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden;width:3.5em;min-width:3.5em;max-width:3.5em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element:before{left:0;right:0;position:absolute;margin:0 1em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element.mw-ui-icon-large{width:4.625em;min-width:4.625em;max-width:4.625em;line-height:4.625em;min-height:4.625em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element.mw-ui-icon-large:before{min-height:4.625em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-before:before,.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element:before{background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto;float:left;display:block;min-height:1.5em;content:''}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-before:before{position:relative;width:1.5em;margin-right:1em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-small:before{background-size:66.67% auto}
.mw-ui-icon-popups-settings:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=popups-settings&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2354595d%22 d=%22M20 14.5v-2.9l-1.8-.3c-.1-.4-.3-.8-.6-1.4l1.1-1.5-2.1-2.1-1.5 1.1c-.5-.3-1-.5-1.4-.6L13.5 5h-2.9l-.3 1.8c-.5.1-.9.3-1.4.6L7.4 6.3 5.3 8.4l1 1.5c-.3.5-.4.9-.6 1.4l-1.7.2v2.9l1.8.3c.1.5.3.9.6 1.4l-1 1.5 2.1 2.1 1.5-1c.4.2.9.4 1.4.6l.3 1.8h3l.3-1.8c.5-.1.9-.3 1.4-.6l1.5 1.1 2.1-2.1-1.1-1.5c.3-.5.5-1 .6-1.4l1.5-.3zM12 16c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3s1.3-3 3-3 3 1.3 3 3-1.3 3-3 3z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-popups-close:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=popups-close&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M3.636 2.222l14.142 14.142-1.414 1.414L2.222 3.636z%22/%3E %3Cpath d=%22M17.778 3.636L3.636 17.778l-1.414-1.414L16.364 2.222z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-preview-generic:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=preview-generic&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width=%2237%22 height=%2227%22 xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%3E %3Cg id=%22Page-1%22 fill=%22none%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22%3E %3Cg id=%22sad-face%22 fill=%22%23C8CCD1%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M5.475.7v20.075L0 26.25h31.025c3.102 0 5.475-2.372 5.475-5.475V.7H5.475zm20.44 4.562c1.277 0 2.19 1.095 2.19 2.19 0 1.096-.913 2.373-2.19 2.373-1.278 0-2.19-1.095-2.19-2.19s1.095-2.373 2.19-2.373zm-9.855 0c1.277 0 2.19 1.095 2.19 2.19 0 1.096-1.095 2.373-2.19 2.373s-2.19-1.095-2.19-2.19.913-2.373 2.19-2.373zm4.928 8.213c-7.153 0-8.415 7.012-8.415 7.012s2.805-1.403 8.415-1.403c5.61 0 8.414 1.403 8.414 1.403S28 13.475 20.988 13.475z%22 id=%22Shape%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-footer:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=footer&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%22230%22 height=%22179%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 viewBox=%220 0 230 179%22%3E %3Cdefs%3E %3Crect id=%22a%22 width=%22201%22 height=%2213%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Crect id=%22b%22 width=%22201%22 height=%22169%22 y=%2210%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Crect id=%22c%22 width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%22135%22 y=%22158%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3C/defs%3E %3Cg fill=%22none%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22%3E %3Cg transform=%22matrix%281 0 0 -1 0 13%29%22%3E %3Cuse fill=%22%23f8f9fa%22 xlink:href=%22%23a%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%2211%22 x=%221%22 y=%221%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Cuse fill=%22%23fff%22 xlink:href=%22%23b%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%22167%22 x=%221%22 y=%2211%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Cg opacity=%22.4%22 transform=%22translate%2867 35%29%22%3E %3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 y=%227%22 fill=%22%23c8ccd1%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2231%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2232%22 height=%222%22 y=%2285%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 x=%2235%22 y=%2285%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 x=%2291%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2268%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2272%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2249%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2224%22 height=%222%22 x=%2284%22 y=%2231%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22 transform=%22matrix%28-1 0 0 1 192 0%29%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2266%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2214%22 height=%222%22 x=%2254%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2271%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2259%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2252%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2292%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2238%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2267%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2299%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Cuse fill=%22%2336c%22 xlink:href=%22%23c%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2233%22 height=%225%22 x=%22133.5%22 y=%22156.5%22 stroke=%22%23ffc057%22 stroke-opacity=%22.447%22 stroke-width=%223%22 rx=%222.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%2234%22 cy=%2249%22 r=%2219%22 fill=%22%23eaecf0%22/%3E %3Cg fill=%22%23a2a9b1%22 transform=%22translate%285 5%29%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%221.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%226%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%2210.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Cpath stroke=%22%23ff00af%22 d=%22M174.5 159.5h54.01%22 stroke-linecap=%22square%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-preview-disambiguation:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=preview-disambiguation&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%222 2 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23C8CCD1%22 d=%22M11 12h4V7h-4v5zm-5 2h9v-1H6v1zm0 2h9v-1H6v1zm0 2h9v-1H6v1zm4-9H6v1h4V9zm0 2H6v1h4v-1zm0-4H6v1h4V7zM4 5h13v16H7c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3V5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill-rule=%22evenodd%22 fill=%22%23C8CCD1%22 d=%22M18 4v14h2V2H7v2%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}</STYLE><STYLE>
.mw-3d-wrapper{display:inline-block;position:relative;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:top}.mw-3d-badge{position:absolute;top:11px;left:11px;color:#1e1f21;font-size:14px;line-height:19px;font-weight:bold;opacity:0.8;padding:2px 5px;background-color:#f8f9fa;border-radius:2px}.mw-3d-thumb-placeholder{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;color:#222}
.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#fff}.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link .special-query{ overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}
#uls-settings-block{background-color:#f8f9fa;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1;padding-left:10px;line-height:1.2em;border-radius:0 0 2px 2px}#uls-settings-block > button{background:left top transparent no-repeat;background-size:20px auto;color:#54595d;display:inline-block;margin:8px 15px;border:0;padding:0 0 0 26px;font-size:medium;cursor:pointer}#uls-settings-block > button:hover{color:#222}#uls-settings-block > button.display-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/display.png?d25f1);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23222%22 d=%22M.002 2.275v12.945h8.405c.535 1.624-.975 1.786-1.902 2.505 0 0 2.293-.024 3.439-.024 1.144 0 3.432.024 3.432.024-.905-.688-2.355-.868-1.902-2.505h8.527v-12.945h-20zm6.81 1.84h.797l3.313 8.466h-1.043l-1.043-2.638h-3.374l-1.043 2.638h-.982zm.368 1.104c-.084.369-.211.785-.368 1.227l-.982 2.577h2.699l-.982-2.577c-.128-.33-.234-.747-.368-1.227zm7.117.982c.753 0 1.295.157 1.656.491.365.334.552.858.552 1.595v4.294h-.675l-.184-.859h-.062c-.315.396-.605.655-.92.798-.311.138-.758.184-1.227.184-.626 0-1.115-.168-1.472-.491-.353-.323-.491-.754-.491-1.35 0-1.275 1.028-1.963 3.068-2.025h1.043v-.429c0-.495-.091-.87-.307-1.104-.211-.238-.574-.307-1.043-.307-.526 0-1.115.107-1.779.429l-.307-.675c.311-.169.674-.333 1.043-.429.373-.096.732-.123 1.104-.123zm.307 3.313c-.761.027-1.318.157-1.656.368-.334.207-.491.54-.491.982 0 .346.1.617.307.798.211.181.544.245.92.245.595 0 1.012-.164 1.35-.491.342-.326.552-.762.552-1.35v-.552z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}#uls-settings-block > button.input-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/input.png?aea9e);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23222%22 d=%22M9 1.281c-.124.259-.185.599-.5.688-.55.081-1.133.018-1.688 0-.866-.032-1.733-.148-2.594 0-.588.157-.953.727-1.188 1.25-.178.416-.271.836-.344 1.281h-2.688v11.5h20v-11.5h-16.344c.109-.52.203-1.057.563-1.469.222-.231.587-.17.875-.188 1.212.003 2.415.179 3.625.063.463-.058.812-.455.969-.875l.188-.438-.875-.313zm-7.125 5.844h1.563c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.531c0 .094-.093.188-.188.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.531c0 .094-.062.188-.156.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.531c0 .094-.062.188-.156.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.188-.093-.188-.188v-1.531c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm2.813 0h1.563c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.531c0 .094-.093.188-.188.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.531c0 .094-.062.188-.156.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.531c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.531c0 .094-.093.188-.188.188h-1.531c-.094 0-.188-.093-.188-.188v-1.531c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm-12.844 3h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.563c0 .094-.062.156-.156.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.062-.156-.156v-1.563c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.906 0h1.563c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.563c0 .094-.093.156-.188.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.062-.156-.156v-1.563c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.938 0h1.531c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.563c0 .094-.093.156-.188.156h-1.531c-.094 0-.188-.062-.188-.156v-1.563c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm2.906 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.563c0 .094-.062.156-.156.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.188-.062-.188-.156v-1.563c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm2.906 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.563c0 .094-.062.156-.156.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.062-.156-.156v-1.563c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm-10.875 3.563h12c.088 0 .156.068.156.156v.844c0 .088-.068.156-.156.156h-12c-.088 0-.156-.068-.156-.156v-.844c0-.088.068-.156.156-.156z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}
.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{border:0;padding:0;color:inherit;line-height:1.5em; }.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget:focus{outline:0;padding:0}.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget::selection{background:rgba(109,169,247,0.5); }
#p-lang .body ul .uls-trigger,#p-lang .pBody ul .uls-trigger{background-image:none;padding:0} .mw-interlanguage-selector,.mw-interlanguage-selector:active{cursor:pointer;padding:4px 6px 4px 25px;font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/compact-links-trigger.png?b0c8e);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2218%22 height=%2218%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2372777d%22 d=%22M13 19l.8-3h5.3l.9 3h2.2l-4.2-13h-3l-4.2 13h2.2zm3.5-11l2 6h-4l2-6zM5 4l.938 1.906h-4.938v2.094h1.594c.6 1.8 1.406 3.206 2.406 4.406-1.1.7-4.313 1.781-4.313 1.781l1.313 1.813s3.487-1.387 4.688-2.188c1 .7 2.319 1.188 3.719 1.688l.594-2c-1-.3-1.988-.688-2.688-1.188 1.1-1.1 1.9-2.506 2.5-4.406h2.188l.5-2h-5.563l-.938-1.906h-2zm-.188 4h3.781c-.4 1.3-.906 2-1.906 3-1.1-1-1.475-1.7-1.875-3z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");background-size:18px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:left 4px center;margin:4px 0;text-align:left}.mw-interlanguage-selector:active,.mw-interlanguage-selector.selector-open{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#54595d}.interlanguage-uls-menu:before,.interlanguage-uls-menu:after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-right:before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-right:after{ border-left:10px solid #f8f9fa; right:-10px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-left:before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-left:after{ border-right:10px solid #f8f9fa; left:-10px}
.mw-mmv-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1000;background-color:#000}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open{overflow-y:auto;  }body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-page-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-head-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-navigation,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #content,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #footer,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #globalWrapper{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > *{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-overlay,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-wrapper{display:block}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons{margin-top:5px}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded,.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config{display:block;line-height:inherit}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M851.2 71.6L690.7 232.1l-40.1-40.3-9.6 164.8 164.8-9.3-40.3-40.4L926 146.4l58.5 58.5L997.6 0 792.7 13.1%22/%3E %3Cpath d=%22M769.6 89.3H611.9l70.9 70.8 7.9 7.5m-47.1 234.6l-51.2 3 3-51.2 9.4-164.4 5.8-100.3H26.4V768h883.1V387l-100.9 5.8-165 9.4zM813.9 678H113.6l207.2-270.2 31.5-12.9L548 599.8l105.9-63.2 159.8 140.8.2.6zm95.6-291.9V228l-79.1 78.9 7.8 7.9%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M897 454.6V313.4L810.4 299c-6.4-23.3-16-45.7-27.3-65.8l50.5-71.4-99.4-100.2-71.4 50.5c-20.9-11.2-42.5-20.9-65.8-27.3L582.6-1H441.4L427 85.6c-23.3 6.4-45.7 16-65.8 27.3l-71.4-50.5-100.3 99.5 50.5 71.4c-11.2 20.9-20.9 42.5-27.3 66.6L127 313.4v141.2l85.8 14.4c6.4 23.3 16 45.7 27.3 66.6L189.6 607l99.5 99.5 71.4-50.5c20.9 11.2 42.5 20.9 66.6 27.3l14.4 85.8h141.2l14.4-86.6c23.3-6.4 45.7-16 65.8-27.3l71.4 50.5 99.5-99.5-50.5-71.4c11.2-20.9 20.9-42.5 27.3-66.6l86.4-13.6zm-385 77c-81.8 0-147.6-66.6-147.6-147.6 0-81.8 66.6-147.6 147.6-147.6S659.6 302.2 659.6 384 593.8 531.6 512 531.6z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");opacity:0.75}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before:hover{opacity:1}.mw-mmv-button{background-color:transparent;min-width:0;border:0;padding:0;overflow-x:hidden;text-indent:-9999em}
@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}.mwe-popups-fade-in-up{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-in-down{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-down{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-up{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards}     .mwe-popups{background:#fff;position:absolute;z-index:110;-webkit-box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px #a2a9b1;padding:0;display:none;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;min-width:300px;border-radius:2px; }.mwe-popups .mw-ui-icon{font-size:16px;margin:21px 0 8px 0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container{color:#222222;margin-top:-9px;padding-top:9px;text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer{padding:16px;margin:0;font-size:10px;position:absolute;bottom:0; left:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract{margin:16px;display:block;color:#222222;text-decoration:none;position:relative;   }.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:hover{text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:after{content:' ';position:absolute;bottom:0;width:25%;height:20px;background-color:transparent}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='ltr']:after{ right:0; background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-o-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='rtl']:after{ left:0; background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-o-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract p{margin:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ul,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ol,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract li,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dl,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dd,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dt{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.mwe-popups svg{overflow:hidden}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall{width:450px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{vertical-align:middle}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-extract{width:215px;height:180px;overflow:hidden; float:left}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall footer{width:215px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall{width:320px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-extract{min-height:40px;max-height:140px;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:47px;padding-bottom:0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall footer{width:290px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-extract,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-extract{min-height:auto;padding-top:4px;margin-bottom:60px;margin-top:0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-read-link{font-weight:bold;font-size:12px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link{text-decoration:underline}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:11px solid #ffffff;top:-7px; left:7px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:8px solid #a2a9b1;top:-8px; left:10px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:after{ left:auto; right:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:before{ left:auto; right:10px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:9px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px; left:6px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri.flipped_x:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:273px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri.flipped_x:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px; left:269px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri .mwe-popups-extract{padding-top:32px;margin-top:190px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri > div > a > svg{margin-top:-8px;position:absolute;z-index:113; left:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{margin:0;margin-top:-8px;margin-bottom:-7px;position:absolute;z-index:113; right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px; left:272px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px; left:269px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall:after{z-index:112;content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px; left:417px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px; left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{position:absolute;z-index:113;margin:0;margin-bottom:-9px; right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_y:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:11px solid #ffffff;bottom:-7px; left:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped_y:before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:8px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-8px; left:10px}#mwe-popups-settings{position:fixed;z-index:1000;background:#fff;width:420px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);border-radius:2px;font-size:14px}#mwe-popups-settings header{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;position:relative;display:table;width:100%;padding:5px 7px 5px 0}#mwe-popups-settings header > div{display:table-cell;width:3.5em;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer}#mwe-popups-settings header h1{margin-bottom:0.6em;padding-top:0.5em;border:0;width:100%;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close{opacity:0.87;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms;-moz-transition:opacity 100ms;transition:opacity 100ms}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:hover{opacity:0.73}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:active{opacity:1}#mwe-popups-settings main{display:block;width:350px;padding:32px 0 24px;margin:0 auto}#mwe-popups-settings main p{color:#54595d;font-size:17px;margin:16px 0 0}#mwe-popups-settings main p:first-child{margin-top:0}#mwe-popups-settings main form img,#mwe-popups-settings main form input,#mwe-popups-settings main form label{vertical-align:top}#mwe-popups-settings main form img{margin-right:60px}#mwe-popups-settings main form input{display:inline-block;margin:0 10px 0 0;padding:0}#mwe-popups-settings main form label{font-size:13px;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;width:300px}#mwe-popups-settings main form label > span{color:#000;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;display:block;margin-bottom:5px;line-height:18px}.mwe-popups-settings-help{font-size:13px;font-weight:800;margin:40px;position:relative}.mwe-popups-settings-help .mw-ui-icon:before,.mwe-popups-settings-help .mw-ui-icon{height:140px;width:180px;max-width:none;margin:0}.mwe-popups-settings-help p{left:180px;bottom:20px;position:absolute}.mwe-popups-settings-icon{border-radius:2px;font-size:16px; margin-right:-0.75em}.mwe-popups-settings-icon:hover{background-color:#eaecf0}.mwe-popups-settings-icon:active{background-color:#c8ccd1}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer .mwe-popups-settings-icon{float:right}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-title{display:block;font-weight:bold;margin:0 16px}.mwe-popups-overlay{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);z-index:999;position:fixed;height:100%;width:100%;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}#mwe-popups-svg{position:absolute;top:-1000px}</STYLE><STYLE>
.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-editableContent #toc,.ve-activated #siteNotice,.ve-activated .mw-indicators,.ve-activated #t-print,.ve-activated #t-permalink,.ve-activated #p-coll-print_export,.ve-activated #t-cite,.ve-deactivating .ve-ui-surface,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-editableContent,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{display:none} .ve-activating .ve-ui-surface{height:0;padding:0 !important; overflow:hidden} .ve-loading #content > :not(.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay), .ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-uneditableContent{pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;opacity:0.5}.ve-activated #catlinks{cursor:pointer}.ve-activated #catlinks a{opacity:1} .ve-activated #content{position:relative} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay{position:absolute;top:1.25em;left:0;right:0;z-index:1;margin-top:-0.5em}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress{height:1em;overflow:hidden;margin:0 25%}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress-bar{height:1em;width:0}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{transition:height 250ms ease;height:0; } .oo-ui-element-hidden{display:none !important; } .mw-editsection{white-space:nowrap; unicode-bidi:-moz-isolate;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;unicode-bidi:isolate}.mw-editsection-divider{color:#54595d} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress{height:0.75em;border:1px solid #36c;background:#fff;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 0.1em 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15)}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress-bar{height:0.75em;background:#36c}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbar,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{font-size:0.875em; margin:-1.14em -1.14em 1.14em -1.14em; }@media screen and (min-width:982px){.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbar,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{ margin:-1.43em -1.71em 1.43em -1.71em}}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;box-shadow:0 1px 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-open{height:40px}</STYLE><META name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="" />
<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector" />
<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector" />
<META name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.31.0-wmf.30" />
<META name="referrer" content="origin" />
<META name="referrer" content="origin-when-crossorigin" />
<META name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin" />
<META property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28en%29.svg/1200px-Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28en%29.svg.png" />
<LINK rel="alternate" href="android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" />
<LINK rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit" />
<LINK rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit" />
<LINK rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png" />
<LINK rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico" />
<LINK rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)" />
<LINK rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd" />
<LINK rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" />
<LINK rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" />
<LINK rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org" />
<LINK rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" />
<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=html5shiv&only=scripts&skin=vector&sync=1"></script><![endif]-->
</HEAD>
<BODY class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty rootpage-Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty skin-vector action-view">		<DIV id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></DIV>
		<DIV id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></DIV>
		<DIV id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
			<A id="top"></A>
			<DIV id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><DIV id="centralNotice"></DIV><!-- CentralNotice --></DIV><DIV class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
</DIV>
<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Economy of the Ming dynasty</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
				<DIV id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</DIV>				<DIV id="contentSub"></DIV>
								<DIV id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
					Jump to:					<A href="#mw-head">navigation</A>, 					<A href="#p-search">search</A>
				</DIV>
				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><TABLE class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image">
<DIV style="width:52px"><A href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></A></DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="mbox-text">
<DIV class="mbox-text-span">This article <B>needs additional citations for <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</A></B>. <SPAN class="hide-when-compact">Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit">improve this article</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</SPAN> <SMALL><I>(October 2010)</I></SMALL> <SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I>(<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Ming_Empire_cca_1580_(en).svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28en%29.svg/220px-Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28en%29.svg.png" width="220" height="224" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28en%29.svg/330px-Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28en%29.svg/440px-Ming_Empire_cca_1580_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2344" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Ming_Empire_cca_1580_(en).svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The Ming Empire around 1580</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>The <B>economy of the <A href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</A></B> (1368–1644) of <A href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</A> was the largest in the world during that period. It is regarded as one of China's three <A href="/wiki/Golden_Age_(metaphor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age (metaphor)">golden ages</A> (the other two being the <A href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</A> and <A href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</A> periods). The period was marked by the increasing political influence of the <A href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</A>, the gradual weakening of <A href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">imperial rule</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technological</A> advances.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Currency"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Currency</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Manufactures"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Manufactures</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Privatization"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Privatization</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Emergence_of_wage_labor"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Emergence of wage labor</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Early_encouragement_of_agriculture_under_Hongwu"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Early encouragement of agriculture under Hongwu</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Emergence_of_commercial_plantations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Emergence of commercial plantations</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Rural_markets_during_the_Ming"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Rural markets during the Ming</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#Trade_and_investment"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Trade and investment</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Taxation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Taxation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#Weakening_of_the_state"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Weakening of the state</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#Sprouts_of_capitalism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Sprouts of capitalism</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Currency">Currency</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Currency">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_coinage" title="Ming dynasty coinage">Ming dynasty coinage</A></DIV>
<P>The early <A href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</A> attempted to use <A href="/wiki/Fiat_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat currency">paper currency</A>, with outflows of <A href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</A> limited by its <A href="/wiki/Haijin" title="Haijin">ban on private foreign commerce</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> Like <A href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_currency" title="History of Chinese currency">its forebears</A>, the currency experienced massive <A href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeiting</A> and <A href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</A>. (In 1425, Ming notes were trading at about 0.014% of its original value under the Hongwu Emperor.)<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> The notes remained in circulation as late as 1573 but their printing was ended in 1450. <A href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_coinage" title="Ming dynasty coinage">Minor coins</A> were minted in base metals, but trade mostly occurred using <A href="/wiki/Sycee" title="Sycee">silver ingots</A>. As their purity and exact weight varied, they were treated as <A href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</A> and measured in <A href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">tael</A>. These privately made "<A href="/wiki/Sycee" title="Sycee">sycee</A>" first came into use in <A href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</A>, spreading to the <A href="/wiki/Yangtze_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze Delta">lower Yangtze</A> sometime before 1423, the year it became acceptable for payment of tax obligations. In the mid-15th century, the paucity of circulating silver caused a monetary contraction and extensive reversion to <A href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> The problem was met through smuggled, then legal, importation of <A href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Japanese</A> silver (mostly through the <A href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</A> and <A href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</A>) and <A href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</A> silver from <A href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</A> carried on the <A href="/wiki/Manila_galleons" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila galleons">Manila galleons</A>. Provincial taxes were required to be paid in silver in 1465; the salt tax, in 1475; and <A href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</A> exemptions, in 1485. By the late Ming, the amount of silver being used was extraordinary: at a time when <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</A> traders considered tens of thousands of pounds an exceptional fortune, the Zheng clan of merchants regularly engaged in transactions valued at millions of <A href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">taels</A>. However, a second silver contraction occurred in the mid-17th century when <SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">King Philip IV</A></SPAN> began enforcing laws limiting direct trade between <A href="/wiki/Spanish_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish South America">Spanish South America</A> and China at about the same time the new <A href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</A> in Japan restricted most of its foreign exports, cutting off Dutch and Portuguese access to its silver. The dramatic spike in silver's value in China made payment of taxes nearly impossible for most provinces.<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP> <I>In extremis</I>, the government even resumed use of paper currency amid <A href="/wiki/Li_Zicheng" title="Li Zicheng">Li Zicheng</A>'s rebellion.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Manufactures">Manufactures</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manufactures">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Privatization">Privatization</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Privatization">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Another key feature of the Ming manufacturing industry was <A href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</A>. Unlike the Song, in which <A href="/wiki/Government-owned_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-owned corporation">state-owned enterprises</A> played a large role, the Ming reverted to the old laissez faire policies of the Han by privatizing the salt and tea industries. By the middle of the Ming dynasty, powerful groups of wealthy merchants had replaced the state as the dominant movers behind Chinese industry.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Emergence_of_wage_labor">Emergence of wage labor</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emergence of wage labor">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The Ming government abolished the mandatory forced labor by peasants used in early dynasties and replaced it with wage labor. A new class of wage laborers sprung up where none had existed before. In Jingde alone, it was reported that there were no less than 300 pottery factories, all operated by wage laborers.<SUP id="cite_ref-Bo&Zheng_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bo&Zheng-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Early_encouragement_of_agriculture_under_Hongwu">Early encouragement of agriculture under Hongwu</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early encouragement of agriculture under Hongwu">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>In order to recover from rule of the Mongols and the wars that followed them, the <A href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</A> enacted pro-agricultural policies. The state invested extensively in agricultural canals, reduced taxes on agriculture to 1/30 of the output, and later to 1.5% of agricultural output. Ming farmers also introduced many innovations such as water-powered plows, and new agricultural methods such as crop rotation. This led to a massive agricultural surplus that became the basis of a market economy.<SUP id="cite_ref-Bo&Zheng_5-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bo&Zheng-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Emergence_of_commercial_plantations">Emergence of commercial plantations</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Emergence of commercial plantations">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The Ming saw the rise of commercial plantations who produced crops suitable to their regions. Tea, fruits, paint and other goods were produced on a massive scale by these agricultural plantations. Regional patterns of production established during this period continued into the Qing dynasty.<SUP id="cite_ref-Bo&Zheng_5-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bo&Zheng-5">[5]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</A> brought crops such as <A href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</A> with these foreign crops. During the Ming, specialized areas also popped up planting large numbers of cash crops that could be sold at markets. Large numbers of peasants abandoned the land to become artisans. The population of the Ming boomed; estimates for the population of the Ming range from 160 to 200 million.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Rural_markets_during_the_Ming">Rural markets during the Ming</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rural markets during the Ming">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Ming agriculture was much changed from the earlier areas; firstly, gigantic areas, devoting and specializing in cash crops, sprung up to demand from the new market economy. Secondly, agricultural tools and carts, some water-powered, help to create a gigantic agricultural surplus which formed the basis of the rural economy. Besides rice, other crops were grown on a large scale.<SUP id="cite_ref-Bo&Zheng_5-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bo&Zheng-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Although images of autarkic farmers who had no connection to the rest of China may have some merit for the earlier Han and T'ang dynasties, this was certainly not the case for the Ming dynasty. During the Ming dynasty, the increase in population and the decrease in quality land made it necessary that farmers make a living off cash crops. Many of these markets appeared in the rural countryside, where goods were exchanged and bartered.<SUP id="cite_ref-Twitchett_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Twitchett-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P>A second type of market that developed in China was the urban-rural type, in which rural goods were sold to urban dwellers. This was particular the case when landlords decided to reside in the cities, and use income coming from rural land holding to facilitate exchange in the cities. Another way this type of market was used was professional merchants who bought rural goods in large quantities.<SUP id="cite_ref-Twitchett_6-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Twitchett-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The third type of market was the "national market" which was developed during the Song dynasty but particularly enhanced during the Ming. This market involved not only the exchange described above, but also products produced directly for the market. Unlike earlier dynasties, many Ming peasants were no longer producing only products they needed; many of them produced products for the market, which then they sold at a profit.<SUP id="cite_ref-Twitchett_6-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Twitchett-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Trade_and_investment">Trade and investment</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Trade and investment">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Haijin" title="Haijin">Haijin</A></DIV>
<P>In the early Ming, after the devastation of the war which expelled the Mongols, the <A href="/wiki/Hongwu_Emperor" title="Hongwu Emperor">Hongwu Emperor</A> imposed <A href="/wiki/Haijin" title="Haijin">severe restrictions on trade</A> (the "<I>haijin</I>"). Believing that agriculture was the basis of the economy, Hongwu favored that industry over all else, including that of merchants. After his death, most of his policies were reversed by his successors. By the late Ming, the state was losing power to the very merchants which Hongwu had wanted to restrict.</P>
<P>The Ming dynasty also engaged in a thriving trade with both Europe and Japan. The amount of silver flowing into the Ming dynasty was estimated by Joseph Needham at 300 million taels, which is equivalent to more than 190 billion dollars in today's money. In addition to silver, the Ming also imported many European firearms, in order to ensure the modernness of their weapons.</P>
<P>Trade and commerce thrived in this liberalized economy, and was aided by the construction of <A href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</A>, <A href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</A> by the Ming government. The Ming saw the rise of several merchant clans such as the Huai and Jin clans, who disposed of large amounts of wealth. The <A href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</A> and merchant classes started to fuse, and the merchants gained power at the expense of the state. Some merchants were reputed to have a treasure of 30 million taels.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Taxation">Taxation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Taxation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Ming taxation was light. Taxes on agriculture were only 1/30 of agricultural produce, and were later reduced to 1/50 of produce. Taxes on commerce amounted to 1/30 of commerce also, but was later reduced to 1.5%. These low taxes spurred trade, but severely weakened the state. Salt, as in earlier dynasties, was <A href="/wiki/Salt_in_Chinese_History#Complication_and_frustration_in_the_Ming_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt in Chinese History">an important source of state revenue</A>, but required constant and competent management. With the coming of the <A href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</A> in the 17th century, the state's low revenues and its inability to raise taxes caused massive deficits, and large numbers of Ming troops defected or rebelled because they had not been paid.<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Weakening_of_the_state">Weakening of the state</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Weakening of the state">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>During the Ming, the controls imposed on the economy were gradually relaxed. <A href="/wiki/Government_monopoly" class="mw-redirect" title="Government monopoly">State monopolies</A> on <A href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</A> and iron ended as these and other industries were privatized. Taxes were reduced from the high levels under the Mongol <A href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</A>, and the Ming had one of the lowest tax rates (per person) in the world. The entire foreign trade, which was estimated at up to 300 million taels, provided the Ming with a tax of only about 40,000 taels a year. When the <A href="/wiki/Wanli_Emperor" title="Wanli Emperor">Wanli Emperor</A> sought to increase the salt tax, his measures were opposed by violence and the eunuchs he sent to collect the tax were beheaded by local officials.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Sprouts_of_capitalism">Sprouts of capitalism</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sprouts of capitalism">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Investment and capital moved off the land and were poured into ventures. Continuing the trend from the Song, Ming investors poured large amounts of capital into ventures and reaped high profits. Many Chinese scholars believe the Ming was the dynasty in which the "<A href="/wiki/Sprouts_of_capitalism" title="Sprouts of capitalism">sprouts of capitalism</A>" emerged in China, only to be suppressed by the Qing Dynastry. This theory was widely promoted by Communist scholars during the Maoist period, and suffers from that period's general condemnation of the Manchu Qing, who were accused of mis-managing the Chinese state in the face of foreign encroachment.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">Economic history of China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Economy of the Han dynasty">Economy of the Han dynasty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Economy of the Song dynasty">Economy of the Song dynasty</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="CITEREFVon_Glahn1996" class="citation">Von Glahn, Richard (1996), <I>Fountain of Fortune: Money and Monetary Policy in China, 1000–1700</I>, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 90–1, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20408-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20408-5">0-520-20408-5</A></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fountain+of+Fortune%3A+Money+and+Monetary+Policy+in+China%2C+1000%E2%80%931700&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=90-1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-520-20408-5&rft.aulast=Von+Glahn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+the+Ming+dynasty" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="CITEREFFairbankMerle_Goldman2006" class="citation">Fairbank, John K.; et al. (2006), <I>China: A New History</I> (2nd ed.), <A href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</A>: Harvard University Press, p. 134, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01828-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01828-1">0-674-01828-1</A></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=134&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-674-01828-1&rft.aulast=Fairbank&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft.au=Merle+Goldman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+the+Ming+dynasty" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="CITEREFAtwell1998" class="citation">Atwell, William S. (1998), "Ming China and the Emerging World Economy, c. 1470–1650", <I>The Cambridge History of China</I>, Vol. 8: <I>The Ming Dynasty: 1368–1644</I>, <A href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</A>: Cambridge University Press, p. 387, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521243335" title="Special:BookSources/0521243335">0521243335</A></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ming+China+and+the+Emerging+World+Economy%2C+c.+1470%E2%80%931650&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0521243335&rft.aulast=Atwell&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+the+Ming+dynasty" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="CITEREFBrook1998" class="citation">Brook, Timothy (1998), <I>The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China</I>, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 208, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22154-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22154-0">0-520-22154-0</A></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confusions+of+Pleasure%3A+Commerce+and+Culture+in+Ming+China&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-520-22154-0&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+the+Ming+dynasty" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Bo&Zheng-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Bo&Zheng_5-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Bo&Zheng_5-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Bo&Zheng_5-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Bo&Zheng_5-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Li Bo, Zheng Yin, "5000 years of Chinese history", Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp, 2001, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-204-04420-7" title="Special:BookSources/7-204-04420-7">7-204-04420-7</A>, pp. 994–997.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Twitchett-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Twitchett_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Twitchett_6-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Twitchett_6-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Twitchett, Denis; John K.Fairbank. the Ming dynasty part 2 (May 1987), The Cambridge History of China, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24327-8">978-0-521-24327-8</A>, pp. 497–498.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="CITEREFHuang1998" class="citation">Huang, Ray (1998), "The Ming fiscal administration", in Twitchett, Denis and Fairbank, John K. (eds.), <I>The Ming Dynasty, 1 398–1644, Part 2</I>, The Cambridge History of China, <B>8</B>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 106–172, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24333-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24333-9">978-0-521-24333-9</A></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ming+fiscal+administration&rft.btitle=The+Ming+Dynasty%2C+1+398%E2%80%931644%2C+Part+2&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+China&rft.pages=106-172&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24333-9&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomy+of+the+Ming+dynasty" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_editors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccwe.org.cn/ccwe/news.khtml?action=show&id=1216269235248011">China’s GDP in the Ming Dynasty Guan Hanhui David Daokui Li</A></LI>
</UL>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ming_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit" id="collapsibleTable0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton0" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Ming dynasty topics"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ming_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Ming dynasty topics"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ming_dynasty_topics&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</ABBR></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV id="Ming_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</A> topics</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="History of the Ming dynasty">History</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early
<DIV style="float: right;"><SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1368–1435)</SPAN></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion" title="Red Turban Rebellion">Red Turban Rebellion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Ming conquest of Yunnan">Ming conquest of Yunnan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming-Mong_Mao_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming-Mong Mao War">Ming-Mong Mao War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming_campaign_against_the_Uriankhai" title="Ming campaign against the Uriankhai">Ming campaign against the Uriankhai</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buir_Lake" title="Battle of Buir Lake">Battle of Buir Lake</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Mong_Mao_Intervention" title="Ming–Mong Mao Intervention">Ming–Mong Mao Intervention</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jingnan_Campaign" title="Jingnan Campaign">Jingnan Campaign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">Ming treasure voyages</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">Ming–Turpan conflict</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93H%E1%BB%93_War" title="Ming–Hồ War">Ming–Hồ War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kherlen" title="Battle of Kherlen">Battle of Kherlen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Kotte_War" title="Ming–Kotte War">Ming–Kotte War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lam_S%C6%A1n_uprising" title="Lam Sơn uprising">Lam Sơn uprising</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rule_of_Ren_and_Xuan" title="Rule of Ren and Xuan">Rule of Ren and Xuan</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Middle
<DIV style="float: right;"><SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1435–1572)</SPAN></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Luchuan%E2%80%93Pingmian_campaigns" title="Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns">Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tumu_Crisis" title="Tumu Crisis">Tumu Crisis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_Cao_Qin" title="Rebellion of Cao Qin">Rebellion of Cao Qin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellions_(Ming_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miao Rebellions (Ming dynasty)">Miao Rebellions</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prince_of_Anhua_rebellion" title="Prince of Anhua rebellion">Prince of Anhua rebellion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prince_of_Ning_rebellion" title="Prince of Ning rebellion">Prince of Ning rebellion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Malayan%E2%80%93Portuguese_war" title="Malayan–Portuguese war">Malayan–Portuguese war</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Japanese_missions_to_Ming_China" title="Japanese missions to Ming China">Japanese missions to Ming China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ningbo_Incident" title="Ningbo Incident">Ningbo Incident</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Rites_Controversy" title="Great Rites Controversy">Great Rites Controversy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Palace_plot_of_Renyin_year" title="Palace plot of Renyin year">Renyin Plot</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Single_whip_law" title="Single whip law">Single whip law</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Late
<DIV style="float: right;"><SPAN style="font-size:90%;">(1572–1683)</SPAN></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bozhou_rebellion" title="Bozhou rebellion">Bozhou rebellion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ordos_Campaign" title="Ordos Campaign">Ordos Campaign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%9398)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)">Japanese invasions of Korea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Donglin_movement" title="Donglin movement">Donglin movement</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sino-Dutch_conflicts" title="Sino-Dutch conflicts">Sino-Dutch conflicts</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/She-An_Rebellion" title="She-An Rebellion">She-An Rebellion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beijing_(1644)" title="Battle of Beijing (1644)">Battle of Beijing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Qing_conquest_of_the_Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing conquest of the Ming">Qing conquest of the Ming</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Battle of Shanhai Pass</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Government</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Ming dynasty">List</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Ming_dynasty_and_Southern_Ming" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Family tree</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Grand_Secretariat" title="Grand Secretariat">Grand Secretariat</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eastern_Depot" title="Eastern Depot">Eastern Depot</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Grand coordinator</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jinyiwei" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinyiwei">Jinyiwei</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">Tusi</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Military</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_conquests_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Military conquests of the Ming dynasty">Military conquests of the Ming dynasty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nine_Garrisons_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Nine Garrisons of the Ming dynasty">Nine Garrisons of the Ming dynasty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shenjiying" title="Shenjiying">Shenjiying</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gunpowder_weapons_in_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Gunpowder weapons in the Ming dynasty">Gunpowder weapons in the Ming dynasty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Army of the Ming dynasty">Army of the Ming dynasty</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special regions</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yunnan_under_Ming_rule" title="Yunnan under Ming rule">Yunnan under Ming rule</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" title="Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam">Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria under Ming rule</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Compilations & Documents</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Hundred-word_Eulogy" title="The Hundred-word Eulogy">The Hundred-word Eulogy</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Huang-Ming_Zuxun" title="Huang-Ming Zuxun">Huang-Ming Zuxun</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia" title="Yongle Encyclopedia">Yongle Encyclopedia</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Collected_Statutes_of_the_Ming_Dynasty" title="Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty">Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Ming_Shilu" title="Ming Shilu">Ming Shilu</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554)" title="Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)">Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces and Mausoleums</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chaotian_Palace" title="Chaotian Palace">Chaotian Palace</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming_Xiaoling_Mausoleum" title="Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum">Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming_Ancestors_Mausoleum" title="Ming Ancestors Mausoleum">Ming Ancestors Mausoleum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming_tombs" title="Ming tombs">Ming tombs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society & Culture</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming_poetry" title="Ming poetry">Ming poetry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_painting" title="Ming dynasty painting">Ming dynasty painting</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters of the Ming dynasty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wu_School" title="Wu School">Wu School</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zhe_school_(painting)" title="Zhe school (painting)">Zhe school</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_lacquerware_table" title="Chinese lacquerware table">Chinese lacquerware table</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming_presentation_porcelain" title="Ming presentation porcelain">Ming presentation porcelain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Covered_jar_with_carp_design" title="Covered jar with carp design">Covered jar with carp design</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yongning_Temple_Stele" title="Yongning Temple Stele">Yongning Temple Stele</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Economy of the Ming dynasty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_Tai_history" title="Ming dynasty Tai history">Ming dynasty Tai history</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Islam during the Ming dynasty">Islam during the Ming dynasty</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/House_of_Zhu" title="House of Zhu">House of Zhu</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming_official_headwear" title="Ming official headwear">Ming official headwear</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ming_Great_Wall" title="Ming Great Wall">Ming Great Wall</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty">Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_history_of_China" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit" id="collapsibleTable1">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton1" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Economic_history_of_China" title="Template:Economic history of China"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_history_of_China" title="Template talk:Economic history of China"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Economic_history_of_China&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</ABBR></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV id="Economic_history_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">Economic history of China</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">Imperial China</A> (pre-1912)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Economy of the Han dynasty">Han dynasty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Economy of the Song dynasty">Song dynasty</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Ming dynasty</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern China (1912–present)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">1912-1949</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–present</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_industrialization" title="Chinese industrialization">Industrialization</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic Reform</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">Technological and industrial history</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Contemporary economy</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Financial_innovation" title="Financial innovation">Financial innovations</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">Paper money</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>

<!--
NewPP limit report
Parsed by mw1272
Cached time: 20180410213310
Cache expiry: 1900800
Dynamic content: false
CPU time usage: 0.232 seconds
Real time usage: 0.287 seconds
Preprocessor visited node count: 1247/1000000
Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000
Post‐expand include size: 56299/2097152 bytes
Template argument size: 1324/2097152 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 16/40
Expensive parser function count: 1/500
Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20
Unstrip post‐expand size: 7774/5000000 bytes
Lua time usage: 0.095/10.000 seconds
Lua memory usage: 2.83 MB/50 MB
-->
<!--
Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)
100.00%  243.678      1 -total
 54.52%  132.863      1 Template:Reflist
 31.08%   75.734      5 Template:Citation
 21.30%   51.894      1 Template:More_citations_needed
 16.00%   38.978      2 Template:ISBN
 13.13%   32.000      1 Template:Ambox
 12.62%   30.742      3 Template:Navbox
  9.18%   22.372      1 Template:Ming_dynasty_topics
  6.51%   15.869      2 Template:Catalog_lookup_link
  5.16%   12.578      1 Template:Further
-->
</DIV>
<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:21267237-0!canonical and timestamp 20180410213310 and revision id 819567392
 -->
<NOSCRIPT><img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></NOSCRIPT></DIV>					<DIV class="printfooter">
						Retrieved from "<A dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&oldid=819567392">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&oldid=819567392</A>"					</DIV>
				<DIV id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><DIV id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><A href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</A>: <UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Ming_dynasty" title="Category:Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_China" title="Category:Economic history of China">Economic history of China</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_economics" title="Category:Medieval economics">Medieval economics</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_economic_history" title="Category:16th-century economic history">16th-century economic history</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_economic_history" title="Category:17th-century economic history">17th-century economic history</A></LI></UL></DIV><DIV id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_editors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter">CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2010" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2010">Articles needing additional references from October 2010</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</A></LI></UL></DIV></DIV>				<DIV class="visualClear"></DIV>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
		<DIV id="mw-navigation">
			<H2>Navigation menu</H2>
			<DIV id="mw-head">
									<DIV id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label">
						<H3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="pt-anonuserpage">Not logged in</LI><LI id="pt-anontalk"><A href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]" accesskey="n">Talk</A></LI><LI id="pt-anoncontribs"><A href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</A></LI><LI id="pt-createaccount"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Economy+of+the+Ming+dynasty" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</A></LI><LI id="pt-login"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Economy+of+the+Ming+dynasty" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]" accesskey="o">Log in</A></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
									<DIV id="left-navigation">
										<DIV id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label">
						<H3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]" accesskey="c">Article</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-talk"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Talk:Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]" accesskey="t">Talk</A></SPAN></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label">
												<INPUT type="checkbox" class="vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" />
						<H3 id="p-variants-label">
							<SPAN>Variants</SPAN>
						</H3>
						<DIV class="menu">
							<UL>
															</UL>
						</DIV>
					</DIV>
									</DIV>
				<DIV id="right-navigation">
										<DIV id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label">
						<H3 id="p-views-label">Views</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="ca-view" class="collapsible selected"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty">Read</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-edit" class="collapsible"><SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=edit" title="Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]" accesskey="e">Edit</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]" accesskey="h">View history</A></SPAN></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label">
						<INPUT type="checkbox" class="vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" />
						<H3 id="p-cactions-label"><SPAN>More</SPAN></H3>
						<DIV class="menu">
							<UL>
															</UL>
						</DIV>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-search" role="search">
						<H3>
							<LABEL for="searchInput">Search</LABEL>
						</H3>
						<FORM action="/w/index.php" id="searchform">
							<DIV id="simpleSearch">
								<INPUT type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" title="Search Wikipedia [ctrl-alt-f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" tabindex="1" autocomplete="off" /><INPUT type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title" /><INPUT type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton" />							</DIV>
						</FORM>
					</DIV>
									</DIV>
			</DIV>
			<DIV id="mw-panel">
				<DIV id="p-logo" role="banner"><A class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></A></DIV>
						<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label">
			<H3 id="p-navigation-label">Navigation</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="n-mainpage-description"><A href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]" accesskey="z">Main page</A></LI><LI id="n-contents"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</A></LI><LI id="n-featuredcontent"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</A></LI><LI id="n-currentevents"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</A></LI><LI id="n-randompage"><A href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]" accesskey="x">Random article</A></LI><LI id="n-sitesupport"><A href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</A></LI><LI id="n-shoplink"><A href="//shop.wikimedia.org" title="Visit the Wikipedia store">Wikipedia store</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-interaction" aria-labelledby="p-interaction-label">
			<H3 id="p-interaction-label">Interaction</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="n-help"><A href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</A></LI><LI id="n-aboutsite"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</A></LI><LI id="n-portal"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</A></LI><LI id="n-recentchanges"><A href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</A></LI><LI id="n-contactpage"><A href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact page</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-tb" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label">
			<H3 id="p-tb-label">Tools</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="t-whatlinkshere"><A href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]" accesskey="j">What links here</A></LI><LI id="t-recentchangeslinked"><A href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</A></LI><LI id="t-upload"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</A></LI><LI id="t-specialpages"><A href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</A></LI><LI id="t-permalink"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&oldid=819567392" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</A></LI><LI id="t-info"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</A></LI><LI id="t-wikibase"><A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5333832" title="Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</A></LI><LI id="t-cite"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&id=819567392" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label">
			<H3 id="p-coll-print_export-label">Print/export</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="coll-create_a_book"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Economy+of+the+Ming+dynasty">Create a book</A></LI><LI id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:ElectronPdf&page=Economy+of+the+Ming+dynasty&action=show-download-screen">Download as PDF</A></LI><LI id="t-print"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label">
			<H3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label">In other projects</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_the_Ming_Dynasty" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"><BUTTON class="uls-settings-trigger" title="Language settings"></BUTTON>
			<H3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingsk%C3%A1_ekonomika" title="Mingská ekonomika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI>				</UL>
				<DIV class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><SPAN class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5333832#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</A></SPAN></DIV>			</DIV>
		</DIV>
				</DIV>
		</DIV>
				<DIV id="footer" role="contentinfo">
						<UL id="footer-info">
								<LI id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 January 2018, at 02:37.</LI>
								<LI id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <A rel="license" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</A><A rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></A>;
additional terms may apply.  By using this site, you agree to the <A href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</A> and <A href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</A>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <A href="//www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</A>, a non-profit organization.</LI>
							</UL>
						<UL id="footer-places">
								<LI id="footer-places-privacy"><A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-about"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-disclaimer"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-contact"><A href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-developers"><A href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute">Developers</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-mobileview"><A href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</A></LI>
							<LI style="display: none;"><A href="#">Enable previews</A></LI></UL>
										<UL id="footer-icons" class="noprint">
										<LI id="footer-copyrightico">
						<A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/"><IMG src="/static/images/wikimedia-button.png" srcset="/static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" /></A>					</LI>
										<LI id="footer-poweredbyico">
						<A href="//www.mediawiki.org/"><IMG src="/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" /></A>					</LI>
									</UL>
						<DIV style="clear: both;"></DIV>
		</DIV>

<DIV id="mwe-popups-svg"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0" height="0"><defs><clipPath id="mwe-popups-mask"><polygon points="0 8, 10 8, 18 0, 26 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-mask-flip"><polygon points="0 8, 274 8, 282 0, 290 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-landscape-mask"><polygon points="0 8, 174 8, 182 0, 190 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-landscape-mask-flip"><polygon points="0 0, 1000 0, 1000 242, 190 242, 182 250, 174 242, 0 242"></polygon></clipPath></defs></svg></DIV><DIV class="suggestions" style="display: none; font-size: 13px;"><DIV class="suggestions-results"></DIV><DIV class="suggestions-special"></DIV></DIV></BODY></HTML>

document_title: Economy of the Ming dynasty

token: Economy

token: of

token: the

token: Ming

token: dynasty

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: <Table>

token: <Tr>

token: <Td>

token: This

token: article

token: needs

token: additional

token: citations

token: for

token: verification

token: Please

token: help

token: improve

token: this

token: by

token: adding

token: reliable

token: sources

token: Unsourced

token: material

token: may

token: be

token: challenged

token: and

token: removed

token: October

token: Learn

token: how

token: when

token: remove

token: template

token: message

token: The

token: Empire

token: around

token: economy

token: China

token: was

token: largest

token: in

token: world

token: during

token: that

token: period

token: It

token: regarded

token: as

token: one

token: 's

token: three

token: golden

token: ages

token: other

token: two

token: being

token: Han

token: Song

token: periods

question_text: global trade during the ming dynasty of china