document_html:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<HTML class="client-js ve-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"><HEAD>

<TITLE>Distilled beverage - Wikipedia</TITLE>

<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector" />

<STYLE>
.referencetooltip{position:absolute;list-style:none;list-style-image:none;opacity:0;font-size:12px;margin:0;z-index:5;padding:0}.referencetooltip > li{background:#fff;border:1px solid #bbb;-webkit-box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);-moz-box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);box-shadow:0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);margin:0;padding:8px 10px;line-height:18px;max-width:300px}.referencetooltip > li + li{box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:7px;margin-top:-1px;border:0;padding:0;height:3px;width:0;background-color:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;border-top:12px #bbb solid;border-right:7px transparent solid;border-left:7px transparent solid}.referencetooltip > li + li::after{z-index:111;content:'';border:6px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:8px solid #fff;height:0;width:0;display:block;margin-left:-6px;margin-top:-12px}.RTflipped{padding-top:13px}.referencetooltip.RTflipped > li + li{position:absolute;top:0;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px #bbb solid}.referencetooltip.RTflipped > li + li::after{border-top:0;border-bottom:8px #fff solid;position:absolute;margin-top:7px}.RTsettings{ background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22utf-8%22%3F%3E%0D%0A%3C%21--%20Generator%3A%20Adobe%20Illustrator%2018.1.1%2C%20SVG%20Export%20Plug-In%20.%20SVG%20Version%3A%206.00%20Build%200%29%20%20--%3E%0D%0A%3C%21DOCTYPE%20svg%20PUBLIC%20%22-%2F%2FW3C%2F%2FDTD%20SVG%201.1%2F%2FEN%22%20%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FGraphics%2FSVG%2F1.1%2FDTD%2Fsvg11.dtd%22%3E%0D%0A%3Csvg%20version%3D%221.1%22%20id%3D%22Layer_1%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20xmlns%3Axlink%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F1999%2Fxlink%22%20x%3D%220px%22%20y%3D%220px%22%0D%0A%09%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2024%2024%22%20enable-background%3D%22new%200%200%2024%2024%22%20xml%3Aspace%3D%22preserve%22%3E%0D%0A%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23555555%22%20d%3D%22M20%2C14.5v-2.9l-1.8-0.3c-0.1-0.4-0.3-0.8-0.6-1.4l1.1-1.5l-2.1-2.1l-1.5%2C1.1c-0.5-0.3-1-0.5-1.4-0.6L13.5%2C5h-2.9l-0.3%2C1.8%0D%0A%09C9.8%2C6.9%2C9.4%2C7.1%2C8.9%2C7.4L7.4%2C6.3L5.3%2C8.4l1%2C1.5c-0.3%2C0.5-0.4%2C0.9-0.6%2C1.4L4%2C11.5v2.9l1.8%2C0.3c0.1%2C0.5%2C0.3%2C0.9%2C0.6%2C1.4l-1%2C1.5%0D%0A%09l2.1%2C2.1l1.5-1c0.4%2C0.2%2C0.9%2C0.4%2C1.4%2C0.6l0.3%2C1.8h3l0.3-1.8c0.5-0.1%2C0.9-0.3%2C1.4-0.6l1.5%2C1.1l2.1-2.1l-1.1-1.5c0.3-0.5%2C0.5-1%2C0.6-1.4%0D%0A%09L20%2C14.5z%20M12%2C16c-1.7%2C0-3-1.3-3-3s1.3-3%2C3-3s3%2C1.3%2C3%2C3S13.7%2C16%2C12%2C16z%22%2F%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0D%0A);  display:block;float:right;cursor:pointer;margin:0;margin-top:-4px;height:24px;width:24px;border-radius:2px;box-sizing:border-box;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:24px 24px;margin-left:8px}.RTsettings:hover{background-color:#eee}.RTTarget{background-color:#def}
.wp-teahouse-question-form{position:absolute;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:#f4f3f0;border:1px solid #a7d7f9;padding:1em}#wp-th-question-ask{float:right}.wp-teahouse-ask a.external{background-image:none !important}.wp-teahouse-respond-form{position:absolute;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;background-color:#f4f3f0;border:1px solid #a7d7f9;padding:1em}.wp-th-respond{float:right}.wp-teahouse-respond a.external{background-image:none !important}
.cite-accessibility-label{ top:-99999px;clip:rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); position:absolute !important;padding:0 !important;border:0 !important;height:1px !important;width:1px !important; overflow:hidden}
.mw-spinner{background-color:transparent;background-position:center center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.mw-spinner-small{background-image:url(data:image/gif;base64,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);background-image:url(/w/resources/src/jquery/images/spinner.gif?ca65b)!ie;height:20px;width:20px; min-width:20px}.mw-spinner-large{background-image:url(data:image/gif;base64,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);background-image:url(/w/resources/src/jquery/images/spinner-large.gif?57f34)!ie;height:32px;width:32px; min-width:32px}.mw-spinner-block{display:block; width:100%}.mw-spinner-inline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle; zoom:1;*display:inline; }
.suggestions{overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:0;border:0;z-index:1099;padding:0;margin:-1px 0 0 0}.suggestions-special{position:relative;background-color:#fff;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;margin-top:-2px;display:none;padding:0.25em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em}.suggestions-results{background-color:#fff;cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0;margin:0}.suggestions-result{color:#000;margin:0;line-height:1.5em;padding:0.01em 0.25em;text-align:left; overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.suggestions-result-current{background-color:#2a4b8d;color:#fff}.suggestions-special .special-label{color:#72777d;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-query{color:#000;font-style:italic;text-align:left}.suggestions-special .special-hover{background-color:#c8ccd1}.suggestions-result-current .special-label,.suggestions-result-current .special-query{color:#fff}.highlight{font-weight:bold}
@media screen {
	.tochidden,.toctoggle{-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.toctoggle{font-size:94%}}
@media print {
	.toc.tochidden,.toctoggle{display:none}}
.uls-menu{border-radius:2px; font-size:medium}.uls-search,.uls-language-settings-close-block{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-top-left-radius:2px}.uls-language-list{border-bottom-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.uls-menu.callout:before,.uls-menu.callout:after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right:before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-right:after{ border-left:10px solid #f8f9fa; right:-10px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left:before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.uls-menu.callout.selector-left:after{ border-right:10px solid #f8f9fa; left:-10px}.uls-ui-languages button{margin:5px 15px 5px 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}.uls-search-wrapper-wrapper{position:relative;padding-left:40px;margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px}.uls-icon-back{background:transparent url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.png?90e9b) no-repeat scroll center center;background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/back-grey-ltr.svg?e226b);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2224%22 height=%2224%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2354595d%22 d=%22M7 13.1l8.9 8.9c.8-.8.8-2 0-2.8l-6.1-6.1 6-6.1c.8-.8.8-2 0-2.8L7 13.1z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");background-size:28px;background-position:center center;height:32px;width:40px;display:block;position:absolute;left:0;border-right:1px solid #c8ccd1;opacity:0.8}.uls-icon-back:hover{opacity:1;cursor:pointer}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view .uls-no-found-more{background-color:#fff}.uls-menu .uls-no-results-view h3{padding:0 28px;margin:0;color:#54595d;font-size:1em;font-weight:normal}  .skin-vector .uls-menu{border-color:#c8ccd1;-webkit-box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);font-size:0.875em}.skin-vector .uls-search{border-bottom-color:#c8ccd1}.skin-vector .uls-filtersuggestion{color:#72777d}.skin-vector .uls-lcd-region-title{color:#54595d}
.mw-editfont-monospace{font-family:monospace,monospace}.mw-editfont-sans-serif{font-family:sans-serif}.mw-editfont-serif{font-family:serif} .mw-editfont-monospace,.mw-editfont-sans-serif,.mw-editfont-serif{font-size:13px; }.mw-editfont-monospace.oo-ui-textInputWidget,.mw-editfont-sans-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget,.mw-editfont-serif.oo-ui-textInputWidget{font-size:inherit}.mw-editfont-monospace > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-sans-serif > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input,.mw-editfont-serif > .oo-ui-inputWidget-input{font-size:13px}
@-webkit-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translateY(0)}}@-moz-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-moz-transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-moz-transform:translateY(0)}}@-o-keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;-o-transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-o-transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{-webkit-animation-duration:1s;-moz-animation-duration:1s;-o-animation-duration:1s;animation-duration:1s;-webkit-animation-fill-mode:both;-moz-animation-fill-mode:both;-o-animation-fill-mode:both;animation-fill-mode:both;-webkit-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;-moz-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;-o-animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation;animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation}
@media print{#centralNotice{display:none}}.cn-closeButton{display:inline-block;zoom:1;background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUBAMAAAB/pwA+AAAAElBMVEUAAAAQEBDPz88AAABAQEDv7+9oe1vvAAAABnRSTlMA3rLe3rJS22KzAAAARElEQVQI12PAAUIUQCSTK5BwFgIxFU1AhKECUFAYKAAioXwwBeZChMGCEGGQIFQYJohgIhQgtCEMQ7ECYTHCOciOxA4AADgJTXIb9s8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=) no-repeat;background:url(/w/extensions/CentralNotice/resources/subscribing/close.png?8e3d8) no-repeat!ie;width:20px;height:20px;text-indent:20px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}
.mw-ui-button{font-family:inherit;font-size:1em;display:inline-block;min-width:4em;max-width:28.75em;padding:0.546875em 1em;line-height:1.286;margin:0;border-radius:2px;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-appearance:none;*display:inline; zoom:1;vertical-align:middle;background-color:#f8f9fa;color:#222222;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;text-align:center;font-weight:bold;cursor:pointer}.mw-ui-button:visited{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button:hover{background-color:#ffffff;color:#444444;border-color:#a2a9b1}.mw-ui-button:focus{background-color:#ffffff;color:#222222;border-color:#3366cc;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button:active,.mw-ui-button.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#d9d9d9;color:#000000;border-color:#72777d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button:disabled:active{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;box-shadow:none;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button:focus{outline-width:0}.mw-ui-button:focus::-moz-focus-inner{border-color:transparent;padding:0}.mw-ui-button:not(:disabled){-webkit-transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms;-moz-transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms;transition:background-color 100ms,color 100ms,border-color 100ms,box-shadow 100ms}.mw-ui-button:disabled{text-shadow:none;cursor:default}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-big{font-size:1.3em}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-block{display:block;width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive{background-color:#3366cc;color:#fff;border:1px solid #3366cc}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:hover{background-color:#447ff5;border-color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #3366cc,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#2a4b8d;border-color:#2a4b8d;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive:disabled.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#447ff5}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#2a4b8d}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#3366cc}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-progressive.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive{background-color:#dd3333;color:#fff;border:1px solid #dd3333}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:hover{background-color:#ff4242;border-color:#ff4242}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:focus{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #dd3333,inset 0 0 0 2px #ffffff}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.is-on,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#b32424;border-color:#b32424;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive:disabled.mw-ui-checked{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#fff;border-color:#c8ccd1;box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet{color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#ff4242}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#b32424}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#dd3333}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-destructive.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet{background:transparent;border:0;text-shadow:none;color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:hover{background-color:transparent;color:#444444}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet.mw-ui-checked{color:#000000}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#222222}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{color:#c8ccd1}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:hover,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:focus{box-shadow:none}.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:active,.mw-ui-button.mw-ui-quiet:disabled{background:transparent}input.mw-ui-button::-moz-focus-inner,button.mw-ui-button::-moz-focus-inner{margin-top:-1px;margin-bottom:-1px}a.mw-ui-button{text-decoration:none}a.mw-ui-button:hover,a.mw-ui-button:focus{text-decoration:none}.mw-ui-button-group > *{min-width:48px;border-radius:0;float:left}.mw-ui-button-group > *:first-child{border-top-left-radius:2px;border-bottom-left-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group > *:not(:first-child){border-left:0}.mw-ui-button-group > *:last-child{border-top-right-radius:2px;border-bottom-right-radius:2px}.mw-ui-button-group .is-on .button{cursor:default}
.mw-ui-icon{position:relative;line-height:1.5em;min-height:1.5em;min-width:1.5em}span.mw-ui-icon{display:inline-block}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element{text-indent:-999px;overflow:hidden;width:3.5em;min-width:3.5em;max-width:3.5em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element:before{left:0;right:0;position:absolute;margin:0 1em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element.mw-ui-icon-large{width:4.625em;min-width:4.625em;max-width:4.625em;line-height:4.625em;min-height:4.625em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element.mw-ui-icon-large:before{min-height:4.625em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-before:before,.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-element:before{background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto;float:left;display:block;min-height:1.5em;content:''}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-before:before{position:relative;width:1.5em;margin-right:1em}.mw-ui-icon.mw-ui-icon-small:before{background-size:66.67% auto}
.mw-ui-icon-popups-settings:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=popups-settings&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2354595d%22 d=%22M20 14.5v-2.9l-1.8-.3c-.1-.4-.3-.8-.6-1.4l1.1-1.5-2.1-2.1-1.5 1.1c-.5-.3-1-.5-1.4-.6L13.5 5h-2.9l-.3 1.8c-.5.1-.9.3-1.4.6L7.4 6.3 5.3 8.4l1 1.5c-.3.5-.4.9-.6 1.4l-1.7.2v2.9l1.8.3c.1.5.3.9.6 1.4l-1 1.5 2.1 2.1 1.5-1c.4.2.9.4 1.4.6l.3 1.8h3l.3-1.8c.5-.1.9-.3 1.4-.6l1.5 1.1 2.1-2.1-1.1-1.5c.3-.5.5-1 .6-1.4l1.5-.3zM12 16c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3s1.3-3 3-3 3 1.3 3 3-1.3 3-3 3z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-popups-close:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=popups-close&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M3.636 2.222l14.142 14.142-1.414 1.414L2.222 3.636z%22/%3E %3Cpath d=%22M17.778 3.636L3.636 17.778l-1.414-1.414L16.364 2.222z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-preview-generic:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=preview-generic&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg width=%2237%22 height=%2227%22 xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%3E %3Cg id=%22Page-1%22 fill=%22none%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22%3E %3Cg id=%22sad-face%22 fill=%22%23C8CCD1%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M5.475.7v20.075L0 26.25h31.025c3.102 0 5.475-2.372 5.475-5.475V.7H5.475zm20.44 4.562c1.277 0 2.19 1.095 2.19 2.19 0 1.096-.913 2.373-2.19 2.373-1.278 0-2.19-1.095-2.19-2.19s1.095-2.373 2.19-2.373zm-9.855 0c1.277 0 2.19 1.095 2.19 2.19 0 1.096-1.095 2.373-2.19 2.373s-2.19-1.095-2.19-2.19.913-2.373 2.19-2.373zm4.928 8.213c-7.153 0-8.415 7.012-8.415 7.012s2.805-1.403 8.415-1.403c5.61 0 8.414 1.403 8.414 1.403S28 13.475 20.988 13.475z%22 id=%22Shape%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-footer:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=footer&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%22230%22 height=%22179%22 xmlns:xlink=%22http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink%22 viewBox=%220 0 230 179%22%3E %3Cdefs%3E %3Crect id=%22a%22 width=%22201%22 height=%2213%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Crect id=%22b%22 width=%22201%22 height=%22169%22 y=%2210%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Crect id=%22c%22 width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%22135%22 y=%22158%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3C/defs%3E %3Cg fill=%22none%22 fill-rule=%22evenodd%22%3E %3Cg transform=%22matrix%281 0 0 -1 0 13%29%22%3E %3Cuse fill=%22%23f8f9fa%22 xlink:href=%22%23a%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%2211%22 x=%221%22 y=%221%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Cuse fill=%22%23fff%22 xlink:href=%22%23b%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22199%22 height=%22167%22 x=%221%22 y=%2211%22 stroke=%22%23a2a9b1%22 stroke-width=%222%22 rx=%222%22/%3E %3Cg opacity=%22.4%22 transform=%22translate%2867 35%29%22%3E %3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 y=%227%22 fill=%22%23c8ccd1%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2231%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2232%22 height=%222%22 y=%2285%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2273%22 height=%222%22 x=%2235%22 y=%2285%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 x=%2291%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2268%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2245%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2217%22 height=%222%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2272%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2249%22 height=%222%22 x=%2220%22 y=%2278%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2224%22 height=%222%22 x=%2284%22 y=%2231%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22 transform=%22matrix%28-1 0 0 1 192 0%29%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2281%22 height=%222%22 y=%2266%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2214%22 height=%222%22 x=%2254%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2237%22 height=%222%22 x=%2271%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 y=%2224%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2259%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2252%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2292%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%22108%22 height=%222%22 y=%2238%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2251%22 height=%222%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2267%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2230%22 height=%222%22 x=%2299%22 y=%22158%22 fill=%22%2372777d%22 opacity=%22.4%22 rx=%221%22/%3E %3Cuse fill=%22%2336c%22 xlink:href=%22%23c%22/%3E %3Crect width=%2233%22 height=%225%22 x=%22133.5%22 y=%22156.5%22 stroke=%22%23ffc057%22 stroke-opacity=%22.447%22 stroke-width=%223%22 rx=%222.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%2234%22 cy=%2249%22 r=%2219%22 fill=%22%23eaecf0%22/%3E %3Cg fill=%22%23a2a9b1%22 transform=%22translate%285 5%29%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%221.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%226%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3Ccircle cx=%2210.5%22 cy=%221.5%22 r=%221.5%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3Cpath stroke=%22%23ff00af%22 d=%22M174.5 159.5h54.01%22 stroke-linecap=%22square%22/%3E %3C/g%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-ui-icon-preview-disambiguation:before{background-image:url(/w/load.php?modules=ext.popups.images&image=preview-disambiguation&format=rasterized&lang=en&skin=vector&version=0fko0iy);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%222 2 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23C8CCD1%22 d=%22M11 12h4V7h-4v5zm-5 2h9v-1H6v1zm0 2h9v-1H6v1zm0 2h9v-1H6v1zm4-9H6v1h4V9zm0 2H6v1h4v-1zm0-4H6v1h4V7zM4 5h13v16H7c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3V5z%22/%3E %3Cpath fill-rule=%22evenodd%22 fill=%22%23C8CCD1%22 d=%22M18 4v14h2V2H7v2%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}</STYLE><STYLE>
.mw-3d-wrapper{display:inline-block;position:relative;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:top}.mw-3d-badge{position:absolute;top:11px;left:11px;color:#1e1f21;font-size:14px;line-height:19px;font-weight:bold;opacity:0.8;padding:2px 5px;background-color:#f8f9fa;border-radius:2px}.mw-3d-thumb-placeholder{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;color:#222}
.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:hover,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:active,.suggestions-result-current a.mw-searchSuggest-link:focus{color:#fff}.suggestions a.mw-searchSuggest-link .special-query{ overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}
#uls-settings-block{background-color:#f8f9fa;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1;padding-left:10px;line-height:1.2em;border-radius:0 0 2px 2px}#uls-settings-block > button{background:left top transparent no-repeat;background-size:20px auto;color:#54595d;display:inline-block;margin:8px 15px;border:0;padding:0 0 0 26px;font-size:medium;cursor:pointer}#uls-settings-block > button:hover{color:#222}#uls-settings-block > button.display-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/display.png?d25f1);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23222%22 d=%22M.002 2.275v12.945h8.405c.535 1.624-.975 1.786-1.902 2.505 0 0 2.293-.024 3.439-.024 1.144 0 3.432.024 3.432.024-.905-.688-2.355-.868-1.902-2.505h8.527v-12.945h-20zm6.81 1.84h.797l3.313 8.466h-1.043l-1.043-2.638h-3.374l-1.043 2.638h-.982zm.368 1.104c-.084.369-.211.785-.368 1.227l-.982 2.577h2.699l-.982-2.577c-.128-.33-.234-.747-.368-1.227zm7.117.982c.753 0 1.295.157 1.656.491.365.334.552.858.552 1.595v4.294h-.675l-.184-.859h-.062c-.315.396-.605.655-.92.798-.311.138-.758.184-1.227.184-.626 0-1.115-.168-1.472-.491-.353-.323-.491-.754-.491-1.35 0-1.275 1.028-1.963 3.068-2.025h1.043v-.429c0-.495-.091-.87-.307-1.104-.211-.238-.574-.307-1.043-.307-.526 0-1.115.107-1.779.429l-.307-.675c.311-.169.674-.333 1.043-.429.373-.096.732-.123 1.104-.123zm.307 3.313c-.761.027-1.318.157-1.656.368-.334.207-.491.54-.491.982 0 .346.1.617.307.798.211.181.544.245.92.245.595 0 1.012-.164 1.35-.491.342-.326.552-.762.552-1.35v-.552z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}#uls-settings-block > button.input-settings-block{background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/input.png?aea9e);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2220%22 height=%2220%22 viewBox=%220 0 20 20%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%23222%22 d=%22M9 1.281c-.124.259-.185.599-.5.688-.55.081-1.133.018-1.688 0-.866-.032-1.733-.148-2.594 0-.588.157-.953.727-1.188 1.25-.178.416-.271.836-.344 1.281h-2.688v11.5h20v-11.5h-16.344c.109-.52.203-1.057.563-1.469.222-.231.587-.17.875-.188 1.212.003 2.415.179 3.625.063.463-.058.812-.455.969-.875l.188-.438-.875-.313zm-7.125 5.844h1.563c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.531c0 .094-.093.188-.188.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.531c0 .094-.062.188-.156.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.531c0 .094-.062.188-.156.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.188-.093-.188-.188v-1.531c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm2.813 0h1.563c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.531c0 .094-.093.188-.188.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.531c0 .094-.062.188-.156.188h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.093-.156-.188v-1.531c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.844 0h1.531c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.531c0 .094-.093.188-.188.188h-1.531c-.094 0-.188-.093-.188-.188v-1.531c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm-12.844 3h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.563c0 .094-.062.156-.156.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.062-.156-.156v-1.563c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.906 0h1.563c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.563c0 .094-.093.156-.188.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.062-.156-.156v-1.563c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm2.938 0h1.531c.094 0 .188.093.188.188v1.563c0 .094-.093.156-.188.156h-1.531c-.094 0-.188-.062-.188-.156v-1.563c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm2.906 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.563c0 .094-.062.156-.156.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.188-.062-.188-.156v-1.563c0-.094.093-.188.188-.188zm2.906 0h1.563c.094 0 .156.093.156.188v1.563c0 .094-.062.156-.156.156h-1.563c-.094 0-.156-.062-.156-.156v-1.563c0-.094.062-.188.156-.188zm-10.875 3.563h12c.088 0 .156.068.156.156v.844c0 .088-.068.156-.156.156h-12c-.088 0-.156-.068-.156-.156v-.844c0-.088.068-.156.156-.156z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}
.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{border:0;padding:0;color:inherit;line-height:1.5em; }.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget:focus{outline:0;padding:0}.ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget::selection{background:rgba(109,169,247,0.5); }
#p-lang .body ul .uls-trigger,#p-lang .pBody ul .uls-trigger{background-image:none;padding:0} .mw-interlanguage-selector,.mw-interlanguage-selector:active{cursor:pointer;padding:4px 6px 4px 25px;font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;background-image:url(/w/extensions/UniversalLanguageSelector/resources/images/compact-links-trigger.png?b0c8e);background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%2218%22 height=%2218%22 viewBox=%220 0 24 24%22%3E %3Cpath fill=%22%2372777d%22 d=%22M13 19l.8-3h5.3l.9 3h2.2l-4.2-13h-3l-4.2 13h2.2zm3.5-11l2 6h-4l2-6zM5 4l.938 1.906h-4.938v2.094h1.594c.6 1.8 1.406 3.206 2.406 4.406-1.1.7-4.313 1.781-4.313 1.781l1.313 1.813s3.487-1.387 4.688-2.188c1 .7 2.319 1.188 3.719 1.688l.594-2c-1-.3-1.988-.688-2.688-1.188 1.1-1.1 1.9-2.506 2.5-4.406h2.188l.5-2h-5.563l-.938-1.906h-2zm-.188 4h3.781c-.4 1.3-.906 2-1.906 3-1.1-1-1.475-1.7-1.875-3z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");background-size:18px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:left 4px center;margin:4px 0;text-align:left}.mw-interlanguage-selector:active,.mw-interlanguage-selector.selector-open{background-color:#c8ccd1;color:#54595d}.interlanguage-uls-menu:before,.interlanguage-uls-menu:after{border-top:10px solid transparent;border-bottom:10px solid transparent;display:inline-block; top:17px;position:absolute;content:''}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-right:before{ border-left:10px solid #c8ccd1; right:-11px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-right:after{ border-left:10px solid #f8f9fa; right:-10px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-left:before{ border-right:10px solid #c8ccd1; left:-11px}.interlanguage-uls-menu.selector-left:after{ border-right:10px solid #f8f9fa; left:-10px}
.mw-mmv-overlay{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:1000;background-color:#000}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open{overflow-y:auto;  }body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-page-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-head-base,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #mw-navigation,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #content,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #footer,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open #globalWrapper{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > *{ display:none}body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-overlay,body.mw-mmv-lightbox-open > .mw-mmv-wrapper{display:block}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons{margin-top:5px}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded,.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config{display:block;line-height:inherit}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-expanded.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M851.2 71.6L690.7 232.1l-40.1-40.3-9.6 164.8 164.8-9.3-40.3-40.4L926 146.4l58.5 58.5L997.6 0 792.7 13.1%22/%3E %3Cpath d=%22M769.6 89.3H611.9l70.9 70.8 7.9 7.5m-47.1 234.6l-51.2 3 3-51.2 9.4-164.4 5.8-100.3H26.4V768h883.1V387l-100.9 5.8-165 9.4zM813.9 678H113.6l207.2-270.2 31.5-12.9L548 599.8l105.9-63.2 159.8 140.8.2.6zm95.6-291.9V228l-79.1 78.9 7.8 7.9%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E")}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 viewBox=%220 0 1024 768%22%3E %3Cpath d=%22M897 454.6V313.4L810.4 299c-6.4-23.3-16-45.7-27.3-65.8l50.5-71.4-99.4-100.2-71.4 50.5c-20.9-11.2-42.5-20.9-65.8-27.3L582.6-1H441.4L427 85.6c-23.3 6.4-45.7 16-65.8 27.3l-71.4-50.5-100.3 99.5 50.5 71.4c-11.2 20.9-20.9 42.5-27.3 66.6L127 313.4v141.2l85.8 14.4c6.4 23.3 16 45.7 27.3 66.6L189.6 607l99.5 99.5 71.4-50.5c20.9 11.2 42.5 20.9 66.6 27.3l14.4 85.8h141.2l14.4-86.6c23.3-6.4 45.7-16 65.8-27.3l71.4 50.5 99.5-99.5-50.5-71.4c11.2-20.9 20.9-42.5 27.3-66.6l86.4-13.6zm-385 77c-81.8 0-147.6-66.6-147.6-147.6 0-81.8 66.6-147.6 147.6-147.6S659.6 302.2 659.6 384 593.8 531.6 512 531.6z%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E");opacity:0.75}.mw-mmv-filepage-buttons .mw-mmv-view-config.mw-ui-icon:before:hover{opacity:1}.mw-mmv-button{background-color:transparent;min-width:0;border:0;padding:0;overflow-x:hidden;text-indent:-9999em}
@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,20px);transform:translate(0,20px)}}@-webkit-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}@-moz-keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;-webkit-transform:translate(0,0);-moz-transform:translate(0,0);-ms-transform:translate(0,0);transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;-webkit-transform:translate(0,-20px);-moz-transform:translate(0,-20px);-ms-transform:translate(0,-20px);transform:translate(0,-20px)}}.mwe-popups-fade-in-up{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-in-down{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-down{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-up{-webkit-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards;-moz-animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards;animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards}     .mwe-popups{background:#fff;position:absolute;z-index:110;-webkit-box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 1px #a2a9b1;padding:0;display:none;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;min-width:300px;border-radius:2px; }.mwe-popups .mw-ui-icon{font-size:16px;margin:21px 0 8px 0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container{color:#222222;margin-top:-9px;padding-top:9px;text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer{padding:16px;margin:0;font-size:10px;position:absolute;bottom:0; left:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract{margin:16px;display:block;color:#222222;text-decoration:none;position:relative;   }.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:hover{text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:after{content:' ';position:absolute;bottom:0;width:25%;height:20px;background-color:transparent}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='ltr']:after{ right:0; background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-o-linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='rtl']:after{ left:0; background-image:-webkit-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-moz-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:-o-linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%); background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract p{margin:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ul,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ol,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract li,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dl,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dd,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dt{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.mwe-popups svg{overflow:hidden}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall{width:450px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{vertical-align:middle}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-extract{width:215px;height:180px;overflow:hidden; float:left}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall footer{width:215px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall{width:320px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-extract{min-height:40px;max-height:140px;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:47px;padding-bottom:0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall footer{width:290px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-extract,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-extract{min-height:auto;padding-top:4px;margin-bottom:60px;margin-top:0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-read-link{font-weight:bold;font-size:12px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link{text-decoration:underline}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:11px solid #ffffff;top:-7px; left:7px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:8px solid #a2a9b1;top:-8px; left:10px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:after{ left:auto; right:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-no-image-tri:before{ left:auto; right:10px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:9px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px; left:6px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri.flipped_x:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:273px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri.flipped_x:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid #ffffff;top:-8px; left:269px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri .mwe-popups-extract{padding-top:32px;margin-top:190px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-tri > div > a > svg{margin-top:-8px;position:absolute;z-index:113; left:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid #a2a9b1;top:-9px; left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{margin:0;margin-top:-8px;margin-bottom:-7px;position:absolute;z-index:113; right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px; left:272px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px; left:269px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall:after{z-index:112;content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid #ffffff;bottom:-8px; left:417px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall:before{z-index:111;content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-9px; left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped_x_y.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{position:absolute;z-index:113;margin:0;margin-bottom:-9px; right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped_y:after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:11px solid #ffffff;bottom:-7px; left:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped_y:before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid transparent;border-bottom:0;border-top:8px solid #a2a9b1;bottom:-8px; left:10px}#mwe-popups-settings{position:fixed;z-index:1000;background:#fff;width:420px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.25);border-radius:2px;font-size:14px}#mwe-popups-settings header{-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;position:relative;display:table;width:100%;padding:5px 7px 5px 0}#mwe-popups-settings header > div{display:table-cell;width:3.5em;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer}#mwe-popups-settings header h1{margin-bottom:0.6em;padding-top:0.5em;border:0;width:100%;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close{opacity:0.87;-webkit-transition:opacity 100ms;-moz-transition:opacity 100ms;transition:opacity 100ms}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:hover{opacity:0.73}#mwe-popups-settings .mwe-ui-icon-popups-close:active{opacity:1}#mwe-popups-settings main{display:block;width:350px;padding:32px 0 24px;margin:0 auto}#mwe-popups-settings main p{color:#54595d;font-size:17px;margin:16px 0 0}#mwe-popups-settings main p:first-child{margin-top:0}#mwe-popups-settings main form img,#mwe-popups-settings main form input,#mwe-popups-settings main form label{vertical-align:top}#mwe-popups-settings main form img{margin-right:60px}#mwe-popups-settings main form input{display:inline-block;margin:0 10px 0 0;padding:0}#mwe-popups-settings main form label{font-size:13px;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;width:300px}#mwe-popups-settings main form label > span{color:#000;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;display:block;margin-bottom:5px;line-height:18px}.mwe-popups-settings-help{font-size:13px;font-weight:800;margin:40px;position:relative}.mwe-popups-settings-help .mw-ui-icon:before,.mwe-popups-settings-help .mw-ui-icon{height:140px;width:180px;max-width:none;margin:0}.mwe-popups-settings-help p{left:180px;bottom:20px;position:absolute}.mwe-popups-settings-icon{border-radius:2px;font-size:16px; margin-right:-0.75em}.mwe-popups-settings-icon:hover{background-color:#eaecf0}.mwe-popups-settings-icon:active{background-color:#c8ccd1}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer .mwe-popups-settings-icon{float:right}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-title{display:block;font-weight:bold;margin:0 16px}.mwe-popups-overlay{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);z-index:999;position:fixed;height:100%;width:100%;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}#mwe-popups-svg{position:absolute;top:-1000px}</STYLE><STYLE>
.ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-editableContent #toc,.ve-activated #siteNotice,.ve-activated .mw-indicators,.ve-activated #t-print,.ve-activated #t-permalink,.ve-activated #p-coll-print_export,.ve-activated #t-cite,.ve-deactivating .ve-ui-surface,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-editableContent,.ve-active .ve-init-mw-tempWikitextEditorWidget{display:none} .ve-activating .ve-ui-surface{height:0;padding:0 !important; overflow:hidden} .ve-loading #content > :not(.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay), .ve-activated .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-uneditableContent{pointer-events:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;opacity:0.5}.ve-activated #catlinks{cursor:pointer}.ve-activated #catlinks a{opacity:1} .ve-activated #content{position:relative} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-loading-overlay{position:absolute;top:1.25em;left:0;right:0;z-index:1;margin-top:-0.5em}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress{height:1em;overflow:hidden;margin:0 25%}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress-bar{height:1em;width:0}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{transition:height 250ms ease;height:0; } .oo-ui-element-hidden{display:none !important; } .mw-editsection{white-space:nowrap; unicode-bidi:-moz-isolate;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;unicode-bidi:isolate}.mw-editsection-divider{color:#54595d} .ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress{height:0.75em;border:1px solid #36c;background:#fff;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 0.1em 0 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15)}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-progress-bar{height:0.75em;background:#36c}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbar,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{font-size:0.875em; margin:-1.14em -1.14em 1.14em -1.14em; }@media screen and (min-width:982px){.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbar,.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{ margin:-1.43em -1.71em 1.43em -1.71em}}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder{border-bottom:1px solid #c8ccd1;box-shadow:0 1px 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-toolbarPlaceholder-open{height:40px}</STYLE><META name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="" />
<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector" />
<LINK rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector" />
<META name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.31.0-wmf.29" />
<META name="referrer" content="origin" />
<META name="referrer" content="origin-when-crossorigin" />
<META name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin" />
<META property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Liquor_Still_Frankfort_489226997.jpg" />
<LINK rel="alternate" href="android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beverage" />
<LINK rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit" />
<LINK rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit" />
<LINK rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png" />
<LINK rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico" />
<LINK rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)" />
<LINK rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd" />
<LINK rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" />
<LINK rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beverage" />
<LINK rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org" />
<LINK rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" />
<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=html5shiv&only=scripts&skin=vector&sync=1"></script><![endif]-->
</HEAD>
<BODY class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Distilled_beverage rootpage-Distilled_beverage skin-vector action-view">		<DIV id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></DIV>
		<DIV id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></DIV>
		<DIV id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">
			<A id="top"></A>
			<DIV id="siteNotice" class="mw-body-content"><DIV id="centralNotice"></DIV><!-- CentralNotice --></DIV><DIV class="mw-indicators mw-body-content">
</DIV>
<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Distilled beverage</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
				<DIV id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</DIV>				<DIV id="contentSub"></DIV>
								<DIV id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump">
					Jump to:					<A href="#mw-head">navigation</A>, 					<A href="#p-search">search</A>
				</DIV>
				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Liquor" redirects here. For sweetened and flavored alcoholic beverages, see <A href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueur</A>. For the novel series, see <A href="/wiki/Liquor_(novel_series)" title="Liquor (novel series)">Liquor (novel series)</A>.</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Liquor_Still_Frankfort_489226997.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Liquor_Still_Frankfort_489226997.jpg/220px-Liquor_Still_Frankfort_489226997.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Liquor_Still_Frankfort_489226997.jpg/330px-Liquor_Still_Frankfort_489226997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Liquor_Still_Frankfort_489226997.jpg/440px-Liquor_Still_Frankfort_489226997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Liquor_Still_Frankfort_489226997.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
An old <A href="/wiki/Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey">whiskey</A> <A href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">still</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Spirituosen-im-supermarkt.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Spirituosen-im-supermarkt.jpg/220px-Spirituosen-im-supermarkt.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Spirituosen-im-supermarkt.jpg/330px-Spirituosen-im-supermarkt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Spirituosen-im-supermarkt.jpg/440px-Spirituosen-im-supermarkt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Spirituosen-im-supermarkt.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
A display of various distilled beverages in a supermarket</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:17-05-06-Miniaturen_RR79033.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/17-05-06-Miniaturen_RR79033.jpg/220px-17-05-06-Miniaturen_RR79033.jpg" width="220" height="159" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/17-05-06-Miniaturen_RR79033.jpg/330px-17-05-06-Miniaturen_RR79033.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/17-05-06-Miniaturen_RR79033.jpg/440px-17-05-06-Miniaturen_RR79033.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3788" data-file-height="2741" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:17-05-06-Miniaturen_RR79033.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Some single-drink distilled beverage bottles available in Germany</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>A <B>distilled beverage</B>, <B>spirit</B>, <B>liquor</B>, <B>hard liquor</B> or <B>hard alcohol</B> is an <A href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverage</A> produced by <A href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</A> of liquid drinks made with grains, fruit, or vegetables that have already gone through <A href="/wiki/Alcoholic_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic fermentation">alcoholic fermentation</A>. The distillation process purifies the liquid and removes diluting components like water, for the purpose of increasing its <A href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">proportion</A> of alcohol content (commonly expressed as alcohol by volume, <A href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">ABV</A>).<SUP id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Britannica-1">[1]</A></SUP> As distilled beverages contain significantly more <A href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</A>, they are considered "harder" – in North America, the term <I>hard liquor</I> is used to distinguish distilled beverages from undistilled ones.</P>
<P>As examples, this term does not include beverages such as <A href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</A>, <A href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">sake</A>, or <A href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</A>, as they are fermented but not distilled. These all have a relatively low alcohol content, typically less than 15%. <A href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</A> is a spirit produced by the distillation of wine, and has an ABV of over 35%. Other examples of distilled beverages include <A href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</A>, <A href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">baijiu</A>, <A href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</A>, <A href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">tequila</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">mezcal</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</A>. (Also see <A href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">list of alcoholic drinks</A>, and <A href="/wiki/List_of_national_liquors" title="List of national liquors">liquors by national origin</A>.)</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Nomenclature"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Nomenclature</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Etymology"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Etymology</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#History_of_distillation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History of distillation</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Precursors"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Precursors</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#True_distillation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">True distillation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Government_regulation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Government regulation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Microdistilling"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Microdistilling</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#Flammability"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Flammability</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#Serving"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Serving</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#Alcohol_consumption_by_country"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Alcohol consumption by country</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#Health_effects"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Health effects</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#Short-term_effects"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Short-term effects</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Long-term_effects"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Long-term effects</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><A href="#Bibliography"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Bibliography</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The term <B>spirit</B> refers to a distilled beverage that contains no added sugar and has at least 20% <A href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol by volume</A> (ABV).<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>Distilled beverages bottled with added sugar and added flavorings, such as <A href="/wiki/Grand_Marnier" title="Grand Marnier">Grand Marnier</A>, <A href="/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</A>, and <A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</A> <A href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">schnapps</A>, are known instead as <A href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">liqueurs</A>.</P>
<P>Distilled beverages generally have an alcohol concentration higher than 30%. <A href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</A> and <A href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</A>, which are not distilled beverages, are limited to a maximum alcohol content of about 20% ABV, as most <A href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeasts</A> cannot reproduce when the concentration of alcohol is above this level; as a consequence, <A href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</A> ceases at that point.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The origin of "liquor" and its close relative "liquid" was the Latin verb <I>liquere</I>, meaning "to be fluid". According to the <I><A href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</A></I>, an early use of the word in the English language, meaning simply "a liquid", can be dated to 1225. The first use the <I>OED</I> mentions of its meaning "a liquid for drinking" occurred in the 14th century. Its use as a term for "an intoxicating alcoholic drink" appeared in the 16th century.</P>
<P>The term "spirit" in reference to alcohol stems from Middle Eastern alchemy. These alchemists were more concerned with medical <A href="/wiki/Elixir" title="Elixir">elixirs</A> than with transmuting lead into gold. The vapor given off and collected during an alchemical process (as with distillation of alcohol) was called a <A href="/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">spirit</A> of the original material.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History_of_distillation">History of distillation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of distillation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</A></DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Precursors">Precursors</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Precursors">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg/220px-Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg" width="220" height="173" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg/330px-Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg/440px-Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="991" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Distillation equipment used by the 3rd century alchemist <A href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> from the <A href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</A> manuscript <I>Parisinus graces.</I><SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Distillation was known in the ancient <A href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</A>, evident from baked clay <A href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">retorts</A> and receivers found at <A href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</A> and <A href="/wiki/Charsadda" title="Charsadda">Charsadda</A> in modern <A href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</A>, dating back to the early centuries of the Christian era. These "<A href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</A> stills" were only capable of producing very weak <A href="/wiki/Liquor" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquor">liquor</A>, as there was no efficient means of collecting the vapors at low heat.<SUP id="cite_ref-habib_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-habib-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</A> may have independently developed the process in the early centuries after Christ, during the <A href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</A> dynasty.<SUP id="cite_ref-haw_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-haw-6">[6]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Distilled_water" title="Distilled water">Distilled water</A> was described in the 2nd century AD by <A href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Taylor_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Taylor-7">[7]</A></SUP> Alchemists in <A href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</A> were using a distillation <A href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">alembic</A> or <A href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">still</A> device in the 3rd century.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Freeze_distillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze distillation">Freeze distillation</A> involves freezing the alcoholic beverage and then removing the ice. The freezing technique had limitations in geography and implementation limiting how widely this method was put to use.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="True_distillation">True distillation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: True distillation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Brewing_and_distillation_industries._(_1858-_).jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Brewing_and_distillation_industries._%28_1858-_%29.jpg/220px-Brewing_and_distillation_industries._%28_1858-_%29.jpg" width="220" height="317" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Brewing_and_distillation_industries._%28_1858-_%29.jpg/330px-Brewing_and_distillation_industries._%28_1858-_%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Brewing_and_distillation_industries._%28_1858-_%29.jpg/440px-Brewing_and_distillation_industries._%28_1858-_%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="760" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Brewing_and_distillation_industries._(_1858-_).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
An illustration of brewing and distilling industry methods in England, 1858</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam" title="Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam">medieval Arabs</A> used the distillation process extensively, and there is evidence that they distilled alcohol. <A href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</A> unambiguously described the distillation of wine in the 9th century.<SUP id="cite_ref-hassan_8-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-hassan-8">[8]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Hassan-Alcohol_9-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Hassan-Alcohol-9">[9]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP> The process later spread to Italy,<SUP id="cite_ref-hassan_8-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-hassan-8">[8]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-habib_5-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-habib-5">[5]</A></SUP> where later evidence of the distillation of alcohol comes from the <A href="/wiki/School_of_Salerno" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Salerno">School of Salerno</A> in southern Italy during the 12th century.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In China, archaeological evidence indicates that the true distillation of alcohol began during the 12th century <A href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</A> or <A href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song</A> dynasties.<SUP id="cite_ref-haw_6-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-haw-6">[6]</A></SUP> A <A href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">still</A> has been found at an archaeological site in Qinglong, <A href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</A>, dating to the 12th century.<SUP id="cite_ref-haw_6-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-haw-6">[6]</A></SUP> In India, the true distillation of alcohol was introduced from the <A href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</A>, and was in wide use in the <A href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</A> by the 14th century.<SUP id="cite_ref-habib_5-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-habib-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">Fractional distillation</A> was developed by <A href="/wiki/Taddeo_Alderotti" title="Taddeo Alderotti">Taddeo Alderotti</A> in the 13th century.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP> The production method was written in code, suggesting that it was being kept secret.</P>
<P>In 1437, "burned water" (<A href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">brandy</A>) was mentioned in the records of the <A href="/wiki/County_of_Katzenelnbogen" title="County of Katzenelnbogen">County of Katzenelnbogen</A> in Germany.<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP> It was served in a tall, narrow glass called a <I>Goderulffe</I>.</P>
<P>Claims upon the origin of specific beverages are controversial, often invoking national pride, but they are plausible after the 12th century AD, when <A href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</A> and German brandy became available. These spirits would have had a much lower <A href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">alcohol content</A> (about 40% ABV) than the alchemists' pure distillations, and they were likely first thought of as medicinal <A href="/wiki/Elixir" title="Elixir">elixirs</A>. Consumption of distilled beverages rose dramatically in Europe in and after the mid-14th century, when distilled liquors were commonly used as remedies for the <A href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</A>. Around 1400, methods to distill spirits from wheat, barley, and rye beers, a cheaper option than grapes, were discovered. Thus began the <A href="/wiki/List_of_national_liquors" title="List of national liquors">"national" drinks</A> of Europe: <I><A href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">jenever</A></I> (Belgium and the Netherlands), <A href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</A> (England), <I><A href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnaps</A></I> (Germany), <I><A href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">grappa</A></I> (Italy), <I><A href="/wiki/Borovi%C4%8Dka" title="Borovička">borovička</A></I> (Slovakia), <I><A href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">horilka</A></I> (Ukraine), <I><A href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">akvavit</A></I>/<I><A href="/wiki/Snaps" title="Snaps">snaps</A></I> (Scandinavia), <I><A href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</A></I> (Poland and Russia), <I><A href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">ouzo</A></I> (Greece), <I><A href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">rakia</A></I> (the Balkans), and <I><A href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">poitín</A></I> (Ireland). The actual names emerged only in the 16th century, but the drinks were well known prior to then.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Government_regulation">Government regulation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Government regulation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>It is legal to distill beverage alcohol as a hobby for personal use in some countries, including New Zealand and the Netherlands.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>In the United States, it is illegal to distill beverage alcohol without a license. In some parts of the U.S., it is also illegal to sell a still without a license. However, all states allow unlicensed individuals to <A href="/wiki/Homebrewing" title="Homebrewing">make their own beer</A>, and some also allow unlicensed individuals to make their own wine (although making beer and wine is also prohibited in some local jurisdictions).</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Microdistilling">Microdistilling</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Microdistilling">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P><A href="/wiki/Microdistillery" title="Microdistillery">Microdistilling</A> (also known as craft distilling) began to re-emerge as a trend in the United States following the <A href="/wiki/Microbrewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewing">microbrewing</A> and <A href="/wiki/Craft_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Craft beer">craft beer</A> movement in the last decades of the 20th century. In contrast, large-scale distillation facilities were never as dominant in Scotland, so the tradition of small-scale distillation was never really lost in the <A href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</A> market.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Flammability">Flammability</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Flammability">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Flaming_cocktails.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flaming_cocktails.jpg/220px-Flaming_cocktails.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flaming_cocktails.jpg/330px-Flaming_cocktails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flaming_cocktails.jpg/440px-Flaming_cocktails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Flaming_cocktails.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
These flaming cocktails illustrate that a distilled beverage will readily catch fire and burn.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Alcohol_proof" title="Alcohol proof">Alcohol proof</A>, <A href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Fire_point" title="Fire point">Fire point</A></DIV>
<P>Liquor that contains 40% <A href="/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume" title="Alcohol by volume">ABV</A> (80 <A href="/wiki/Alcohol_proof" title="Alcohol proof">US proof</A>) will catch fire if heated to about 26 °C (79 °F) and if an ignition source is applied to it. This temperature is called its <A href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">flash point</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-flash_point_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-flash_point-15">[15]</A></SUP> The flash point of <A href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">pure alcohol</A> is 16.6 °C (61.9 °F), less than average room temperature.<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The flammability of distilled beverages is applied in the cooking technique <A href="/wiki/Flamb%C3%A9" title="Flambé">Flambé</A>.</P>
<P>The flash points of alcohol concentrations from 10% ABV to 96% ABV are:<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<UL>
<LI>10% – 49 °C (120 °F) – ethanol-based water solution</LI>
<LI>12.5% – about 52 °C (126 °F) – wine<SUP id="cite_ref-Wolke_18-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Wolke-18">[18]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>20% – 36 °C (97 °F) – <A href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">fortified wine</A></LI>
<LI>30% – 29 °C (84 °F)</LI>
<LI>40% – 26 °C (79 °F) – typical vodka, whisky or brandy</LI>
<LI>50% – 24 °C (75 °F) – strong whisky, <A href="/wiki/Bottled_in_bond" title="Bottled in bond">bottled in bond</A> whisky</LI>
<LI>60% – 22 °C (72 °F) – normal <A href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">tsikoudia</A> (called mesoraki or middle raki), <A href="/wiki/Barrel_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrel proof">barrel proof</A> whisky</LI>
<LI>70% – 21 °C (70 °F) – some <A href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">absinthe</A>, <A href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">slivovitz</A></LI>
<LI>80% – 20 °C (68 °F)</LI>
<LI>90% or more – 17 °C (63 °F) – <A href="/wiki/Neutral_grain_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral grain spirit">neutral grain spirit</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Serving">Serving</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Serving">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Bartending_terminology" title="Bartending terminology">Bartending terminology</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Bar_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Prague.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bar_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Prague.png/220px-Bar_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Prague.png" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bar_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Prague.png/330px-Bar_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Prague.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bar_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Prague.png/440px-Bar_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Prague.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Bar_Hard_Rock_Cafe_Prague.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
A row of alcoholic beverages – in this case, spirits – in a <A href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar (establishment)">bar</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Distilled beverages can be served:</P>
<UL>
<LI>Neat — at room temperature without any additional ingredient(s)<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>Up — shaken or stirred with ice, strained, and served in a <A href="/wiki/Cocktail_glass" title="Cocktail glass">stemmed glass</A>.</LI>
<LI>Down — shaken or stirred with ice, strained, and served in a <A href="/wiki/Old_Fashioned_glass" title="Old Fashioned glass">rocks glass</A>.</LI>
<LI>On the rocks — over <A href="/wiki/Ice_cube" title="Ice cube">ice cubes</A></LI>
<LI>Blended or frozen — blended with ice</LI>
<LI>With a simple mixer, such as <A href="/wiki/Carbonated_water" title="Carbonated water">club soda</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tonic_water" title="Tonic water">tonic water</A>, <A href="/wiki/Juice" title="Juice">juice</A>, or <A href="/wiki/Cola" title="Cola">cola</A></LI>
<LI>As an ingredient of a <A href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">cocktail</A></LI>
<LI>As an ingredient of a <A href="/wiki/Shooter_(mixed_drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooter (mixed drink)">shooter</A></LI>
<LI>With water</LI>
<LI>With water poured over sugar (as with absinthe)</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Alcohol_consumption_by_country">Alcohol consumption by country</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alcohol consumption by country">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption">List of countries by alcohol consumption</A></DIV>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</A> measures and publishes alcohol consumption patterns in different countries. The WHO measures alcohol consumed by persons 15 years of age or older and reports it on the basis of liters of pure alcohol consumed <A href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</A> in a given year in a country.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Health_effects">Health effects</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Health effects">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Short-term_effects">Short-term effects</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Short-term effects">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-term effects of alcohol">Short-term effects of alcohol</A></DIV>
<TABLE class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image">
<DIV style="width:52px"><A href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></A></DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="mbox-text">
<DIV class="mbox-text-span">This section <B>does not <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</A> any <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</A></B>. <SPAN class="hide-when-compact">Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit">improve this section</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</A>.</SPAN> <SMALL><I>(January 2016)</I></SMALL> <SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I>(<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P>Distilled spirits contain <A href="/wiki/Ethyl_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethyl alcohol">ethyl alcohol</A>, the same chemical that is present in <A href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</A> and <A href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</A> and as such, spirit consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the spirits and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or <A href="/wiki/Street_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Street drugs">street drugs</A>, among other factors. Drinking enough to cause a <A href="/wiki/Blood_alcohol_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood alcohol concentration">blood alcohol concentration</A> (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible <A href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</A>, increased self-confidence, and sociability, decreased anxiety, a <A href="/wiki/Alcohol_flush_reaction" title="Alcohol flush reaction">flushed, red appearance in the face</A> and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes <A href="/wiki/Lethargy" title="Lethargy">lethargy</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</A>, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes <A href="/wiki/Stupor" title="Stupor">stupor</A>, unconsciousness, <A href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">anterograde amnesia</A>, vomiting, and <A href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">respiratory depression</A> (potentially life-threatening). Death may occur due to inhalation of vomit (<A href="/wiki/Pulmonary_aspiration" title="Pulmonary aspiration">pulmonary aspiration</A>) while unconscious. A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a <A href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</A> (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal <A href="/wiki/Alcohol_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol poisoning">alcohol poisoning</A>. As with all alcoholic beverages, <A href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">driving under the influence</A>, operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; as such many countries have penalties for drunk driving.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Long-term_effects">Long-term effects</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Long-term effects">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption" title="Long-term effects of alcohol consumption">Long-term effects of alcohol consumption</A></DIV>
<P>The main active ingredient of distilled spirits is alcohol, and therefore, the health effects of alcohol apply to spirits. Drinking small quantities of alcohol (less than one drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men) is associated with a <I>decreased</I> risk of <A href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</A>, <A href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</A>, <A href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</A>, and early death.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kee2014_21-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kee2014-21">[21]</A></SUP> Drinking more than this amount; however, increases the risk of heart disease, <A href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</A>, <A href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kee2014_21-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kee2014-21">[21]</A></SUP> The risk is greater in younger people due to <A href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">binge drinking</A> which may result in violence or accidents.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kee2014_21-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kee2014-21">[21]</A></SUP> About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol each year.<SUP id="cite_ref-NIH2015Stats_22-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NIH2015Stats-22">[22]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</A>, also known as "alcohol use disorder", is a broad term for any drinking of <A href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</A> that results in problems.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP> It was previously divided into two types: <A href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">alcohol abuse</A> and <A href="/wiki/Alcohol_dependence" title="Alcohol dependence">alcohol dependence</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-NIH2003_24-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NIH2003-24">[24]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-NIH2013_25-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NIH2013-25">[25]</A></SUP> In a medical<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><SPAN title="over what period of time? (January 2016)">clarification needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> context, alcoholism is said to exist when two or more of the following conditions is present: a person drinks large amounts over a long time period, has difficulty cutting down, acquiring and drinking alcohol takes up a great deal of time, alcohol is strongly desired, usage results in not fulfilling responsibilities, usage results in social problems, usage results in health problems, usage results in risky situations, <A href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Alcohol withdrawal syndrome">withdrawal</A> occurs when stopping, and <A href="/wiki/Alcohol_tolerance" title="Alcohol tolerance">alcohol tolerance</A> has occurred with use.<SUP id="cite_ref-NIH2013_25-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NIH2013-25">[25]</A></SUP> Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years<SUP id="cite_ref-Schu2014_26-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Schu2014-26">[26]</A></SUP> and alcohol use is the third-leading cause of early death in the United States.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kee2014_21-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kee2014-21">[21]</A></SUP> No professional medical association recommends that people who are nondrinkers should start drinking wine.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kee2014_21-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kee2014-21">[21]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP></P>
<P>While lower quality evidence suggests a cardioprotective effect, no controlled studies have been completed on the effect of alcohol on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause <A href="/wiki/Liver_cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver cirrhosis">liver cirrhosis</A> and <A href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</A> "cautions people NOT to start drinking ... if they do not already drink alcohol. Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation."<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
<UL style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
<LI style="display:table-row"><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><A href="/wiki/File:Flessen_drank.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/32px-Flessen_drank.jpg" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/48px-Flessen_drank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flessen_drank.jpg/64px-Flessen_drank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1279" /></A></SPAN><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">Liquor portal</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI style="display:table-row"><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/16px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" width="16" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/24px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/33px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></SPAN><SPAN style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</A></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 15em; -webkit-column-width: 15em; column-width: 15em;">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</A> / <A href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</A> / <A href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Borovi%C4%8Dka" title="Borovička">Borovička</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">Eau de vie</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Er_guo_tou" class="mw-redirect" title="Er guo tou">Er guo tou</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Feni_(liquor)" title="Feni (liquor)">Fenny</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fractional_freezing#Freeze_distillation" title="Fractional freezing">Freeze distillation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</A> (and <A href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of beverages">List of beverages</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mamajuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamajuana">Mamajuana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Neutral_grain_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral grain spirit">Neutral grain spirit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF" title="Rượu đế">Rượu đế</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-Britannica-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106006/distilled-spirit">"distilled spirit - alcoholic beverage"</A>. <I>Encyclopædia Britannica</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=distilled+spirit+-+alcoholic+beverage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9106006%2Fdistilled-spirit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">E. Gildemeister and Fr. Hoffman, translated by Edward Kremers (1913). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=earQAAAAMAAJ"><I>The Volatile Oils</I></A>. <B>1</B>. New York: Wiley. p. 203.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Volatile+Oils&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1913&rft.au=E.+Gildemeister+and+Fr.+Hoffman%2C+translated+by+Edward+Kremers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DearQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Bryan H. Bunch and Alexander Hellemans (2004). <I>The History of Science and Technology</I>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 88. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-22123-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-22123-9">0-618-22123-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-618-22123-9&rft.au=Bryan+H.+Bunch+and+Alexander+Hellemans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Marcelin_Berthelot" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcelin Berthelot">Marcelin Berthelot</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectiondesanc01bert"><I>Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs</I> (3 vol., Paris, 1887–1888, p.161)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-habib-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-habib_5-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-habib_5-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-habib_5-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</A> (2011), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA55"><I>Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500</I>, page 55</A>, <A href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-haw-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-haw_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-haw_6-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-haw_6-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Haw" title="Stephen G. Haw">Haw, Stephen G.</A> (2006). "Wine, women and poison". <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSfvfr8VQSEC&pg=PA148"><I>Marco Polo in China</I></A>. Routledge. pp. 147–148. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-27542-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-27542-7">978-1-134-27542-7</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-07-10</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>The earliest possible period seems to be the Eastern Han dynasty... the most likely period for the beginning of true distillation of spirits for drinking in China is during the Jin and Southern Song dynasties</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wine%2C+women+and+poison&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo+in+China&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-27542-7&rft.aulast=Haw&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSfvfr8VQSEC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Taylor-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Taylor_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Taylor" title="F. Sherwood Taylor">Taylor, F. Sherwood</A> (1945). "The Evolution of the Still". <I>Annals of Science</I>. <B>5</B> (3): 186. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1080%2F00033794500201451">10.1080/00033794500201451</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-3790">0003-3790</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Still&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=186&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00033794500201451&rft.issn=0003-3790&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=F.+Sherwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-hassan-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-hassan_8-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-hassan_8-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan" title="Ahmad Y. al-Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan</A> (2001), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2g1qte4iegC&pg=PA65"><I>Science and Technology in Islam: Technology and applied sciences</I>, pages 65-69</A>, <A href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Hassan-Alcohol-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Hassan-Alcohol_9-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Y Hassan">Hassan, Ahmad Y</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/notes/notes7.html">"Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources"</A>. <I>History of Science and Technology in Islam</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2014-04-19</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Science+and+Technology+in+Islam&rft.atitle=Alcohol+and+the+Distillation+of+Wine+in+Arabic+Sources&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-science-technology.com%2Fnotes%2Fnotes7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/2281757">The Economist: "Liquid fire - The Arabs discovered how to distil alcohol. They still do it best, say some"</A> December 18, 2003</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Forbes, Robert James (1970). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28C"><I>A short history of the art of distillation: from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal</I></A>. BRILL. pp. 57, 89. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00617-1">978-90-04-00617-1</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">29 June</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+the+art+of+distillation%3A+from+the+beginnings+up+to+the+death+of+Cellier+Blumenthal&rft.pages=57%2C+89&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-90-04-00617-1&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Robert+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeqWOkKYn28C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Sarton, George (1975). <I>Introduction to the history of science</I>. R. E. Krieger Pub. Co. p. 145.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+history+of+science&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=R.+E.+Krieger+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Sarton&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Holmyard, Eric John (1990). <I>Alchemy</I>. Courier Dover Publications. p. 53.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alchemy&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Holmyard&rft.aufirst=Eric+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graf-von-katzenelnbogen.com/begriffe.html">graf-von-katzenelnbogen.com</A>, see entry at <I>Trinkglas.</I></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-flash_point-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-flash_point_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214222420/http://www.nttworldwide.com/tech2212.htm">"Flash Point and Fire Point"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nttworldwide.com/tech2212.htm">the original</A> on December 14, 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">March 6,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flash+Point+and+Fire+Point&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nttworldwide.com%2Ftech2212.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/89308.htm">"Material Safety Data Sheet, Section 5"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">March 7,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Material+Safety+Data+Sheet%2C+Section+5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffscimage.fishersci.com%2Fmsds%2F89308.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/ethanol-water-d_989.html">"Flash points of ethanol-based water solutions"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">June 23,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flash+points+of+ethanol-based+water+solutions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringtoolbox.com%2Fethanol-water-d_989.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Wolke-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Wolke_18-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Robert L. Wolke (5 July 2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/04/AR2006070400283.html">"Combustible Combination"</A>. Washington Post<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">27 January</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Combustible+Combination&rft.pub=Washington+Post&rft.date=2006-07-05&rft.au=Robert+L.+Wolke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F07%2F04%2FAR2006070400283.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Walkart, C.G. (2002). <I>National Bartending Center Instruction Manual</I>. Oceanside, California: Bartenders America, Inc. p. 104.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Bartending+Center+Instruction+Manual&rft.place=Oceanside%2C+California&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Bartenders+America%2C+Inc&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Walkart&rft.aufirst=C.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>  ASIN: B000F1U6HG.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/msbgsruprofiles.pdf">who.int</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Kee2014-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Kee2014_21-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kee2014_21-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kee2014_21-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kee2014_21-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kee2014_21-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">O'Keefe, JH; Bhatti, SK; Bajwa, A; DiNicolantonio, JJ; Lavie, CJ (March 2014). "Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison...or the remedy". <I>Mayo Clinic Proceedings</I>. <B>89</B> (3): 382–93. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mayocp.2013.11.005">10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.005</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24582196">24582196</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Alcohol+and+cardiovascular+health%3A+the+dose+makes+the+poison...or+the+remedy.&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=382-93&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mayocp.2013.11.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24582196&rft.aulast=O%27Keefe&rft.aufirst=JH&rft.au=Bhatti%2C+SK&rft.au=Bajwa%2C+A&rft.au=DiNicolantonio%2C+JJ&rft.au=Lavie%2C+CJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-NIH2015Stats-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-NIH2015Stats_22-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics">"Alcohol Facts and Statistics"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 May</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcohol+Facts+and+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niaaa.nih.gov%2Falcohol-health%2Foverview-alcohol-consumption%2Falcohol-facts-and-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Jill Littrell (2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2k57AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55"><I>Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I: An Empirically Based Clinician's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism:volume Ii: Biological, Psychological, and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse</I></A>. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 55. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317783145" title="Special:BookSources/9781317783145">9781317783145</A>. <Q>The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+and+Treating+Alcoholism+Volume+I%3A+An+Empirically+Based+Clinician%27s+Handbook+for+the+Treatment+of+Alcoholism%3Avolume+Ii%3A+Biological%2C+Psychological%2C+and+Social+Aspects+of+Alcohol+Consumption+and+Abuse.&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317783145&rft.au=Jill+Littrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2k57AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-NIH2003-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-NIH2003_24-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Hasin, Deborah (December 2003). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-1/5-17.htm">"Classification of Alcohol Use Disorders"</A>. <I>pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">28 February</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pubs.niaaa.nih.gov%2F&rft.atitle=Classification+of+Alcohol+Use+Disorders&rft.date=2003-12&rft.aulast=Hasin&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.niaaa.nih.gov%2Fpublications%2Farh27-1%2F5-17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-NIH2013-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-NIH2013_25-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-NIH2013_25-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.htm">"Alcohol Use Disorder: A Comparison Between DSM–IV and DSM–5"</A>. November 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 May</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcohol+Use+Disorder%3A+A+Comparison+Between+DSM%E2%80%93IV+and+DSM%E2%80%935&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.niaaa.nih.gov%2Fpublications%2Fdsmfactsheet%2Fdsmfact.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Schu2014-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Schu2014_26-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Schuckit, MA (27 November 2014). "Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens)". <I>The New England Journal of Medicine</I>. <B>371</B> (22): 2109–13. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra1407298">10.1056/NEJMra1407298</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25427113">25427113</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Recognition+and+management+of+withdrawal+delirium+%28delirium+tremens%29.&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=2109-13&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra1407298&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25427113&rft.aulast=Schuckit&rft.aufirst=MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/Alcohol-and-Heart-Health_UCM_305173_Article.jsp"><I>Alcohol and Heart Health</I></A> American Heart Association</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/quickstats/general_info.htm">"General Information on Alcohol Use and Health"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">26 June</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Information+on+Alcohol+Use+and+Health&rft.au=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Falcohol%2Fquickstats%2Fgeneral_info.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">American Heart Association. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4422">"Alcohol, Wine and Cardiovascular Disease"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">26 June</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alcohol%2C+Wine+and+Cardiovascular+Disease&rft.au=American+Heart+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheart.org%2Fpresenter.jhtml%3Fidentifier%3D4422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Blue, Anthony Dias (2004). <I>The Complete Book of Spirits: A Guide to Their History, Production, and Enjoyment</I>. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-054218-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-054218-7">0-06-054218-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+Spirits%3A+A+Guide+to+Their+History%2C+Production%2C+and+Enjoyment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-06-054218-7&rft.aulast=Blue&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Dias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Forbes, Robert (1997). <I>Short History of the Art of Distillation from the Beginnings up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal</I>. Brill Academic Publishers. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-00617-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-00617-6">90-04-00617-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+History+of+the+Art+of+Distillation+from+the+Beginnings+up+to+the+Death+of+Cellier+Blumenthal&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-00617-6&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Multhauf, Robert (1993). <I>The Origins of Chemistry</I>. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88124-594-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-88124-594-3">2-88124-594-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Chemistry&rft.pub=Gordon+%26+Breach+Science+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=2-88124-594-3&rft.aulast=Multhauf&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistilled+beverage" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <I><B><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Distilled_beverages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Distilled beverages">Distilled beverages</A></B></I>.</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexreisner.com/spirits">History and Taxonomy of Distilled Spirits</A></LI>
</UL>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcoholic_drinks" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit" id="collapsibleTable0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton0" href="#">hide</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template:Alcoholic drinks"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template talk:Alcoholic drinks"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Alcoholic_drinks&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</ABBR></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV id="Alcoholic_drinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" title="Alcoholic drink">Alcoholic drinks</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable1">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton1" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="History_and_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and production</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of alcohol</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alcoholic beverages">History of alcoholic beverages</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">History of French wine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese_wine" title="History of Portuguese wine">History of Portuguese wine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_South_African_wine" title="History of South African wine">History of South African wine</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<DIV><A href="/wiki/File:16th_century_brewer_80px.png" class="image"><IMG alt="16th century brewer 80px.png" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/16th_century_brewer_80px.png" width="80" height="102" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="102" /></A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alcohol_industry" title="Alcohol industry">Alcohol industry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable2">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton2" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="Alcoholic_drinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Alcoholic drinks</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">Fermented</A> drink</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Fermented_drinks" title="Category:Fermented drinks">Other fermented drinks</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<DIV><A href="/wiki/File:Alcoholic_beverages.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Alcoholic beverages.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alcoholic_beverages.jpg/100px-Alcoholic_beverages.jpg" width="100" height="75" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alcoholic_beverages.jpg/150px-Alcoholic_beverages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Alcoholic_beverages.jpg/200px-Alcoholic_beverages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Distilled_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled drink">Distilled drink</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueur</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Distilled_drinks" title="Category:Distilled drinks">Other distilled drinks</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified wine</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth">Vermouth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Fortified_wine" title="Category:Fortified wine">Other fortified wines</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable3">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton3" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="Distilled_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Distilled_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled drink">Distilled drinks</A> by ingredients</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<DL>
<DT>Apple</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</A></DD>
<DT>Cashew apple</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Feni_(liquor)" title="Feni (liquor)">Feni</A></DD>
<DT>Coconut</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</A></DD>
<DT>Fig</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</A></DD>
<DT>Grape</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Armagnac_(brandy)" title="Armagnac (brandy)">Armagnac</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</A></DD>
<DT>Plum</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">Țuică</A></DD>
<DT><A href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">Pomace</A></DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">Marc</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</A></DD>
<DT>Various fruits</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">Eau de vie</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Himbeergeist" title="Himbeergeist">Himbeergeist</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Kirsch" title="Kirsch">Kirschwasser</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Marillenschnaps" title="Marillenschnaps">Marillenschnaps</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Schnapps#German" title="Schnapps">Schnaps</A></DD>
</DL>
</DIV>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<DIV><A href="/wiki/File:Alambic.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Alambic.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alambic.svg/50px-Alambic.svg.png" width="50" height="73" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alambic.svg/75px-Alambic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Alambic.svg/100px-Alambic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="590" /></A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<DL>
<DT>Barley</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</A></DD>
<DT>Maize</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</A></DD>
<DT>Rice</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Cheongju_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (wine)">Cheongju</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Rice_baijiu" title="Rice baijiu">Rice baijiu</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</A></DD>
<DT>Rye</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Korn_(liquor)" title="Korn (liquor)">Korn</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</A></DD>
<DT>Sorghum</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</A> (<A href="/wiki/Kaoliang_wine" title="Kaoliang wine">Kaoliang wine</A>)</DD>
<DT>Multiple grains</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</A></DD>
</DL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<DL>
<DT><A href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</A></DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</A></DD>
<DT>Buckwheat</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</A></DD>
<DT>Sugarcane or molasses</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Clairin" title="Clairin">Clairin</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Guaro_(drink)" title="Guaro (drink)">Guaro</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Tharra" title="Tharra">Tharra</A></DD>
<DT>Various starches</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</A></DD>
</DL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable4">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton4" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN>
<DIV id="Liqueurs_and_infused_distilled_drinks_by_ingredients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueurs</A> and infused distilled drinks by ingredients</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<DL>
<DT>Almond</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_Noyaux" title="Crème de Noyaux">Crème de Noyaux</A></DD>
<DT>Anise</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Hierbas" title="Hierbas">Hierbas</A>
<DL>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Herbs_de_Majorca" title="Herbs de Majorca">Herbs de Majorca</A></DD>
</DL>
</DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</A></DD>
<DT>Blackthorn shrub</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</A></DD>
<DT>Chocolate</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</A></DD>
<DT>Cinnamon</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</A></DD>
<DT><A href="/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</A></DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Lakka" title="Lakka">Lakka</A></DD>
<DT>Coconut</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Malibu_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Malibu Rum">Malibu</A></DD>
<DT>Coffee</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahlúa">Kahlúa</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</A></DD>
<DT>Egg</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</A></DD>
<DT>Hazelnut</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</A></DD>
<DT>Herbs</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Aquavit</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">Brennivín</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crème de menthe">Crème de menthe</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</A></DD>
<DT>Honey</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renfang" title="Bärenfang">Bärenjäger</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Glayva" title="Glayva">Glayva</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</A></DD>
<DT>Juniper</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</A></DD>
<DT>Orange</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Campari" title="Campari">Campari</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Cedratine" title="Cedratine">Cedratine</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaçao (liqueur)">Curaçao</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Triple_sec" title="Triple sec">Triple sec</A></DD>
<DT>Peppers</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Pertsivka</A></DD>
<DT>Star anise</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</A></DD>
<DT>Sugarcane/molasses</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">Charanda</A></DD>
<DT>Various fruits</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_banane" title="Crème de banane">Crème de banane</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Crème de cassis</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Sloe_gin" title="Sloe gin">Sloe gin</A></DD>
</DL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;">
<DIV>
<DL>
<DD><IMG alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <A href="/wiki/Category:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Category:Alcoholic drinks">Category</A></DD>
<DT><IMG alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> Portals</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Portal:Liquor" title="Portal:Liquor">Liquor</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Portal:Beer" title="Portal:Beer">Beer</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine</A></DD>
<DT><IMG alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" title="WikiProject" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> WikiProjects</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Beer" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Beer">Beer</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spirits" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Spirits">Spirits</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Wine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Wine">Wine</A></DD>
</DL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4182358-8">4182358-8</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575038">00575038</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>

<!--
NewPP limit report
Parsed by mw1335
Cached time: 20180420081911
Cache expiry: 1900800
Dynamic content: false
CPU time usage: 0.416 seconds
Real time usage: 0.531 seconds
Preprocessor visited node count: 2959/1000000
Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000
Post‐expand include size: 114551/2097152 bytes
Template argument size: 9209/2097152 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 11/40
Expensive parser function count: 5/500
Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20
Unstrip post‐expand size: 28222/5000000 bytes
Lua time usage: 0.199/10.000 seconds
Lua memory usage: 8.93 MB/50 MB
-->
<!--
Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)
100.00%  423.980      1 -total
 33.17%  140.635      1 Template:Reflist
 14.93%   63.302     11 Template:Cite_web
 11.54%   48.917      1 Template:Alcoholic_beverages
 11.05%   46.842      3 Template:Citation_needed
 10.57%   44.797      1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups
 10.18%   43.151     11 Template:Cite_book
  9.64%   40.863      3 Template:Fix
  8.91%   37.787     12 Template:Convert
  6.37%   26.987      1 Template:Commons_category
-->
</DIV>
<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:1318497-0!canonical and timestamp 20180420081911 and revision id 834146170
 -->
<NOSCRIPT><img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></NOSCRIPT></DIV>					<DIV class="printfooter">
						Retrieved from "<A dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&oldid=834146170">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&oldid=834146170</A>"					</DIV>
				<DIV id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><DIV id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><A href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</A>: <UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Distilled_drinks" title="Category:Distilled drinks">Distilled drinks</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Alcohol" title="Category:Alcohol">Alcohol</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Distillation" title="Category:Distillation">Distillation</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Indian_inventions" title="Category:Indian inventions">Indian inventions</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_inventions" title="Category:Pakistani inventions">Pakistani inventions</A></LI></UL></DIV><DIV id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2016">Articles needing additional references from January 2016</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2016" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2016">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2016</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_GND_identifiers" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers">Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers</A></LI></UL></DIV></DIV>				<DIV class="visualClear"></DIV>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
		<DIV id="mw-navigation">
			<H2>Navigation menu</H2>
			<DIV id="mw-head">
									<DIV id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label">
						<H3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="pt-anonuserpage">Not logged in</LI><LI id="pt-anontalk"><A href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]" accesskey="n">Talk</A></LI><LI id="pt-anoncontribs"><A href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</A></LI><LI id="pt-createaccount"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Distilled+beverage" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</A></LI><LI id="pt-login"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Distilled+beverage" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]" accesskey="o">Log in</A></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
									<DIV id="left-navigation">
										<DIV id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label">
						<H3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" title="View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]" accesskey="c">Article</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-talk"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Talk:Distilled_beverage" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]" accesskey="t">Talk</A></SPAN></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label">
												<INPUT type="checkbox" class="vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" />
						<H3 id="p-variants-label">
							<SPAN>Variants</SPAN>
						</H3>
						<DIV class="menu">
							<UL>
															</UL>
						</DIV>
					</DIV>
									</DIV>
				<DIV id="right-navigation">
										<DIV id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label">
						<H3 id="p-views-label">Views</H3>
						<UL>
							<LI id="ca-view" class="collapsible selected"><SPAN><A href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage">Read</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-edit" class="collapsible"><SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=edit" title="Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]" accesskey="e">Edit</A></SPAN></LI><LI id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]" accesskey="h">View history</A></SPAN></LI>						</UL>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label">
						<INPUT type="checkbox" class="vectorMenuCheckbox" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label" />
						<H3 id="p-cactions-label"><SPAN>More</SPAN></H3>
						<DIV class="menu">
							<UL>
															</UL>
						</DIV>
					</DIV>
										<DIV id="p-search" role="search">
						<H3>
							<LABEL for="searchInput">Search</LABEL>
						</H3>
						<FORM action="/w/index.php" id="searchform">
							<DIV id="simpleSearch">
								<INPUT type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" title="Search Wikipedia [ctrl-alt-f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" tabindex="1" autocomplete="off" /><INPUT type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title" /><INPUT type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton" />							</DIV>
						</FORM>
					</DIV>
									</DIV>
			</DIV>
			<DIV id="mw-panel">
				<DIV id="p-logo" role="banner"><A class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></A></DIV>
						<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label">
			<H3 id="p-navigation-label">Navigation</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="n-mainpage-description"><A href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]" accesskey="z">Main page</A></LI><LI id="n-contents"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</A></LI><LI id="n-featuredcontent"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</A></LI><LI id="n-currentevents"><A href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</A></LI><LI id="n-randompage"><A href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]" accesskey="x">Random article</A></LI><LI id="n-sitesupport"><A href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</A></LI><LI id="n-shoplink"><A href="//shop.wikimedia.org" title="Visit the Wikipedia store">Wikipedia store</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-interaction" aria-labelledby="p-interaction-label">
			<H3 id="p-interaction-label">Interaction</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="n-help"><A href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</A></LI><LI id="n-aboutsite"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</A></LI><LI id="n-portal"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</A></LI><LI id="n-recentchanges"><A href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</A></LI><LI id="n-contactpage"><A href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact page</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-tb" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label">
			<H3 id="p-tb-label">Tools</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="t-whatlinkshere"><A href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Distilled_beverage" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]" accesskey="j">What links here</A></LI><LI id="t-recentchangeslinked"><A href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Distilled_beverage" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</A></LI><LI id="t-upload"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</A></LI><LI id="t-specialpages"><A href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</A></LI><LI id="t-permalink"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&oldid=834146170" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</A></LI><LI id="t-info"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</A></LI><LI id="t-wikibase"><A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56139" title="Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</A></LI><LI id="t-cite"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Distilled_beverage&id=834146170" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label">
			<H3 id="p-coll-print_export-label">Print/export</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI id="coll-create_a_book"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Distilled+beverage">Create a book</A></LI><LI id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Special:ElectronPdf&page=Distilled+beverage&action=show-download-screen">Download as PDF</A></LI><LI id="t-print"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label">
			<H3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label">In other projects</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Distilled_beverages" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</A></LI>				</UL>
							</DIV>
		</DIV>
			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"><BUTTON class="uls-settings-trigger" title="Language settings"></BUTTON>
			<H3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng-li%C3%BB-chi%C3%BA" title="Cheng-liû-chiú – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be" style="display: none;"><A href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%96" title="Моцныя спіртныя напоі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old" style="display: none;"><A href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%96" title="Моцныя сьпіртныя напоі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beguda_destil%C2%B7lada" title="Beguda destil·lada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1lenka" title="Pálenka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwirod" title="Gwirod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituosen" title="Spirituosen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebida_destilada" title="Bebida destilada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brando" title="Brando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نوشیدنی تقطیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boisson_spiritueuse" title="Boisson spiritueuse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biot%C3%A1ille" title="Biotáille – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A6%9D%EB%A5%98%EC%A3%BC" title="증류주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="शराब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDestoka_pi%C4%87a" title="Žestoka pića – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuman_keras" title="Minuman keras – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it" style="display: none;"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillato" title="Distillato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la" style="display: none;"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillatio_alcoholis" title="Distillatio alcoholis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiprie_spirtotie_dz%C4%93rieni" title="Stiprie spirtotie dzērieni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritas" title="Spiritas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89getett_szesz" title="Égetett szesz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="മദ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my" style="display: none;"><A href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="အရက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterkedrank" title="Sterkedrank – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new" style="display: none;"><A href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="अय्‌लाः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E7%95%99%E9%85%92" title="蒸留酒 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="display: none;"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennevin" title="Brennevin – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennevin" title="Brennevin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc" style="display: none;"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beure_destillat" title="Beure destillat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebida_destilada" title="Bebida destilada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayaq_yaku" title="Hayaq yaku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Крепкие спиртные напитки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beverage" title="Distilled beverage – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="display: none;"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destil%C3%A1t_(n%C3%A1poj)" title="Destilát (nápoj) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDgana_pija%C4%8Da" title="Žgana pijača – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B5" title="Жестоко пиће – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDestoka_pi%C4%87a" title="Žestoka pića – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viina" title="Viina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spritdryck" title="Spritdryck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th" style="display: none;"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="สุรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97" title="Міцні спиртні напої – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortndrank" title="Kortndrank – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="בראנפן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E9%A4%BE%E9%85%92" title="蒸餾酒 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E9%A6%8F%E9%85%92" title="蒸馏酒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				<BUTTON class="mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button" title="All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)">38 more</BUTTON></UL>
				<DIV class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><SPAN class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><A href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56139#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</A></SPAN></DIV>			</DIV>
		</DIV>
				</DIV>
		</DIV>
				<DIV id="footer" role="contentinfo">
						<UL id="footer-info">
								<LI id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 April 2018, at 05:04.</LI>
								<LI id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <A rel="license" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</A><A rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></A>;
additional terms may apply.  By using this site, you agree to the <A href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</A> and <A href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</A>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <A href="//www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</A>, a non-profit organization.</LI>
							</UL>
						<UL id="footer-places">
								<LI id="footer-places-privacy"><A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-about"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-disclaimer"><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-contact"><A href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-developers"><A href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute">Developers</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</A></LI>
								<LI id="footer-places-mobileview"><A href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</A></LI>
							<LI style="display: none;"><A href="#">Enable previews</A></LI></UL>
										<UL id="footer-icons" class="noprint">
										<LI id="footer-copyrightico">
						<A href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/"><IMG src="/static/images/wikimedia-button.png" srcset="/static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" /></A>					</LI>
										<LI id="footer-poweredbyico">
						<A href="//www.mediawiki.org/"><IMG src="/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" /></A>					</LI>
									</UL>
						<DIV style="clear: both;"></DIV>
		</DIV>

<DIV id="mwe-popups-svg"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="0" height="0"><defs><clipPath id="mwe-popups-mask"><polygon points="0 8, 10 8, 18 0, 26 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-mask-flip"><polygon points="0 8, 274 8, 282 0, 290 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-landscape-mask"><polygon points="0 8, 174 8, 182 0, 190 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000"></polygon></clipPath><clipPath id="mwe-popups-landscape-mask-flip"><polygon points="0 0, 1000 0, 1000 242, 190 242, 182 250, 174 242, 0 242"></polygon></clipPath></defs></svg></DIV><DIV class="suggestions" style="display: none; font-size: 13px;"><DIV class="suggestions-results"></DIV><DIV class="suggestions-special"></DIV></DIV></BODY></HTML>

document_title: Distilled beverage

token: Distilled

token: beverage

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: Liquor

token: redirects

token: here

token: For

token: sweetened

token: and

token: flavored

token: alcoholic

token: beverages

token: see

token: Liqueur

token: the

token: novel

token: series

token: An

token: old

token: whiskey

token: still

token: A

token: display

token: of

token: various

token: distilled

token: in

token: supermarket

token: Some

token: single

token: drink

token: bottles

token: available

token: Germany

token: spirit

token: liquor

token: hard

token: or

token: alcohol

token: is

token: an

token: produced

token: by

token: distillation

token: liquid

token: drinks

token: made

token: with

token: grains

token: fruit

token: vegetables

token: that

token: have

token: already

token: gone

token: through

token: fermentation

token: The

token: process

token: purifies

token: removes

token: diluting

token: components

token: like

token: water

token: for

token: purpose

token: српскохрватски

question_text: where did the term spirits for alcohol come from