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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Lithium</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For the use of lithium as a medication, see <A href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">Lithium (medication)</A>. For other uses, see <A href="/wiki/Lithium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lithium (disambiguation)">Lithium (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
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<DIV class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <I><A href="/wiki/Lithium_as_an_investment" title="Lithium as an investment">Lithium as an investment</A></I> be <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</A> into this article. (<A href="/wiki/Talk:Lithium#Proposed_merge_with_Lithium_as_an_investment" title="Talk:Lithium">Discuss</A>) <SMALL><I>Proposed since June 2017.</I></SMALL></DIV>
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<CAPTION>Lithium,  <SUB><SPAN style="font-size:smaller;">3</SPAN></SUB>Li</CAPTION>
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<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><A href="/wiki/File:Lithium_paraffin.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Lithium paraffin.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lithium_paraffin.jpg/220px-Lithium_paraffin.jpg" width="220" height="122" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lithium_paraffin.jpg/330px-Lithium_paraffin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lithium_paraffin.jpg/440px-Lithium_paraffin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="333" /></A>
<DIV>Lithium floating in oil</DIV>
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<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ff6666">General properties</TH>
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<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;">Pronunciation</TH>
<TD>
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<LI style="margin:0;"><SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<SPAN style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><SPAN title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</SPAN><SPAN title="'l' in 'lie'">l</SPAN><SPAN title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</SPAN><SPAN title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</SPAN><SPAN title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</SPAN><SPAN title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</SPAN><SPAN title="'m' in 'my'">m</SPAN></SPAN>/</A></SPAN></SPAN> <WBR /><SPAN class="nowrap">(<A href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><I title="English pronunciation respelling"><SPAN style="font-size:90%">LI</SPAN>-thee-əm</I></A>)</SPAN></LI>
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<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;">Appearance</TH>
<TD>silvery-white</TD>
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<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</A> <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(<I>A</I><SUB>r, standard</SUB>)</SPAN></TH>
<TD>[<SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000693800000000000♠</SPAN>6.938</SPAN>, <SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000699700000000000♠</SPAN>6.997</SPAN>] conventional: <SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="display:none" class="sortkey">7000694000000000000♠</SPAN>6.94</SPAN><SUP id="cite_ref-CIAAW2016_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIAAW2016-1">[1]</A></SUP></TD>
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<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ff6666">Lithium in the <A href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</A></TH>
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<TR>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff6666;">Rubidium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffdead;">Strontium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Yttrium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"></TD>
<TD colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Zirconium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Niobium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Molybdenum</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Technetium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Ruthenium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Rhodium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Palladium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Silver</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#cccccc;">Cadmium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#cccccc;">Indium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#cccccc;">Tin</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#cccc99;">Antimony</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#cccc99;">Tellurium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e7ff8f;">Iodine</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#c0ffff;">Xenon</SPAN></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR style="border:none;padding:0;">
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff6666;">Caesium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffdead;">Barium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffbfff;">Lanthanum</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffbfff;">Cerium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffbfff;">Praseodymium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffbfff;">Neodymium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffbfff;">Promethium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffbfff;">Samarium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffbfff;">Europium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffbfff;">Gadolinium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffbfff;">Terbium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffbfff;">Dysprosium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffbfff;">Holmium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffbfff;">Erbium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffbfff;">Thulium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffbfff;">Ytterbium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffbfff;">Lutetium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Hafnium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Tantalum</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Tungsten</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Rhenium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Osmium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Iridium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Platinum</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Gold</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#cccccc;">Mercury (element)</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#cccccc;">Thallium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#cccccc;">Lead</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#cccccc;">Bismuth</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#cccccc;">Polonium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#cccc99;">Astatine</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#c0ffff;">Radon</SPAN></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff6666;">Francium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffdead;">Radium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff99cc;">Actinium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff99cc;">Thorium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff99cc;">Protactinium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff99cc;">Uranium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff99cc;">Neptunium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff99cc;">Plutonium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff99cc;">Americium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff99cc;">Curium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff99cc;">Berkelium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff99cc;">Californium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff99cc;">Einsteinium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff99cc;">Fermium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff99cc;">Mendelevium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff99cc;">Nobelium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff99cc;">Lawrencium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Rutherfordium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Dubnium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Seaborgium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Bohrium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ffc0c0;">Hassium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Meitnerium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Darmstadtium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Roentgenium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#cccccc;">Copernicium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Nihonium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Flerovium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Moscovium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Livermorium</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Tennessine</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD style="border:none;padding:0;"><A href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><SPAN style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#e8e8e8;">Oganesson</SPAN></A></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</A><BR />
↑<BR />
<STRONG>Li</STRONG><BR />
↓<BR />
<A href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><A href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</A> ← <STRONG>lithium</STRONG> → <A href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</A></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</A> <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(<I>Z</I>)</SPAN></SPAN></TH>
<TD>3</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</A>, <A href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">period</A></TH>
<TD><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">group 1 (alkali metals)</A></SPAN>, <A href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)#Period_2" title="Period (periodic table)">period 2</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements#Category" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Element category</A></TH>
<TD><SPAN title="color legend: alkali metal" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; width:6px; height:8px; border:1px solid black; background:#ff6666"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metal</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</A></TH>
<TD>[<A href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</A>] 2s<SUP>1</SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;">
<DIV style="font-weight:normal;">Electrons per shell</DIV>
</TH>
<TD>2, 1</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ff6666">Physical properties</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</A> <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(at <SPAN title="STP: standard temperature and pressure: 0 °C and 101.325 kPa"><A href="/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard conditions for temperature and pressure">STP</A></SPAN>)</SPAN></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</A></TH>
<TD>453.65 <A href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</A> (180.50 °C, 356.90 °F)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</A></TH>
<TD>1603 K (1330 °C, 2426 °F)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</A> <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(near <ABBR title="room temperature">r.t.</ABBR>)</SPAN></TH>
<TD>0.534 g/cm<SUP>3</SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">when liquid (at <ABBR title="melting point">m.p.</ABBR>)</SPAN></TH>
<TD>0.512 g/cm<SUP>3</SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</A></TH>
<TD>3220 K, 67 MPa <I>(extrapolated)</I></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</A></TH>
<TD>3.00 <A href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</A></TH>
<TD>136 kJ/mol</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</A></TH>
<TD>24.860 J/(mol·K)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><A href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure"><B>Vapor pressure</B></A>
<DIV style="margin:0 auto;">
<TABLE class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH><ABBR title="Pressure (in Pascal)"><I>P</I></ABBR> <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(Pa)</SPAN></TH>
<TH>1</TH>
<TH>10</TH>
<TH>100</TH>
<TH>1 k</TH>
<TH>10 k</TH>
<TH>100 k</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>at <ABBR title="Temperature (in kelvins)"><I>T</I></ABBR> <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(K)</SPAN></TH>
<TD>797</TD>
<TD>885</TD>
<TD>995</TD>
<TD>1144</TD>
<TD>1337</TD>
<TD>1610</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ff6666">Atomic properties</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</A></TH>
<TD><B>+1</B> <WBR />(a strongly <A href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</A> oxide)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</A></TH>
<TD>Pauling scale: 0.98</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</A></TH>
<TD>
<DIV class="plainlist">
<UL>
<LI>1st: 520.2 kJ/mol</LI>
<LI>2nd: 7298.1 kJ/mol</LI>
<LI>3rd: 11815.0 kJ/mol</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</A></TH>
<TD>empirical: 152 <A href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</A></TH>
<TD>128±7 pm</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</A></TH>
<TD>182 pm</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<TABLE class="infobox" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<DIV class="center">
<DIV style="width: 250px; height: 30px; overflow: hidden;">
<DIV style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 400px"><A href="/wiki/File:Lithium_spectrum_visible.png" class="image"><IMG alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lithium_spectrum_visible.png/400px-Lithium_spectrum_visible.png" width="400" height="69" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lithium_spectrum_visible.png/600px-Lithium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lithium_spectrum_visible.png/800px-Lithium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV><STRONG><A href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</A></STRONG></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ff6666">Miscellanea</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</A> (bcc)
<DIV style="float:right;"><A href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="image" title="Body-centered cubic crystal structure for lithium"><IMG alt="Body-centered cubic crystal structure for lithium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" width="50" height="58" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</A>  <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">thin rod</SPAN></TH>
<TD>6000 m/s (at 20 °C)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</A></TH>
<TD>46 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</A></TH>
<TD>84.8 W/(m·K)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</A></TH>
<TD>92.8 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</A></TH>
<TD>paramagnetic</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</A></TH>
<TD>+14.2·10<SUP>−6</SUP> cm<SUP>3</SUP>/mol (298 K)<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</A></TH>
<TD>4.9 GPa</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</A></TH>
<TD>4.2 GPa</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</A></TH>
<TD>11 GPa</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</A></TH>
<TD>0.6</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</A></TH>
<TD>5 MPa</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</A></TH>
<TD>7439-93-2</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ff6666">History</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;"><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Johan_August_Arfwedson" title="Johan August Arfwedson">Johan August Arfwedson</A> <SPAN class="nowrap">(1817)</SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="padding-right:0.75em;">First isolation</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Brande" title="William Thomas Brande">William Thomas Brande</A> <SPAN class="nowrap">(1821)</SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ff6666">Main <A href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lithium" title="Isotopes of lithium">isotopes of lithium</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<TABLE class="wikitable" cellpadding="1" style="text-align: center; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH><A href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Isotope</A></TH>
<TH><A href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">Abundance</A></TH>
<TH><A href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">Half-life</A> <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(<I>t</I><SUB>1/2</SUB>)</SPAN></TH>
<TH><A href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay mode</A></TH>
<TH><A href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">Product</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="text-align:right;"><SUP>6</SUP>Li</TH>
<TD style="text-align:right">5%</TD>
<TD colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><A href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="text-align:right;"><SUP>7</SUP>Li</TH>
<TD style="text-align:right">95%</TD>
<TD colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">stable</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><SUP>6</SUP>Li content may be as low as 3.75% in<BR />
natural samples. <SUP>7</SUP>Li would therefore<BR />
have a content of up to 96.25%.</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="noprint" style="text-align:center;background:#ff6666">
<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_lithium" title="Template:Infobox lithium"><SPAN title="View this template">view</SPAN></A></LI>
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</UL>
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| <A href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</A> | <A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568" class="extiw" title="d:Q568">in Wikidata</A></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P><B>Lithium</B> (from <A href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</A>: <SPAN lang="el">λίθος</SPAN>, <SMALL><A href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">translit.</A> </SMALL><I lang="el-Latn" title="Greek transliteration">lithos</I>, <SMALL><A href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</A> </SMALL>'stone') is a <A href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</A> with symbol <B>Li</B> and <A href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</A> 3. It is a soft, silvery-white <A href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metal</A>. Under <A href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard conditions</A>, it is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly <A href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">reactive</A> and flammable, and is stored in <A href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</A>. When cut open, it exhibits a metallic <A href="/wiki/Luster_(mineralogy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luster (mineralogy)">luster</A>, but moist air <A href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrodes</A> it quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. It never occurs freely in nature, but only in (usually ionic) <A href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</A>, such as <A href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">pegmatitic</A> minerals which were once the main source of lithium. Due to its solubility as an ion, it is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from <A href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brines</A>. Lithium metal is isolated <A href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolytically</A> from a mixture of <A href="/wiki/Lithium_chloride" title="Lithium chloride">lithium chloride</A> and <A href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</A>.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus</A> of the lithium atom verges on instability, since the two stable lithium <A href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</A> found in nature have among the lowest <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy" title="Nuclear binding energy">binding energies</A> per <A href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleon</A> of all stable <A href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclides</A>. Because of its relative nuclear instability, lithium is less common in the solar system than 25 of the first 32 chemical elements even though its nuclei are very light: it is an exception to the trend that heavier nuclei are less common.<SUP id="cite_ref-Lodders2003_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Lodders2003-3">[3]</A></SUP> For related reasons, lithium has important uses in <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">transmutation</A> of lithium atoms to <A href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</A> in 1932 was the first fully man-made <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reaction</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Lithium_deuteride" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium deuteride">lithium deuteride</A> serves as a <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusion</A> fuel in <A href="/wiki/Teller-Ulam_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Teller-Ulam design">staged thermonuclear weapons</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Lithium and its compounds have several industrial applications, including heat-resistant glass and <A href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</A>, <A href="/wiki/Lithium_grease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium grease">lithium grease</A> lubricants, flux additives for iron, steel and aluminium production, <A href="/wiki/Lithium_battery" title="Lithium battery">lithium batteries</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</A>. These uses consume more than three quarters of lithium production.</P>
<P>Lithium is present in biological systems in trace amounts; its functions are uncertain. Lithium <A href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</A> have proven to be useful as a <A href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">mood-stabilizing</A> drug in the treatment of <A href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</A> in humans.</P>
<DIV class="toclimit-3">
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Properties"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Properties</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><A href="#Atomic_and_physical"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Atomic and physical</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Chemistry_and_compounds"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Chemistry and compounds</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Isotopes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Isotopes</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Occurrence"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Occurrence</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Astronomical"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Astronomical</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Terrestrial"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Terrestrial</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Biological"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Biological</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#Production"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Production</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#Reserves"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Reserves</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#Pricing"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Pricing</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Extraction"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Extraction</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#Uses"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Uses</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><A href="#Ceramics_and_glass"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Ceramics and glass</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><A href="#Electrical_and_electronics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Electrical and electronics</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><A href="#Lubricating_greases"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Lubricating greases</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><A href="#Metallurgy"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Metallurgy</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><A href="#Silicon_nano-welding"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Silicon nano-welding</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><A href="#Other_chemical_and_industrial_uses"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Other chemical and industrial uses</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><A href="#Pyrotechnics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.6.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Pyrotechnics</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><A href="#Air_purification"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.6.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Air purification</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><A href="#Optics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.6.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Optics</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><A href="#Organic_and_polymer_chemistry"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.6.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Organic and polymer chemistry</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><A href="#Military_applications"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.6.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Military applications</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><A href="#Nuclear"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Nuclear</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><A href="#Medicine"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Medicine</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><A href="#Biological_role"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Biological role</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><A href="#Precautions"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Precautions</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><A href="#Regulation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Regulation</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Properties">Properties</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Atomic_and_physical">Atomic and physical</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Atomic and physical">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Limetal.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Limetal.JPG/150px-Limetal.JPG" width="150" height="113" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Limetal.JPG/225px-Limetal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Limetal.JPG/300px-Limetal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Limetal.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Lithium ingots with a thin layer of black nitride tarnish</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Like the other <A href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</A>, lithium has a single <A href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electron</A> that is easily given up to form a <A href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-krebs_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-krebs-5">[5]</A></SUP> Because of this, lithium is a good conductor of heat and electricity as well as a highly reactive element, though it is the least reactive of the alkali metals. Lithium's low reactivity is due to the proximity of its valence electron to its <A href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus</A> (the remaining <A href="/wiki/Two-electron_atom" title="Two-electron atom">two electrons</A> are in the <A href="/wiki/S-orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="S-orbital">1s orbital</A>, much lower in energy, and do not participate in chemical bonds).<SUP id="cite_ref-krebs_5-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-krebs-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Lithium metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife. When cut, it possesses a silvery-white color that quickly changes to gray as it oxidizes to <A href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">lithium oxide</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-krebs_5-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-krebs-5">[5]</A></SUP> While it has one of the <A href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_melting_point" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elements by melting point">lowest melting points</A> among all metals (180 °C), it has the highest melting and boiling points of the alkali metals.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Lithium has a very low density (0.534 g/cm<SUP>3</SUP>), comparable with pine wood. It is the least dense of all elements that are solids at room temperature; the next lightest solid element (potassium, at 0.862 g/cm<SUP>3</SUP>) is more than 60% denser. Furthermore, apart from <A href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</A> and <A href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</A>, it is less dense than any liquid element, being only two thirds as dense as <A href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</A> (0.808 g/cm<SUP>3</SUP>).<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP> Lithium can float on the lightest hydrocarbon oils and is one of only three metals that can float on water, the other two being <A href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</A> and <A href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</A>.</P>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Lithium_element.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lithium_element.jpg/150px-Lithium_element.jpg" width="150" height="222" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lithium_element.jpg/225px-Lithium_element.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lithium_element.jpg/300px-Lithium_element.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="511" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Lithium_element.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Lithium floating in oil</DIV>
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<P>Lithium's <A href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">coefficient of thermal expansion</A> is twice that of <A href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</A> and almost four times that of <A href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP> Lithium is <A href="/wiki/Superconductive" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductive">superconductive</A> below 400 <A href="/wiki/Microkelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Microkelvin">μK</A> at standard pressure<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP> and at higher temperatures (more than 9 K) at very high pressures (>20 GPa).<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP> At temperatures below 70 K, lithium, like sodium, undergoes <A href="/wiki/Diffusionless_transformations" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusionless transformations">diffusionless phase change transformations</A>. At 4.2 K it has a <A href="/wiki/Rhombohedral_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombohedral crystal system">rhombohedral crystal system</A> (with a nine-layer repeat spacing); at higher temperatures it transforms to <A href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">face-centered cubic</A> and then <A href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</A>. At liquid-helium temperatures (4 K) the rhombohedral structure is prevalent.<SUP id="cite_ref-overhauser_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-overhauser-11">[11]</A></SUP> Multiple allotropic forms have been identified for lithium at high pressures.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Lithium has a mass <A href="/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific heat capacity">specific heat capacity</A> of 3.58 kilojoules per kilogram-kelvin, the highest of all solids.<SUP id="cite_ref-CRC_13-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CRC-13">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP> Because of this, lithium metal is often used in <A href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">coolants</A> for <A href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</A> applications.<SUP id="cite_ref-CRC_13-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CRC-13">[13]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Chemistry_and_compounds">Chemistry and compounds</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemistry and compounds">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Lithium reacts with water easily, but with noticeably less vigor than other alkali metals. The reaction forms <A href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</A> gas and <A href="/wiki/Lithium_hydroxide" title="Lithium hydroxide">lithium hydroxide</A> in aqueous solution.<SUP id="cite_ref-krebs_5-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-krebs-5">[5]</A></SUP> Because of its reactivity with water, lithium is usually stored in a hydrocarbon sealant, often <A href="/wiki/Petroleum_jelly" title="Petroleum jelly">petroleum jelly</A>. Though the heavier alkali metals can be stored in more dense substances, such as <A href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</A>, lithium is not dense enough to be fully submerged in these liquids.<SUP id="cite_ref-emsley_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-emsley-15">[15]</A></SUP> In moist air, lithium rapidly tarnishes to form a black coating of <A href="/wiki/Lithium_hydroxide" title="Lithium hydroxide">lithium hydroxide</A> (LiOH and LiOH·H<SUB>2</SUB>O), <A href="/wiki/Lithium_nitride" title="Lithium nitride">lithium nitride</A> (Li<SUB>3</SUB>N) and <A href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">lithium carbonate</A> (Li<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB>, the result of a secondary reaction between LiOH and <A href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<SUB>2</SUB></A>).<SUP id="cite_ref-kamienski_16-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-kamienski-16">[16]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Butyllithium-hexamer-from-xtal-3D-balls-A.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Butyllithium-hexamer-from-xtal-3D-balls-A.png/220px-Butyllithium-hexamer-from-xtal-3D-balls-A.png" width="220" height="222" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Butyllithium-hexamer-from-xtal-3D-balls-A.png/330px-Butyllithium-hexamer-from-xtal-3D-balls-A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Butyllithium-hexamer-from-xtal-3D-balls-A.png/440px-Butyllithium-hexamer-from-xtal-3D-balls-A.png 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1100" /></A>
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Hexameric structure of the <A href="/wiki/N-butyllithium" class="mw-redirect" title="N-butyllithium">n-butyllithium</A> fragment in a crystal</DIV>
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<P>When placed over a flame, lithium compounds give off a striking crimson color, but when it burns strongly the flame becomes a brilliant silver. Lithium will ignite and burn in oxygen when exposed to water or water vapors.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP> Lithium is <A href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</A>, and it is potentially explosive when exposed to air and especially to water, though less so than the other <A href="/wiki/Alkali_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metals">alkali metals</A>. The lithium-water reaction at normal temperatures is brisk but nonviolent because the hydrogen produced does not ignite on its own. As with all alkali metals, lithium fires are difficult to extinguish, requiring dry powder fire extinguishers (<A href="/wiki/Class_D_fire_extinguisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Class D fire extinguisher">Class D</A> type). Lithium is one of the few metals that react with <A href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</A> under <A href="/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard conditions for temperature and pressure">normal conditions</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Lithium has a <A href="/wiki/Diagonal_relationship" title="Diagonal relationship">diagonal relationship</A> with <A href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</A>, an element of similar atomic and <A href="/wiki/Ionic_radius" title="Ionic radius">ionic radius</A>. Chemical resemblances between the two metals include the formation of a <A href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">nitride</A> by reaction with N<SUB>2</SUB>, the formation of an <A href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">oxide</A> (<SPAN class="chemf nowrap">Li<SPAN style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><BR />
2</SPAN>O</SPAN>) and peroxide (<SPAN class="chemf nowrap">Li<SPAN style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><BR />
2</SPAN>O<SPAN style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><BR />
2</SPAN></SPAN>) when burnt in O<SUB>2</SUB>, <A href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</A> with similar <A href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubilities</A>, and thermal instability of the <A href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</A> and nitrides.<SUP id="cite_ref-kamienski_16-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-kamienski-16">[16]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Greenwood_20-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Greenwood-20">[20]</A></SUP> The metal reacts with hydrogen gas at high temperatures to produce <A href="/wiki/Lithium_hydride" title="Lithium hydride">lithium hydride</A> (LiH).<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Other known <A href="/wiki/Binary_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary compound">binary compounds</A> include <A href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</A> (<A href="/wiki/Lithium_fluoride" title="Lithium fluoride">LiF</A>, <A href="/wiki/Lithium_chloride" title="Lithium chloride">LiCl</A>, <A href="/wiki/Lithium_bromide" title="Lithium bromide">LiBr</A>, <A href="/wiki/Lithium_iodide" title="Lithium iodide">LiI</A>), <A href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</A> (<A href="/wiki/Lithium_sulfide" title="Lithium sulfide"><SPAN class="chemf nowrap">Li<SPAN style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><BR />
2</SPAN>S</SPAN></A>), <A href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxide</A> (<A href="/wiki/Lithium_superoxide" title="Lithium superoxide"><SPAN class="chemf nowrap">LiO<SPAN style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><BR />
2</SPAN></SPAN></A>), and <A href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">carbide</A> (<A href="/wiki/Lithium_carbide" title="Lithium carbide"><SPAN class="chemf nowrap">Li<SPAN style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><BR />
2</SPAN>C<SPAN style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><BR />
2</SPAN></SPAN></A>). Many other inorganic compounds are known in which lithium combines with <A href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</A> to form salts: <A href="/wiki/Lithium_borate" title="Lithium borate">borates</A>, <A href="/wiki/Lithium_amide" title="Lithium amide">amides</A>, <A href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">carbonate</A>, <A href="/wiki/Lithium_nitrate" title="Lithium nitrate">nitrate</A>, or <A href="/wiki/Borohydride" title="Borohydride">borohydride</A> (<A href="/wiki/Lithium_borohydride" title="Lithium borohydride"><SPAN class="chemf nowrap">LiBH<SPAN style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><BR />
4</SPAN></SPAN></A>). <A href="/wiki/Lithium_aluminium_hydride" title="Lithium aluminium hydride">Lithium aluminium hydride</A> (<SPAN class="chemf nowrap">LiAlH<SPAN style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><BR />
4</SPAN></SPAN>) is commonly used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis.</P>
<P>Multiple <A href="/wiki/Organolithium_reagent" title="Organolithium reagent">organolithium reagents</A> are known in which there is a direct <A href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">bond</A> between <A href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</A> and lithium atoms, effectively creating a <A href="/wiki/Carbanion" title="Carbanion">carbanion</A>. These are extremely powerful <A href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">bases</A> and <A href="/wiki/Carbon_nucleophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon nucleophile">nucleophiles</A>. In many of these organolithium compounds, the lithium ions tend to aggregate into high-symmetry clusters by themselves, which is relatively common for alkali cations.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/LiHe" title="LiHe">LiHe</A>, a very weakly interacting <A href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Van der Waals compound">van der Waals compound</A>, has been detected at very low temperatures.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Isotopes">Isotopes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lithium" title="Isotopes of lithium">Isotopes of lithium</A></DIV>
<P>Naturally occurring lithium is composed of two stable <A href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</A>, <SUP>6</SUP>Li and <SUP>7</SUP>Li, the latter being the more abundant (92.5% <A href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">natural abundance</A>).<SUP id="cite_ref-krebs_5-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-krebs-5">[5]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-emsley_15-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-emsley-15">[15]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-isotopesproject_24-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-isotopesproject-24">[24]</A></SUP> Both natural isotopes have anomalously low <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy" title="Nuclear binding energy">nuclear binding energy</A> per nucleon (compared to the neighboring elements on the <A href="/wiki/Periodic_chart_of_the_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic chart of the elements">periodic table</A>, <A href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</A> and <A href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</A>); lithium is the only low numbered element that can produce net energy through <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</A>. The two lithium nuclei have lower binding energies per nucleon than any other stable nuclides other than <A href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</A> and <A href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-bind_25-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bind-25">[25]</A></SUP> As a result of this, though very light in atomic weight, lithium is less common in the Solar System than 25 of the first 32 chemical elements.<SUP id="cite_ref-Lodders2003_3-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Lodders2003-3">[3]</A></SUP> Seven <A href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</A> have been characterized, the most stable being <SUP>8</SUP>Li with a <A href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</A> of 838 <A href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">ms</A> and <SUP>9</SUP>Li with a half-life of 178 ms. All of the remaining <A href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</A> isotopes have half-lives that are shorter than 8.6 ms. The shortest-lived isotope of lithium is <SUP>4</SUP>Li, which decays through <A href="/wiki/Proton_emission" title="Proton emission">proton emission</A> and has a half-life of 7.6 × 10<SUP>−23</SUP> s.<SUP id="cite_ref-nuclidetable_26-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-26">[26]</A></SUP></P>
<P><SUP>7</SUP>Li is one of the <A href="/wiki/Primordial_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial elements">primordial elements</A> (or, more properly, primordial <A href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclides</A>) produced in <A href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Big Bang nucleosynthesis</A>. A small amount of both <SUP>6</SUP>Li and <SUP>7</SUP>Li are produced in stars, but are thought to be "<A href="/wiki/Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">burned</A>" as fast as produced.<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP> Additional small amounts of lithium of both <SUP>6</SUP>Li and <SUP>7</SUP>Li may be generated from solar wind, cosmic rays hitting heavier atoms, and from early solar system <SUP>7</SUP><A href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</A> and <SUP>10</SUP>Be radioactive decay.<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP> While lithium is created in stars during <A href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">stellar nucleosynthesis</A>, it is further burned. <SUP>7</SUP>Li can also be generated in <A href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">carbon stars</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Lithium isotopes fractionate substantially during a wide variety of natural processes,<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP> including mineral formation (chemical precipitation), <A href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion exchange</A>. Lithium ions substitute for <A href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</A> and iron in octahedral sites in <A href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</A> minerals, where <SUP>6</SUP>Li is preferred to <SUP>7</SUP>Li, resulting in enrichment of the light isotope in processes of hyperfiltration and rock alteration. The exotic <SUP>11</SUP>Li is known to exhibit a <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_halo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear halo">nuclear halo</A>. The process known as <A href="/wiki/Atomic_vapor_laser_isotope_separation" title="Atomic vapor laser isotope separation">laser isotope separation</A> can be used to separate lithium isotopes, in particular <SUP>7</SUP>Li from <SUP>6</SUP>Li.<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Nuclear weapons manufacture and other nuclear physics applications are a major source of artificial lithium fractionation, with the light isotope <SUP>6</SUP>Li being retained by industry and military stockpiles to such an extent that it has caused slight but measurable change in the <SUP>6</SUP>Li to <SUP>7</SUP>Li ratios in natural sources, such as rivers. This has led to unusual uncertainty in the standardized <A href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</A> of lithium, since this quantity depends on the natural abundance ratios of these naturally-occurring stable lithium isotopes, as they are available in commercial lithium mineral sources.<SUP id="cite_ref-Coplen2002_32-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Coplen2002-32">[32]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Both stable isotopes of lithium can be <A href="/wiki/Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">laser cooled</A> and were used to produce the first quantum degenerate <A href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose</A>-<A href="/wiki/Fermionic_condensate" title="Fermionic condensate">Fermi</A> mixture.<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Occurrence">Occurrence</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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Lithium is about as common as <A href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</A> in the Earth's upper continental <A href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</A>, on a per-atom basis.</DIV>
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<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Astronomical">Astronomical</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Astronomical">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</A></DIV>
<P>Though it was synthesized in the Big Bang, lithium (together with beryllium and boron), is markedly less abundant in the universe than other elements. This is a result of the comparatively low stellar temperatures necessary to destroy lithium, along with a lack of common processes to produce it.<SUP id="cite_ref-wesleyan_34-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-wesleyan-34">[34]</A></SUP></P>
<P>According to modern cosmological theory, lithium—in both stable isotopes (lithium-6 and lithium-7)—was one of the 3 elements <A href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">synthesized</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP> Though the amount of lithium generated in <A href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Big Bang nucleosynthesis</A> is dependent upon the number of <A href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</A> per <A href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryon</A>, for accepted values the lithium abundance can be calculated, and there is a "cosmological lithium discrepancy" in the Universe: older stars seem to have less lithium than they should, and some younger stars have much more.<SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[36]</A></SUP> The lack of lithium in older stars is apparently caused by the "mixing" of lithium into the interior of stars, where it is destroyed,<SUP id="cite_ref-cld_37-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-cld-37">[37]</A></SUP> while lithium is produced in younger stars. Though it transmutes into two atoms of <A href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</A> due to collision with a <A href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</A> at temperatures above 2.4 million degrees Celsius (most stars easily attain this temperature in their interiors), lithium is more abundant than current computations would predict in later-generation stars.<SUP id="cite_ref-emsley_15-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-emsley-15">[15]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Nova_Centauri_2013_ESO.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nova_Centauri_2013_ESO.jpg/220px-Nova_Centauri_2013_ESO.jpg" width="220" height="255" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nova_Centauri_2013_ESO.jpg/330px-Nova_Centauri_2013_ESO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nova_Centauri_2013_ESO.jpg/440px-Nova_Centauri_2013_ESO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1481" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Nova_Centauri_2013_ESO.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Nova_Centauri_2013" title="Nova Centauri 2013">Nova Centauri 2013</A> is the first in which evidence of lithium has been found.<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<P>Lithium is also found in <A href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarf</A> substellar objects and certain anomalous orange stars. Because lithium is present in cooler, less-massive brown dwarfs, but is destroyed in hotter <A href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</A> stars, its presence in the stars' spectra can be used in the "lithium test" to differentiate the two, as both are smaller than the Sun.<SUP id="cite_ref-emsley_15-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-emsley-15">[15]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP> Certain orange stars can also contain a high concentration of lithium. Those orange stars found to have a higher than usual concentration of lithium (such as <A href="/w/index.php?title=Centaurus_X-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centaurus X-4 (page does not exist)">Centaurus X-4</A>) orbit massive objects—neutron stars or black holes—whose gravity evidently pulls heavier lithium to the surface of a hydrogen-helium star, causing more lithium to be observed.<SUP id="cite_ref-emsley_15-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-emsley-15">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Terrestrial">Terrestrial</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Terrestrial">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<TABLE class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" style="float:right; margin:5px; font-size: 90%;">
<CAPTION>Lithium mine production (2016), reserves and resources in tonnes according to <A href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</A><SUP id="cite_ref-minerals.usgs.gov_41-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-minerals.usgs.gov-41">[41]</A></SUP></CAPTION>
<THEAD><TR>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Country</TH>
<TH data-sort-type="number" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Production</TH>
<TH data-sort-type="number" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Reserves<SUP id="cite_ref-res_42-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-res-42">[note 1]</A></SUP></TH>
<TH data-sort-type="number" class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Resources</TH>
</TR></THEAD><TBODY>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</A></TD>
<TD>5,700</TD>
<TD>2,000,000</TD>
<TD>9,000,000</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</A></TD>
<TD>14,300</TD>
<TD>1,600,000</TD>
<TD>2,000,000+</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</A></TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>100,000+</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</A></TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>9,000,000</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</A></TD>
<TD>200</TD>
<TD>48,000</TD>
<TD>200,000</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</A> (2010)</TD>
<TD>480</TD>
<TD>180,000</TD>
<TD>2,000,000</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</A></TD>
<TD>12,000</TD>
<TD>7,500,000</TD>
<TD>7,500,000+</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</A></TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>1,000,000</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="480" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</A></TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>200,000</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</A></TD>
<TD>2,000</TD>
<TD>3,200,000</TD>
<TD>7,000,000</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</A></TD>
<TD>200</TD>
<TD>60,000</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</A></TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>1,000,000</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</A></TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>-</TD>
<TD>1,000,000</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A></TD>
<TD>W<SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[note 2]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>38,000</TD>
<TD>6,900,000</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="420" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A></TD>
<TD>900</TD>
<TD>23,000</TD>
<TD>100,000+</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><B>World total</B></TD>
<TD><B>32,500</B></TD>
<TD><B>14,000,000</B></TD>
<TD><B>46,900,000</B></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY><TFOOT></TFOOT></TABLE>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Category:Lithium_minerals" title="Category:Lithium minerals">Lithium minerals</A></DIV>
<P>Although lithium is widely distributed on Earth, it does not naturally occur in elemental form due to its high reactivity.<SUP id="cite_ref-krebs_5-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-krebs-5">[5]</A></SUP> The total lithium content of seawater is very large and is estimated as 230 billion tonnes, where the element exists at a relatively constant concentration of 0.14 to 0.25 parts per million (ppm),<SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[42]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-enc_45-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-enc-45">[43]</A></SUP> or 25 <A href="/wiki/Micromolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Micromolar">micromolar</A>;<SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[44]</A></SUP> higher concentrations approaching 7 ppm are found near <A href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vents" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal vents">hydrothermal vents</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-enc_45-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-enc-45">[43]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Estimates for the Earth's <A href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crustal</A> content range from 20 to 70 ppm by weight.<SUP id="cite_ref-kamienski_16-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-kamienski-16">[16]</A></SUP> In keeping with its name, lithium forms a minor part of <A href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</A>, with the largest concentrations in <A href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</A>. Granitic <A href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">pegmatites</A> also provide the greatest abundance of lithium-containing minerals, with <A href="/wiki/Spodumene" title="Spodumene">spodumene</A> and <A href="/wiki/Petalite" title="Petalite">petalite</A> being the most commercially viable sources.<SUP id="cite_ref-kamienski_16-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-kamienski-16">[16]</A></SUP> Another significant mineral of lithium is <A href="/wiki/Lepidolite" title="Lepidolite">lepidolite</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[45]</A></SUP> A newer source for lithium is <A href="/wiki/Hectorite" title="Hectorite">hectorite</A> clay, the only active development of which is through the Western Lithium Corporation in the United States.<SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[46]</A></SUP> At 20 mg lithium per kg of Earth's crust,<SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[47]</A></SUP> lithium is the 25th most abundant element.</P>
<P>According to the <I>Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium</I>, "Lithium is a comparatively rare element, although it is found in many rocks and some brines, but always in very low concentrations. There are a fairly large number of both lithium mineral and brine deposits but only comparatively few of them are of actual or potential commercial value. Many are very small, others are too low in grade."<SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[48]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/US_Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="US Geological Survey">US Geological Survey</A> estimates that in 2010, Chile had the largest reserves by far (7.5 million tonnes)<SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[49]</A></SUP> and the highest annual production (8,800 tonnes). One of the largest <I>reserve bases</I><SUP id="cite_ref-res_42-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-res-42">[note 1]</A></SUP> of lithium is in the <A href="/wiki/Salar_de_Uyuni" title="Salar de Uyuni">Salar de Uyuni</A> area of <A href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</A>, which has 5.4 million tonnes. Other major suppliers include Australia, Argentina and China.<SUP id="cite_ref-minerals.usgs.gov_41-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-minerals.usgs.gov-41">[41]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-meridian_52-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-meridian-52">[50]</A></SUP> As of 2015 <A href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_Geological_Survey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Czech Geological Survey (page does not exist)">Czech Geological Survey</A> considered the entire <A href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</A> as lithium province. Five deposits are registered, one near <A href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADnovec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cínovec (page does not exist)">Cínovec</A><SPAN class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> (<A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADnovec_(Dub%C3%AD)" class="extiw" title="cs:Cínovec (Dubí)">cs</A>)</SPAN> is considered as potentially economic deposit with 160 000 tonnes of lithium.<SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[51]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In June 2010, <I><A href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</A></I> reported that American geologists were conducting ground surveys on <A href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">dry</A> <A href="/wiki/Salt_lake" title="Salt lake">salt lakes</A> in western <A href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</A> believing that large deposits of lithium are located there. "Pentagon officials said that their initial analysis at one location in <A href="/wiki/Ghazni_Province" title="Ghazni Province">Ghazni Province</A> showed the potential for lithium deposits as large as those of Bolivia, which now has the world's largest known lithium reserves."<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[52]</A></SUP> These estimates are "based principally on old data, which was gathered mainly by the Soviets during their occupation of Afghanistan from 1979–1989". Stephen Peters, the head of the USGS's Afghanistan Minerals Project, said that he was unaware of <A href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</A> involvement in any new surveying for minerals in Afghanistan in the past two years. 'We are not aware of any discoveries of lithium,' he said."<SUP id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-55">[53]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Lithia_water" title="Lithia water">Lithia</A> ("lithium brine") is associated with <A href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</A> mining areas in <A href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</A>, England and an evaluation project from 400-metre deep test boreholes is under consideration. If successful the hot brines will also provide <A href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal energy</A> to power the lithium extraction and refining process.<SUP id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-56">[54]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Biological">Biological</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biological">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Lithium is found in trace amount in numerous plants, plankton, and invertebrates, at concentrations of 69 to 5,760 parts per billion (ppb). In vertebrates the concentration is slightly lower, and nearly all vertebrate tissue and body fluids contain lithium ranging from 21 to 763 ppb.<SUP id="cite_ref-enc_45-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-enc-45">[43]</A></SUP> Marine organisms tend to bioaccumulate lithium more than terrestrial organisms.<SUP id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-57">[55]</A></SUP> Whether lithium has a physiological role in any of these organisms is unknown.<SUP id="cite_ref-enc_45-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-enc-45">[43]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Arfwedson_Johan_A.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arfwedson_Johan_A.jpg/220px-Arfwedson_Johan_A.jpg" width="220" height="243" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arfwedson_Johan_A.jpg/330px-Arfwedson_Johan_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Arfwedson_Johan_A.jpg/440px-Arfwedson_Johan_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="509" /></A>
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Johan August Arfwedson is credited with the discovery of lithium in 1817</DIV>
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<P><A href="/wiki/Petalite" title="Petalite">Petalite</A> (LiAlSi<SUB>4</SUB>O<SUB>10</SUB>) was discovered in 1800 by the <A href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</A> chemist and statesman <A href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada_e_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva">José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva</A> in a mine on the island of <A href="/wiki/Ut%C3%B6,_Sweden" title="Utö, Sweden">Utö, Sweden</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-58">[56]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-mindat_59-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-mindat-59">[57]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-webelementshistory_60-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-webelementshistory-60">[58]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-discovery_61-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-discovery-61">[59]</A></SUP> However, it was not until 1817 that <A href="/wiki/Johan_August_Arfwedson" title="Johan August Arfwedson">Johan August Arfwedson</A>, then working in the laboratory of the chemist <A href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</A>, <A href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">detected</A> the presence of a new element while analyzing petalite ore.<SUP id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-62">[60]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-berzelius_63-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-berzelius-63">[61]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-uwis_64-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-uwis-64">[62]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-vanderkrogt_65-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-vanderkrogt-65">[63]</A></SUP> This element formed compounds similar to those of <A href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</A> and <A href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</A>, though its <A href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">carbonate</A> and <A href="/wiki/Lithium_hydroxide" title="Lithium hydroxide">hydroxide</A> were less <A href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">soluble in water</A> and more <A href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">alkaline</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-compounds_66-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-compounds-66">[64]</A></SUP> Berzelius gave the alkaline material the name "<I>lithion</I>/<I>lithina</I>", from the <A href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</A> word <I>λιθoς</I> (transliterated as <I>lithos</I>, meaning "stone"), to reflect its discovery in a solid mineral, as opposed to potassium, which had been discovered in plant ashes, and sodium, which was known partly for its high abundance in animal blood. He named the metal inside the material "<I>lithium</I>".<SUP id="cite_ref-krebs_5-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-krebs-5">[5]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-webelementshistory_60-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-webelementshistory-60">[58]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-vanderkrogt_65-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-vanderkrogt-65">[63]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Arfwedson later showed that this same element was present in the minerals <A href="/wiki/Spodumene" title="Spodumene">spodumene</A> and <A href="/wiki/Lepidolite" title="Lepidolite">lepidolite</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-67">[65]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-webelementshistory_60-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-webelementshistory-60">[58]</A></SUP> In 1818, <A href="/wiki/Christian_Gmelin" title="Christian Gmelin">Christian Gmelin</A> was the first to observe that lithium salts give a bright red color to flame.<SUP id="cite_ref-webelementshistory_60-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-webelementshistory-60">[58]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-68">[66]</A></SUP> However, both Arfwedson and Gmelin tried and failed to isolate the pure element from its salts.<SUP id="cite_ref-webelementshistory_60-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-webelementshistory-60">[58]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-vanderkrogt_65-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-vanderkrogt-65">[63]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-eote_69-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-eote-69">[67]</A></SUP> It was not isolated until 1821, when <A href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Brande" title="William Thomas Brande">William Thomas Brande</A> obtained it by <A href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</A> of <A href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">lithium oxide</A>, a process that had previously been employed by the chemist Sir <A href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</A> to isolate the alkali metals potassium and sodium.<SUP id="cite_ref-emsley_15-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-emsley-15">[15]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-eote_69-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-eote-69">[67]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-70">[68]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-71">[69]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-72">[70]</A></SUP> Brande also described some pure salts of lithium, such as the chloride, and, estimating that lithia (<A href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">lithium oxide</A>) contained about 55% metal, estimated the atomic weight of lithium to be around 9.8 g/mol (modern value ~6.94 g/mol).<SUP id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-73">[71]</A></SUP> In 1855, larger quantities of lithium were produced through the electrolysis of <A href="/wiki/Lithium_chloride" title="Lithium chloride">lithium chloride</A> by <A href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</A> and <A href="/wiki/Augustus_Matthiessen" title="Augustus Matthiessen">Augustus Matthiessen</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-webelementshistory_60-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-webelementshistory-60">[58]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-74">[72]</A></SUP> The discovery of this procedure led to commercial production of lithium in 1923 by the German company <A href="/wiki/Metallgesellschaft_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallgesellschaft AG">Metallgesellschaft AG</A>, which performed an electrolysis of a liquid mixture of lithium chloride and <A href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-webelementshistory_60-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-webelementshistory-60">[58]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-75">[73]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-76">[74]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The production and use of lithium underwent several drastic changes in history. The first major application of lithium was in high-temperature <A href="/wiki/Lithium_grease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium grease">lithium greases</A> for aircraft engines and similar applications in <A href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</A> and shortly after. This use was supported by the fact that lithium-based <A href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</A> have a higher melting point than other alkali soaps, and are less corrosive than calcium based soaps. The small demand for lithium soaps and lubricating greases was supported by several small mining operations, mostly in the US.</P>
<P>The demand for lithium increased dramatically during the <A href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</A> with the production of <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">nuclear fusion weapons</A>. Both lithium-6 and lithium-7 produce <A href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</A> when irradiated by neutrons, and are thus useful for the production of tritium by itself, as well as a form of solid fusion fuel used inside hydrogen bombs in the form of <A href="/wiki/Lithium_deuteride" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium deuteride">lithium deuteride</A>. The US became the prime producer of lithium between the late 1950s and the mid 1980s. At the end, the stockpile of lithium was roughly 42,000 tonnes of lithium hydroxide. The stockpiled lithium was depleted in lithium-6 by 75%, which was enough to affect the measured <A href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</A> of lithium in many standardized chemicals, and even the atomic weight of lithium in some "natural sources" of lithium ion which had been "contaminated" by lithium salts discharged from isotope separation facilities, which had found its way into ground water.<SUP id="cite_ref-Coplen2002_32-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Coplen2002-32">[32]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-USGSCR1994_77-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-USGSCR1994-77">[75]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Lithium was used to decrease the melting temperature of glass and to improve the melting behavior of <A href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</A> when using the <A href="/wiki/Hall-H%C3%A9roult_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall-Héroult process">Hall-Héroult process</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-DeberitzBoche2003_78-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DeberitzBoche2003-78">[76]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Bauer1985_79-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bauer1985-79">[77]</A></SUP> These two uses dominated the market until the middle of the 1990s. After the end of the <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</A>, the demand for lithium decreased and the sale of Department of Energy stockpiles on the open market further reduced prices.<SUP id="cite_ref-USGSCR1994_77-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-USGSCR1994-77">[75]</A></SUP> In the mid 1990s, several companies started to extract lithium from <A href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</A> which proved to be a less expensive than underground or open-pit mining. Most of the mines closed or shifted their focus to other materials because only the ore from zoned pegmatites could be mined for a competitive price. For example, the US mines near <A href="/wiki/Kings_Mountain,_North_Carolina" title="Kings Mountain, North Carolina">Kings Mountain, North Carolina</A> closed before the beginning of the 21st century.</P>
<P>The development of lithium ion batteries increased the demand for lithium and became the dominant use in 2007.<SUP id="cite_ref-USGSYB1994_80-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-USGSYB1994-80">[78]</A></SUP> With the surge of lithium demand in batteries in the 2000s, new companies have expanded brine extraction efforts to meet the rising demand.<SUP id="cite_ref-IMR_81-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-IMR-81">[79]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-82">[80]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Production">Production</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Production">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left;text-align:left;background-color:transparent">Satellite images of the Salar del Hombre Muerto, Argentina (left), and <A href="/wiki/Salar_de_Uyuni" title="Salar de Uyuni">Uyuni</A>, Bolivia (right), <A href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt flats</A> that are rich in lithium. The lithium-rich brine is concentrated by pumping it into <A href="/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond" title="Salt evaporation pond">solar evaporation ponds</A> (visible in the left image).</DIV>
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World production trend of lithium</DIV>
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<P>Lithium production has greatly increased since the end of <A href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</A>. The metal is separated from other elements in <A href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous minerals</A>. The metal is produced through <A href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</A> from a mixture of fused 55% <A href="/wiki/Lithium_chloride" title="Lithium chloride">lithium chloride</A> and 45% <A href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</A> at about 450 °C.<SUP id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-83">[81]</A></SUP></P>
<P>As of 2015, most of the world's lithium production is in South America, where lithium-containing brine is extracted from underground pools and concentrated by solar evaporation. The standard extraction technique is to evaporate water from brine. Each batch takes from 18 to 24 months.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_84-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-84">[82]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 1998, the price of lithium was about <SPAN class="nowrap">95 USD/kg</SPAN> (or 43 USD/<A href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lb</A>).<SUP id="cite_ref-ober_85-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ober-85">[83]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Reserves">Reserves</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reserves">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Worldwide identified reserves in 2008 were estimated by the <A href="/wiki/US_Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="US Geological Survey">US Geological Survey</A> (USGS) to be 13 million <A href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-minerals.usgs.gov_41-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-minerals.usgs.gov-41">[41]</A></SUP> though an accurate estimate of world lithium reserves is difficult.<SUP id="cite_ref-gold_86-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gold-86">[84]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-forbes_87-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-forbes-87">[85]</A></SUP> One reason for this is that most lithium classification schemes are developed for solid ore deposits, whereas brine is a fluid that is problematic to treat with the same classification scheme due to varying concentrations and pumping effects.<SUP id="cite_ref-Houston2011_88-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Houston2011-88">[86]</A></SUP> The world has been estimated to contain about 15 million tonnes of lithium reserves, while 65 million tonnes of known resources are reasonable. A total of 75% of everything can typically be found in the ten largest deposits of the world.<SUP id="cite_ref-Vikstrom_89-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Vikstrom-89">[87]</A></SUP> Another study noted that 83% of the geological resources of lithium are located in six brine, two pegmatite, and two sedimentary deposits.<SUP id="cite_ref-Grosjean2011_90-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Grosjean2011-90">[88]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Deposits are found in South America throughout the <A href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</A> mountain chain. <A href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</A> is the leading producer, followed by <A href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</A>. Both countries recover lithium from brine pools. According to USGS, Bolivia's <A href="/wiki/Uyuni" title="Uyuni">Uyuni</A> Desert has 5.4 million tonnes of lithium.<SUP id="cite_ref-romero_91-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-romero-91">[89]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-92">[90]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the US, lithium is recovered from brine pools in <A href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-CRC_13-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CRC-13">[13]</A></SUP> Half the world's known reserves are located in <A href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</A> along the central eastern slope of the Andes. In 2009, Bolivia negotiated with Japanese, French, and Korean firms to begin extraction.<SUP id="cite_ref-romero_91-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-romero-91">[89]</A></SUP> A deposit discovered in 2013 in <A href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</A>'s <A href="/wiki/Rock_Springs_Uplift" title="Rock Springs Uplift">Rock Springs Uplift</A> is estimated to contain 228,000 tons. Additional deposits in the same formation were estimated to be as much as 18 million tons.<SUP id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-93">[91]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Opinions differ about potential growth. A 2008 study concluded that "realistically achievable lithium carbonate production will be sufficient for only a small fraction of future <A href="/wiki/PHEV" class="mw-redirect" title="PHEV">PHEV</A> and <A href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">EV</A> global market requirements", that "demand from the portable electronics sector will absorb much of the planned production increases in the next decade", and that "mass production of lithium carbonate is not environmentally sound, it will cause irreparable ecological damage to ecosystems that should be protected and that <A href="/wiki/LiIon" class="mw-redirect" title="LiIon">LiIon</A> propulsion is incompatible with the notion of the 'Green Car'".<SUP id="cite_ref-meridian_52-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-meridian-52">[50]</A></SUP></P>
<P>According to a 2011 study by <A href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</A> and the <A href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</A>, the currently estimated reserve base of lithium should not be a limiting factor for large-scale battery production for electric vehicles because an estimated 1 billion 40 <A href="/wiki/KWh" class="mw-redirect" title="KWh">kWh</A> Li-based batteries could be built with current reserves<SUP id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-94">[92]</A></SUP> - about 10 kg of lithium per car.<SUP id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-95">[93]</A></SUP> Another 2011 study at the <A href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</A> and <A href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</A> found enough resources to support global demand until 2100, including the lithium required for the potential widespread transportation use. The study estimated global reserves at 39 million tons, and total demand for lithium during the 90-year period analyzed at 12–20 million tons, depending on the scenarios regarding economic growth and recycling rates.<SUP id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-96">[94]</A></SUP></P>
<P>On June 9, 2014, the <I>Financialist</I> stated that demand for lithium was growing at more than 12% a year. According to Credit Suisse, this rate exceeds projected availability by 25%. The publication compared the 2014 lithium situation with oil, whereby "higher oil prices spurred investment in expensive deepwater and oil sands production techniques"; that is, the price of lithium will continue to rise until more expensive production methods that can boost total output receive the attention of investors.<SUP id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-97">[95]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Pricing">Pricing</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pricing">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>After the <A href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">2007 financial crisis</A>, major suppliers such as <A href="/wiki/Sociedad_Qu%C3%ADmica_y_Minera" title="Sociedad Química y Minera">Sociedad Química y Minera</A> (SQM) dropped <A href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">lithium carbonate</A> pricing by 20%.<SUP id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-98">[96]</A></SUP> Prices rose in 2012. A 2012 <A href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Business Week</A> article outlined the <A href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">oligopoly</A> in the lithium space: "SQM, controlled by billionaire <A href="/wiki/Julio_Ponce_Lerou" title="Julio Ponce Lerou">Julio Ponce</A>, is the second-largest, followed by Rockwood, which is backed by <A href="/wiki/Henry_Kravis" title="Henry Kravis">Henry Kravis’s</A> KKR & Co., and Philadelphia-based FMC". Global consumption may jump to 300,000 metric tons a year by 2020 from about 150,000 tons in 2012, to match the demand for lithium batteries that has been growing at about 25% a year, outpacing the 4% to 5% overall gain in lithium production.<SUP id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-99">[97]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Extraction">Extraction</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Extraction">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Lithium salts are extracted from water in <A href="/wiki/Mineral_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral springs">mineral springs</A>, <A href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</A> pools, and brine deposits.</P>
<P>Lithium is present in seawater, but commercially viable methods of extraction have yet to be developed.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_84-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-84">[82]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Another potential source of lithium is the leachates of <A href="/wiki/Geothermal_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal electricity">geothermal wells</A>, which are carried to the surface.<SUP id="cite_ref-bourcier_100-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bourcier-100">[98]</A></SUP> Recovery of lithium has been demonstrated in the field; the lithium is separated by simple filtration.<SUP id="cite_ref-Simbol_101-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Simbol-101">[99]</A></SUP> The process and environmental costs are primarily those of the already-operating well; net environmental impacts may thus be positive.<SUP id="cite_ref-NYT_102-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NYT-102">[100]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Global_Lithium_Uses.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Global_Lithium_Uses.svg/220px-Global_Lithium_Uses.svg.png" width="220" height="208" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Global_Lithium_Uses.svg/330px-Global_Lithium_Uses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Global_Lithium_Uses.svg/440px-Global_Lithium_Uses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="188" /></A>
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Estimates of global lithium uses in 2015<SUP id="cite_ref-Li-uses-2011_103-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Li-uses-2011-103">[101]</A></SUP>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ef4f30; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Ceramics and glass (32%)</DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #f9af20; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Batteries (35%)</DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #f2eb23; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Lubricating greases (9%)</DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #a5e429; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Continuous casting (5%)</DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00e8cf; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Air treatment (5%)</DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #103dc9; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Polymers (4%)</DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #a53ae0; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Primary aluminum production (1%)</DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #e200f4; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Pharmaceuticals (<1%)</DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #da003e; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Other (9%)</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Ceramics_and_glass">Ceramics and glass</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ceramics and glass">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Lithium oxide is widely used as a <A href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">flux</A> for processing <A href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</A>, reducing the <A href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</A> and <A href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</A> of the material and leading to <A href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">glazes</A> with improved physical properties including low coefficients of thermal expansion. Worldwide, this is one of the largest use for lithium compounds.<SUP id="cite_ref-Li-uses-2011_103-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Li-uses-2011-103">[101]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-104">[102]</A></SUP> Glazes containing lithium oxides are used for ovenware. <A href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">Lithium carbonate</A> (Li<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB>) is generally used in this application because it converts to the oxide upon heating.<SUP id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-105">[103]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Electrical_and_electronics">Electrical and electronics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Electrical and electronics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Late in the 20th century, lithium became an important component of battery electrolytes and electrodes, because of its high <A href="/wiki/Electrode_potential" title="Electrode potential">electrode potential</A>. Because of its low <A href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</A>, it has a high charge- and power-to-weight ratio. A typical <A href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion battery</A> can generate approximately 3 <A href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</A> per cell, compared with 2.1 volts for <A href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead-acid</A> or 1.5 volts for <A href="/wiki/Zinc-carbon_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc-carbon cell">zinc-carbon cells</A>. Lithium-ion batteries, which are rechargeable and have a high <A href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</A>, should not be confused with <A href="/wiki/Lithium_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium batteries">lithium batteries</A>, which are <A href="/wiki/Disposable" class="mw-redirect" title="Disposable">disposable</A> (<A href="/wiki/Primary_cell" title="Primary cell">primary</A>) <A href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</A> with lithium or its compounds as the <A href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-106">[104]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-107">[105]</A></SUP> Other rechargeable batteries that use lithium include the <A href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_polymer_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-ion polymer battery">lithium-ion polymer battery</A>, <A href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery" title="Lithium iron phosphate battery">lithium iron phosphate battery</A>, and the <A href="/wiki/Nanowire_battery" title="Nanowire battery">nanowire battery</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Lubricating_greases">Lubricating greases</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lubricating greases">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Lithium_grease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium grease">Lithium grease</A></DIV>
<P>The third most common use of lithium is in greases. Lithium hydroxide is a strong <A href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</A> and, when heated with a fat, produces a soap made of lithium <A href="/wiki/Stearate" title="Stearate">stearate</A>. Lithium soap has the ability to <A href="/wiki/Thickening_agent" title="Thickening agent">thicken</A> oils, and it is used to manufacture all-purpose, high-temperature <A href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">lubricating greases</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-CRC_13-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CRC-13">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-108">[106]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-109">[107]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Metallurgy">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Lithium (e.g. as lithium carbonate) is used as an additive to <A href="/wiki/Continuous_casting" title="Continuous casting">continuous casting</A> mould flux slags where it increases fluidity,<SUP id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-110">[108]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-111">[109]</A></SUP> a use which accounts for 5% of global lithium use (2011).<SUP id="cite_ref-minerals.usgs.gov_41-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-minerals.usgs.gov-41">[41]</A></SUP> Lithium compounds are also used as additives (fluxes) to <A href="/wiki/Foundry_sand" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundry sand">foundry sand</A> for iron casting to reduce veining.<SUP id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-112">[110]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Lithium (as <A href="/wiki/Lithium_fluoride" title="Lithium fluoride">lithium fluoride</A>) is used as an additive to aluminium smelters (<A href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Hall–Héroult process</A>), reducing melting temperature and increasing electrical resistance,<SUP id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-113">[111]</A></SUP> a use which accounts for 3% of production (2011).<SUP id="cite_ref-minerals.usgs.gov_41-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-minerals.usgs.gov-41">[41]</A></SUP></P>
<P>When used as a <A href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">flux</A> for <A href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</A> or <A href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">soldering</A>, metallic lithium promotes the fusing of metals during the process<SUP id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-114">[112]</A></SUP> and eliminates the forming of <A href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</A> by absorbing impurities.<SUP id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-115">[113]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">Alloys</A> of the metal with aluminium, <A href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</A>, copper and <A href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</A> are used to make high-performance aircraft parts (see also <A href="/wiki/Al-Li" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Li">Lithium-aluminium alloys</A>).<SUP id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-116">[114]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Silicon_nano-welding">Silicon nano-welding</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Silicon nano-welding">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Lithium has been found effective in assisting the perfection of silicon nano-welds in electronic components for electric batteries and other devices.<SUP id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-117">[115]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Other_chemical_and_industrial_uses">Other chemical and industrial uses</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other chemical and industrial uses">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:102px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Flammenf%C3%A4rbungLi.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungLi.png/100px-Flammenf%C3%A4rbungLi.png" width="100" height="283" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungLi.png/150px-Flammenf%C3%A4rbungLi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungLi.png/200px-Flammenf%C3%A4rbungLi.png 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="1401" /></A>
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Lithium use in flares and <A href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnics</A> is due to its rose-red flame.<SUP id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-118">[116]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Pyrotechnics">Pyrotechnics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pyrotechnics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Lithium compounds are used as <A href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic_colorant" title="Pyrotechnic colorant">pyrotechnic colorants</A> and oxidizers in red <A href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</A> and <A href="/wiki/Flare_(pyrotechnic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare (pyrotechnic)">flares</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-CRC_13-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CRC-13">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-119">[117]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Air_purification">Air purification</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Air purification">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/Lithium_chloride" title="Lithium chloride">Lithium chloride</A> and <A href="/wiki/Lithium_bromide" title="Lithium bromide">lithium bromide</A> are <A href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</A> and are used as <A href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccants</A> for gas streams.<SUP id="cite_ref-CRC_13-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CRC-13">[13]</A></SUP> Lithium hydroxide and <A href="/wiki/Lithium_peroxide" title="Lithium peroxide">lithium peroxide</A> are the salts most used in confined areas, such as aboard <A href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</A> and <A href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</A>, for carbon dioxide removal and air purification. Lithium hydroxide absorbs <A href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</A> from the air by forming lithium carbonate, and is preferred over other alkaline hydroxides for its low weight.</P>
<P>Lithium peroxide (Li<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>) in presence of moisture not only reacts with carbon dioxide to form lithium carbonate, but also releases oxygen.<SUP id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-120">[118]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-121">[119]</A></SUP> The reaction is as follows:</P>
<DL>
<DD>2 Li<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> + 2 CO<SUB>2</SUB> → 2 Li<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB> + O<SUB>2</SUB>.</DD>
</DL>
<P>Some of the aforementioned compounds, as well as <A href="/wiki/Lithium_perchlorate" title="Lithium perchlorate">lithium perchlorate</A>, are used in <A href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_generator#Oxygen_candle" title="Chemical oxygen generator">oxygen candles</A> that supply <A href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</A> with <A href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</A>. These can also include small amounts of <A href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</A>, <A href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</A>, <A href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</A>, <A href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</A>, <A href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</A>, <A href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-122">[120]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Optics">Optics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Optics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/Lithium_fluoride" title="Lithium fluoride">Lithium fluoride</A>, artificially grown as <A href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</A>, is clear and transparent and often used in specialist optics for <A href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">IR</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</A> and VUV (<A href="/wiki/Vacuum_UV" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum UV">vacuum UV</A>) applications. It has one of the lowest <A href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive indexes</A> and the furthest transmission range in the deep UV of most common materials.<SUP id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-123">[121]</A></SUP> Finely divided lithium fluoride powder has been used for <A href="/wiki/Thermoluminescent_Dosimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoluminescent Dosimeter">thermoluminescent radiation dosimetry</A> (TLD): when a sample of such is exposed to radiation, it accumulates <A href="/wiki/Crystal_defect" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal defect">crystal defects</A> which, when heated, resolve via a release of bluish light whose intensity is proportional to the <A href="/wiki/Absorbed_dose" title="Absorbed dose">absorbed dose</A>, thus allowing this to be quantified.<SUP id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-124">[122]</A></SUP> Lithium fluoride is sometimes used in focal lenses of <A href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-CRC_13-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CRC-13">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-125">[123]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The high non-linearity of <A href="/wiki/Lithium_niobate" title="Lithium niobate">lithium niobate</A> also makes it useful in <A href="/wiki/Nonlinear_optics" title="Nonlinear optics">non-linear optics applications</A>. It is used extensively in telecommunication products such as mobile phones and <A href="/wiki/Optical_modulator" title="Optical modulator">optical modulators</A>, for such components as <A href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">resonant crystals</A>. Lithium applications are used in more than 60% of mobile phones.<SUP id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-126">[124]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Organic_and_polymer_chemistry">Organic and polymer chemistry</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Organic and polymer chemistry">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/Organolithium_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organolithium compound">Organolithium compounds</A> are widely used in the production of polymer and fine-chemicals. In the polymer industry, which is the dominant consumer of these reagents, alkyl lithium compounds are <A href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</A>/<A href="/wiki/Radical_initiator" title="Radical initiator">initiators</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-127">[125]</A></SUP> in <A href="/wiki/Anionic_addition_polymerization" title="Anionic addition polymerization">anionic polymerization</A> of <A href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">unfunctionalized</A> <A href="/wiki/Olefin" class="mw-redirect" title="Olefin">olefins</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-128">[126]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-129">[127]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-130">[128]</A></SUP> For the production of fine chemicals, organolithium compounds function as strong bases and as reagents for the formation of <A href="/wiki/Carbon-carbon_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-carbon bond">carbon-carbon bonds</A>. Organolithium compounds are prepared from lithium metal and alkyl halides.<SUP id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-131">[129]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Many other lithium compounds are used as reagents to prepare organic compounds. Some popular compounds include <A href="/wiki/Lithium_aluminium_hydride" title="Lithium aluminium hydride">lithium aluminium hydride</A> (LiAlH<SUB>4</SUB>), <A href="/wiki/Lithium_triethylborohydride" title="Lithium triethylborohydride">lithium triethylborohydride</A>, <A href="/wiki/N-Butyllithium" title="N-Butyllithium">n-Butyllithium</A> and <A href="/wiki/Tert-butyllithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tert-butyllithium">tert-butyllithium</A> are commonly used as extremely strong bases called <A href="/wiki/Superbase" title="Superbase">superbase</A>.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Military_applications">Military applications</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Military applications">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Metallic lithium and its complex <A href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydrides</A>, such as <A href="/wiki/Lithium_aluminium_hydride" title="Lithium aluminium hydride">Li[AlH<SUB>4</SUB>]</A>, are used as high-energy additives to <A href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">rocket propellants</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-emsley_15-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-emsley-15">[15]</A></SUP> Lithium aluminum hydride can also be used by itself as a <A href="/wiki/Solid_fuel" title="Solid fuel">solid fuel</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-132">[130]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_040626-N-5319A-006_An_Anti-Submarine_Warfare_(ASW)_MK-50_Torpedo_is_launched_from_guided_missile_destroyer_USS_Bulkeley_(DDG_84).jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_Navy_040626-N-5319A-006_An_Anti-Submarine_Warfare_%28ASW%29_MK-50_Torpedo_is_launched_from_guided_missile_destroyer_USS_Bulkeley_%28DDG_84%29.jpg/220px-US_Navy_040626-N-5319A-006_An_Anti-Submarine_Warfare_%28ASW%29_MK-50_Torpedo_is_launched_from_guided_missile_destroyer_USS_Bulkeley_%28DDG_84%29.jpg" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_Navy_040626-N-5319A-006_An_Anti-Submarine_Warfare_%28ASW%29_MK-50_Torpedo_is_launched_from_guided_missile_destroyer_USS_Bulkeley_%28DDG_84%29.jpg/330px-US_Navy_040626-N-5319A-006_An_Anti-Submarine_Warfare_%28ASW%29_MK-50_Torpedo_is_launched_from_guided_missile_destroyer_USS_Bulkeley_%28DDG_84%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/US_Navy_040626-N-5319A-006_An_Anti-Submarine_Warfare_%28ASW%29_MK-50_Torpedo_is_launched_from_guided_missile_destroyer_USS_Bulkeley_%28DDG_84%29.jpg/440px-US_Navy_040626-N-5319A-006_An_Anti-Submarine_Warfare_%28ASW%29_MK-50_Torpedo_is_launched_from_guided_missile_destroyer_USS_Bulkeley_%28DDG_84%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_040626-N-5319A-006_An_Anti-Submarine_Warfare_(ASW)_MK-50_Torpedo_is_launched_from_guided_missile_destroyer_USS_Bulkeley_(DDG_84).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The launch of a torpedo using lithium as fuel</DIV>
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<P>The <A href="/wiki/Mark_50_torpedo" title="Mark 50 torpedo">Mark 50 torpedo</A> stored chemical energy propulsion system (SCEPS) uses a small tank of <A href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride" title="Sulfur hexafluoride">sulfur hexafluoride</A> gas, which is sprayed over a block of solid lithium. The reaction generates heat, creating <A href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</A> to propel the torpedo in a closed <A href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-133">[131]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Lithium_hydride" title="Lithium hydride">Lithium hydride</A> containing lithium-6 is used in <A href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear weapons</A>, where it serves as fuel for the fusion stage of the bomb.<SUP id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-134">[132]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Nuclear">Nuclear</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nuclear">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Lithium-6 is valued as a source material for <A href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</A> production and as a <A href="/wiki/Neutron_absorber" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron absorber">neutron absorber</A> in <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</A>. Natural lithium contains about 7.5% lithium-6 from which large amounts of lithium-6 have been produced by <A href="/wiki/Isotope_separation" title="Isotope separation">isotope separation</A> for use in <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-135">[133]</A></SUP> Lithium-7 gained interest for use in <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</A> <A href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">coolants</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-136">[134]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg/220px-Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg/330px-Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg/440px-Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></A>
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Lithium deuteride was used as fuel in the <A href="/wiki/Castle_Bravo" title="Castle Bravo">Castle Bravo</A> nuclear device.</DIV>
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<P><A href="/wiki/Lithium_deuteride" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium deuteride">Lithium deuteride</A> was the <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusion fuel</A> of choice in early versions of the <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">hydrogen bomb</A>. When bombarded by <A href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</A>, both <SUP>6</SUP>Li and <SUP>7</SUP>Li produce <A href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</A> — this reaction, which was not fully understood when <A href="/wiki/Teller-Ulam_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Teller-Ulam design">hydrogen bombs</A> were first tested, was responsible for the runaway yield of the <A href="/wiki/Castle_Bravo" title="Castle Bravo">Castle Bravo</A> <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear test">nuclear test</A>. Tritium fuses with <A href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</A> in a <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusion</A> reaction that is relatively easy to achieve. Although details remain secret, lithium-6 deuteride apparently still plays a role in modern <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</A> as a fusion material.<SUP id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-137">[135]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Lithium_fluoride" title="Lithium fluoride">Lithium fluoride</A>, when highly enriched in the lithium-7 isotope, forms the basic constituent of the fluoride salt mixture LiF-<A href="/wiki/Beryllium_fluoride" title="Beryllium fluoride">BeF<SUB>2</SUB></A> used in <A href="/wiki/Molten_salt_reactor" title="Molten salt reactor">liquid fluoride nuclear reactors</A>. Lithium fluoride is exceptionally chemically stable and LiF-BeF<SUB>2</SUB> mixtures have low melting points. In addition, <SUP>7</SUP>Li, Be, and F are among the few <A href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclides</A> with low enough <A href="/wiki/Neutron_cross-section" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron cross-section">thermal neutron capture cross-sections</A> not to poison the fission reactions inside a nuclear fission reactor.<SUP id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-138">[note 3]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-139">[136]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In conceptualized (hypothetical) nuclear <A href="/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">fusion power</A> plants, lithium will be used to produce tritium in <A href="/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">magnetically confined reactors</A> using <A href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</A> and <A href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</A> as the fuel. Naturally occurring tritium is extremely rare, and must be synthetically produced by surrounding the reacting <A href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</A> with a 'blanket' containing lithium where neutrons from the deuterium-tritium reaction in the plasma will fission the lithium to produce more tritium:</P>
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<DD><SUP>6</SUP>Li + n → <SUP>4</SUP>He + <SUP>3</SUP>H.</DD>
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<P>Lithium is also used as a source for <A href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</A>, or <A href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</A> nuclei. When <SUP>7</SUP>Li is bombarded by accelerated <A href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</A> <SUP>8</SUP><A href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</A> is formed, which undergoes fission to form two alpha particles. This feat, called "splitting the atom" at the time, was the first fully man-made <A href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reaction</A>. It was produced by <A href="/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" class="mw-redirect" title="John Douglas Cockcroft">Cockroft</A> and <A href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</A> in 1932.<SUP id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-140">[137]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-141">[138]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2013, the US <A href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</A> said a shortage of lithium-7 critical to the operation of 65 out of 100 American nuclear reactors “places their ability to continue to provide electricity at some risk”. The problem stems from the decline of US nuclear infrastructure. The equipment needed to separate lithium-6 from lithium-7 is mostly a cold war leftover. The US shut down most of this machinery in 1963, when it had a huge surplus of separated lithium, mostly consumed during the twentieth century. The report said it would take five years and $10 million to $12 million to reestablish the ability to separate lithium-6 from lithium-7.<SUP id="cite_ref-nyt1013_142-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-nyt1013-142">[139]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Reactors that use lithium-7 heat water under high pressure and transfer heat through heat exchangers that are prone to corrosion. The reactors use lithium to counteract the corrosive effects of <A href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</A>, which is added to the water to absorb excess neutrons.<SUP id="cite_ref-nyt1013_142-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-nyt1013-142">[139]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Medicine">Medicine</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Medicine">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">Lithium (medication)</A></DIV>
<P>Lithium is useful in the treatment of <A href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-kean_143-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-kean-143">[140]</A></SUP> Lithium salts may also be helpful for related diagnoses, such as <A href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">schizoaffective disorder</A> and cyclic <A href="/wiki/Major_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Major depression">major depression</A>. The active part of these salts is the lithium ion Li<SUP>+</SUP>.<SUP id="cite_ref-kean_143-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-kean-143">[140]</A></SUP> They may increase the risk of developing <A href="/wiki/Ebstein%27s_anomaly" title="Ebstein's anomaly">Ebstein's cardiac anomaly</A> in infants born to women who take lithium during the first trimester of pregnancy.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid18982835_144-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid18982835-144">[141]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Lithium has also been researched as a possible treatment for <A href="/wiki/Cluster_headache" title="Cluster headache">cluster headaches</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-145">[142]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Biological_role">Biological role</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Biological role">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Primary food sources of lithium are grains and vegetables, and, in some areas, <A href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</A> also contains significant amounts.<SUP id="cite_ref-schrauzer_146-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-schrauzer-146">[143]</A></SUP> Human intake varies depending on location and diet.</P>
<P>Lithium was first detected in human organs and fetal tissues in the late 19th century. In humans there are no defined lithium deficiency diseases, but low lithium intakes from water supplies were associated with increased rates of suicides, homicides and the arrest rates for drug use and other crimes. The biochemical mechanisms of action of lithium appear to be multifactorial and are intercorrelated with the functions of several enzymes, hormones and vitamins, as well as with growth and transforming factors. Evidence now appears to be sufficient to accept lithium as essential; a provisional RDA of 1,000 µg/day is suggested for a 70 kg adult.<SUP id="cite_ref-schrauzer_146-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-schrauzer-146">[143]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-147">[144]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Precautions">Precautions</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<TH style="text-align:center; background:#FFCB66; padding:0.1em 1em;"><A href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</A><BR />
<I>fire diamond</I>
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<AREA href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="40,0,60,20,40,40,20,20" alt="Flammability code 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g., gasoline" title="Flammability code 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g., gasoline" />
<AREA href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="20,20,40,40,20,60,0,40" alt="Health code 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g., chloroform" title="Health code 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g., chloroform" />
<AREA href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="60,20,80,40,60,60,40,40" alt="Reactivity code 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g., phosphorus" title="Reactivity code 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g., phosphorus" />
<AREA href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="40,40,60,60,40,80,20,60" alt="Special hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g., cesium, sodium" title="Special hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g., cesium, sodium" /></MAP><IMG alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" width="80" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" usemap="#ImageMap_1_1408051271" /></DIV>
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<DIV style="width:12px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:12px; left:35px;"><A href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><SPAN style="color:black;" title="Flammability code 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g., gasoline">3</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV style="width:13px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:31px; left:15px;"><A href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><SPAN style="color:black;" title="Health code 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g., chloroform">2</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV style="width:13px; text-align:center; position:absolute; top:31px; left:54px;"><A href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><SPAN style="color:black;" title="Reactivity code 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g., phosphorus">2</SPAN></A></DIV>
<DIV style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; line-height:80%; position:absolute; top:52px;"><A href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704"><SPAN style="font-size:15px; color:black; width:23px; position:absolute; left:29px;" title="Special hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g., cesium, sodium"><S>W</S></SPAN></A></DIV>
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<TD style="background:#e0e0e0;">Fire diamond hazard sign for lithium metal<SUP id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-148">[145]</A></SUP></TD>
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<P>Lithium is <A href="/wiki/Corrosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive">corrosive</A> and requires special handling to avoid skin contact. Breathing lithium dust or lithium compounds (which are often alkaline) initially <A href="/wiki/Irritation" title="Irritation">irritate</A> the <A href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</A> and throat, while higher exposure can cause a buildup of fluid in the <A href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</A>, leading to <A href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</A>. The metal itself is a handling hazard because contact with moisture produces the <A href="/wiki/Corrosive_substance" title="Corrosive substance">caustic</A> lithium hydroxide. Lithium is safely stored in non-reactive compounds such as <A href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-149">[146]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Regulation">Regulation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Regulation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Some jurisdictions limit the sale of <A href="/wiki/Lithium_battery" title="Lithium battery">lithium batteries</A>, which are the most readily available source of lithium for ordinary consumers. Lithium can be used to reduce <A href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">pseudoephedrine</A> and <A href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</A> to <A href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Birch_reduction" title="Birch reduction">Birch reduction</A> method, which employs solutions of alkali metals dissolved in anhydrous <A href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-150">[147]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-151">[148]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Carriage and shipment of some kinds of lithium batteries may be prohibited aboard certain types of transportation (particularly aircraft) because of the ability of most types of lithium batteries to fully discharge very rapidly when <A href="/wiki/Short_circuit" title="Short circuit">short-circuited</A>, leading to overheating and possible <A href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosion</A> in a process called <A href="/wiki/Thermal_runaway" title="Thermal runaway">thermal runaway</A>. Most consumer lithium batteries have built-in thermal overload protection to prevent this type of incident, or are otherwise designed to limit short-circuit currents. Internal shorts from manufacturing defect or physical damage can lead to spontaneous thermal runaway.<SUP id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-152">[149]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-153">[150]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dilithium" title="Dilithium">Dilithium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_lithium_production" title="List of countries by lithium production">List of countries by lithium production</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_as_an_investment" title="Lithium as an investment">Lithium as an investment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Lithium_compounds" title="Category:Lithium compounds">Lithium compounds</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">Lithium (medication)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_soap" title="Lithium soap">Lithium soap</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">Lithium-ion battery</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93air_battery" title="Lithium–air battery">Lithium–air battery</A></LI>
</UL>
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<LI style="float:left;margin-left:0.3em;height:3.6em"><SPAN style="display:inline-block;margin-right:0.3em;width:30px;line-height:3.6em;text-align:center"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display:inline-block;width:11em;vertical-align:middle"><I><B><A href="/wiki/Book:Lithium" title="Book:Lithium">Lithium</A></B></I></SPAN></LI>
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<LI style="float:left;margin-left:0.3em;height:3.6em"><SPAN style="display:inline-block;margin-right:0.3em;width:30px;line-height:3.6em;text-align:center"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="22" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/33px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display:inline-block;width:11em;vertical-align:middle"><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Lithium" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Lithium">Media</A><BR />
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from Wiktionary</SPAN></LI>
<LI style="float:left;margin-left:0.3em;height:3.6em"><SPAN style="display:inline-block;margin-right:0.3em;width:30px;line-height:3.6em;text-align:center"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/30px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/45px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display:inline-block;width:11em;vertical-align:middle"><A href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikijunior:du_Elements/Lithium" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Wikijunior:du Elements/Lithium">Textbooks</A><BR />
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-res-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-res_42-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-res_42-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2011/mcsapp2011.pdf">Apendixes</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111106013449/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2011/mcsapp2011.pdf">Archived</A> 6 November 2011 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. By USGS definitions, the reserve base "may encompass those parts of the resources that have a reasonable potential for becoming economically available within planning horizons beyond those that assume proven technology and current economics. The reserve base includes those resources that are currently economic (reserves), marginally economic (marginal reserves), and some of those that are currently subeconomic (subeconomic resources)."</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-138"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-138"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Beryllium and fluorine occur only as one isotope, <SUP>9</SUP>Be and <SUP>19</SUP>F respectively. These two, together with <SUP>7</SUP>Li, as well as <A href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium"><SUP>2</SUP>H</A>, <SUP>11</SUP>B, <SUP>15</SUP>N, <SUP>209</SUP>Bi, and the stable isotopes of C, and O, are the only nuclides with low enough thermal neutron capture cross sections aside from <A href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</A> to serve as major constituents of a molten salt breeder reactor fuel.</SPAN></LI>
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</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-CIAAW2016-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2016_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Meija, J.; et al. (2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml">"Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry">Pure and Applied Chemistry</A></I>. <B>88</B> (3): 265–91. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2015-0305">10.1515/pac-2015-0305</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2013+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-91&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2015-0305&rft.aulast=Meija&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+T.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdownloadpdf%2Fj%2Fpac.2016.88.issue-3%2Fpac-2015-0305%2Fpac-2015-0305.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Weast, Robert (1984). <I>CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</I>. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4">0-8493-0464-4</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Lodders2003-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Lodders2003_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Lodders2003_3-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Numerical data from: <CITE id="CITEREFLodders2003" class="citation journal">Lodders, Katharina (10 July 2003). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weft.astro.washington.edu/courses/astro557/LODDERS.pdf">"Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>The Astrophysical Journal</I>. The American Astronomical Society. <B>591</B> (2): 1220–1247. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...591.1220L">2003ApJ...591.1220L</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1086%2F375492">10.1086/375492</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107043527/http://weft.astro.washington.edu/courses/astro557/LODDERS.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 7 November 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Solar+System+Abundances+and+Condensation+Temperatures+of+the+Elements&rft.volume=591&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1220-1247&rft.date=2003-07-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F375492&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ApJ...591.1220L&rft.aulast=Lodders&rft.aufirst=Katharina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweft.astro.washington.edu%2Fcourses%2Fastro557%2FLODDERS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> Graphed at <A href="/wiki/File:SolarSystemAbundances.jpg" title="File:SolarSystemAbundances.jpg">File:SolarSystemAbundances.jpg</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604211457/https://fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/design.htm">Nuclear Weapon Design</A>. Federation of American Scientists (1998-10-21). fas.org</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-krebs-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-krebs_5-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-krebs_5-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-krebs_5-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-krebs_5-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-krebs_5-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-krebs_5-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-krebs_5-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Krebs, Robert E. (2006). <I>The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide</I>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33438-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33438-2">0-313-33438-2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Use+of+Our+Earth%27s+Chemical+Elements%3A+A+Reference+Guide&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-313-33438-2&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). <I>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</I> (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5">0-8493-0486-5</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/Encyclopedia.asp?LanguageID=11&CountryID=19&Formula=&GasID=5&UNNumber=&EquivGasID=32&VolLiquideBox=&MasseLiquideBox=&VolGasBox=&MasseGasBox=&RD20=29&RD9=8&RD6=64&RD4=2&RD3=22&RD8=27&RD2=20&RD18=41&RD7=18&RD13=71&RD16=35&RD12=31&RD19=34&RD24=62&RD25=77&RD26=78&RD28=81&RD29=82">"Nitrogen, N2, Physical properties, safety, MSDS, enthalpy, material compatibility, gas liquid equilibrium, density, viscosity, inflammability, transport properties"</A>. Encyclopedia.airliquide.com. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162642/http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/Encyclopedia.asp?LanguageID=11&CountryID=19&Formula=&GasID=5&UNNumber=&EquivGasID=32&VolLiquideBox=&MasseLiquideBox=&VolGasBox=&MasseGasBox=&RD20=29&RD9=8&RD6=64&RD4=2&RD3=22&RD8=27&RD2=20&RD18=41&RD7=18&RD13=71&RD16=35&RD12=31&RD19=34&RD24=62&RD25=77&RD26=78&RD28=81&RD29=82">Archived</A> from the original on 21 July 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 September</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nitrogen%2C+N2%2C+Physical+properties%2C+safety%2C+MSDS%2C+enthalpy%2C+material+compatibility%2C+gas+liquid+equilibrium%2C+density%2C+viscosity%2C+inflammability%2C+transport+properties&rft.pub=Encyclopedia.airliquide.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.airliquide.com%2FEncyclopedia.asp%3FLanguageID%3D11%26CountryID%3D19%26Formula%3D%26GasID%3D5%26UNNumber%3D%26EquivGasID%3D32%26VolLiquideBox%3D%26MasseLiquideBox%3D%26VolGasBox%3D%26MasseGasBox%3D%26RD20%3D29%26RD9%3D8%26RD6%3D64%26RD4%3D2%26RD3%3D22%26RD8%3D27%26RD2%3D20%26RD18%3D41%26RD7%3D18%26RD13%3D71%26RD16%3D35%26RD12%3D31%26RD19%3D34%26RD24%3D62%26RD25%3D77%26RD26%3D78%26RD28%3D81%26RD29%3D82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/linear-expansion-coefficients-d_95.html">"Coefficients of Linear Expansion"</A>. Engineering Toolbox. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130215248/http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/linear-expansion-coefficients-d_95.html">Archived</A> from the original on 30 November 2012.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coefficients+of+Linear+Expansion&rft.pub=Engineering+Toolbox&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringtoolbox.com%2Flinear-expansion-coefficients-d_95.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Tuoriniemi, Juha; Juntunen-Nurmilaukas, Kirsi; Uusvuori, Johanna; Pentti, Elias; Salmela, Anssi; Sebedash, Alexander (2007). "Superconductivity in lithium below 0.4 millikelvin at ambient pressure". <I>Nature</I>. <B>447</B> (7141): 187–9. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.447..187T">2007Natur.447..187T</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05820">10.1038/nature05820</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17495921">17495921</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Superconductivity+in+lithium+below+0.4%E2%80%89millikelvin+at+ambient+pressure&rft.volume=447&rft.issue=7141&rft.pages=187-9&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17495921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05820&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.447..187T&rft.aulast=Tuoriniemi&rft.aufirst=Juha&rft.au=Juntunen-Nurmilaukas%2C+Kirsi&rft.au=Uusvuori%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Pentti%2C+Elias&rft.au=Salmela%2C+Anssi&rft.au=Sebedash%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Struzhkin, V. V.; Eremets, M. I.; Gan, W; Mao, H. K.; Hemley, R. J. (2002). "Superconductivity in dense lithium". <I>Science</I>. <B>298</B> (5596): 1213–5. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...298.1213S">2002Sci...298.1213S</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1078535">10.1126/science.1078535</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12386338">12386338</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Superconductivity+in+dense+lithium&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=5596&rft.pages=1213-5&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12386338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1078535&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...298.1213S&rft.au=Struzhkin%2C+V.+V.&rft.au=Eremets%2C+M.+I.&rft.au=Gan%2C+W&rft.au=Mao%2C+H.+K.&rft.au=Hemley%2C+R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-overhauser-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-overhauser_11-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Overhauser, A. W. (1984). "Crystal Structure of Lithium at 4.2 K". <I>Physical Review Letters</I>. <B>53</B>: 64–65. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PhRvL..53...64O">1984PhRvL..53...64O</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.53.64">10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.64</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Crystal+Structure+of+Lithium+at+4.2+K&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=64-65&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.53.64&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984PhRvL..53...64O&rft.aulast=Overhauser&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Schwarz, Ulrich (2004). "Metallic high-pressure modifications of main group elements". <I>Zeitschrift für Kristallographie</I>. <B>219</B> (6–2004): 376–390. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ZK....219..376S">2004ZK....219..376S</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1524%2Fzkri.219.6.376.34637">10.1524/zkri.219.6.376.34637</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Kristallographie&rft.atitle=Metallic+high-pressure+modifications+of+main+group+elements&rft.volume=219&rft.issue=6%E2%80%932004&rft.pages=376-390&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fzkri.219.6.376.34637&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ZK....219..376S&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CRC-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CRC_13-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CRC_13-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CRC_13-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CRC_13-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CRC_13-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CRC_13-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CRC_13-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Hammond, C. R. (2000). <I>The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</I> (81st ed.). CRC press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0481-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0481-4">0-8493-0481-4</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements%2C+in+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=81st&rft.pub=CRC+press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8493-0481-4&rft.au=Hammond%2C+C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><SPAN title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2016)">page needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140823211840/http://hilltop.bradley.edu/~spost/THERMO/solidcp.pdf">SPECIFIC HEAT OF SOLIDS</A>. bradley.edu</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-emsley-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-emsley_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-emsley_15-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-emsley_15-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-emsley_15-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-emsley_15-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-emsley_15-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-emsley_15-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Emsley, John (2001). <I>Nature's Building Blocks</I>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-850341-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-850341-5">0-19-850341-5</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-850341-5&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-kamienski-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-kamienski_16-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-kamienski_16-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-kamienski_16-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-kamienski_16-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Kamienski, Conrad W.; McDonald, Daniel P.; Stark, Marshall W.; Papcun, John R. (2004). "Lithium and lithium compounds". <I>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology</I>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2F0471238961.1209200811011309.a01.pub2">10.1002/0471238961.1209200811011309.a01.pub2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lithium+and+lithium+compounds&rft.btitle=Kirk-Othmer+Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Technology&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471238961.1209200811011309.a01.pub2&rft.aulast=Kamienski&rft.aufirst=Conrad+W.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Daniel+P.&rft.au=Stark%2C+Marshall+W.&rft.au=Papcun%2C+John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">"XXIV.—On chemical analysis by spectrum-observations". <I>Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London</I>. <B>13</B> (3): 270. 1861. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1039%2FQJ8611300270">10.1039/QJ8611300270</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=XXIV.%E2%80%94On+chemical+analysis+by+spectrum-observations&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=270&rft.date=1861&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FQJ8611300270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Krebs, Robert E. (2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yb9xTj72vNAC&pg=PA47"><I>The history and use of our earth's chemical elements: a reference guide</I></A>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 47. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33438-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33438-2">0-313-33438-2</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804025424/https://books.google.com/books?id=yb9xTj72vNAC&pg=PA47">Archived</A> from the original on 4 August 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+and+use+of+our+earth%27s+chemical+elements%3A+a+reference+guide&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-313-33438-2&rft.au=Krebs%2C+Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyb9xTj72vNAC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Institute, American Geological; Union, American Geophysical; Society, Geochemical (1 January 1994). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77McAQAAIAAJ">"Geochemistry international"</A>. <B>31</B> (1–4): 115. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604195805/https://books.google.com/books?id=77McAQAAIAAJ">Archived</A> from the original on 4 June 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Geochemistry+international&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=115&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.au=Institute%2C+American+Geological&rft.au=Union%2C+American+Geophysical&rft.au=Society%2C+Geochemical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D77McAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Greenwood-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_20-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</A>; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OezvAAAAMAAJ&q=0-08-022057-6&dq=0-08-022057-6&source=bl&ots=m4tIRxdwSk&sig=XQTTjw5EN9n5z62JB3d0vaUEn0Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UoAWUN7-EM6ziQfyxIDoCQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBA"><I>Chemistry of the Elements</I></A>. Oxford: <A href="/wiki/Pergamon_Press" title="Pergamon Press">Pergamon Press</A>. pp. 97–99. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-022057-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-022057-6">0-08-022057-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=97-99&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-08-022057-6&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOezvAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D0-08-022057-6%26dq%3D0-08-022057-6%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3Dm4tIRxdwSk%26sig%3DXQTTjw5EN9n5z62JB3d0vaUEn0Y%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DUoAWUN7-EM6ziQfyxIDoCQ%26ved%3D0CD8Q6AEwBA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Beckford, Floyd. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051104025202/http://www.lyon.edu/webdata/users/fbeckford/CHM%20120/Lecture%20Notes/Chapter-14.ppt">"University of Lyon course online (powerpoint) slideshow"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lyon.edu/webdata/users/fbeckford/CHM%20120/Lecture%20Notes/Chapter-14.ppt">the original</A> on 4 November 2005<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">27 July</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>. <Q>definitions:Slides 8–10 (Chapter 14)</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Lyon+course+online+%28powerpoint%29+slideshow&rft.au=Beckford%2C+Floyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lyon.edu%2Fwebdata%2Fusers%2Ffbeckford%2FCHM%2520120%2FLecture%2520Notes%2FChapter-14.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Sapse, Anne-Marie & von R. Schleyer, Paul (1995). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z76sVepirh4C&pg=PA16"><I>Lithium chemistry: a theoretical and experimental overview</I></A>. Wiley-IEEE. pp. 3–40. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-54930-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-54930-4">0-471-54930-4</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731221323/https://books.google.com/books?id=z76sVepirh4C&pg=PA16">Archived</A> from the original on 31 July 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lithium+chemistry%3A+a+theoretical+and+experimental+overview&rft.pages=3-40&rft.pub=Wiley-IEEE&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-471-54930-4&rft.au=Sapse%2C+Anne-Marie&rft.au=von+R.+Schleyer%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz76sVepirh4C%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A href="/wiki/Bretislav_Friedrich" title="Bretislav Friedrich">Bretislav Friedrich</A> (8 April 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.aps.org/articles/v6/42">"APS Physics"</A>. <B>6</B>: 42. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081615/http://physics.aps.org/articles/v6/42">Archived</A> from the original on 20 December 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=APS+Physics&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=42&rft.date=2013-04-08&rft.au=Bretislav+Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.aps.org%2Farticles%2Fv6%2F42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-isotopesproject-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-isotopesproject_24-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513123152/http://ie.lbl.gov/education/parent/Li_iso.htm">"Isotopes of Lithium"</A>. Berkeley National Laboratory, The Isotopes Project. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ie.lbl.gov/education/parent/Li_iso.htm">the original</A> on 13 May 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 April</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isotopes+of+Lithium&rft.pub=Berkeley+National+Laboratory%2C+The+Isotopes+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fie.lbl.gov%2Feducation%2Fparent%2FLi_iso.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-bind-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-bind_25-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/File:Binding_energy_curve_-_common_isotopes.svg" title="File:Binding energy curve - common isotopes.svg">File:Binding energy curve - common isotopes.svg</A> shows binding energies of stable nuclides graphically; the source of the data-set is given in the figure background.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-nuclidetable-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-nuclidetable_26-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Sonzogni, Alejandro. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=104&n=158">"Interactive Chart of Nuclides"</A>. National Nuclear Data Center: Brookhaven National Laboratory. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070723192118/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/reCenter.jsp?z=104&n=158">Archived</A> from the original on 23 July 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 June</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interactive+Chart+of+Nuclides&rft.place=National+Nuclear+Data+Center&rft.pub=Brookhaven+National+Laboratory&rft.au=Sonzogni%2C+Alejandro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndc.bnl.gov%2Fchart%2FreCenter.jsp%3Fz%3D104%26n%3D158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Asplund, M.; et al. (2006). "Lithium Isotopic Abundances in Metal-poor Halo Stars". <I>The Astrophysical Journal</I>. <B>644</B>: 229–259. <A href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</A>:<SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0510636">astro-ph/0510636</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...644..229A">2006ApJ...644..229A</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1086%2F503538">10.1086/503538</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Lithium+Isotopic+Abundances+in+Metal-poor+Halo+Stars&rft.volume=644&rft.pages=229-259&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0510636&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F503538&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ApJ...644..229A&rft.au=Asplund%2C+M.&rft.au=Lambert%2C+David+L.&rft.au=Nissen%2C+Poul+Erik&rft.au=Primas%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Smith%2C+Verne+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Chaussidon, M.; Robert, F.; McKeegan, K. D. (2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100718065257/http://sims.ess.ucla.edu/PDF/Chaussidon_et_al_Geochim%20Cosmochim_2006a.pdf">"Li and B isotopic variations in an Allende CAI: Evidence for the in situ decay of short-lived <SUP>10</SUP>Be and for the possible presence of the short−lived nuclide <SUP>7</SUP>Be in the early solar system"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</I>. <B>70</B> (1): 224–245. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeCoA..70..224C">2006GeCoA..70..224C</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gca.2005.08.016">10.1016/j.gca.2005.08.016</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sims.ess.ucla.edu/PDF/Chaussidon_et_al_Geochim%20Cosmochim_2006a.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 18 July 2010.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=Li+and+B+isotopic+variations+in+an+Allende+CAI%3A+Evidence+for+the+in+situ+decay+of+short-lived+%3Csup%3E10%3C%2Fsup%3EBe+and+for+the+possible+presence+of+the+short%E2%88%92lived+nuclide+%3Csup%3E7%3C%2Fsup%3EBe+in+the+early+solar+system&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=224-245&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gca.2005.08.016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006GeCoA..70..224C&rft.aulast=Chaussidon&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Robert%2C+F.&rft.au=McKeegan%2C+K.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsims.ess.ucla.edu%2FPDF%2FChaussidon_et_al_Geochim%2520Cosmochim_2006a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Denissenkov, P. A.; Weiss, A. (2000). "Episodic lithium production by extra-mixing in red giants". <I>Astronomy and Astrophysics</I>. <B>358</B>: L49–L52. <A href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</A>:<SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0005356">astro-ph/0005356</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A&A...358L..49D">2000A&A...358L..49D</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Episodic+lithium+production+by+extra-mixing+in+red+giants&rft.volume=358&rft.pages=L49-L52&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0005356&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000A%26A...358L..49D&rft.aulast=Denissenkov&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rft.au=Weiss%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Seitz, H. M.; Brey, G. P.; Lahaye, Y.; Durali, S.; Weyer, S. (2004). "Lithium isotopic signatures of peridotite xenoliths and isotopic fractionation at high temperature between olivine and pyroxenes". <I>Chemical Geology</I>. <B>212</B> (1–2): 163–177. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ChGeo.212..163S">2004ChGeo.212..163S</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemgeo.2004.08.009">10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.08.009</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Geology&rft.atitle=Lithium+isotopic+signatures+of+peridotite+xenoliths+and+isotopic+fractionation+at+high+temperature+between+olivine+and+pyroxenes&rft.volume=212&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=163-177&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chemgeo.2004.08.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ChGeo.212..163S&rft.aulast=Seitz&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rft.au=Brey%2C+G.+P.&rft.au=Lahaye%2C+Y.&rft.au=Durali%2C+S.&rft.au=Weyer%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/F._J._Duarte" title="F. J. Duarte">Duarte, F. J</A> (2009). <I>Tunable Laser Applications</I>. CRC Press. p. 330. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4200-6009-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4200-6009-0">1-4200-6009-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tunable+Laser+Applications&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=1-4200-6009-0&rft.au=Duarte%2C+F.+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Coplen2002-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Coplen2002_32-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Coplen2002_32-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Coplen, T. B.; Bohlke, J. K.; De Bievre, P.; Ding, T.; Holden, N. E.; Hopple, J. A.; Krouse, H. R.; Lamberty, A.; Peiser, H. S.; et al. (2002). "Isotope-abundance variations of selected elements (IUPAC Technical Report)". <I>Pure and Applied Chemistry</I>. <B>74</B> (10): 1987. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200274101987">10.1351/pac200274101987</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Isotope-abundance+variations+of+selected+elements+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1987&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac200274101987&rft.aulast=Coplen&rft.aufirst=T.+B.&rft.au=Bohlke%2C+J.+K.&rft.au=De+Bievre%2C+P.&rft.au=Ding%2C+T.&rft.au=Holden%2C+N.+E.&rft.au=Hopple%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Krouse%2C+H.+R.&rft.au=Lamberty%2C+A.&rft.au=Peiser%2C+H.+S.&rft.au=N.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Truscott, Andrew G.; Strecker, Kevin E.; McAlexander, William I.; Partridge, Guthrie B.; Hulet, Randall G. (30 March 2001). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/291/5513/2570">"Observation of Fermi Pressure in a Gas of Trapped Atoms"</A>. <I>Science</I>. <B>291</B> (5513): 2570–2572. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...291.2570T">2001Sci...291.2570T</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1059318">10.1126/science.1059318</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11283362">11283362</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815100346/http://science.sciencemag.org/content/291/5513/2570">Archived</A> from the original on 15 August 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Observation+of+Fermi+Pressure+in+a+Gas+of+Trapped+Atoms&rft.volume=291&rft.issue=5513&rft.pages=2570-2572&rft.date=2001-03-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1059318&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11283362&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Sci...291.2570T&rft.aulast=Truscott&rft.aufirst=Andrew+G.&rft.au=Strecker%2C+Kevin+E.&rft.au=McAlexander%2C+William+I.&rft.au=Partridge%2C+Guthrie+B.&rft.au=Hulet%2C+Randall+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F291%2F5513%2F2570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-wesleyan-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-wesleyan_34-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901133923/http://www.astro.wesleyan.edu/~bill/courses/astr231/wes_only/element_abundances.pdf">"Element Abundances"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.wesleyan.edu/~bill/courses/astr231/wes_only/element_abundances.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 1 September 2006<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">17 November</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Element+Abundances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.wesleyan.edu%2F~bill%2Fcourses%2Fastr231%2Fwes_only%2Felement_abundances.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Boesgaard, A. M.; Steigman, G. (1985). "Big bang nucleosynthesis – Theories and observations". <I>Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics</I>. Palo Alto, CA. <B>23</B>: 319–378. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985ARA&A..23..319B">1985ARA&A..23..319B</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.aa.23.090185.001535">10.1146/annurev.aa.23.090185.001535</A>. A86-14507 04–90.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Big+bang+nucleosynthesis+%E2%80%93+Theories+and+observations&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=319-378&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.aa.23.090185.001535&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985ARA%26A..23..319B&rft.aulast=Boesgaard&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft.au=Steigman%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Woo, Marcus (21 February 2017). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170220-the-cosmic-explosions-that-made-the-universe">"The Cosmic Explosions That Made the Universe"</A>. <I>earth</I>. BBC. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170221214442/http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20170220-the-cosmic-explosions-that-made-the-universe">Archived</A> from the original on 21 February 2017<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 February</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>. <Q>A mysterious cosmic factory is producing lithium. Scientists are now getting closer at finding out where it comes from</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earth&rft.atitle=The+Cosmic+Explosions+That+Made+the+Universe&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fearth%2Fstory%2F20170220-the-cosmic-explosions-that-made-the-universe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-cld-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-cld_37-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Cain, Fraser (16 August 2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/476/why-old-stars-seem-to-lack-lithium/">"Why Old Stars Seem to Lack Lithium"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604044857/http://www.universetoday.com/476/why-old-stars-seem-to-lack-lithium/">Archived</A> from the original on 4 June 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Old+Stars+Seem+to+Lack+Lithium&rft.date=2006-08-16&rft.au=Cain%2C+Fraser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F476%2Fwhy-old-stars-seem-to-lack-lithium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1531/">"First Detection of Lithium from an Exploding Star"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6aNmJZ6sh?url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1531/">Archived</A> from the original on 29 July 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 July</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Detection+of+Lithium+from+an+Exploding+Star&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fnews%2Feso1531%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Cain, Fraser. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225032434/http://www.universetoday.com/24593/brown-dwarf/">"Brown Dwarf"</A>. Universe Today. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/24593/brown-dwarf/">the original</A> on 25 February 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">17 November</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brown+Dwarf&rft.pub=Universe+Today&rft.aulast=Cain&rft.aufirst=Fraser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F24593%2Fbrown-dwarf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Reid, Neill (10 March 2002). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130521055905/http://www-int.stsci.edu/~inr/ldwarf3.html">"L Dwarf Classification"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-int.stsci.edu/~inr/ldwarf3.html">the original</A> on 21 May 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 March</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L+Dwarf+Classification&rft.date=2002-03-10&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Neill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-int.stsci.edu%2F~inr%2Fldwarf3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-minerals.usgs.gov-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-minerals.usgs.gov_41-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-minerals.usgs.gov_41-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-minerals.usgs.gov_41-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-minerals.usgs.gov_41-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-minerals.usgs.gov_41-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/"><I>Lithium Statistics and Information</I></A>, U.S. Geological Survey, 2017, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175050/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/">archived</A> from the original on 3 March 2016</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lithium+Statistics+and+Information&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Flithium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502142924/http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/ioes-study/li/lithium/occurence.html">"Lithium Occurrence"</A>. Institute of Ocean Energy, Saga University, Japan. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp/ioes-study/li/lithium/occurence.html">the original</A> on 2 May 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">13 March</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lithium+Occurrence&rft.pub=Institute+of+Ocean+Energy%2C+Saga+University%2C+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioes.saga-u.ac.jp%2Fioes-study%2Fli%2Flithium%2Foccurence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-enc-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-enc_45-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-enc_45-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-enc_45-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-enc_45-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enclabs.com/lithium.html">"Some Facts about Lithium"</A>. ENC Labs. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710191644/http://www.enclabs.com/lithium.html">Archived</A> from the original on 10 July 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">15 October</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Facts+about+Lithium&rft.pub=ENC+Labs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enclabs.com%2Flithium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/y621101m3567jku1/">"Extraction of metals from sea water"</A>. <I>Topics in Current Chemistry</I>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg: 91–133. 1984. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-13534-0_3">10.1007/3-540-13534-0_3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topics+in+Current+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Extraction+of+metals+from+sea+water&rft.pages=91-133&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-13534-0_3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy621101m3567jku1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Atkins, Peter (2010). <I>Shriver & Atkins' Inorganic Chemistry</I> (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 296. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199236178" title="Special:BookSources/0199236178">0199236178</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shriver+%26+Atkins%27+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=296&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=0199236178&rft.au=Atkins%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Moores, S. (June 2007). "Between a rock and a salt lake". <I>Industrial Minerals</I>. <B>477</B>: 58.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Minerals&rft.atitle=Between+a+rock+and+a+salt+lake&rft.volume=477&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2007-06&rft.au=Moores%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Taylor, S. R.; McLennan, S. M.; The continental crust: Its composition and evolution, Blackwell Sci. Publ., Oxford, 330 pp. (1985). Cited in <A href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundances of the elements (data page)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Garrett, Donald (2004) <I>Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium</I>, Academic Press, cited in <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meridian-int-res.com/Projects/Lithium_Microscope.pdf">The Trouble with Lithium 2</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714074508/http://www.meridian-int-res.com/Projects/Lithium_Microscope.pdf">Archived</A> 14 July 2011 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</I>, Meridian International Research (2008)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Clarke, G.M. and Harben, P.W., "Lithium Availability Wall Map". Published June 2009. Referenced at <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lithiumalliance.org/about-lithium/lithium-sources/85-broad-based-lithium-reserves">International Lithium Alliance</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20121020065847/http://www.lithiumalliance.org/about-lithium/lithium-sources/85-broad-based-lithium-reserves">Archived</A> 20 October 2012 at <A href="/wiki/Archive.is" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-meridian-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-meridian_52-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-meridian_52-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meridian-int-res.com/Projects/Lithium_Microscope.pdf">"The Trouble with Lithium 2"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Meridian International Research</I>. 2008. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714074508/http://www.meridian-int-res.com/Projects/Lithium_Microscope.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 14 July 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 September</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meridian+International+Research&rft.atitle=The+Trouble+with+Lithium+2&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meridian-int-res.com%2FProjects%2FLithium_Microscope.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Czech_Geological_Survey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Czech Geological Survey (page does not exist)">Czech Geological Survey</A> (October 2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geology.cz/extranet-eng/publications/online/mineral-commodity-summaries/mineral_comodity_summaries_2015.pdf"><I>Mineral Commodity Summaries of the Czech Republic 2015</I></A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Prague: Czech Geological Survey. p. 373. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-7075-904-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-7075-904-2">978-80-7075-904-2</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170106015520/http://www.geology.cz/extranet-eng/publications/online/mineral-commodity-summaries/mineral_comodity_summaries_2015.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 6 January 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries+of+the+Czech+Republic+2015&rft.place=Prague&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Czech+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2015-10&rft.isbn=978-80-7075-904-2&rft.au=Czech+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geology.cz%2Fextranet-eng%2Fpublications%2Fonline%2Fmineral-commodity-summaries%2Fmineral_comodity_summaries_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Risen, James (13 June 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/world/asia/14minerals.html?pagewanted=1&hp">"U.S. Identifies Vast Riches of Minerals in Afghanistan"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617204210/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/world/asia/14minerals.html?pagewanted=1&hp">Archived</A> from the original on 17 June 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">13 June</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Identifies+Vast+Riches+of+Minerals+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=2010-06-13&rft.aulast=Risen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F06%2F14%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F14minerals.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1%26hp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-55"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Page, Jeremy; Evans, Michael (15 June 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article7149696.ece">"Taleban zones mineral riches may rival Saudi Arabia says Pentagon"</A>. <I>The Times</I>. London. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514140029/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article7149696.ece">Archived</A> from the original on 14 May 2011.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Taleban+zones+mineral+riches+may+rival+Saudi+Arabia+says+Pentagon&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Evans%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fbusiness%2Findustry_sectors%2Fnatural_resources%2Farticle7149696.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-56"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Morris, Steven (20 January 2017). "Mining firm hopes to extract lithium from Cornwall's hot springs". <I><A href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</A></I>. p. 31.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mining+firm+hopes+to+extract+lithium+from+Cornwall%27s+hot+springs&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</CODE> requires <CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</CODE> (<A href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-57"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Chassard-Bouchaud, C.; Galle, P.; Escaig, F.; Miyawaki, M. (1984). "Bioaccumulation of lithium by marine organisms in European, American, and Asian coastal zones: microanalytic study using secondary ion emission". <I>Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série III</I>. <B>299</B> (18): 719–24. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6440674">6440674</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences%2C+S%C3%A9rie+III&rft.atitle=Bioaccumulation+of+lithium+by+marine+organisms+in+European%2C+American%2C+and+Asian+coastal+zones%3A+microanalytic+study+using+secondary+ion+emission&rft.volume=299&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=719-24&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6440674&rft.aulast=Chassard-Bouchaud&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Galle%2C+P.&rft.au=Escaig%2C+F.&rft.au=Miyawaki%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-58"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrada" title="José Bonifácio de Andrada">D'Andraba</A> (1800). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/29658#page/256/mode/1up">"Des caractères et des propriétés de plusieurs nouveaux minérauxde Suède et de Norwège, avec quelques observations chimiques faites sur ces substances"</A>. <I>Journal de chimie et de physique</I>. <B>51</B>: 239. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713145045/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/29658#page/256/mode/1up">Archived</A> from the original on 13 July 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+chimie+et+de+physique&rft.atitle=Des+caract%C3%A8res+et+des+propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+de+plusieurs+nouveaux+min%C3%A9rauxde+Su%C3%A8de+et+de+Norw%C3%A8ge%2C+avec+quelques+observations+chimiques+faites+sur+ces+substances&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=239&rft.date=1800&rft.au=D%27Andraba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F29658%23page%2F256%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-mindat-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-mindat_59-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-3171.html">"Petalite Mineral Information"</A>. Mindat.org. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090216020902/http://www.mindat.org/min-3171.html">Archived</A> from the original on 16 February 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 August</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Petalite+Mineral+Information&rft.pub=Mindat.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fmin-3171.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-webelementshistory-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-webelementshistory_60-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-webelementshistory_60-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-webelementshistory_60-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-webelementshistory_60-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-webelementshistory_60-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-webelementshistory_60-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-webelementshistory_60-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/lithium/history.html">"Lithium:Historical information"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091016023617/http://www.webelements.com/lithium/history.html">Archived</A> from the original on 16 October 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 August</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lithium%3AHistorical+information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webelements.com%2Flithium%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-discovery-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-discovery_61-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Weeks, Mary (2003). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=SJIk9BPdNWcC"><I>Discovery of the Elements</I></A>. Whitefish, Montana, United States: Kessinger Publishing. p. 124. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-3872-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-3872-0">0-7661-3872-0</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 August</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Whitefish%2C+Montana%2C+United+States&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7661-3872-0&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DSJIk9BPdNWcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-62"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Berzelius (1817). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kAsAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA44">"Ein neues mineralisches Alkali und ein neues Metall"</A> [A new mineral alkali and a new metal]. <I>Journal für Chemie und Physik</I>. <B>21</B>: 44–48. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203044634/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAsAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA44">Archived</A> from the original on 3 December 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+f%C3%BCr+Chemie+und+Physik&rft.atitle=Ein+neues+mineralisches+Alkali+und+ein+neues+Metall&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=44-48&rft.date=1817&rft.au=Berzelius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkAsAAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> From p. 45: <I>"Herr</I> August Arfwedson<I>, ein junger sehr verdienstvoller Chemiker, der seit einem Jahre in meinem Laboratorie arbeitet, fand bei einer Analyse des Petalits von Uto's Eisengrube, einen alkalischen Bestandtheil, … Wir haben es</I> Lithion <I>genannt, um dadurch auf seine erste Entdeckung im Mineralreich anzuspielen, da die beiden anderen erst in der organischen Natur entdeckt wurden. Sein Radical wird dann Lithium genannt werden."</I> (Mr. <I>August Arfwedson</I>, a young, very meritorious chemist, who has worked in my laboratory for a year, found during an analysis of petalite from Uto's iron mine, an alkaline component … We've named it <I>lithion</I>, in order to allude thereby to its first discovery in the mineral realm, since the two others were first discovered in organic nature. Its radical will then be named "lithium".)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-berzelius-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-berzelius_63-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007084500/http://www.chemeddl.org/collections/ptl/ptl/chemists/bios/arfwedson.html">"Johan August Arfwedson"</A>. <I>Periodic Table Live!</I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemeddl.org/collections/ptl/ptl/chemists/bios/arfwedson.html">the original</A> on 7 October 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 August</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Periodic+Table+Live%21&rft.atitle=Johan+August+Arfwedson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemeddl.org%2Fcollections%2Fptl%2Fptl%2Fchemists%2Fbios%2Farfwedson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-uwis-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-uwis_64-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605152857/http://genchem.chem.wisc.edu/lab/PTL/PTL/BIOS/arfwdson.htm">"Johan Arfwedson"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genchem.chem.wisc.edu/lab/PTL/PTL/BIOS/arfwdson.htm">the original</A> on 5 June 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 August</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johan+Arfwedson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenchem.chem.wisc.edu%2Flab%2FPTL%2FPTL%2FBIOS%2Farfwdson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-vanderkrogt-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-vanderkrogt_65-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-vanderkrogt_65-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-vanderkrogt_65-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">van der Krogt, Peter. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Li">"Lithium"</A>. Elementymology & Elements Multidict. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616005621/http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=li">Archived</A> from the original on 16 June 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">5 October</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lithium&rft.pub=Elementymology+%26+Elements+Multidict&rft.aulast=van+der+Krogt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3DLi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-compounds-66"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-compounds_66-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Clark, Jim (2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group1/compounds.html">"Compounds of the Group 1 Elements"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311150044/http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group1/compounds.html">Archived</A> from the original on 11 March 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 August</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compounds+of+the+Group+1+Elements&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemguide.co.uk%2Finorganic%2Fgroup1%2Fcompounds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-67"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-67"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">See:</SPAN>
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="reference-text">Arwedson, Aug. (1818) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=71QrAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Undersökning af några vid Utö Jernmalmsbrott förekommende Fossilier, och af ett deri funnet eget Eldfast Alkali"</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171125213610/https://books.google.com/books?id=71QrAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145">Archived</A> 25 November 2017 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>., <I>Afhandlingar i Fysik, Kemi och Mineralogi</I>, <B>6</B> : 145–172. (in Swedish)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="reference-text">Arwedson, Aug. (1818) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101076802493;view=1up;seq=105">"Untersuchung einiger bei der Eisen-Grube von Utö vorkommenden Fossilien und von einem darin gefundenen neuen feuerfesten Alkali"</A> (Investigation of some minerals occurring at the iron mines of Utö and of a new refractory alkali found therein), <I>Journal für Chemie und Physik</I>, <B>22</B> (1) : 93–117. (in German)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-68"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-68"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Gmelin, C. G. (1818). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E2OTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA238#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Von dem Lithon"</A> [On lithium]. <I>Annalen der Physik</I>. <B>59</B>: 238–241. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1818AnP....59..229G">1818AnP....59..229G</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18180590702">10.1002/andp.18180590702</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151109122750/https://books.google.com/books?id=E2OTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA238#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</A> from the original on 9 November 2015. <Q>p. 238 Es löste sich in diesem ein Salz auf, das an der Luft zerfloss, und nach Art der Strontiansalze den Alkohol mit einer purpurrothen Flamme brennen machte. (There dissolved in this [solvent; namely, absolute alcohol] a salt that deliquesced in air, and in the manner of strontium salts, caused the alcohol to burn with a purple-red flame.)</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik&rft.atitle=Von+dem+Lithon&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=238-241&rft.date=1818&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18180590702&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1818AnP....59..229G&rft.au=Gmelin%2C+C.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE2OTAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA238%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-eote-69"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-eote_69-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-eote_69-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Enghag, Per (2004). <I>Encyclopedia of the Elements: Technical Data – History –Processing – Applications</I>. Wiley. pp. 287–300. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30666-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30666-4">978-3-527-30666-4</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Elements%3A+Technical+Data+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93Processing+%E2%80%93+Applications&rft.pages=287-300&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30666-4&rft.au=Enghag%2C+Per&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-70"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-70"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Brande, William Thomas (1821) <I>A Manual of Chemistry</I>, 2nd ed. London, England: John Murray, vol. 2, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERgAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA57">pp. 57-58.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122161727/https://books.google.com/books?id=ERgAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA57">Archived</A> 22 November 2015 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-71"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-71"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Various authors (1818). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=D_4WAAAAYAAJ">"The Quarterly journal of science and the arts"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>The Quarterly Journal of Science and the Arts</I>. Royal Institution of Great Britain. <B>5</B>: 338<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">5 October</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Science+and+the+Arts&rft.atitle=The+Quarterly+journal+of+science+and+the+arts&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=338&rft.date=1818&rft.au=Various+authors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DD_4WAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-72"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-72"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205043252/http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/t/i/timeline/source.html">"Timeline science and engineering"</A>. DiracDelta Science & Engineering Encyclopedia. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/t/i/timeline/source.html">the original</A> on 5 December 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 September</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+science+and+engineering&rft.pub=DiracDelta+Science+%26+Engineering+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diracdelta.co.uk%2Fscience%2Fsource%2Ft%2Fi%2Ftimeline%2Fsource.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-73"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-73"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Brande, William Thomas; MacNeven, William James (1821). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=zkIAAAAAYAAJ"><I>A manual of chemistry</I></A>. Long. p. 191<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 October</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+manual+of+chemistry&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Long&rft.date=1821&rft.aulast=Brande&rft.aufirst=William+Thomas&rft.au=MacNeven%2C+William+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DzkIAAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-74"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-74"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Bunsen, R. (1855). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x002457943;view=1up;seq=517">"Darstellung des Lithiums"</A> [Preparation of lithium]. <I>Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie</I>. <B>94</B>: 107–111. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fjlac.18550940112">10.1002/jlac.18550940112</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Chemie+und+Pharmacie&rft.atitle=Darstellung+des+Lithiums&rft.volume=94&rft.pages=107-111&rft.date=1855&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjlac.18550940112&rft.au=Bunsen%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duva.x002457943%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-75"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-75"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Green, Thomas (11 June 2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echeat.com/free-essay/Analysis-of-the-Element-Lithium-29195.aspx">"Analysis of the Element Lithium"</A>. echeat. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421105704/http://www.echeat.com/free-essay/Analysis-of-the-Element-Lithium-29195.aspx">Archived</A> from the original on 21 April 2012.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+the+Element+Lithium&rft.pub=echeat&rft.date=2006-06-11&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.echeat.com%2Ffree-essay%2FAnalysis-of-the-Element-Lithium-29195.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-76"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-76"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Garrett, Donald E. (5 April 2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ua2SVcUBHZgC&pg=PA99"><I>Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium Chloride</I></A>. p. 99. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080472904" title="Special:BookSources/9780080472904">9780080472904</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203010924/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ua2SVcUBHZgC&pg=PA99">Archived</A> from the original on 3 December 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Lithium+and+Natural+Calcium+Chloride&rft.pages=99&rft.date=2004-04-05&rft.isbn=9780080472904&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUa2SVcUBHZgC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-USGSCR1994-77"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-USGSCR1994_77-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-USGSCR1994_77-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Ober, Joyce A. (1994). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/450494.pdf">"Commodity Report 1994: Lithium"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. United States Geological Survey. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609113707/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/450494.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 9 June 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 November</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commodity+Report+1994%3A+Lithium&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Ober&rft.aufirst=Joyce+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Flithium%2F450494.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-DeberitzBoche2003-78"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-DeberitzBoche2003_78-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Deberitz, Jürgen; Boche, Gernot (2003). "Lithium und seine Verbindungen - Industrielle, medizinische und wissenschaftliche Bedeutung". <I>Chemie in unserer Zeit</I>. <B>37</B> (4): 258–266. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fciuz.200300264">10.1002/ciuz.200300264</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemie+in+unserer+Zeit&rft.atitle=Lithium+und+seine+Verbindungen+-+Industrielle%2C+medizinische+und+wissenschaftliche+Bedeutung&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=258-266&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fciuz.200300264&rft.aulast=Deberitz&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Boche%2C+Gernot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Bauer1985-79"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Bauer1985_79-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Bauer, Richard (1985). "Lithium - wie es nicht im Lehrbuch steht". <I>Chemie in unserer Zeit</I>. <B>19</B> (5): 167–173. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fciuz.19850190505">10.1002/ciuz.19850190505</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemie+in+unserer+Zeit&rft.atitle=Lithium+-+wie+es+nicht+im+Lehrbuch+steht&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=167-173&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fciuz.19850190505&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-USGSYB1994-80"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-USGSYB1994_80-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Ober, Joyce A. (1994). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/myb1-2007-lithi.pdf">"Minerals Yearbook 2007 : Lithium"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. United States Geological Survey. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717174958/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/myb1-2007-lithi.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 17 July 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">3 November</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minerals+Yearbook+2007+%3A+Lithium&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Ober&rft.aufirst=Joyce+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Flithium%2Fmyb1-2007-lithi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-IMR-81"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-IMR_81-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Kogel, Jessica Elzea (2006). "Lithium". <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=zNicdkuulE4C&pg=PA600&lpg=PAPA599"><I>Industrial minerals & rocks: commodities, markets, and uses</I></A>. Littleton, Colo.: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration. p. 599. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87335-233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87335-233-8">978-0-87335-233-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lithium&rft.btitle=Industrial+minerals+%26+rocks%3A+commodities%2C+markets%2C+and+uses&rft.place=Littleton%2C+Colo.&rft.pages=599&rft.pub=Society+for+Mining%2C+Metallurgy%2C+and+Exploration&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-87335-233-8&rft.aulast=Kogel&rft.aufirst=Jessica+Elzea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DzNicdkuulE4C%26pg%3DPA600%26lpg%3DPAPA599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-82"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-82"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">McKetta, John J. (18 July 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8erDL_DnsgAC&pg=PA339"><I>Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design: Volume 28 – Lactic Acid to Magnesium Supply-Demand Relationships</I></A>. M. Dekker. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2478-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2478-8">978-0-8247-2478-8</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528093232/http://books.google.com/books?id=8erDL_DnsgAC&pg=PA339">Archived</A> from the original on 28 May 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 September</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Processing+and+Design%3A+Volume+28+%E2%80%93+Lactic+Acid+to+Magnesium+Supply-Demand+Relationships&rft.pub=M.+Dekker&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-2478-8&rft.au=McKetta%2C+John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8erDL_DnsgAC%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-83"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-83"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</A>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). <I>Chemistry of the Elements</I> (2nd ed.). <A href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</A>. p. 73. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-037941-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-037941-9">0-08-037941-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=73&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-08-037941-9&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman++N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-:0-84"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:0_84-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:0_84-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Martin, Richard (2015-06-08). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/538036/quest-to-mine-seawater-for-lithium-advances/">"Quest to Mine Seawater for Lithium Advances"</A>. <I>MIT Technology Review</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-02-10</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=Quest+to+Mine+Seawater+for+Lithium+Advances&rft.date=2015-06-08&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fs%2F538036%2Fquest-to-mine-seawater-for-lithium-advances%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ober-85"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-ober_85-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Ober, Joyce A. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/450798.pdf">"Lithium"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</A>. pp. 77–78. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711062102/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/450798.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 11 July 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">19 August</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lithium&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.aulast=Ober&rft.aufirst=Joyce+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Flithium%2F450798.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-gold-86"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-gold_86-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Tarascon" title="Jean-Marie Tarascon">Tarascon, J. M.</A> (2010). "Is lithium the new gold?". <I>Nature Chemistry</I>. <B>2</B> (6): 510. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NatCh...2..510T">2010NatCh...2..510T</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchem.680">10.1038/nchem.680</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20489722">20489722</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Is+lithium+the+new+gold%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=510&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20489722&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchem.680&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010NatCh...2..510T&rft.aulast=Tarascon&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-forbes-87"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-forbes_87-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/toddwoody/2011/10/19/lithium-the-new-california-gold-rush/">Lithium: The New California Gold Rush</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729205750/https://www.forbes.com/sites/toddwoody/2011/10/19/lithium-the-new-california-gold-rush/">Archived</A> 29 July 2017 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>., <I>Forbes magazine</I>. 2011-10-19</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Houston2011-88"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Houston2011_88-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Houston, J.; Butcher, A.; Ehren, P.; Evans, K.; Godfrey, L. (2011). "The Evaluation of Brine Prospects and the Requirement for Modifications to Filing Standards". <I>Economic Geology</I>. <B>106</B> (7): 1225–1239. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.2113%2Fecongeo.106.7.1225">10.2113/econgeo.106.7.1225</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Geology&rft.atitle=The+Evaluation+of+Brine+Prospects+and+the+Requirement+for+Modifications+to+Filing+Standards&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1225-1239&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fecongeo.106.7.1225&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Butcher%2C+A.&rft.au=Ehren%2C+P.&rft.au=Evans%2C+K.&rft.au=Godfrey%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Vikstrom-89"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Vikstrom_89-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Vikström, H.; Davidsson, S.; Höök, M. (2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:621281">"Lithium availability and future production outlooks"</A>. <I>Applied Energy</I>. <B>110</B> (10): 252–266. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2013.04.005">10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.04.005</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011182218/http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:621281">Archived</A> from the original on 11 October 2017<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">11 October</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Energy&rft.atitle=Lithium+availability+and+future+production+outlooks&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=252-266&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2013.04.005&rft.aulast=Vikstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Davidsson%2C+S.&rft.au=H%C3%B6%C3%B6k%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Frecord.jsf%3Fpid%3Ddiva2%3A621281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Grosjean2011-90"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Grosjean2011_90-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Grosjean, P.W.; Medina, P.A.; Keoleian, G.A.; Kesler, S.E.; Everson, M.P; Wallington, T.J. (2011). "Global Lithium Availability: A Constraint for Electric Vehicles?". <B>15</B> (5): 760–775. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1530-9290.2011.00359.x">10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00359.x</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Global+Lithium+Availability%3A+A+Constraint+for+Electric+Vehicles%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=760-775&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1530-9290.2011.00359.x&rft.aulast=Grosjean&rft.aufirst=P.W.&rft.au=Medina%2C+P.A.&rft.au=Keoleian%2C+G.A.&rft.au=Kesler%2C+S.E.&rft.au=Everson%2C+M.P&rft.au=Wallington%2C+T.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-romero-91"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-romero_91-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-romero_91-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Romero, Simon (2 February 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/03/world/americas/03lithium.html?ref=world">"In Bolivia, a Tight Grip on the Next Big Resource"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701054223/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/03/world/americas/03lithium.html?ref=world">Archived</A> from the original on 1 July 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Bolivia%2C+a+Tight+Grip+on+the+Next+Big+Resource&rft.date=2009-02-02&rft.au=Romero%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F02%2F03%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F03lithium.html%3Fref%3Dworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-92"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-92"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2009/mcs2009.pdf">"USGS Mineral Commodities Summaries 2009"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. USGS. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614002723/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2009/mcs2009.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 14 June 2010.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Mineral+Commodities+Summaries+2009&rft.pub=USGS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fmcs%2F2009%2Fmcs2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-93"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-93"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Money Game Contributors (26 April 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/new-wyoming-lithium-deposit-could-meet-all-us-demand-2013-4">"New Wyoming Lithium Deposit"</A>. Business Insider. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503085509/http://www.businessinsider.com/new-wyoming-lithium-deposit-could-meet-all-us-demand-2013-4">Archived</A> from the original on 3 May 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">1 May</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Wyoming+Lithium+Deposit&rft.pub=Business+Insider&rft.date=2013-04-26&rft.au=Money+Game+Contributors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fnew-wyoming-lithium-deposit-could-meet-all-us-demand-2013-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-94"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-94"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Wadia, Cyrus; Albertus, Paul; Srinivasan, Venkat (2011). "Resource constraints on the battery energy storage potential for grid and transportation applications". <I>Journal of Power Sources</I>. <B>196</B> (3): 1593–8. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JPS...196.1593W">2011JPS...196.1593W</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2010.08.056">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.08.056</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Power+Sources&rft.atitle=Resource+constraints+on+the+battery+energy+storage+potential+for+grid+and+transportation+applications&rft.volume=196&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1593-8&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2010.08.056&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011JPS...196.1593W&rft.aulast=Wadia&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rft.au=Albertus%2C+Paul&rft.au=Srinivasan%2C+Venkat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-95"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-95"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Gaines, LL. Nelson, P. (2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anl.gov/energy-systems/publication/lithium-ion-batteries-examining-material-demand-and-recycling-issues">"Lithium-Ion Batteries: Examining Material Demand and Recycling Issues"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803104250/http://www.anl.gov/energy-systems/publication/lithium-ion-batteries-examining-material-demand-and-recycling-issues">Archived</A> from the original on 3 August 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">11 June</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lithium-Ion+Batteries%3A+Examining+Material+Demand+and+Recycling+Issues&rft.pub=Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Gaines%2C+LL.+Nelson%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anl.gov%2Fenergy-systems%2Fpublication%2Flithium-ion-batteries-examining-material-demand-and-recycling-issues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-96"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-96"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/08/lithium-20110803.html">"University of Michigan and Ford researchers see plentiful lithium resources for electric vehicles"</A>. <A href="/w/index.php?title=Green_Car_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Green Car Congress (page does not exist)">Green Car Congress</A>. 3 August 2011. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916075249/http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/08/lithium-20110803.html">Archived</A> from the original on 16 September 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">11 August</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Michigan+and+Ford+researchers+see+plentiful+lithium+resources+for+electric+vehicles&rft.pub=Green+Car+Congress&rft.date=2011-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarcongress.com%2F2011%2F08%2Flithium-20110803.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-97"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-97"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223144634/https://www.thefinancialist.com/spark/the-precious-mobile-metal/">"The Precious Mobile Metal"</A>. <I>The Financialist</I>. Credit Suisse. 9 June 2014. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefinancialist.com/spark/the-precious-mobile-metal/">the original</A> on 23 February 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">19 June</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Financialist&rft.atitle=The+Precious+Mobile+Metal&rft.date=2014-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefinancialist.com%2Fspark%2Fthe-precious-mobile-metal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-98"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-98"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sqm-announces-new-lithium-prices-62933122.html">"SQM Announces New Lithium Prices – SANTIAGO, Chile, September 30 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/"</A>. PR Newswire. 30 September 2009. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530015745/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sqm-announces-new-lithium-prices-62933122.html">Archived</A> from the original on 30 May 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">1 May</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SQM+Announces+New+Lithium+Prices+%E2%80%93+SANTIAGO%2C+Chile%2C+September+30+%2FPRNewswire-FirstCall%2F&rft.date=2009-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fsqm-announces-new-lithium-prices-62933122.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-99"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-99"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Riseborough, Jesse. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622183939/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-06-19/ipad-boom-strains-lithium-supplies-after-prices-triple">"IPad Boom Strains Lithium Supplies After Prices Triple"</A>. <I>Bloomberg BusinessWeek</I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-06-19/ipad-boom-strains-lithium-supplies-after-prices-triple">the original</A> on 22 June 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">1 May</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=IPad+Boom+Strains+Lithium+Supplies+After+Prices+Triple&rft.aulast=Riseborough&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2012-06-19%2Fipad-boom-strains-lithium-supplies-after-prices-triple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-bourcier-100"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-bourcier_100-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Parker, Ann. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.llnl.gov/str/JanFeb05/Bourcier.html">Mining Geothermal Resources</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120917035952/https://www.llnl.gov/str/JanFeb05/Bourcier.html">Archived</A> 17 September 2012 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Simbol-101"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Simbol_101-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Patel, P. (2011-11-16) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/news/426131/startup-to-capture-lithium-from-geothermal-plants/">Startup to Capture Lithium from Geothermal Plants</A>. technologyreview.com</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-NYT-102"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-NYT_102-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Wald, M. (2011-09-28) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/28/business/energy-environment/simbol-materials-plans-to-extract-lithium-from-geothermal-plants.html">Start-Up in California Plans to Capture Lithium, and Market Share</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170408033249/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/28/business/energy-environment/simbol-materials-plans-to-extract-lithium-from-geothermal-plants.html">Archived</A> 8 April 2017 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. The New York Times</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Li-uses-2011-103"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Li-uses-2011_103-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Li-uses-2011_103-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/mcs-2016-lithi.pdf">"Lithium"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. 2016. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130163912/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/mcs-2016-lithi.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 30 November 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 November</SPAN> 2016</SPAN> – via US Geological Survey (USGS).</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lithium&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Flithium%2Fmcs-2016-lithi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-104"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-104"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmclithium.com/Portals/FMCLithiumFineChemicals/Content/Docs/Worldwide%20Demand%20by%20Sector.pdf">Worldwide demand by sector</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140907204758/http://www.fmclithium.com/Portals/FMCLithiumFineChemicals/Content/Docs/Worldwide%20Demand%20by%20Sector.pdf">Archived</A> 7 September 2014 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-105"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-105"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Clark, Jim (2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group1/compounds.html">"Some Compounds of the Group 1 Elements"</A>. <I>chemguide.co.uk</I>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627011258/http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group1/compounds.html">Archived</A> from the original on 27 June 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 August</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chemguide.co.uk&rft.atitle=Some+Compounds+of+the+Group+1+Elements&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemguide.co.uk%2Finorganic%2Fgroup1%2Fcompounds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-106"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-106"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batteryreview.org/disposable-batteries.html">"Disposable Batteries - Choosing between Alkaline and Lithium Disposable Batteries"</A>. Batteryreview.org. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031920/http://www.batteryreview.org/disposable-batteries.html">Archived</A> from the original on 6 January 2014<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 October</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disposable+Batteries+-+Choosing+between+Alkaline+and+Lithium+Disposable+Batteries&rft.pub=Batteryreview.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.batteryreview.org%2Fdisposable-batteries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-107"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-107"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emc2.cornell.edu/content/view/battery-anodes.html">"Battery Anodes > Batteries & Fuel Cells > Research > The Energy Materials Center at Cornell"</A>. Emc2.cornell.edu. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131222234030/http://www.emc2.cornell.edu/content/view/battery-anodes.html">Archived</A> from the original on 22 December 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 October</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battery+Anodes+%3E+Batteries+%26+Fuel+Cells+%3E+Research+%3E+The+Energy+Materials+Center+at+Cornell&rft.pub=Emc2.cornell.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emc2.cornell.edu%2Fcontent%2Fview%2Fbattery-anodes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-108"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-108"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Totten, George E.; Westbrook, Steven R. & Shah, Rajesh J. (2003). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_AkNu-Y1wQC&pg=PA559"><I>Fuels and lubricants handbook: technology, properties, performance, and testing</I></A>. <B>1</B>. ASTM International. p. 559. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8031-2096-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8031-2096-6">0-8031-2096-6</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160723033807/https://books.google.com/books?id=J_AkNu-Y1wQC&pg=PA559">Archived</A> from the original on 23 July 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuels+and+lubricants+handbook%3A+technology%2C+properties%2C+performance%2C+and+testing&rft.pages=559&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8031-2096-6&rft.au=Totten%2C+George+E.&rft.au=Westbrook%2C+Steven+R.&rft.au=Shah%2C+Rajesh+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_AkNu-Y1wQC%26pg%3DPA559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-109"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-109"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Rand, Salvatore J. (2003). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FkMrP4Hlw0C&pg=PA152"><I>Significance of tests for petroleum products</I></A>. ASTM International. pp. 150–152. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8031-2097-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8031-2097-4">0-8031-2097-4</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731221639/https://books.google.com/books?id=3FkMrP4Hlw0C&pg=PA152">Archived</A> from the original on 31 July 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Significance+of+tests+for+petroleum+products&rft.pages=150-152&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8031-2097-4&rft.au=Rand%2C+Salvatore+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3FkMrP4Hlw0C%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-110"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-110"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation"><I>The Theory and Practice of Mold Fluxes Used in Continuous Casting: A Compilation of Papers on Continuous Casting Fluxes Given at the 61st and 62nd Steelmaking Conference</I>, Iron and Steel Society</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+and+Practice+of+Mold+Fluxes+Used+in+Continuous+Casting%3A+A+Compilation+of+Papers+on+Continuous+Casting+Fluxes+Given+at+the+61st+and+62nd+Steelmaking+Conference&rft.pub=Iron+and+Steel+Society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-111"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-111"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Lu, Y. Q.; Zhang, G. D.; Jiang, M. F.; Liu, H. X.; Li, T. (2011). "Effects of Li<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB> on Properties of Mould Flux for High Speed Continuous Casting". <I>Materials Science Forum</I>. 675–677: 877–880. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.4028%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FMSF.675-677.877">10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.675-677.877</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Science+Forum&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Li%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ECO%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+on+Properties+of+Mould+Flux+for+High+Speed+Continuous+Casting&rft.volume=675%E2%80%93677&rft.pages=877-880&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4028%2Fwww.scientific.net%2FMSF.675-677.877&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Y.+Q.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+G.+D.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+M.+F.&rft.au=Liu%2C+H.+X.&rft.au=Li%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-112"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-112"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsinc.org/multimedia/contentMC.cfm?ItemNumber=16784">"Testing 1-2-3: Eliminating Veining Defects"</A>, <I>Modern Casting</I>, July 2014, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163428/http://www.afsinc.org/multimedia/contentMC.cfm?ItemNumber=16784">archived</A> from the original on 2 April 2015</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Casting&rft.atitle=Testing+1-2-3%3A+Eliminating+Veining+Defects&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afsinc.org%2Fmultimedia%2FcontentMC.cfm%3FItemNumber%3D16784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-113"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-113"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="CITEREFHaupin1987" class="citation">Haupin, W. (1987), Mamantov, Gleb; Marassi, Roberto, eds., "Chemical and Physical Properties of the Hall-Héroult Electrolyte", <I>Molten Salt Chemistry: An Introduction and Selected Applications</I>, Springer, p. 449</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molten+Salt+Chemistry%3A+An+Introduction+and+Selected+Applications&rft.atitle=Chemical+and+Physical+Properties+of+the+Hall-H%C3%A9roult+Electrolyte&rft.pages=449&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Haupin&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-114"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-114"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Garrett, Donald E. (5 April 2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ua2SVcUBHZgC"><I>Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium Chloride</I></A>. Academic Press. p. 200. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080472904" title="Special:BookSources/9780080472904">9780080472904</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203191847/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ua2SVcUBHZgC">Archived</A> from the original on 3 December 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Lithium+and+Natural+Calcium+Chloride&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2004-04-05&rft.isbn=9780080472904&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUa2SVcUBHZgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-115"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-115"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Prasad, N. Eswara; Gokhale, Amol; Wanhill, R. J. H. (2013-09-20). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OG7PzP5xiHwC&pg=PA171&dq=metallic+lithium+flux+removes+impurities&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3xvy8pYXYAhWH24MKHT9yA8EQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=metallic%20lithium%20flux%20removes%20impurities&f=false"><I>Aluminum-Lithium Alloys: Processing, Properties, and Applications</I></A>. Butterworth-Heinemann. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780124016798" title="Special:BookSources/9780124016798">9780124016798</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aluminum-Lithium+Alloys%3A+Processing%2C+Properties%2C+and+Applications&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft.isbn=9780124016798&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=N.+Eswara&rft.au=Gokhale%2C+Amol&rft.au=Wanhill%2C+R.+J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOG7PzP5xiHwC%26pg%3DPA171%26dq%3Dmetallic%2Blithium%2Bflux%2Bremoves%2Bimpurities%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwi3xvy8pYXYAhWH24MKHT9yA8EQ6AEIMjAC%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dmetallic%2520lithium%2520flux%2520removes%2520impurities%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-116"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-116"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Davis, Joseph R. ASM International. Handbook Committee (1993). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lskj5k3PSIcC&pg=PA121"><I>Aluminum and aluminum alloys</I></A>. ASM International. pp. 121–. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-496-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87170-496-2">978-0-87170-496-2</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528093207/http://books.google.com/books?id=Lskj5k3PSIcC&pg=PA121">Archived</A> from the original on 28 May 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">16 May</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aluminum+and+aluminum+alloys&rft.pages=121-&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87170-496-2&rft.au=Davis%2C+Joseph+R.+ASM+International.+Handbook+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLskj5k3PSIcC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-117"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-117"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Karki, Khim; Epstein, Eric; Cho, Jeong-Hyun; Jia, Zheng; Li, Teng; Picraux, S. Tom; Wang, Chunsheng; Cumings, John (2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~lit/publications/TengLi-Pub43-NL-2012.pdf">"Lithium-Assisted Electrochemical Welding in Silicon Nanowire Battery Electrodes"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Nano Letters</I>. <B>12</B> (3): 1392–7. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NanoL..12.1392K">2012NanoL..12.1392K</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1021%2Fnl204063u">10.1021/nl204063u</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22339576">22339576</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810065805/http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~lit/publications/TengLi-Pub43-NL-2012.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 10 August 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nano+Letters&rft.atitle=Lithium-Assisted+Electrochemical+Welding+in+Silicon+Nanowire+Battery+Electrodes&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1392-7&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22339576&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fnl204063u&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012NanoL..12.1392K&rft.aulast=Karki&rft.aufirst=Khim&rft.au=Epstein%2C+Eric&rft.au=Cho%2C+Jeong-Hyun&rft.au=Jia%2C+Zheng&rft.au=Li%2C+Teng&rft.au=Picraux%2C+S.+Tom&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chunsheng&rft.au=Cumings%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterpconnect.umd.edu%2F~lit%2Fpublications%2FTengLi-Pub43-NL-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-118"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-118"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Koch, Ernst-Christian (2004). "Special Materials in Pyrotechnics: III. Application of Lithium and its Compounds in Energetic Systems". <I>Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics</I>. <B>29</B> (2): 67–80. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fprep.200400032">10.1002/prep.200400032</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Propellants%2C+Explosives%2C+Pyrotechnics&rft.atitle=Special+Materials+in+Pyrotechnics%3A+III.+Application+of+Lithium+and+its+Compounds+in+Energetic+Systems&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-80&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fprep.200400032&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Ernst-Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-119"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-119"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils and Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mtth5g59dEIC&pg=PA1089">Inorganic chemistry</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618191216/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mtth5g59dEIC&pg=PA1089">Archived</A> 18 June 2016 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>., Academic Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-352651-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-352651-5">0-12-352651-5</A>, p. 1089</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-120"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-120"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Mulloth, L.M. & Finn, J.E. (2005). "Air Quality Systems for Related Enclosed Spaces: Spacecraft Air". <I>The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry</I>. <B>4H</B>. pp. 383–404. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2Fb107253">10.1007/b107253</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Air+Quality+Systems+for+Related+Enclosed+Spaces%3A+Spacecraft+Air&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Environmental+Chemistry&rft.pages=383-404&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fb107253&rft.au=Mulloth%2C+L.M.&rft.au=Finn%2C+J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-121"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-121"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=AD0619497">"Application of lithium chemicals for air regeneration of manned spacecraft"</A>. Lithium Corporation of America & Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories. 1965. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007040028/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=AD0619497">Archived</A> from the original on 7 October 2012.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Application+of+lithium+chemicals+for+air+regeneration+of+manned+spacecraft&rft.pub=Lithium+Corporation+of+America+%26+Aerospace+Medical+Research+Laboratories&rft.date=1965&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FLocation%3DU2%26doc%3DGetTRDoc.pdf%26AD%3DAD0619497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-122"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-122"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Markowitz, M. M.; Boryta, D. A.; Stewart, Harvey (1964). "Lithium Perchlorate Oxygen Candle. Pyrochemical Source of Pure Oxygen". <I>Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development</I>. <B>3</B> (4): 321–30. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1021%2Fi360012a016">10.1021/i360012a016</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+%26+Engineering+Chemistry+Product+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=Lithium+Perchlorate+Oxygen+Candle.+Pyrochemical+Source+of+Pure+Oxygen&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=321-30&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fi360012a016&rft.aulast=Markowitz&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rft.au=Boryta%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-123"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-123"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Hobbs, Philip C. D. (2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CQ5uKN_MN2gC&pg=PA149"><I>Building Electro-Optical Systems: Making It All Work</I></A>. John Wiley and Sons. p. 149. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-40229-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-40229-6">0-470-40229-6</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623202135/https://books.google.com/books?id=CQ5uKN_MN2gC&pg=PA149">Archived</A> from the original on 23 June 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Electro-Optical+Systems%3A+Making+It+All+Work&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0-470-40229-6&rft.au=Hobbs%2C+Philip+C.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCQ5uKN_MN2gC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-124"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-124"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FY7s7pPSPtgC&pg=PA819"><I>Point Defects in Lithium Fluoride Films Induced by Gamma Irradiation</I></A>. <I>Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advanced Technology & Particle Physics: (ICATPP-7): Villa Olmo, Como, Italy</I>. <B>2001</B>. World Scientific. 2002. p. 819. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-238-180-5" title="Special:BookSources/981-238-180-5">981-238-180-5</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160606154252/https://books.google.com/books?id=FY7s7pPSPtgC&pg=PA819">Archived</A> from the original on 6 June 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Point+Defects+in+Lithium+Fluoride+Films+Induced+by+Gamma+Irradiation&rft.pages=819&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=981-238-180-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFY7s7pPSPtgC%26pg%3DPA819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-125"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-125"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Sinton, William M. (1962). "Infrared Spectroscopy of Planets and Stars". <I>Applied Optics</I>. <B>1</B> (2): 105. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962ApOpt...1..105S">1962ApOpt...1..105S</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.1.000105">10.1364/AO.1.000105</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Optics&rft.atitle=Infrared+Spectroscopy+of+Planets+and+Stars&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FAO.1.000105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962ApOpt...1..105S&rft.aulast=Sinton&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-126"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-126"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.computers.toshiba-europe.com/Contents/Toshiba_nl/NL/WHITEPAPER/files/TISBWhitepapertech.pdf">"You've got the power: the evolution of batteries and the future of fuel cells"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Toshiba. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717075300/http://nl.computers.toshiba-europe.com/Contents/Toshiba_nl/NL/WHITEPAPER/files/TISBWhitepapertech.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 17 July 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">17 May</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=You%E2%80%99ve+got+the+power%3A+the+evolution+of+batteries+and+the+future+of+fuel+cells&rft.pub=Toshiba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnl.computers.toshiba-europe.com%2FContents%2FToshiba_nl%2FNL%2FWHITEPAPER%2Ffiles%2FTISBWhitepapertech.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-127"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-127"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemical.ihs.com/CEH/Public/Reports/681.7000/">"Organometallics"</A>. <I>IHS Chemicals</I>. February 2012.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IHS+Chemicals&rft.atitle=Organometallics&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemical.ihs.com%2FCEH%2FPublic%2FReports%2F681.7000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-128"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-128"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Yurkovetskii, A. V.; Kofman, V. L.; Makovetskii, K. L. (2005). "Polymerization of 1,2-dimethylenecyclobutane by organolithium initiators". <I>Russian Chemical Bulletin</I>. <B>37</B> (9): 1782–1784. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00962487">10.1007/BF00962487</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Chemical+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Polymerization+of+1%2C2-dimethylenecyclobutane+by+organolithium+initiators&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1782-1784&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00962487&rft.au=Yurkovetskii%2C+A.+V.&rft.au=Kofman%2C+V.+L.&rft.au=Makovetskii%2C+K.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-129"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-129"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Quirk, Roderic P.; Cheng, Pao Luo (1986). "Functionalization of polymeric organolithium compounds. Amination of poly(styryl)lithium". <I>Macromolecules</I>. <B>19</B> (5): 1291–1294. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986MaMol..19.1291Q">1986MaMol..19.1291Q</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1021%2Fma00159a001">10.1021/ma00159a001</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macromolecules&rft.atitle=Functionalization+of+polymeric+organolithium+compounds.+Amination+of+poly%28styryl%29lithium&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1291-1294&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fma00159a001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986MaMol..19.1291Q&rft.au=Quirk%2C+Roderic+P.&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Pao+Luo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-130"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-130"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Stone, F. G. A.; West, Robert (1980). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=_gai4kRfcMUC&printsec=frontcover"><I>Advances in organometallic chemistry</I></A>. Academic Press. p. 55. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-031118-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-031118-6">0-12-031118-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+organometallic+chemistry&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-12-031118-6&rft.au=Stone%2C+F.+G.+A.&rft.au=West%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D_gai4kRfcMUC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-131"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-131"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Bansal, Raj K. (1996). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_SJ2upYN6DwC&pg=PA192"><I>Synthetic approaches in organic chemistry</I></A>. p. 192. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7637-0665-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7637-0665-5">0-7637-0665-5</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618033923/https://books.google.com/books?id=_SJ2upYN6DwC&pg=PA192">Archived</A> from the original on 18 June 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synthetic+approaches+in+organic+chemistry&rft.pages=192&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7637-0665-5&rft.au=Bansal%2C+Raj+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_SJ2upYN6DwC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-132"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-132"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030628230627/http://media.armadilloaerospace.com/misc/LiAl-Hydride.pdf">LiAl-hydride</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-133"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-133"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Hughes, T.G.; Smith, R.B. & Kiely, D.H. (1983). "Stored Chemical Energy Propulsion System for Underwater Applications". <I>Journal of Energy</I>. <B>7</B> (2): 128–133. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.2514%2F3.62644">10.2514/3.62644</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Energy&rft.atitle=Stored+Chemical+Energy+Propulsion+System+for+Underwater+Applications&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=128-133&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2514%2F3.62644&rft.au=Hughes%2C+T.G.&rft.au=Smith%2C+R.B.&rft.au=Kiely%2C+D.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-134"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-134"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Emsley, John (2011). <I>Nature's Building Blocks</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-135"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-135"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Makhijani, Arjun & Yih, Katherine (2000). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0oa1vikB3KwC&pg=PA60"><I>Nuclear Wastelands: A Global Guide to Nuclear Weapons Production and Its Health and Environmental Effects</I></A>. MIT Press. pp. 59–60. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-63204-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-63204-7">0-262-63204-7</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160613234841/https://books.google.com/books?id=0oa1vikB3KwC&pg=PA60">Archived</A> from the original on 13 June 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Wastelands%3A+A+Global+Guide+to+Nuclear+Weapons+Production+and+Its+Health+and+Environmental+Effects&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-262-63204-7&rft.au=Makhijani%2C+Arjun&rft.au=Yih%2C+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0oa1vikB3KwC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-136"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-136"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Separations Technology and Transmutation Systems (1996). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iRI7Cx2D4e4C&pg=PA278"><I>Nuclear wastes: technologies for separations and transmutation</I></A>. National Academies Press. p. 278. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-05226-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-309-05226-2">0-309-05226-2</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160613113140/https://books.google.com/books?id=iRI7Cx2D4e4C&pg=PA278">Archived</A> from the original on 13 June 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+wastes%3A+technologies+for+separations+and+transmutation&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-309-05226-2&rft.au=National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+Committee+on+Separations+Technology+and+Transmutation+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiRI7Cx2D4e4C%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-137"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-137"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Barnaby, Frank (1993). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA39"><I>How nuclear weapons spread: nuclear-weapon proliferation in the 1990s</I></A>. Routledge. p. 39. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07674-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07674-9">0-415-07674-9</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609210558/https://books.google.com/books?id=yTIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA39">Archived</A> from the original on 9 June 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+nuclear+weapons+spread%3A+nuclear-weapon+proliferation+in+the+1990s&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-415-07674-9&rft.au=Barnaby%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTIOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-139"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-139"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Baesjr, C. (1974). "The chemistry and thermodynamics of molten salt reactor fuels". <I>Journal of Nuclear Materials</I>. <B>51</B>: 149–162. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974JNuM...51..149B">1974JNuM...51..149B</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-3115%2874%2990124-X">10.1016/0022-3115(74)90124-X</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nuclear+Materials&rft.atitle=The+chemistry+and+thermodynamics+of+molten+salt+reactor+fuels&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=149-162&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-3115%2874%2990124-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974JNuM...51..149B&rft.aulast=Baesjr&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-140"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-140"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Agarwal, Arun (2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XyOBx2R2CxEC&pg=PA139"><I>Nobel Prize Winners in Physics</I></A>. APH Publishing. p. 139. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7648-743-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-7648-743-0">81-7648-743-0</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629143432/https://books.google.com/books?id=XyOBx2R2CxEC&pg=PA139">Archived</A> from the original on 29 June 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+Winners+in+Physics&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=81-7648-743-0&rft.au=Agarwal%2C+Arun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXyOBx2R2CxEC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-141"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-141"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-outreach.phy.cam.ac.uk/camphy/cockcroftwalton/cockcroftwalton9_1.htm">"'Splitting the Atom': Cockcroft and Walton, 1932: 9. Rays or Particles?"</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120902195556/http://www-outreach.phy.cam.ac.uk/camphy/cockcroftwalton/cockcroftwalton9_1.htm">Archived</A> 2 September 2012 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>. Department of Physics, University of Cambridge</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-nyt1013-142"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-nyt1013_142-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-nyt1013_142-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Wald, Matthew L. (8 October 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/09/business/energy-environment/report-says-a-shortage-of-nuclear-fuel-looms.html">"Report Says a Shortage of Nuclear Ingredient Looms"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701025300/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/09/business/energy-environment/report-says-a-shortage-of-nuclear-fuel-looms.html">Archived</A> from the original on 1 July 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Report+Says+a+Shortage+of+Nuclear+Ingredient+Looms&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft.au=Wald%2C+Matthew+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F09%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy-environment%2Freport-says-a-shortage-of-nuclear-fuel-looms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-kean-143"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-kean_143-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-kean_143-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Kean, Sam (2011). <I>The Disappearing Spoon</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Disappearing+Spoon&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kean&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pmid18982835-144"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-pmid18982835_144-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Yacobi S; Ornoy A (2008). "Is lithium a real teratogen? What can we conclude from the prospective versus retrospective studies? A review". <I>Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci</I>. <B>45</B> (2): 95–106. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18982835">18982835</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isr+J+Psychiatry+Relat+Sci&rft.atitle=Is+lithium+a+real+teratogen%3F+What+can+we+conclude+from+the+prospective+versus+retrospective+studies%3F+A+review&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-106&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18982835&rft.au=Yacobi+S&rft.au=Ornoy+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-145"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-145"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Lieb, J.; Zeff (1978). "Lithium treatment of chronic cluster headaches". <I>The British Journal of Psychiatry</I>. <B>133</B> (6): 556–558. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.133.6.556">10.1192/bjp.133.6.556</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Lithium+treatment+of+chronic+cluster+headaches.&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=556-558&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.133.6.556&rft.aulast=Lieb&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Zeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-schrauzer-146"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-schrauzer_146-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-schrauzer_146-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Schrauzer, G. N (2002). "Lithium: Occurrence, dietary intakes, nutritional essentiality". <I>Journal of the American College of Nutrition</I>. <B>21</B> (1): 14–21. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1080%2F07315724.2002.10719188">10.1080/07315724.2002.10719188</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11838882">11838882</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Lithium%3A+Occurrence%2C+dietary+intakes%2C+nutritional+essentiality&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-21&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07315724.2002.10719188&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11838882&rft.aulast=Schrauzer&rft.aufirst=G.+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-147"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-147"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Marshall, Timothy M. (2015). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpands.org/vol20no4/marshall.pdf">"Lithium as a Nutrient"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons</I>. <B>20</B> (4): 104–9. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215071419/http://www.jpands.org/vol20no4/marshall.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 15 February 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Physicians+and+Surgeons&rft.atitle=Lithium+as+a+Nutrient&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=104-9&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Timothy+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpands.org%2Fvol20no4%2Fmarshall.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-148"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-148"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodictable.com/Elements/003/data.html">Technical data for Lithium</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323072217/http://periodictable.com/Elements/003/data.html">Archived</A> 23 March 2015 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. periodictable.com</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-149"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-149"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Furr, A. K. (2000). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=Oo3xAmmMlEwC&pg=PA244"><I>CRC handbook of laboratory safety</I></A>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 244–246. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2523-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2523-6">978-0-8493-2523-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+handbook+of+laboratory+safety&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=244-246&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-2523-6&rft.au=Furr%2C+A.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DOo3xAmmMlEwC%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-150"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-150"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/methnet/understandingmeth/basics.html">"Illinois Attorney General – Basic Understanding Of Meth"</A>. Illinoisattorneygeneral.gov. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100910041147/http://www.illinoisattorneygeneral.gov/methnet/understandingmeth/basics.html">Archived</A> from the original on 10 September 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">6 October</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illinois+Attorney+General+%E2%80%93+Basic+Understanding+Of+Meth&rft.pub=Illinoisattorneygeneral.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.illinoisattorneygeneral.gov%2Fmethnet%2Funderstandingmeth%2Fbasics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-151"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-151"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Harmon, Aaron R. (2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201171656/http://www.ncjolt.org/sites/default/files/7_nc_jl_tech_421.pdf">"Methamphetamine remediation research act of 2005: Just what the doctor ordered for cleaning up methfields—or sugar pill placebo?"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology</I>. <B>7</B>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncjolt.org/sites/default/files/7_nc_jl_tech_421.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 2008-12-01<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">5 October</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+Journal+of+Law+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Methamphetamine+remediation+research+act+of+2005%3A+Just+what+the+doctor+ordered+for+cleaning+up+methfields%E2%80%94or+sugar+pill+placebo%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Harmon&rft.aufirst=Aaron+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjolt.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F7_nc_jl_tech_421.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-152"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-152"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Bro, Per & Levy, Samuel C. (1994). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=i7U-0IB8tjMC&pg=PA15"><I>Battery hazards and accident prevention</I></A>. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 15–16. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-44758-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-44758-7">978-0-306-44758-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battery+hazards+and+accident+prevention&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-306-44758-7&rft.au=Bro%2C+Per&rft.au=Levy%2C+Samuel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Di7U-0IB8tjMC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-153"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-153"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120104141539/http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/airtravel/assistant/batteries.shtm">"TSA: Safe Travel with Batteries and Devices"</A>. Tsa.gov. 1 January 2008. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/airtravel/assistant/batteries.shtm">the original</A> on 4 January 2012.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TSA%3A+Safe+Travel+with+Batteries+and+Devices&rft.pub=Tsa.gov&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsa.gov%2Ftravelers%2Fairtravel%2Fassistant%2Fbatteries.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALithium" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/003.htm">Lithium</A> at <I><A href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</A></I> (University of Nottingham)</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090817001127/http://www.lithiumalliance.org/">International Lithium Alliance</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/">USGS: Lithium Statistics and Information</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trugroup.com/whitepapers/TRU-Lithium-Outlook-2020.pdf">Lithium Supply & Markets 2009 IM Conference 2009 Sustainable lithium supplies through 2020 in the face of sustainable market growth</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226213021/https://www.mcis.soton.ac.uk/Site_Files/pdf/nuclear_history/Working_Paper_No_5.pdf">University of Southampton, Mountbatten Centre for International Studies, Nuclear History Working Paper No5.</A></LI>
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<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</A></TH>
<TD colspan="14"></TD>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</A></TH>
<TH scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</A></TH>
</TR>
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<TH scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</A></TH>
<TD title="Hydrogen, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><SPAN style="display:block">H</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD colspan="30"></TD>
<TD title="Helium, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><SPAN style="display:block">He</SPAN></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</A></TH>
<TD title="Lithium, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:1px solid black; ;"><A class="mw-selflink selflink"><SPAN style="display:block">Li</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Beryllium, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><SPAN style="display:block">Be</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD colspan="24"></TD>
<TD title="Boron, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><SPAN style="display:block">B</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Carbon, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><SPAN style="display:block">C</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Nitrogen, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><SPAN style="display:block">N</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Oxygen, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><SPAN style="display:block">O</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Fluorine, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><SPAN style="display:block">F</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><SPAN style="display:block">Ne</SPAN></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</A></TH>
<TD title="Sodium, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><SPAN style="display:block">Na</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Magnesium, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><SPAN style="display:block">Mg</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD colspan="24"></TD>
<TD title="Aluminium, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><SPAN style="display:block">Al</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Silicon, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon"><SPAN style="display:block">Si</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Phosphorus, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus"><SPAN style="display:block">P</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Sulfur, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><SPAN style="display:block">S</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Chlorine, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><SPAN style="display:block">Cl</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><SPAN style="display:block">Ar</SPAN></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</A></TH>
<TD title="Potassium, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><SPAN style="display:block">K</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Calcium, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><SPAN style="display:block">Ca</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Scandium, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><SPAN style="display:block">Sc</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD colspan="14"></TD>
<TD title="Titanium, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><SPAN style="display:block">Ti</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Vanadium, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><SPAN style="display:block">V</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Chromium, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium"><SPAN style="display:block">Cr</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Manganese, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese"><SPAN style="display:block">Mn</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Iron, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><SPAN style="display:block">Fe</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Cobalt, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><SPAN style="display:block">Co</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Nickel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"><SPAN style="display:block">Ni</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Copper, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"><SPAN style="display:block">Cu</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Zinc, 30 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><SPAN style="display:block">Zn</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Gallium, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"><SPAN style="display:block">Ga</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Germanium, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><SPAN style="display:block">Ge</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Arsenic, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><SPAN style="display:block">As</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Selenium, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><SPAN style="display:block">Se</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Bromine, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine"><SPAN style="display:block">Br</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Krypton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><SPAN style="display:block">Kr</SPAN></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</A></TH>
<TD title="Rubidium, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><SPAN style="display:block">Rb</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Strontium, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><SPAN style="display:block">Sr</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Yttrium, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><SPAN style="display:block">Y</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD colspan="14"></TD>
<TD title="Zirconium, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><SPAN style="display:block">Zr</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Niobium, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><SPAN style="display:block">Nb</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Molybdenum, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><SPAN style="display:block">Mo</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Technetium, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><SPAN style="display:block">Tc</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Ruthenium, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><SPAN style="display:block">Ru</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Rhodium, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><SPAN style="display:block">Rh</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Palladium, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><SPAN style="display:block">Pd</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Silver, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><SPAN style="display:block">Ag</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Cadmium, 48 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><SPAN style="display:block">Cd</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Indium, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><SPAN style="display:block">In</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Tin, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><SPAN style="display:block">Sn</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Antimony, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><SPAN style="display:block">Sb</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Tellurium, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><SPAN style="display:block">Te</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Iodine, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><SPAN style="display:block">I</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><SPAN style="display:block">Xe</SPAN></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</A></TH>
<TD title="Caesium, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><SPAN style="display:block">Cs</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Barium, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><SPAN style="display:block">Ba</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Lanthanum, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum"><SPAN style="display:block">La</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Cerium, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium"><SPAN style="display:block">Ce</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Praseodymium, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium"><SPAN style="display:block">Pr</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Neodymium, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium"><SPAN style="display:block">Nd</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Promethium, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><SPAN style="display:block">Pm</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Samarium, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><SPAN style="display:block">Sm</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Europium, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><SPAN style="display:block">Eu</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Gadolinium, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><SPAN style="display:block">Gd</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Terbium, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><SPAN style="display:block">Tb</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Dysprosium, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><SPAN style="display:block">Dy</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Holmium, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><SPAN style="display:block">Ho</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Erbium, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><SPAN style="display:block">Er</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Thulium, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"><SPAN style="display:block">Tm</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Ytterbium, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><SPAN style="display:block">Yb</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Lutetium, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><SPAN style="display:block">Lu</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Hafnium, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><SPAN style="display:block">Hf</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Tantalum, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><SPAN style="display:block">Ta</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Tungsten, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><SPAN style="display:block">W</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Rhenium, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><SPAN style="display:block">Re</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Osmium, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><SPAN style="display:block">Os</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Iridium, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><SPAN style="display:block">Ir</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Platinum, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><SPAN style="display:block">Pt</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Gold, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><SPAN style="display:block">Au</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Mercury, 80 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><SPAN style="display:block">Hg</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Thallium, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><SPAN style="display:block">Tl</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Lead, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><SPAN style="display:block">Pb</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Bismuth, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><SPAN style="display:block">Bi</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Polonium, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><SPAN style="display:block">Po</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Astatine, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><SPAN style="display:block">At</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><SPAN style="display:block">Rn</SPAN></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</A></TH>
<TD title="Francium, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><SPAN style="display:block">Fr</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Radium, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><SPAN style="display:block">Ra</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Actinium, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><SPAN style="display:block">Ac</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Thorium, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><SPAN style="display:block">Th</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Protactinium, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><SPAN style="display:block">Pa</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Uranium, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><SPAN style="display:block">U</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Neptunium, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><SPAN style="display:block">Np</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Plutonium, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><SPAN style="display:block">Pu</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Americium, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium"><SPAN style="display:block">Am</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Curium, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><SPAN style="display:block">Cm</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Berkelium, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><SPAN style="display:block">Bk</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Californium, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><SPAN style="display:block">Cf</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Einsteinium, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><SPAN style="display:block">Es</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Fermium, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><SPAN style="display:block">Fm</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Mendelevium, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><SPAN style="display:block">Md</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Nobelium, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><SPAN style="display:block">No</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Lawrencium, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><SPAN style="display:block">Lr</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Rutherfordium, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><SPAN style="display:block">Rf</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Dubnium, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><SPAN style="display:block">Db</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Seaborgium, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><SPAN style="display:block">Sg</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Bohrium, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><SPAN style="display:block">Bh</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Hassium, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><SPAN style="display:block">Hs</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Meitnerium, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><SPAN style="display:block">Mt</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Darmstadtium, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><SPAN style="display:block">Ds</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Roentgenium, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><SPAN style="display:block">Rg</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Copernicium, 112 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><SPAN style="display:block">Cn</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Nihonium, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><SPAN style="display:block">Nh</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Flerovium, 114 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><SPAN style="display:block">Fl</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Moscovium, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><SPAN style="display:block">Mc</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Livermorium, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><SPAN style="display:block">Lv</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Tennessine, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><SPAN style="display:block">Ts</SPAN></A></TD>
<TD title="Oganesson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><A href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><SPAN style="display:block">Og</SPAN></A></TD>
</TR>
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</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<TABLE style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><A href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">Alkali metal</A></TD>
<TD style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><A href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">Alkaline earth metal</A></TD>
<TD style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><A href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanide</A></TD>
<TD style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><A href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinide</A></TD>
<TD style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><A href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metal</A></TD>
<TD style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><A href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metal</A></TD>
<TD style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><A href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloid</A></TD>
<TD style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><A href="/wiki/Polyatomic_nonmetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyatomic nonmetal">Polyatomic nonmetal</A></TD>
<TD style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><A href="/wiki/Diatomic_nonmetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomic nonmetal">Diatomic nonmetal</A></TD>
<TD style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><A href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gas</A></TD>
<TD rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Unknown<BR />
chemical<BR />
properties</TD>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_tetrachloroaluminate" title="Lithium tetrachloroaluminate">LiAlCl<SUB>4</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_aluminium_hydride" title="Lithium aluminium hydride">LiAlH<SUB>4</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_aluminate" title="Lithium aluminate">LiAlO<SUB>2</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_tetrafluoroborate" title="Lithium tetrafluoroborate">LiBF<SUB>4</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_borohydride" title="Lithium borohydride">LiBH<SUB>4</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_metaborate" title="Lithium metaborate">LiBO<SUB>2</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_triborate" title="Lithium triborate">LiB<SUB>3</SUB>O<SUB>5</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_borate" title="Lithium borate">Li<SUB>2</SUB>B<SUB>4</SUB>O<SUB>7</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_bromide" title="Lithium bromide">LiBr</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">Li<SUB>2</SUB>CO<SUB>3</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_carbide" title="Lithium carbide">Li<SUB>2</SUB>C<SUB>2</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_chloride" title="Lithium chloride">LiCl</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_hypochlorite" title="Lithium hypochlorite">LiClO</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_chlorate" title="Lithium chlorate">LiClO<SUB>3</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_perchlorate" title="Lithium perchlorate">LiClO<SUB>4</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_cobalt_oxide" title="Lithium cobalt oxide">LiCoO<SUB>2</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_fluoride" title="Lithium fluoride">LiF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_hydride" title="Lithium hydride">LiH</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_iodide" title="Lithium iodide">LiI</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_iodate" title="Lithium iodate">LiIO<SUB>3</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_iridate" title="Lithium iridate">Li<SUB>2</SUB>IrO<SUB>3</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_molybdate" title="Lithium molybdate">Li<SUB>2</SUB>MoO<SUB>4</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_amide" title="Lithium amide">LiNH<SUB>2</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_imide" title="Lithium imide">Li<SUB>2</SUB>NH</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_azide" title="Lithium azide">LiN<SUB>3</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_nitride" title="Lithium nitride">Li<SUB>3</SUB>N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_nitrite" title="Lithium nitrite">LiNO<SUB>2</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_nitrate" title="Lithium nitrate">LiNO<SUB>3</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_niobate" title="Lithium niobate">LiNbO<SUB>3</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_hydroxide" title="Lithium hydroxide">LiOH</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_superoxide" title="Lithium superoxide">LiO<SUB>2</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">Li<SUB>2</SUB>O</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_peroxide" title="Lithium peroxide">Li<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_hexafluorophosphate" title="Lithium hexafluorophosphate">LiPF<SUB>6</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_platinate" title="Lithium platinate">Li<SUB>2</SUB>PtO<SUB>3</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_polonide" title="Lithium polonide">Li<SUB>2</SUB>Po</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_ruthenate" title="Lithium ruthenate">Li<SUB>2</SUB>RuO<SUB>3</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_sulfide" title="Lithium sulfide">Li<SUB>2</SUB>S</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_sulfite" title="Lithium sulfite">Li<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>3</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_sulfate" title="Lithium sulfate">Li<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_metasilicate" title="Lithium metasilicate">Li<SUB>2</SUB>SiO<SUB>3</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_tantalate" title="Lithium tantalate">LiTaO<SUB>3</SUB></A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_titanate" title="Lithium titanate">Li<SUB>2</SUB>TiO<SUB>3</SUB></A></LI>
</UL>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_12-hydroxystearate" title="Lithium 12-hydroxystearate">12-hydroxystearate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_acetate" title="Lithium acetate">acetate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_aspartate" title="Lithium aspartate">aspartate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_citrate" title="Lithium citrate">citrate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_diisopropylamide" title="Lithium diisopropylamide">diisopropylamide</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_orotate" title="Lithium orotate">orotate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_succinate" title="Lithium succinate">succinate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithium_stearate" title="Lithium stearate">stearate</A></LI>
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<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX531331">XX531331</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af"><A href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" title="Litium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am"><A href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8A%E1%89%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ሊቲየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ليثيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><A href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litio" title="Litio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup"><A href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiu" title="Lithiu – Aromanian" lang="roa-rup" hreflang="roa-rup" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><A href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn"><A href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litio" title="Litio – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><A href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" title="Litium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb"><A href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="لیتیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><A href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="লিথিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><A href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><A href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Літый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><A href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82" title="Літ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><A href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="लिथियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Литий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><A href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%AB%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="རྡོ་རྫས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><A href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litij" title="Litij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><A href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litiom" title="Litiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liti" title="Liti – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><A href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Лити – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><A href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litio" title="Litio – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn"><A href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><A href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiwm" title="Lithiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liitium" title="Liitium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Λίθιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litio" title="Litio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litio" title="Litio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litio" title="Litio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85" title="لیتیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><A href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><A href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><A href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" title="Litium – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur"><A href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liti" title="Liti – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><A href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litiam" title="Litiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><A href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A7hey" title="Litçhey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><A href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" title="Litium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litio" title="Litio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><A href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%B0" title="鋰 – Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki"><A href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><A href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="લિથિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><A href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal"><A href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Литион – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%AC" title="리튬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw"><A href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likiuma" title="Likiuma – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Լիթիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="लिथियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb"><A href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" title="Litium – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litij" title="Litij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><A href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litio" title="Litio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" title="Litium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><A href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%ADn" title="Litín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litio" title="Litio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ליתיום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><A href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" title="Litium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><A href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಿಥಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ლითიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><A href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Литий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><A href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithi" title="Lithi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv"><A href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Литий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><A href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lity%C3%B2m" title="Lityòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><A href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEty%C3%BBm" title="Lîtyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><A href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Литий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj"><A href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Литий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litijs" title="Litijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><A href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litis" title="Litis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><A href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littio" title="Littio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><A href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln"><A href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litu" title="Litu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo"><A href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" title="Litium – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><A href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/roksodna" title="roksodna – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><A href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litio" title="Litio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADtium" title="Lítium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><A href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Литиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ലിഥിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><A href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="लिथियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" title="Litium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><A href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%AB_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Lī (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><A href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Лити – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><A href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="လီသီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_(element)" title="Lithium (element) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><A href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="लिथियम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><A href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="लिथियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="リチウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr"><A href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" title="Litium – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" title="Litium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liti" title="Liti – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><A href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BF%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AE" title="ଲିଥିୟମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><A href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litiy" title="Litiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><A href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਲਿਥੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi"><A href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="लिथियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><A href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%85" title="لیتھیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><A href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><A href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98" title="លីចូម – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><A href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litio" title="Litio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><A href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit" title="Lit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt"><A href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Λίθιον – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADtio" title="Lítio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh"><A href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><A href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lityu" title="Lityu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Литий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><A href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Литиум – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa"><A href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="लीथियम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><A href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><A href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litiumi" title="Litiumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><A href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="ලිතියම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADtium" title="Lítium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litij" title="Litij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><A href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liithiyaam" title="Liithiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><A href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="لیتیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Литијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litij" title="Litij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><A href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" title="Litium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Sunda</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle" title="recommended article"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" title="Litium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litium" title="Litium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><A href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lityo" title="Lityo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இலித்தியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><A href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Литий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><A href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="లిథియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ลิเทียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr"><A href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%98%E1%8E%A5%E1%8E%BB" title="ᎵᏘᎥᎻ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lityum" title="Lityum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Літій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><A href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%85" title="لتھیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><A href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%8A" title="لىتىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep"><A href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litii" title="Litii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liti" title="Liti – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"><A href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litiom" title="Litiom – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><A href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%B0" title="鋰 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><A href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lityo" title="Lityo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><A href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ליטיום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><A href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADt%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m%C3%B9" title="Lítíọ̀mù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%B0" title="鋰 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp"><A href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%A9t%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Lɩtɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</A></LI>				</UL>
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document_title: Lithium

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question_text: what is the main mineral in lithium batteries