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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Pearl</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
				<DIV id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</DIV>				<DIV id="contentSub"></DIV>
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <A href="/wiki/Pearl_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pearl (disambiguation)">Pearl (disambiguation)</A>.</DIV>
<TABLE class="infobox" style="width:22em">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Pearl</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><A href="/wiki/File:Various_pearls.jpg" class="image" title="Various pearls"><IMG alt="Various pearls" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Various_pearls.jpg/210px-Various_pearls.jpg" width="210" height="210" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Various_pearls.jpg/315px-Various_pearls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Various_pearls.jpg/420px-Various_pearls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></A>
<DIV>Various pearls</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">General</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Category</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Carbonate_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonate mineral">Carbonate mineral</A>, <A href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</A><BR />
<SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(repeating unit)</SPAN></TH>
<TD>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">Calcium carbonate</A>, CaCO<SUB>3</SUB></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Conchiolin" title="Conchiolin">Conchiolin</A></LI>
</UL>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93Strunz_classification" title="Nickel–Strunz classification">Strunz classification</A></TH>
<TD>05.AB</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Crystal_system" title="Crystal system">Crystal system</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</A><SUP id="cite_ref-gotw_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gotw-1">[1]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color:black; background-color: #8BAFDA">Identification</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Color</TH>
<TD>white, pink, silver, cream, brown, green, blue, black, yellow, orange, gold, purple, <A href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Cleavage_(crystal)" title="Cleavage (crystal)">Cleavage</A></TH>
<TD>None<SUP id="cite_ref-gotw_1-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gotw-1">[1]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</A></TH>
<TD>Uneven</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</A> <SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">hardness</SPAN></TH>
<TD>2.5–4.5<SUP id="cite_ref-gotw_1-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gotw-1">[1]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Streak_(mineralogy)" title="Streak (mineralogy)">Streak</A></TH>
<TD>white</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</A></TH>
<TD>2.60–2.85<SUP id="cite_ref-gotw_1-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gotw-1">[1]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</A></TH>
<TD>
<UL>
<LI><I>Common pearl</I>: 1.52-1.66</LI>
<LI><I>Black pearl</I>: 1.53-1.69<SUP id="cite_ref-gotw_1-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gotw-1">[1]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Birefringence" title="Birefringence">Birefringence</A></TH>
<TD>0.156</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Pleochroism" title="Pleochroism">Pleochroism</A></TH>
<TD>Absent</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">Dispersion</A></TH>
<TD>None</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</A> <A href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</A></TH>
<TD>
<UL>
<LI><I>White pearls</I>: light blue to light yellow;</LI>
<LI><I>Yellow and golden pearls</I>: yellow-green, greenish brown to dark brown;</LI>
<LI><I>Black pearls</I>: commonly pink to orange-red<SUP id="cite_ref-bluechart_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bluechart-2">[2]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</TD>
</TR>
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<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Georgian_seed_pearl_gold_ring.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Georgian_seed_pearl_gold_ring.jpg/220px-Georgian_seed_pearl_gold_ring.jpg" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Georgian_seed_pearl_gold_ring.jpg/330px-Georgian_seed_pearl_gold_ring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Georgian_seed_pearl_gold_ring.jpg/440px-Georgian_seed_pearl_gold_ring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2032" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Georgian_seed_pearl_gold_ring.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Georgian seed pearl gold ring</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>A <B>pearl</B> is a hard glistening object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the <A href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">mantle</A>) of a living <A href="/wiki/Animal_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal shell">shelled</A> <A href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusk</A> or another animal, such as a <A href="/wiki/Conulariid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conulariid">conulariid</A>. Just like the shell of a mollusk, a pearl is composed of <A href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</A> (mainly <A href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</A> or a mixture of aragonite and <A href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</A>)<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> in minute crystalline form, which has been deposited in concentric layers. The ideal pearl is perfectly round and smooth, but many other shapes, known as <A href="/wiki/Baroque_pearl" title="Baroque pearl">baroque pearls</A>, can occur. The finest quality natural pearls have been highly valued as <A href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</A> and objects of <A href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</A> for many centuries. Because of this, <I>pearl</I> has become a <A href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</A> for something rare, fine, admirable and valuable.</P>
<P>The most valuable pearls occur spontaneously in the wild, but are extremely rare. These wild pearls are referred to as <I>natural</I> pearls. <I>Cultured</I> or <I>farmed</I> pearls from <A href="/wiki/Pearl_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl oyster">pearl oysters</A> and freshwater mussels make up the majority of those currently sold. <A href="/wiki/Imitation_pearl" title="Imitation pearl">Imitation pearls</A> are also widely sold in inexpensive jewelry, but the quality of their <A href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescence</A> is usually very poor and is easily distinguished from that of genuine pearls. Pearls have been harvested and cultivated primarily for use in <A href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</A>, but in the past were also used to adorn clothing. They have also been crushed and used in cosmetics, medicines and paint formulations.</P>
<P>Whether wild or cultured, gem-quality pearls are almost always <A href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacreous</A> and <A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iridescent" class="extiw" title="wikt:iridescent">iridescent</A>, like the interior of the shell that produces them. However, almost all species of shelled mollusks are capable of producing pearls (technically "calcareous concretions") of lesser shine or less spherical shape. Although these may also be legitimately referred to as "pearls" by gemological labs and also under U.S. <A href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</A> rules,<SUP id="cite_ref-ftc.gov_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ftc.gov-4">[4]</A></SUP> and are formed in the same way, most of them have no value except as curiosities.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Etymology"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Etymology</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Definition"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Definition</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Physical_properties"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Physical properties</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#Freshwater_and_saltwater_pearls"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Freshwater and saltwater pearls</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Creation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Creation</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Natural_pearls"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Natural pearls</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Cultured_pearls"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Cultured pearls</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Imitation_pearls"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Imitation pearls</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Gemological_identification"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Gemological identification</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#Value_of_a_natural_pearl"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Value of a natural pearl</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#Origin_of_a_natural_pearl"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Origin of a natural pearl</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#Types_of_cultured_pearls"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Types of cultured pearls</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#From_other_species"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">From other species</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><A href="#Pearl_hunting"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Pearl hunting</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><A href="#British_Isles"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">British Isles</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><A href="#Pearl_farming"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Pearl farming</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><A href="#Timeline_of_pearl_production"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Timeline of pearl production</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><A href="#Freshwater_pearl_farming"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Freshwater pearl farming</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><A href="#Momme_weight"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Momme weight</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><A href="#In_jewelry"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">In jewelry</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><A href="#Gallery"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Gallery</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><A href="#Shapes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Shapes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><A href="#Lengths_of_pearl_necklaces"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Lengths of pearl necklaces</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><A href="#Colors"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Colors</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><A href="#Religious_references"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Religious references</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><A href="#Hindu_scriptures"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Hindu scriptures</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><A href="#Hebrew_scriptures"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Hebrew scriptures</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><A href="#New_Testament_scriptures"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">New Testament scriptures</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><A href="#Islamic_scriptures"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Islamic scriptures</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><A href="#Additional_references"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Additional references</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">14</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">15</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The English word <I>pearl</I> comes from the <A href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</A> <I>perle</I>, originally from the <A href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</A> <A href="/wiki/Perna_(genus)" title="Perna (genus)"><I>perna</I></A> meaning leg, after the ham- or mutton leg-shaped <A href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalve</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Definition">Definition</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Black_pearl_and_his_shell.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Black_pearl_and_his_shell.jpg/220px-Black_pearl_and_his_shell.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Black_pearl_and_his_shell.jpg/330px-Black_pearl_and_his_shell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Black_pearl_and_his_shell.jpg/440px-Black_pearl_and_his_shell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1874" /></A>
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A black pearl and a shell of the black-lipped pearl oyster. The <A href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</A> colors originate from <A href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacre</A> layers.</DIV>
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<P>All shelled mollusks can, by natural processes, produce some kind of "pearl" when an irritating microscopic object becomes trapped within its mantle folds, but the great majority of these "pearls" are not valued as gemstones. Nacreous pearls, the best-known and most commercially significant, are primarily produced by two groups of molluskan <A href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</A> or <A href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</A>. A nacreous pearl is made from layers of <A href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacre</A>, by the same living process as is used in the secretion of the <A href="/wiki/Mother_of_pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of pearl">mother of pearl</A> which lines the shell.</P>
<P>Natural (or wild) pearls, formed without human intervention, are very rare. Many hundreds of pearl oysters or mussels must be gathered and opened, and thus killed, to find even one wild pearl; for many centuries, this was the only way pearls were obtained, and why pearls fetched such extraordinary prices in the past. <A href="/wiki/Cultured_pearl" title="Cultured pearl">Cultured pearls</A> are formed in pearl farms, using human intervention as well as natural processes.</P>
<P>One family of nacreous pearl bivalves – the <A href="/wiki/Pearl_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl oyster">pearl oyster</A> – lives in the sea, while the other – a very different group of <A href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</A> – lives in freshwater; these are the river <A href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</A> such as the <A href="/wiki/Freshwater_pearl_mussel" title="Freshwater pearl mussel">freshwater pearl mussel</A>. Saltwater pearls can grow in several species of <A href="/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</A> pearl <A href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</A> <A href="/wiki/Pteriidae" title="Pteriidae">Pteriidae</A>. Freshwater pearls grow within certain (but by no means all) species of freshwater mussels in the order Unionida, the families <A href="/wiki/Unionidae" title="Unionidae">Unionidae</A> and <A href="/wiki/Margaritiferidae" title="Margaritiferidae">Margaritiferidae</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Nacre_microscopic_structure.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nacre_microscopic_structure.png/220px-Nacre_microscopic_structure.png" width="220" height="101" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nacre_microscopic_structure.png/330px-Nacre_microscopic_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nacre_microscopic_structure.png/440px-Nacre_microscopic_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="364" /></A>
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Structure of nacre layers, wherein <A href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</A> plates are separated by <A href="/wiki/Biopolymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopolymers">biopolymers</A>, such as <A href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</A>, <A href="/w/index.php?title=Lustrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lustrin (page does not exist)">lustrin</A> and <A href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</A>-like <A href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG/220px-Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG" width="220" height="140" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG/330px-Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG/440px-Bruchfl%C3%A4che_eines_Perlmuttst%C3%BCcks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="488" /></A>
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Electron microscopy image of a fractured surface of nacre</DIV>
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<P>The unique <A href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">luster</A> of pearls depends upon the <A href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</A>, <A href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</A> of light from the <A href="/wiki/Translucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Translucent">translucent</A> layers. The thinner and more numerous the layers in the pearl, the finer the luster. The <A href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescence</A> that pearls display is caused by the overlapping of successive layers, which breaks up light falling on the surface. In addition, pearls (especially <A href="/wiki/Cultured_freshwater_pearls" title="Cultured freshwater pearls">cultured freshwater pearls</A>) can be dyed yellow, green, blue, brown, pink, purple, or black. The very best pearls have a metallic mirror-like luster.</P>
<P>Because pearls are made primarily of calcium carbonate, they can be dissolved in <A href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</A><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>. Calcium carbonate is susceptible to even a weak acid solution because the crystals of calcium carbonate react with the <A href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</A> in the vinegar to form <A href="/wiki/Calcium_acetate" title="Calcium acetate">calcium acetate</A> and <A href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Freshwater_and_saltwater_pearls">Freshwater and saltwater pearls</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Freshwater and saltwater pearls">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Freshwater and saltwater pearls may sometimes look quite similar, but they come from different sources.</P>
<P>Freshwater pearls form in various species of freshwater mussels, family <A href="/wiki/Unionidae" title="Unionidae">Unionidae</A>, which live in lakes, rivers, ponds and other bodies of fresh water. These <A href="/wiki/Freshwater_pearl_mussel" title="Freshwater pearl mussel">freshwater pearl mussels</A> occur not only in hotter climates, but also in colder more temperate areas such as <A href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</A> (where they are protected under law). Most freshwater <A href="/wiki/Cultured_pearl" title="Cultured pearl">cultured pearls</A> sold today come from China.</P>
<P>Saltwater pearls grow within pearl oysters, family <A href="/wiki/Pteriidae" title="Pteriidae">Pteriidae</A>, which live in oceans. Saltwater <A href="/wiki/Pearl_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl oyster">pearl oysters</A> are usually cultivated in protected <A href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</A> or volcanic atolls.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Creation">Creation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Creation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Pearl_Section.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pearl_Section.svg/220px-Pearl_Section.svg.png" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pearl_Section.svg/330px-Pearl_Section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pearl_Section.svg/440px-Pearl_Section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></A>
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Diagram comparing a cross-section of a cultured pearl, upper, with a natural pearl, lower</DIV>
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<P>Pearls are formed inside the shell of certain mollusks as a defense mechanism against a potentially threatening irritant such as a parasite inside the shell, or an attack from outside that injures the mantle tissue. The mollusk creates a <I>pearl sac</I> to seal off the irritation. Pearls are thus the result of an <A href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">immune response</A> analogous in the human body to the capture of an <A href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</A> by a <A href="/wiki/Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">phagocyte</A> (phagocytosis).<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The mollusk's mantle (protective membrane) deposits layers of <A href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</A> (CaCO<SUB>3</SUB>) in the form of the <A href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</A> <A href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</A> or a mixture of aragonite and calcite (polymorphs with the same chemical formula, but different crystal structures) held together by an organic horn-like compound called <A href="/wiki/Conchiolin" title="Conchiolin">conchiolin</A>. The combination of aragonite and conchiolin is called <A href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacre</A>, which makes up mother-of-pearl. The commonly held belief that a grain of sand acts as the irritant is in fact rarely the case. Typical stimuli include organic material, parasites, or even damage that displaces mantle tissue to another part of the mollusk's body. These small particles or organisms gain entry when the shell valves are open for feeding or respiration. In cultured pearls, the irritant is typically an introduced piece of the mantle epithelium, with or without a spherical bead (beaded or beadless cultured pearls).<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Natural_pearls">Natural pearls</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Natural pearls">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Natural pearls are nearly 100% calcium carbonate and <A href="/wiki/Conchiolin" title="Conchiolin">conchiolin</A>. It is thought that natural pearls form under a set of accidental conditions when a microscopic intruder or parasite enters a bivalve mollusk and settles inside the shell. The mollusk, irritated by the intruder, forms a pearl sac of external mantle tissue cells and secretes the calcium carbonate and conchiolin to cover the irritant. This secretion process is repeated many times, thus producing a pearl. Natural pearls come in many shapes, with perfectly round ones being comparatively rare.</P>
<P>Typically, the build-up of a natural pearl consists of a brown central zone formed by columnar calcium carbonate (usually calcite, sometimes columnar aragonite) and a yellowish to white outer zone consisting of nacre (tabular aragonite). In a pearl cross-section such as the diagram, these two different materials can be seen. The presence of columnar calcium carbonate rich in organic material indicates juvenile mantle tissue that formed during the early stage of pearl development. Displaced living cells with a well-defined task may continue to perform their function in their new location, often resulting in a <A href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cyst</A>. Such displacement may occur via an injury. The fragile rim of the shell is exposed and is prone to damage and injury. Crabs, other predators and parasites such as worm larvae may produce traumatic attacks and cause injuries in which some external mantle tissue cells are disconnected from their layer. Embedded in the conjunctive tissue of the mantle, these cells may survive and form a small pocket in which they continue to secrete calcium carbonate, their natural product. The pocket is called a pearl sac, and grows with time by cell division. The juvenile mantle tissue cells, according to their stage of growth, secrete columnar calcium carbonate from pearl sac's inner surface. In time, the pearl sac's external mantle cells proceed to the formation of tabular aragonite. When the transition to nacre secretion occurs, the brown pebble becomes covered with a nacreous coating. During this process, the pearl sac seems to travel into the shell; however, the sac actually stays in its original relative position the mantle tissue while the shell itself grows. After a couple of years, a pearl forms and the shell may be found by a lucky pearl fisher.<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Cultured_pearls">Cultured pearls</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cultured pearls">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Cultured_pearl" title="Cultured pearl">Cultured pearl</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Pearls.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pearls.jpg/220px-Pearls.jpg" width="220" height="177" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pearls.jpg/330px-Pearls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pearls.jpg/440px-Pearls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="657" /></A>
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Nuclei from <A href="/wiki/Toba,_Mie" title="Toba, Mie">Toba</A> Pearl Island, <A href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</A></DIV>
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<P>Cultured pearls are the response of the shell to a tissue implant. A tiny piece of mantle tissue (called a <I>graft</I>) from a donor shell is transplanted into a recipient shell, causing a pearl sac to form into which the tissue precipitates calcium carbonate. There are a number of methods for producing cultured pearls: using freshwater or seawater shells, transplanting the graft into the mantle or into the gonad, and adding a spherical bead as a nucleus. Most saltwater cultured pearls are grown with beads. Tradenames of cultured pearls are Akoya, white or golden South sea, and black Tahitian. Most beadless cultured pearls are mantle-grown in freshwater shells in China, and are known as freshwater cultured pearls.</P>
<P>Cultured pearls can be distinguished from natural pearls by <A href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</A> examination.<SUP id="cite_ref-farn2013_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-farn2013-10">[10]</A></SUP> Nucleated cultured pearls are often 'preformed' as they tend to follow the shape of the implanted shell bead nucleus. After a bead is inserted into the oyster, it secretes a few layers of nacre around the bead; the resulting cultured pearl can then be harvested in as few as six months.</P>
<P>When a cultured pearl with a bead nucleus is X-rayed, it reveals a different structure to that of a natural pearl (see diagram). A beaded cultured pearl shows a solid center with no concentric growth rings, whereas a natural pearl shows a series of concentric growth rings. A beadless cultured pearl (whether of freshwater or saltwater origin) may show growth rings, but also a complex central cavity, witness of the first precipitation of the young pearl sac.<SUP id="cite_ref-farn2013_10-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-farn2013-10">[10]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Imitation_pearls">Imitation pearls</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Imitation pearls">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Imitation_pearl" title="Imitation pearl">Imitation pearl</A></DIV>
<P>Some imitation pearls (also called shell pearls) are simply made of <A href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">mother-of-pearl</A>, <A href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</A> or <A href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conch</A> shell, while others are made from glass and are coated with a solution containing fish scales called <I>essence d'Orient</I>. Although imitation pearls look the part, they do not have the same weight or smoothness as real pearls, and their luster will also dim greatly.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Gemological_identification">Gemological identification</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gemological identification">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>A well-equipped <A href="/wiki/Gemology#Institutes,_laboratories,_schools_and_publications" title="Gemology">gem testing laboratory</A> can distinguish natural pearls from cultured pearls by using gemological <A href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</A> equipment to examine the center of a pearl. With X-rays it is possible to see the growth rings of the pearl, where the layers of calcium carbonate are separated by thin layers of conchiolin. The differentiation of natural pearls from non-beaded cultured pearls can be very difficult without the use of this X-ray technique.</P>
<P>Natural and <A href="/wiki/Cultured_pearl" title="Cultured pearl">cultured pearls</A> can be distinguished from imitation pearls using a <A href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</A>. Another method of testing for imitations is to rub two pearls against each other. Imitation pearls are completely smooth, but natural and cultured pearls are composed of nacre platelets, making both feel slightly gritty.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Value_of_a_natural_pearl">Value of a natural pearl</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Value of a natural pearl">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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Pearl tiara of Empress <A href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_de_Montijo" title="Eugénie de Montijo">Eugénie</A> (1853) featuring 212 natural pearls, <A href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</A>, Paris.</DIV>
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<P>Fine quality natural pearls are very rare jewels. Their values are determined similarly to those of other precious gems, according to size, shape, color, quality of surface, orient and luster.</P>
<P>Single natural pearls are often sold as collectors' items, or set as centerpieces in unique jewelry. Very few matched strands of natural pearls exist, and those that do often sell for hundreds of thousands of dollars. (In 1917, jeweler <A href="/wiki/Pierre_Cartier_(jeweler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Cartier (jeweler)">Pierre Cartier</A> purchased the Fifth Avenue mansion that is now the New York Cartier store in exchange for a matched double strand of natural pearls Cartier had been collecting for years; at the time, it was valued at US$1 million.)<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The introduction and advance of the cultured pearl hit the pearl industry hard. Pearl dealers publicly disputed the authenticity of these new cultured products, and left many consumers uneasy and confused about their much lower prices. Essentially, the controversy damaged the images of both natural and cultured pearls. By the 1950s, when a significant number of women in developed countries could afford their own cultured pearl necklace, natural pearls were reduced to a small, exclusive niche in the pearl industry.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Origin_of_a_natural_pearl">Origin of a natural pearl</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Origin of a natural pearl">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<I><A href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</A></I> wearing a rope of black pearls</DIV>
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<P>Previously, natural pearls were found in many parts of the world. Present day natural pearling is confined mostly to seas off <A href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</A>. Australia also has one of the world's last remaining fleets of pearl diving ships. Australian pearl divers dive for south sea pearl oysters to be used in the cultured south sea pearl industry. The catch of pearl oysters is similar to the numbers of oysters taken during the natural pearl days. Hence significant numbers of natural pearls are still found in the Australian Indian Ocean waters from wild oysters. X-ray examination is required to positively verify natural pearls found today.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_cultured_pearls">Types of cultured pearls</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Types of cultured pearls">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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A blister pearl, a half-sphere, formed flush against the shell of the pearl oyster.</DIV>
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<P><A href="/wiki/Keshi_pearls" title="Keshi pearls">Keshi pearls</A>, although they often occur by chance, are not considered natural. They are a byproduct of the culturing process, and hence do not happen without human intervention. They are quite small, typically only a few millimeters. Keshi pearls are produced by many different types of marine mollusks and freshwater mussels in China. Keshi pearls are actually a mistake in the cultured pearl seeding process. In seeding the cultured pearl, a piece of mantle muscle from a sacrificed oyster is placed with a bead of mother of pearl within the oyster. If the piece of mantle should slip off the bead, a pearl forms of baroque shape about the mantle piece which is entirely nacre. Therefore, a Keshi pearl could be considered superior to cultured pearls with a mother of pearl bead center. In the cultured pearl industry, the resources used to create a mistaken all nacre baroque pearl is a drain on the production of round cultured pearls. Therefore, they are trying to improve culturing technique so that keshi pearls do not occur. All nacre pearls may one day be limited to natural found pearls.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP> Today many "keshi" pearls are actually intentional, with post-harvest shells returned to the water to regenerate a pearl in the existing pearl sac.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Tahitian_pearl" title="Tahitian pearl">Tahitian pearls</A>, frequently referred to as black pearls,<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP> are highly valued because of their rarity; the culturing process for them dictates a smaller volume output and they can never be mass-produced because, in common with most sea pearls, the oyster can only be nucleated with one pearl at a time, while freshwater mussels are capable of multiple pearl implants. Before the days of cultured pearls, black pearls were rare and highly valued for the simple reason that white pearl oysters rarely produced naturally black pearls, and black pearl oysters rarely produced any natural pearls at all.</P>
<P>Since the development of pearl culture technology, the black pearl oysters <I>Pinctada margaritifera</I> found in <A href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</A> and many other Pacific islands including the <A href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</A> and <A href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</A> are being extensively used for producing cultured pearls. The rarity of the black cultured pearl is now a "comparative" issue. The black cultured pearl is rare when compared to Chinese freshwater cultured pearls, and Japanese and Chinese akoya cultured pearls, and is more valuable than these pearls. However, it is more abundant than the South Sea pearl, which is more valuable than the black cultured pearl. This is simply because the black pearl oyster <I>Pinctada margaritifera</I> is far more abundant than the elusive, rare, and larger south sea pearl oyster <I>Pinctada maxima</I>, which cannot be found in lagoons, but which must be dived for in a rare number of deep ocean habitats or grown in hatcheries.</P>
<P>Black pearls are very rarely black: they are usually shades of green, purple, aubergine, blue, grey, silver or peacock (a mix of several shades, like a peacock's feather).<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>Black cultured pearls from the black pearl oyster – <I>Pinctada margaritifera</I> – are not South Sea pearls, although they are often mistakenly described as black South Sea pearls. In the absence of an official definition for the pearl from the black oyster, these pearls are usually referred to as "black pearls".<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>The correct definition of a South Sea pearl – as described by CIBJO and GIA – is a pearl produced by the <I>Pinctada maxima</I><SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP> pearl oyster. South Sea pearls are the color of their host <I>Pinctada maxima</I> oyster – and can be white, silver, pink, gold, cream, and any combination of these basic colors, including overtones of the various colors of the rainbow displayed in the pearl nacre of the oyster shell itself.</P>
<P>South Sea pearls are the largest and rarest of the cultured pearls – making them the most valuable.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-gia_18-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gia-18">[18]</A></SUP> Prized for their exquisitely beautiful '<A href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">orient</A>' or lustre, South Sea pearls are now farmed in various parts of the world where the <I>Pinctada maxima</I> oysters can be found, with the finest South Sea pearls being produced by <A href="/wiki/Paspaley" title="Paspaley">Paspaley</A> along the remote coastline of North-Western Australia.<SUP id="cite_ref-gia_18-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gia-18">[18]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP> White and silver colored South Sea pearls tend to come from the <A href="/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia" title="Broome, Western Australia">Broome</A> area of Australia, while golden colored ones are more prevalent in the Philippines and Indonesia.</P>
<P>A farm in the <A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</A>, Mexico, is culturing pearls from the black lipped <I>Pinctada mazatlanica</I> oysters and the rainbow lipped <I>Pteria sterna</I> oysters.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP> Also called Concha Nácar, the pearls from these rainbow lipped oysters fluoresce red under <A href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</A> light.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="From_other_species">From other species</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: From other species">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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A <A href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">shell</A> of the Indian volute, <I><A href="/wiki/Melo_melo" title="Melo melo">Melo melo</A></I>, surrounded by a number of pearls from this species</DIV>
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Conch pearl pendant</DIV>
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<P>Biologically speaking, under the right set of circumstances, almost any shelled mollusk can produce some kind of pearl. However, most of these molluskan pearls have no luster or <A href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescence</A>. The great majority of mollusk species produce pearls which are not attractive, and are sometimes not even very durable, such that they usually have no value at all, except perhaps to a scientist or collector, or as a curiosity. These objects used to be referred to as "calcareous concretions" by some gemologists, even though a <A href="/wiki/Malacologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacologist">malacologist</A> would still consider them to be pearls. Valueless pearls of this type are sometimes found in edible <A href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</A>, edible <A href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</A>, <A href="/wiki/Escargot" title="Escargot">escargot</A> snails, and so on. The GIA and CIBJO now simply use the term 'pearl' (or, where appropriate, the more descriptive term 'non-nacreous pearl') when referring to such items<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP> and, under Federal Trade Commission rules, various mollusk pearls may be referred to as 'pearls', without qualification.<SUP id="cite_ref-ftc.gov_4-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ftc.gov-4">[4]</A></SUP></P>
<P>A few species produce pearls that can be of interest as gemstones. These species include the bailer shell <I><A href="/wiki/Melo_(gastropod)" title="Melo (gastropod)">Melo</A></I>, the <A href="/wiki/Giant_clam" title="Giant clam">giant clam</A> <I>Tridacna</I>, various <A href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallop</A> species, Pen shells <I><A href="/wiki/Pinna_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinna (genus)">Pinna</A></I>, and the <I><A href="/wiki/Haliotis_iris" title="Haliotis iris">Haliotis iris</A></I> species of abalone. Pearls of abalone, or <A href="/wiki/P%C4%81ua" title="Pāua">pāua</A>, are <A href="/wiki/Cultured_pearl#The_pearl_industry" title="Cultured pearl">mabe</A> pearls, or blister pearls, unique to <A href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</A> waters and are commonly referred to as 'blue pearls'. They are admired for their incredible luster and naturally bright vibrant colors that are often compared to <A href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</A>. Another example is the conch pearl (sometimes referred to simply as the 'pink pearl'), which is found very rarely growing between the mantle and the shell of the queen <A href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conch</A> or pink conch, <I><A href="/wiki/Strombus_gigas" class="mw-redirect" title="Strombus gigas">Strombus gigas</A></I>, a large sea snail or marine <A href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropod</A> from the <A href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</A>. These pearls, which are often pink in color, are a by-product of the conch fishing industry, and the best of them display a shimmering optical effect related to <A href="/wiki/Chatoyance" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatoyance">chatoyance</A> known as 'flame structure'.</P>
<P>Somewhat similar gastropod pearls, this time more orange in hue, are (again very rarely) found in the horse conch <I><A href="/wiki/Pleuroploca_gigantea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuroploca gigantea">Pleuroploca gigantea</A></I>.</P>
<P>The second largest pearl known was found in the <A href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</A> in 1934 and is known as the <I><A href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Lao_Tzu" title="Pearl of Lao Tzu">Pearl of Lao Tzu</A></I>. It is a naturally occurring, non-nacreous, calcareous concretion (pearl) from a <A href="/wiki/Giant_clam" title="Giant clam">giant clam</A>. Because it did not grow in a pearl oyster it is not pearly; instead the surface is glossy like porcelain. Other pearls from giant clams are known to exist, but this is a particularly large one weighing 14 lb (6.4 kg).</P>
<P>The largest known pearl (also from a giant clam) was found in the Philippines as well by a fisherman from <A href="/wiki/Puerto_Princesa" title="Puerto Princesa">Puerto Princesa</A>, <A href="/wiki/Palawan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Palawan Island">Palawan Island</A>. The enormous pearl is 30 cm wide (1 ft), 67 cm long (2.2 ft) and weighs 75 lb (34 kg).<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Pearl_hunting">Pearl hunting</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pearl hunting">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</A></DIV>
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A 14th-century piece of clothing used by <A href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwaiti</A> divers searching for pearls in the <A href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</A></DIV>
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<P>The ancient chronicle <A href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</A> mentions of the thriving pearl industry in the port of Oruwella in the Gulf of Mannar in <A href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</A>. It also records that eight varieties of pearls accompanied <A href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Prince Vijaya</A>'s embassy to the Pandyan king as well as king <A href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanampiya Tissa">Devanampiya Tissa</A>'s embassy to <A href="/wiki/Emperor_Ashoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Ashoka">Emperor Ashoka</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</A> (23–79AD) praised the pearl fishery of the Gulf as most productive in the world.<SUP id="cite_ref-j1_26-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-j1-26">[26]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP></P>
<P>For thousands of years, seawater pearls were retrieved by divers in the <A href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</A> in areas such as the <A href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</A>, the Red Sea and the <A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Appreciation_30-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Appreciation-30">[30]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-GULF_31-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-GULF-31">[31]</A></SUP> Evidence also suggest a <A href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</A> origin to pearl diving in these regions.<SUP id="cite_ref-Appreciation_30-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Appreciation-30">[30]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-GULF_31-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-GULF-31">[31]</A></SUP> Starting in the <A href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</A> (206 BC–220 AD), the <A href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</A> hunted extensively for seawater pearls in the <A href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</A>.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> In the 14th-century <A href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</A>, the traveller <A href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</A> provided the earliest known description of pearl diving by means of attaching a cord to the diver's waist.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
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<I>Catching of pearls</I>, <A href="/wiki/Bern_Physiologus" title="Bern Physiologus">Bern Physiologus</A> (9th century)</DIV>
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<P>When Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Western Hemisphere, they discovered that around the islands of <A href="/wiki/Cubagua" title="Cubagua">Cubagua</A> and <A href="/wiki/Isla_Margarita" class="mw-redirect" title="Isla Margarita">Margarita</A>, some 200 km north of the <A href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</A> coast, was an extensive pearl bed (a bed of pearl oysters). One discovered and named pearl, <A href="/wiki/La_Peregrina_pearl" title="La Peregrina pearl">La Peregrina pearl</A>, was offered to the Spanish queen.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> According to <A href="/wiki/Inca_Garcilaso_de_la_Vega" title="Inca Garcilaso de la Vega">Garcilasso de la Vega</A>, who says that he saw La Peregrina at Seville in 1607,<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP> this was found at <A href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</A> in 1560 by a <A href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slave</A> worker who was rewarded with his liberty, and his owner with the office of alcalde of Panama.</P>
<P>Margarita pearls are extremely difficult to find today and are known for their unique yellowish color. The most famous Margarita necklace that anyone can see today is the one that then Venezuelan President <A href="/wiki/Romulo_Betancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulo Betancourt">Romulo Betancourt</A> gave to <A href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jacqueline Kennedy</A> when she and her husband, President <A href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</A> paid an official visit to Venezuela.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2007)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>Before the beginning of the 20th century, <A href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">pearl hunting</A> was the most common way of harvesting pearls. Divers manually pulled oysters from ocean floors and river bottoms and checked them individually for pearls. Not all mussels and oysters produce pearls. In a haul of three tons, only three or four oysters will produce perfect pearls.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="British_Isles">British Isles</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: British Isles">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Pearls were one of the attractions which drew Julius Caesar to Britain.<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[33]</A></SUP> They are, for the most part, freshwater pearls from mussels. Pearling was banned in the U.K. in 1998 due to the endangered status of river mussels.<SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[34]</A></SUP> Discovery and publicity about the sale for a substantial sum of the Abernethy pearl in the <A href="/wiki/River_Tay" title="River Tay">River Tay</A> had resulted in heavy exploitation of mussel colonies during the 1970s and 80s by weekend warriors.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP> When it was permitted it was carried on mainly by <A href="/wiki/Scottish_Gypsy_and_Traveller_groups#Indigenous_Highland_Travellers" title="Scottish Gypsy and Traveller groups">Scottish Travellers</A><SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[36]</A></SUP> who found pearls varied from river to river with the <A href="/wiki/River_Oykel" title="River Oykel">River Oykel</A> in the Highlands being noted for the finest rose-pink pearls.<SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[37]</A></SUP> There are two firms in Scotland that are licensed to sell pre-1998 freshwater pearls.<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Pearl_farming">Pearl farming</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pearl farming">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Pearl_Oysters.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pearl_Oysters.jpg/220px-Pearl_Oysters.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pearl_Oysters.jpg/330px-Pearl_Oysters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Pearl_Oysters.jpg/440px-Pearl_Oysters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></A>
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A pearl being extracted from an akoya pearl oyster.</DIV>
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oyster farming</A></DIV>
<P>Today, the cultured pearls on the market can be divided into two categories. The first category covers the beaded cultured pearls, including Akoya, South Sea and Tahiti. These pearls are gonad grown, and usually one pearl is grown at a time. This limits the number of pearls at a harvest period. The pearls are usually harvested after one year for akoya, 2–4 years for Tahitian and South Sea, and 2–7 years for freshwater. This perliculture process was first developed by the British biologist <A href="/wiki/William_Saville-Kent" title="William Saville-Kent">William Saville-Kent</A> who passed the information along to Tatsuhei Mise and Tokichi Nishikawa from <A href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</A>. The second category includes the non-beaded freshwater cultured pearls, like the Biwa or Chinese pearls. As they grow in the mantle, where on each wing up to 25 grafts can be implanted, these pearls are much more frequent and saturate the market completely. An impressive improvement in quality has taken place in the last ten years when the former rice-grain-shaped pebbles are compared with the near round pearls of today. In the last two years large near perfect round bead nucleated pearls up to 15mm in diameter have been produced with metallic luster.</P>
<P>The nucleus bead in a beaded cultured pearl is generally a polished sphere made from freshwater <A href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussel</A> shell. Along with a small piece of mantle tissue from another mollusk (donor shell) to serve as a catalyst for the pearl sac, it is surgically implanted into the gonad (reproductive organ) of a saltwater mollusk. In freshwater perliculture, only the piece of tissue is used in most cases, and is inserted into the fleshy mantle of the host mussel. South Sea and Tahitian pearl oysters, also known as <I>Pinctada maxima</I> and <I>Pinctada margaritifera</I>, which survive the subsequent surgery to remove the finished pearl, are often implanted with a new, larger beads as part of the same procedure and then returned to the water for another 2–3 years of growth.</P>
<P>Despite the common misperception, <A href="/wiki/Mikimoto_K%C5%8Dkichi" title="Mikimoto Kōkichi">Mikimoto</A> did not discover the process of pearl culture. The accepted process of pearl culture was developed by the British Biologist <A href="/wiki/William_Saville-Kent" title="William Saville-Kent">William Saville-Kent</A> in Australia and brought to Japan by Tokichi Nishikawa and Tatsuhei Mise. Nishikawa was granted the patent in 1916, and married the daughter of Mikimoto. Mikimoto was able to use Nishikawa's technology. After the patent was granted in 1916, the technology was immediately commercially applied to akoya pearl oysters in Japan in 1916. Mise's brother was the first to produce a commercial crop of pearls in the akoya oyster. Mitsubishi's Baron Iwasaki immediately applied the technology to the south sea pearl oyster in 1917 in the Philippines, and later in Buton, and Palau. Mitsubishi was the first to produce a cultured south sea pearl – although it was not until 1928 that the first small commercial crop of pearls was successfully produced.</P>
<P>The original Japanese cultured pearls, known as akoya pearls, are produced by a species of small pearl oyster, <I>Pinctada fucata martensii</I>, which is no bigger than 6 to 8 cm (2.4 to 3.1 in) in size, hence akoya pearls larger than 10 mm in diameter are extremely rare and highly priced. Today, a hybrid mollusk is used in both Japan and China in the production of akoya pearls.</P>
<P>Cultured Pearls were sold in cans for the export market. These were packed in Japan by the I.C.P. Canning Factory (International Pearl Company L.T.D.) in Nagasaki Pref. Japan.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Timeline_of_pearl_production">Timeline of pearl production</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Timeline of pearl production">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Mitsubishi commenced pearl culture with the South Sea pearl oyster in 1916, as soon as the technology patent was commercialized. By 1931 this project was showing signs of success, but was upset by the death of Tatsuhei Mise. Although the project was recommenced after Tatsuhei's death, the project was discontinued at the beginning of WWII before significant productions of pearls were achieved.</P>
<P>After WWII, new south sea pearl projects were commenced in the early 1950s at <A href="/wiki/Kuri_Bay" title="Kuri Bay">Kuri Bay</A> and Port Essington in Australia, and <A href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</A>. Japanese companies were involved in all projects using technicians from the original Mitsubishi South Sea pre-war projects. Kuri Bay is now the location of one of the largest and most well-known pearl farms owned by <A href="/wiki/Paspaley" title="Paspaley">Paspaley</A>, the biggest producer of South Sea pearls in the world.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2010, China overtook Japan in akoya pearl production.<SUP id="cite_ref-akoya_40-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-akoya-40">[40]</A></SUP> Japan has all but ceased its production of akoya pearls smaller than 8 mm.<SUP id="cite_ref-akoya_40-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-akoya-40">[40]</A></SUP> Japan maintains its status as a pearl processing center, however, and imports the majority of Chinese akoya pearl production. These pearls are then processed (often simply matched and sorted), relabeled as product of Japan, and exported.<SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[41]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the past two decades, cultured pearls have been produced using larger oysters in the south <A href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</A> and <A href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</A>. The largest pearl oyster is the <I><A href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Pinctada maxima</A></I>, which is roughly the size of a dinner plate. South Sea pearls are characterized by their large size and warm luster. Sizes up to 14 mm in diameter are not uncommon. In 2013, Indonesia Pearl<SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[42]</A></SUP> supplied 43 percent of South Sea Pearls international market.<SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[43]</A></SUP> The other significant producers are <A href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</A>, <A href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</A>, <A href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</A> and <A href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[44]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Freshwater_pearl_farming">Freshwater pearl farming</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Freshwater pearl farming">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>In 1914, pearl farmers began growing <A href="/wiki/Cultured_freshwater_pearls" title="Cultured freshwater pearls">cultured freshwater pearls</A> using the pearl mussels native to <A href="/wiki/Lake_Biwa" title="Lake Biwa">Lake Biwa</A>. This lake, the largest and most ancient in Japan, lies near the city of <A href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</A>. The extensive and successful use of the Biwa Pearl Mussel is reflected in the name <I>Biwa pearls</I>, a phrase which was at one time nearly synonymous with freshwater pearls in general. Since the time of peak production in 1971, when Biwa pearl farmers produced six tons of cultured pearls, pollution has caused the virtual extinction of the industry. Japanese pearl farmers recently<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><SPAN title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2011)">when?</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> cultured a hybrid pearl mussel – a cross between Biwa Pearl Mussels and a closely related species from China, <I><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hyriopsis_cumingi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyriopsis cumingi (page does not exist)">Hyriopsis cumingi</A></I>, in <A href="/wiki/Lake_Kasumigaura" title="Lake Kasumigaura">Lake Kasumigaura</A>. This industry has also nearly ceased production, due to pollution.</P>
<P>Japanese pearl producers also invested in producing cultured pearls with <A href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">freshwater mussels</A> in the region of <A href="/wiki/Shanghai,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai, China">Shanghai</A>, <A href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</A>. China has since become the world's largest producer of freshwater pearls, producing more than 1,500 metric tons per year (in addition to metric measurements, <A href="/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement" title="Japanese units of measurement">Japanese units of measurement</A> such as the kan and momme are sometimes encountered in the pearl industry).</P>
<P>Led by pearl pioneer <A href="/wiki/John_Latendresse" title="John Latendresse">John Latendresse</A> and his wife Chessy, the United States began farming <A href="/wiki/Cultured_freshwater_pearls" title="Cultured freshwater pearls">cultured freshwater pearls</A> in the mid-1960s. <I><A href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</A></I> magazine introduced the American cultured pearl as a commercial product in their August 1985 issue. The Tennessee pearl farm has emerged as a tourist destination in recent years, but commercial production of freshwater pearls has ceased.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Momme_weight">Momme weight</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Momme weight">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>For many cultured pearl dealers and wholesalers, the preferred weight measure used for loose pearls and pearl strands is the <A href="/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement#Momme" title="Units of textile measurement">momme</A>. Momme is a weight measure used by the Japanese for centuries. Today, momme weight is still the standard unit of measure used by most pearl dealers to communicate with pearl producers and wholesalers. One momme corresponds to 1/1000 kan. Reluctant to give up tradition, the Japanese government formalized the kan measure in 1891 as being exactly 3.75 kilograms or 8.28 pounds. Hence, 1 momme = 3.75 grams or 3750 milligrams.</P>
<P>In the United States, during the 19th and 20th centuries, through trade with Japan in silk cloth the momme became a unit indicating the quality of silk cloth.</P>
<P>Though millimeter size range is typically the first factor in determining a cultured pearl necklace's value, the momme weight of pearl necklace will allow the buyer to quickly determine if the necklace is properly proportioned. This is especially true when comparing the larger south sea and Tahitian pearl necklaces.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="In_jewelry">In jewelry</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In jewelry">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The value of the pearls in jewelry is determined by a combination of the luster, color, size, lack of surface flaw and symmetry that are appropriate for the type of pearl under consideration. Among those attributes, luster is the most important differentiator of pearl quality according to jewelers.</P>
<P>All factors being equal, however, the larger the pearl the more valuable it is. Large, perfectly round pearls are rare and highly valued. Teardrop-shaped pearls are often used in pendants.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:White_pearl_necklace.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/White_pearl_necklace.jpg/90px-White_pearl_necklace.jpg" width="90" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/White_pearl_necklace.jpg/135px-White_pearl_necklace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/White_pearl_necklace.jpg/180px-White_pearl_necklace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></A></DIV>
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<P>A necklace of white pearls</P>
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<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Michiel_J._van_Miereveld_-_George_Villiers,_Duke_of_Buckingham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Michiel_J._van_Miereveld_-_George_Villiers%2C_Duke_of_Buckingham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/99px-Michiel_J._van_Miereveld_-_George_Villiers%2C_Duke_of_Buckingham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" width="99" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Michiel_J._van_Miereveld_-_George_Villiers%2C_Duke_of_Buckingham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/149px-Michiel_J._van_Miereveld_-_George_Villiers%2C_Duke_of_Buckingham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Michiel_J._van_Miereveld_-_George_Villiers%2C_Duke_of_Buckingham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/198px-Michiel_J._van_Miereveld_-_George_Villiers%2C_Duke_of_Buckingham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="3221" /></A></DIV>
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<P>George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham wearing white pearls</P>
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<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Margherita_of_Savoy.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Margherita_of_Savoy.jpg/90px-Margherita_of_Savoy.jpg" width="90" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Margherita_of_Savoy.jpg/135px-Margherita_of_Savoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Margherita_of_Savoy.jpg/180px-Margherita_of_Savoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></A></DIV>
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<P>Queen of Italy, <A href="/wiki/Margherita_of_Savoy" title="Margherita of Savoy">Margherita of Savoy</A>, owned one of the most famous collections of natural pearls. She is wearing a multi-strand choker and a rope of pearls</P>
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<DIV style="margin:27px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Armband,_av_orientaliska_p%C3%A4rlor,_rosenstenar_och_guld,_1840-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_109866.tif" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Armband%2C_av_orientaliska_p%C3%A4rlor%2C_rosenstenar_och_guld%2C_1840-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_109866.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Armband%2C_av_orientaliska_p%C3%A4rlor%2C_rosenstenar_och_guld%2C_1840-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_109866.tif.jpg" width="120" height="96" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Armband%2C_av_orientaliska_p%C3%A4rlor%2C_rosenstenar_och_guld%2C_1840-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_109866.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Armband%2C_av_orientaliska_p%C3%A4rlor%2C_rosenstenar_och_guld%2C_1840-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_109866.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Armband%2C_av_orientaliska_p%C3%A4rlor%2C_rosenstenar_och_guld%2C_1840-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_109866.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Armband%2C_av_orientaliska_p%C3%A4rlor%2C_rosenstenar_och_guld%2C_1840-tal_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_109866.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6920" data-file-height="5536" /></A></DIV>
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<P>Pearl bracelet from the 1840s</P>
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<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Earrings_1.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Earrings_1.JPG/103px-Earrings_1.JPG" width="103" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Earrings_1.JPG/154px-Earrings_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Earrings_1.JPG/206px-Earrings_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="2923" /></A></DIV>
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<P>Pearl earrings</P>
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<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Shapes">Shapes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Shapes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Pearls come in eight basic shapes: round, semi-round, button, drop, pear, oval, baroque, circled and double bouldered. Perfectly round pearls are the rarest and most valuable shape. Semi-rounds are also used in necklaces or in pieces where the shape of the pearl can be disguised to look like it is a perfectly round pearl. Button pearls are like a slightly flattened round pearl and can also make a necklace, but are more often used in single pendants or earrings where the back half of the pearl is covered, making it look like a larger, rounder pearl.</P>
<P>Drop and pear shaped pearls are sometimes referred to as teardrop pearls and are most often seen in earrings, pendants, or as a center pearl in a necklace. Baroque pearls have a different appeal; they are often highly irregular with unique and interesting shapes. They are also commonly seen in necklaces. Circled pearls are characterized by concentric ridges, or rings, around the body of the pearl.</P>
<P>In general, cultured pearls are less valuable than natural pearls, whereas imitation pearls have almost no value. One way that jewelers can determine whether a pearl is cultured or natural is to have a gemlab perform an X-ray examination of the pearl. If X-rays reveals a nucleus, the pearl is likely a bead-nucleated saltwater pearl. If no nucleus is present, but irregular and small dark inner spots indicating a cavity are visible, combined with concentric rings of organic substance, the pearl is likely a cultured freshwater. <A href="/wiki/Cultured_freshwater_pearls" title="Cultured freshwater pearls">Cultured freshwater pearls</A> can often be confused for natural pearls which present as homogeneous pictures which continuously darken toward the surface of the pearl. Natural pearls will often show larger cavities where organic matter has dried out and decomposed.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Lengths_of_pearl_necklaces">Lengths of pearl necklaces</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Lengths of pearl necklaces">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>There is a special vocabulary used to describe the length of pearl necklaces. While most other necklaces are simply referred to by their physical measurement, pearl necklaces are named by how low they hang when worn around the neck. A <I>collar</I>, measuring 10 to 13 inches or 25 to 33 cm in length, sits directly against the throat and does not hang down the neck at all; collars are often made up of multiple strands of pearls. <I>Pearl chokers</I>, measuring 14 to 16 inches or 35 to 41 cm in length, nestle just at the base of the neck. A strand called a <I>princess length</I>, measuring 17 to 19 inches or 43 to 48 cm in length, comes down to or just below the collarbone. A <I>matinee length</I>, measuring 20 to 24 inches or 50 to 60 cm in length, falls just above the breasts. An <I>opera length</I>, measuring 28 to 35 inches or 70 to 90 cm in length, will be long enough to reach the breastbone or sternum of the wearer; and longer still, a <I>pearl rope</I>, measuring more than 45 inches or 115 cm in length, is any length that falls down farther than an <I>opera</I>.</P>
<P>Necklaces can also be classified as uniform, or graduated. In a uniform strand of pearls, all pearls are classified as the same size, but actually fall in a range. A uniform strand of akoya pearls, for example, will measure within 0.5 mm. So a strand will never be 7 mm, but will be 6.5–7 mm. Freshwater pearls, Tahitian pearls, and South Sea pearls all measure to a full millimeter when considered uniform.</P>
<P>A graduated strand of pearls most often has at least 3 mm of differentiation from the ends to the center of the necklace. Popularized in the <A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A> during the 1950s by the <A href="/wiki/GI_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="GI (military)">GIs</A> bringing strands of cultured akoya pearls home from <A href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</A>, a 3.5 <A href="/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement" title="Japanese units of measurement">momme</A>, 3 mm to 7 mm graduated strand was much more affordable than a uniform strand because most of the pearls were small.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Colors">Colors</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Colors">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<P>Earrings and necklaces can also be classified on the grade of the color of the pearl: saltwater and freshwater pearls come in many different colors. While white, and more recently black, saltwater pearls are by far the most popular, other color tints can be found on pearls from the oceans. Pink, blue, champagne, green, black and even purple saltwater pearls can be encountered, but to collect enough of these rare colors to form a complete string of the same size and same shade can take years.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Religious_references">Religious references</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religious references">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Hindu_scriptures">Hindu scriptures</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hindu scriptures">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</A> tradition describes the sacred Nine Pearls which were first documented in the <A href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</A>, one of the books of the Hindu mythology. Ayurveda contains references to pearl powder as a stimulant of digestion and to treat mental ailments. According to Marco Polo, the kings of <A href="/wiki/Zamorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin">Malabar</A> wore a necklace of 104 rubies and pearls which was given from one generation of kings to the next. The reason was that every king had to say 104 prayers every morning and every evening.<SUP id="cite_ref-KunzPearl_45-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-KunzPearl-45">[45]</A></SUP> At least until the beginning of the 20th century it was a Hindu custom to present a completely new, undrilled pearl and pierce it during the wedding ceremony.<SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[46]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The Pearl, which can be transliterated to "Moti", a type of "Mani" from <A href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</A>, is also associated with many Hindu deities, the most famous being the <A href="/wiki/Kaustubha" title="Kaustubha">Kaustubha</A> that <A href="/wiki/Lord_Vishnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Vishnu">Lord Vishnu</A> wears on his chest.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Hebrew_scriptures">Hebrew scriptures</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Hebrew scriptures">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>According to <A href="/wiki/Bahya_ben_Asher" title="Bahya ben Asher">Rebbenu Bachya</A>, the word <I>Yahalom</I> in the verse <A href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</A> 28:18 means "pearl" and was the stone on the <A href="/wiki/Hoshen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoshen">Hoshen</A> representing the tribe of <A href="/wiki/Zebulun" title="Zebulun">Zebulun</A>. This is generally disputed among scholars, particularly since the word in question in most manuscripts is actually <I>Yasepheh</I> – the word from which <I><A href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">jasper</A></I> derives; scholars think that refers to green jasper (the rarest and most prized form in early times) rather than red jasper (the most common form). <I>Yahalom</I> is usually translated by the <A href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</A> as an "<A href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">onyx</A>", but sometimes as "<A href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</A>" or as "jasper"; onyx only started being mined after the Septuagint was written, so the Septuagint's term "onyx" probably does not mean onyx – onyx is originally an <A href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Assyrian</A> word meaning ring, and so could refer to anything used for making rings. <I>Yahalom</I> is similar to a Hebrew word meaning hit hard, so some people<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><SPAN title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2015)">who?</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> think that it means diamond. The variation in possibilities of meaning for this sixth stone in the Hoshen is reflected in different translations of the Bible – the <A href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</A> translates the sixth stone as <I><A href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</A></I>, the <A href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</A> translates it as <I><A href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</A></I>, and the <A href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</A> translates it as <I>jaspis</I> – meaning jasper. There is a wide range of views among traditional sources about which tribe the stone refers to.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="New_Testament_scriptures">New Testament scriptures</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: New Testament scriptures">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Pendant_Louvre_OA10910.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pendant_Louvre_OA10910.jpg/170px-Pendant_Louvre_OA10910.jpg" width="170" height="260" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pendant_Louvre_OA10910.jpg/255px-Pendant_Louvre_OA10910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pendant_Louvre_OA10910.jpg/340px-Pendant_Louvre_OA10910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="1089" /></A>
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Religious pendant showing Christ blessing, framed with rubies and pearls, from the <A href="/wiki/Byzantine_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empire">Byzantine empire</A>, 12th or 13th century</DIV>
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<P>In a <A href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</A> <A href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</A> <A href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parable</A> (<I><A href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</A></I> 13:45–46), <A href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</A> compared the <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of Heaven</A> to a <A href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Pearl" title="Parable of the Pearl">"pearl of great price"</A>. "Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man, seeking goodly (fine) pearls: Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold all that he had, and bought it."</P>
<P>The twelve gates of the New Jerusalem are reportedly each made of a single pearl in <A href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation"><I>Revelation</I></A> 21:21, that is, the <A href="/wiki/Pearly_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearly Gates">Pearly Gates</A>. "And the twelve gates were twelve pearls; every gate was of one pearl: and the streets of the city were pure gold, as if transparent glass."</P>
<P>Holy things are compared to pearls in <I><A href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</A></I> 7:6: "Do not give dogs what is holy, and do not throw your pearls before pigs, lest they trample them underfoot and turn to attack you."</P>
<P>Pearls are also found in numerous references showing the wickedness and pride of a people, as in <I><A href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</A></I> 18:16. "And saying, Alas, alas, that great city, that was clothed in fine linen, in purple and scarlet, and decked with gold, and precious stones, and pearls!"</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Islamic_scriptures">Islamic scriptures</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Islamic scriptures">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</A> often mentions that dwellers of paradise will be adorned with pearls:</P>
<P>22:23 God will admit those who believe and work righteous deeds, to Gardens beneath which rivers flow: they shall be adorned therein with bracelets of gold and pearls; and their garments there will be of silk.</P>
<P>35:33 Gardens of Eternity will they enter: therein will they be adorned with bracelets of gold and pearls; and their garments there will be of silk.</P>
<P>52:24 Round about them will serve, [devoted] to them, youths [handsome] as pearls well-guarded.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Additional_references">Additional references</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Additional references">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The metaphor of a pearl appears in the longer <A href="/wiki/Hymn_of_the_Pearl" title="Hymn of the Pearl">Hymn of the Pearl</A>, a poem respected for its high literary quality, and use of layered theological metaphor, found within one of the texts of <A href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</A>.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Great_Price_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl of Great Price (Latter Day Saints)">Pearl of Great Price</A> is a book of scripture in <A href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</A> (LDS Church) and some other <A href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter Day Saint">Latter Day Saint</A> denominations.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</A> – another <A href="/wiki/Organic_gemstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic gemstone">organic gemstone</A> formed primarily of fossil aragonite mollusk shells</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bahrain_Pearling_Trail" title="Bahrain Pearling Trail">Bahrain Pearling Trail</A>, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in <A href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia" title="Broome, Western Australia">Broome, Western Australia</A>, a pearling town</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cave_pearl" title="Cave pearl">Cave pearl</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/La_Pelegrina_pearl" title="La Pelegrina pearl">La Pelegrina pearl</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/La_Peregrina_pearl" title="La Peregrina pearl">La Peregrina pearl</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles" title="Les pêcheurs de perles">Les pêcheurs de perles</A>, The Pearl Fishers</I>, an opera by <A href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Georges Bizet</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor_pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Tudor pearl">Mary Tudor pearl</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oriental_Pride" title="Oriental Pride">Oriental Pride</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pearl_Maxima" title="Pearl Maxima">Pearl Maxima</A>, one of the largest nacreous pearls ever found</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Lao_Tzu" title="Pearl of Lao Tzu">Pearl of Lao Tzu</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pearl_of_Puerto" title="Pearl of Puerto">Pearl of Puerto</A>, largest pearl in the world</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pearl_powder" title="Pearl powder">Pearl powder</A>, used in Traditional Chinese Medicine</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious coral</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-gotw-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-gotw_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-gotw_1-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-gotw_1-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-gotw_1-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-gotw_1-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Schumann, Walter (2001). <I>Gemstones of the World</I>. Robert Hale. p. 230. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7198-0301-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7198-0301-2">0-7198-0301-2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gemstones+of+the+World&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7198-0301-2&rft.aulast=Schumann&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-bluechart-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-bluechart_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Lazzarelli, Herve Nicolas (2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gembluechart.com"><I>Blue Chart Gem Identification</I></A>. p. 8. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006012209/http://www.gembluechart.com/">Archived</A> from the original on October 6, 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blue+Chart+Gem+Identification&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Lazzarelli&rft.aufirst=Herve+Nicolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gembluechart.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gemdat.org/gem-42674.html">"Pearl"</A>. <I>Gemdat.org</I>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043518/https://www.gemdat.org/gem-42674.html">Archived</A> from the original on April 4, 2017<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">April 3,</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gemdat.org&rft.atitle=Pearl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemdat.org%2Fgem-42674.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ftc.gov-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ftc.gov_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ftc.gov_4-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/guides/jewel-gd.shtm">"Guides for the Jewelry, Precious Metals, and Pewter Industries"</A>. Ftc.gov. May 30, 1996. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528134432/http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/guides/jewel-gd.shtm">Archived</A> from the original on May 28, 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 17,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guides+for+the+Jewelry%2C+Precious+Metals%2C+and+Pewter+Industries&rft.pub=Ftc.gov&rft.date=1996-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftc.gov%2Fbcp%2Fguides%2Fjewel-gd.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation"><I><A href="/wiki/Shorter_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Shorter Oxford English Dictionary">Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</A></I> (6th ed.), Oxford University Press, 2007, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920687-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920687-2">978-0-19-920687-2</A></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shorter+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920687-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Sima, Petr. (1990). <I>Evolution of Immune Reactions</I>. Taylor & Francis. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0849365937" title="Special:BookSources/0849365937">0849365937</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Immune+Reactions&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0849365937&rft.aulast=Sima&rft.aufirst=Petr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Neil H. Landman, et al. (2001) <I>Pearls: A Natural History</I>, Harry Abrams, Inc., <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-4495-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-4495-2">0-8109-4495-2</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080320144812/http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB726E/AB726E11.htm">"Pearl oyster farming and pearl culture"</A>. Fao.org. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AB726E/AB726E11.htm">the original</A> on 2008-03-20<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">17 May</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pearl+oyster+farming+and+pearl+culture&rft.pub=Fao.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Ffield%2F003%2FAB726E%2FAB726E11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Kenneth_Scarratt" title="Kenneth Scarratt">Kenneth Scarratt</A>, The Pearl and the Dragon, Houlton; 1st edition (1999) <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935681-07-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-935681-07-8">0-935681-07-8</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-farn2013-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-farn2013_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-farn2013_10-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Farn, Alexander E. (2013). <I>Pearls : Natural, Cultured and Imitation</I>. Burlington: Elsevier Science. pp. 90–108. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483162737" title="Special:BookSources/9781483162737">9781483162737</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearls+%3A+Natural%2C+Cultured+and+Imitation&rft.place=Burlington&rft.pages=90-108&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781483162737&rft.aulast=Farn&rft.aufirst=Alexander+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Strack, Elisabeth. "Pearls". Ruhle-Diebener-Verlag, 2006, p. 38 <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3981084802" title="Special:BookSources/3981084802">3981084802</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The Pearl Book, pp. 47–49, 4th edition, Matlins, Antoinette, Gemstone Press, copyright 2008</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The Pearl Story, Gemstone Adventure Series, volume 2, copyright 2007 America's Collectibles Network,</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Hanni, H A (June 2006). "Keshi Perlen: Ein Erklarungbedurftiger Begriff (Keshi Pearls: a term in need of explanation)". <I>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft</I>. DGemG. <B>55</B> (1–2): 39–50.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Gemmologischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Keshi+Perlen%3A+Ein+Erklarungbedurftiger+Begriff+%28Keshi+Pearls%3A+a+term+in+need+of+explanation%29&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=39-50&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Hanni&rft.aufirst=H+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Pouvreau, Stéphane; et al. (2000). "Ecophysiological model of growth and reproduction of the black pearl oyster, <I>Pinctada margaritifera</I>: potential applications for pearl farming in French Polynesia". <I>Aquaculture</I>. <B>186</B> (1–2): 117–144. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0044-8486%2899%2900373-7">10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00373-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Ecophysiological+model+of+growth+and+reproduction+of+the+black+pearl+oyster%2C+Pinctada+margaritifera%3A+potential+applications+for+pearl+farming+in+French+Polynesia&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=117-144&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0044-8486%2899%2900373-7&rft.aulast=Pouvreau&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://missjoaquim.com/pinctada-maxima/">Pinctada maxima</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820074147/http://missjoaquim.com/pinctada-maxima/">Archived</A> August 20, 2017, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. MissJoaquim.com Retrieved on 2017-05-31.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nature.berkeley.edu/classes/eps2//wisc/pbuy.html">How To Buy Pearls</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928013100/http://nature.berkeley.edu/classes/eps2//wisc/pbuy.html">Archived</A> September 28, 2013, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. Nature.berkeley.edu. Retrieved on 2015-10-14.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-gia-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-gia_18-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-gia_18-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Scarratt, Kenneth (2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2012-pearls-scarratt">"Natural Pearls from Australian <I>Pinctada maxima</I>"</A>. <I>Gems & Gemology</I>. <B>48</B> (4). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016164432/http://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/winter-2012-pearls-scarratt">Archived</A> from the original on October 16, 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gems+%26+Gemology&rft.atitle=Natural+Pearls+from+Australian+Pinctada+maxima&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Scarratt%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gia.edu%2Fgems-gemology%2Fwinter-2012-pearls-scarratt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leadingwomen.org/_FileLibrary/InTheNews/14/pasparley.pdf">"Jewel of the South Sea"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930070019/http://www.leadingwomen.org/_FileLibrary/InTheNews/14/pasparley.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on September 30, 2013.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewel+of+the+South+Sea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leadingwomen.org%2F_FileLibrary%2FInTheNews%2F14%2Fpasparley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perlas.com.mx/blog/tag/concha-nacar/">Concha Nacar | The Sea of Cortez Pearl Blog</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225010229/http://www.perlas.com.mx/blog/tag/concha-nacar/">Archived</A> February 25, 2014, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. Perlas.com.mx (2010-11-22). Retrieved on 2015-10-14.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giathai.net/pdf/05-15-07%20CIBJO%20Pearl%20Blue%20Book%20-%202007.pdf">"CIBJO 'Pearl Book<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723134443/http://www.giathai.net/pdf/05-15-07%20CIBJO%20Pearl%20Blue%20Book%20-%202007.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on July 23, 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 30,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIBJO+%27Pearl+Book%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giathai.net%2Fpdf%2F05-15-07%2520CIBJO%2520Pearl%2520Blue%2520Book%2520-%25202007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113164547/http://www.gia.edu/gemsandgemology/620/30177/this_weeks_news_details.cfm">"GIA 'Gems & Gemology' magazine news archive"</A>. Gia.edu. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gia.edu/gemsandgemology/620/30177/this_weeks_news_details.cfm">the original</A> on January 13, 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 30,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GIA+%27Gems+%26+Gemology%27+magazine+news+archive&rft.pub=Gia.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gia.edu%2Fgemsandgemology%2F620%2F30177%2Fthis_weeks_news_details.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/24/fisherman-hands-in-giant-pearl-he-tossed-under-the-bed-10-years-ago">"Fisherman hands in giant pearl he kept under the bed for 10 years"</A>. <A href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824213413/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/24/fisherman-hands-in-giant-pearl-he-tossed-under-the-bed-10-years-ago">Archived</A> from the original on August 24, 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">August 25,</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fisherman+hands+in+giant+pearl+he+kept+under+the+bed+for+10+years&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Faug%2F24%2Ffisherman-hands-in-giant-pearl-he-tossed-under-the-bed-10-years-ago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Senaveratna, John M (1930). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9TeEcMi0e0C&q=pearl#v=snippet&q=pearl&f=false"><I>The story of the Sinhalese: From the most ancient times up to the end of "The Mahavasna", or great dynasty; Vijaya to Maha Sena (B.C. 543 to A.D. 302)</I></A>. W.M.A. Wahid. pp. 16–9,46,130,144–8,161–3,213. <A href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.amazon.com/dp/B000874SS0">B000874SS0</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120612716" title="Special:BookSources/9788120612716">9788120612716</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220052616/https://books.google.com/books?id=X9TeEcMi0e0C&q=pearl#v=snippet&q=pearl&f=false">Archived</A> from the original on December 20, 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+the+Sinhalese%3A+From+the+most+ancient+times+up+to+the+end+of+%22The+Mahavasna%22%2C+or+great+dynasty%3B+Vijaya+to+Maha+Sena+%28B.C.+543+to+A.D.+302%29&rft.pages=16-9%2C46%2C130%2C144-8%2C161-3%2C213&rft.pub=W.M.A.+Wahid&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=9788120612716&rft.aulast=Senaveratna&rft.aufirst=John+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX9TeEcMi0e0C%26q%3Dpearl%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dpearl%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Kunz" title="George Frederick Kunz">Kunz, George F.</A>; Stevenson, Charles (1908). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v44SAQAAMAAJ"><I>The book of the pearl</I></A>. New York: The Century Co. p. 2. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514052902/https://books.google.com/books?id=v44SAQAAMAAJ">Archived</A> from the original on May 14, 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+the+pearl&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=The+Century+Co.&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Kunz&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv44SAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-j1-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-j1_26-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">R. Raghu Prasad and P. V. Ramachandran Nair (1973). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/874/1/Article_03.pdf">"India and the Indian Ocean Fisheries"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India</I>. <B>15</B>: 1–19. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718171728/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/874/1/Article_03.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on July 18, 2011.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Marine+Biological+Association+of+India&rft.atitle=India+and+the+Indian+Ocean+Fisheries&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=1973&rft.au=R.+Raghu+Prasad+and+P.+V.+Ramachandran+Nair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.cmfri.org.in%2F874%2F1%2FArticle_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Arnold Wright (1999). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eUF_rS8FEoIC&pg=PA227"><I>Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources</I></A>. p. 227. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-1335-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-1335-X">81-206-1335-X</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118114417/https://books.google.com/books?id=eUF_rS8FEoIC&pg=PA227">Archived</A> from the original on January 18, 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth+century+impressions+of+Ceylon%3A+its+history%2C+people%2C+commerce%2C+industries%2C+and+resources&rft.pages=227&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-206-1335-X&rft.au=Arnold+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeUF_rS8FEoIC%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">James Hornell (2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=njhbCCdoMFgC&pg=PA6"><I>The Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manar and Palk Bay</I></A>. BiblioBazaar. p. 6. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-110-87096-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-110-87096-5">1-110-87096-5</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118132448/https://books.google.com/books?id=njhbCCdoMFgC&pg=PA6">Archived</A> from the original on January 18, 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Pearl+Fisheries+of+the+Gulf+of+Manar+and+Palk+Bay&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=1-110-87096-5&rft.au=James+Hornell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnjhbCCdoMFgC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">De Silva, K. M. (1995). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/title/history-of-ceylon/oclc/952216"><I>Volume 2 of History of Ceylon, History of Ceylon: History of Sri Lanka</I></A>. Peradeniya: Ceylon University Press. p. 56. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/955-589-004-8" title="Special:BookSources/955-589-004-8">955-589-004-8</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161001095700/http://www.worldcat.org/title/history-of-ceylon/oclc/952216">Archived</A> from the original on October 1, 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+2+of+History+of+Ceylon%2C+History+of+Ceylon%3A+History+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.place=Peradeniya&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Ceylon+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=955-589-004-8&rft.aulast=De+Silva&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fhistory-of-ceylon%2Foclc%2F952216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Appreciation-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Appreciation_30-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Appreciation_30-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetstones.com/history-of-the-discovery-appreciation-pearls-organic-gem-perfected-nature-2.html">"History of the Discovery and Appreciation of Pearls - the Organic Gem Perfected by Nature"</A>. internetstones.com. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151206212119/http://www.internetstones.com/history-of-the-discovery-appreciation-pearls-organic-gem-perfected-nature-2.html">Archived</A> from the original on December 6, 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 31,</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Discovery+and+Appreciation+of+Pearls+-+the+Organic+Gem+Perfected+by+Nature&rft.pub=internetstones.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetstones.com%2Fhistory-of-the-discovery-appreciation-pearls-organic-gem-perfected-nature-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-GULF-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-GULF_31-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-GULF_31-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">ROBERT CARTER (2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adias-uae.com/publications/carter05.pdf">"THE HISTORY AND PREHISTORY OF PEARLING IN THE PERSIAN GULF"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513025900/http://adias-uae.com/publications/carter05.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on May 13, 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 31,</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+HISTORY+AND+PREHISTORY+OF+PEARLING+IN+THE+PERSIAN+GULF&rft.date=2005&rft.au=ROBERT+CARTER&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadias-uae.com%2Fpublications%2Fcarter05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Garcilasso, "Historie des Incas, Rois du Perou," Amsterdam, 1704, Vol. II, P. 352.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"It was not only Britain’s mineral resources or her pretty slaves that had persuaded Caesar to make his military move across the Channel that summer: according to his biographer Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus it was something quite different. It was her pearls." Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Locations 1264-1267). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"Unlike sea pearls, which come from oysters, freshwater pearls come from mussels. And although farmed mussels are common throughout the world, wild colonies are now so endangered that in 1998 pearling was forbidden in the UK river system. Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Locations 1289-1290). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"The new weekend pearl-fishers were “mostly middle-aged men driving big cars with beer coolers in the back” and they would spend afternoons pulling hundreds of live mussels out of the rivers, opening them, and throwing away the shells, with not a care for conservation or the breeding season. All they cared about was finding another Abernethy pearl. Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Locations 1375-1377). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"Pearlers were mostly Highland traveling people..." Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Location 1296). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"Pearls from the Oykel River, northwest of Inverness, for example, are a sweet rose pink, and have always been the most valuable." Finlay, Victoria. Jewels: A Secret History (Kindle Location 1341). Random House Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairncrossofperth.co.uk/scottish-freshwater-pearls/4581466373">Scottish Freshwater Pearls</A> accessed January 19, 2018</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Travel more. Create better memories. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ytravelblog.com/kuri-bay-paspaley-pearl-farm/">"Welcome to Kuri Bay Paspaley Pearl Farm"</A>. Ytravelblog.com. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927181453/http://www.ytravelblog.com/kuri-bay-paspaley-pearl-farm/">Archived</A> from the original on September 27, 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">September 26,</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Kuri+Bay+Paspaley+Pearl+Farm&rft.pub=Ytravelblog.com&rft.au=Travel+more.+Create+better+memories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ytravelblog.com%2Fkuri-bay-paspaley-pearl-farm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-akoya-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-akoya_40-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-akoya_40-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pearl-guide.com/japanese-pearls-chinese-pearls.shtml">Pearl Guide: comparison Japan – China akoya production</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902130548/http://www.pearl-guide.com/japanese-pearls-chinese-pearls.shtml">Archived</A> September 2, 2011, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. pearl-guide.com</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Ward, Fred (2002) <I>Pearls (Fred Ward Gem Book), 3rd Edition</I>, Gem Guides Book Company, pp. 35–36, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887651-08-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-887651-08-X">1-887651-08-X</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://missjoaquim.com/special-virtues-indonesian-south-sea-pearls/">"Special Virtues Indonesian South Sea Pearls"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820074004/http://missjoaquim.com/special-virtues-indonesian-south-sea-pearls/">Archived</A> from the original on August 20, 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Virtues+Indonesian+South+Sea+Pearls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmissjoaquim.com%2Fspecial-virtues-indonesian-south-sea-pearls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://missjoaquim.com/indonesian-pearls-figures/">"Indonesian Pearls Figures"</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073830/http://missjoaquim.com/indonesian-pearls-figures/">Archived</A> from the original on August 20, 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Pearls+Figures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmissjoaquim.com%2Findonesian-pearls-figures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citraindonesia.com/indonesia-pasok-43-persen-mutiara-dunia/?lang=en">"Indonesia Pasok 43 Persen Mutiara Dunia"</A>. August 13, 2013. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221223132/http://citraindonesia.com/indonesia-pasok-43-persen-mutiara-dunia/?lang=en">Archived</A> from the original on February 21, 2014.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indonesia+Pasok+43+Persen+Mutiara+Dunia&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitraindonesia.com%2Findonesia-pasok-43-persen-mutiara-dunia%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-KunzPearl-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-KunzPearl_45-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Kunz" title="George Frederick Kunz">Kunz, George F.</A>; Stevenson, Charles (1908). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v44SAQAAMAAJ"><I>The book of the pearl</I></A>. New York: The Century Co. p. 412. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514052902/https://books.google.com/books?id=v44SAQAAMAAJ">Archived</A> from the original on May 14, 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+the+pearl&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=The+Century+Co.&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Kunz&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv44SAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Kunz" title="George Frederick Kunz">Kunz, George F.</A>; Stevenson, Charles (1908). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v44SAQAAMAAJ"><I>The book of the pearl</I></A>. New York: The Century Co. p. 350. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514052902/https://books.google.com/books?id=v44SAQAAMAAJ">Archived</A> from the original on May 14, 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+the+pearl&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=The+Century+Co.&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Kunz&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv44SAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearl" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist"><A href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</A> has media related to:
<DIV style="margin-left: 10px;"><I><B><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pearl" class="extiw" title="commons:Pearl">Pearl</A></B></I> (<A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Pearls" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Pearls">category</A>)</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="38" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist"><A href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</A> has the text of the 1921 <I><A href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</A></I> article <I><B><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Pearl" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pearl">Pearl</A></B></I>.</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/pearl/time.html">The History of Pearls.</A> PBS Pearl History Special.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afpbb.com/article/economy/2397210/2973765">Recover the major pearl produce country by aquaculture</A> in <A href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</A> (Japanese page with English narration)</LI>
</UL>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit" id="collapsibleTable0">
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<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
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<DIV id="Jewellery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Barrette" title="Barrette">Barrette</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crown_(headgear)" title="Crown (headgear)">Crown</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jewelry_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry designer">Jewelry designer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" title="Casting (metalworking)">Casting</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" title="Casting (metalworking)">vacuum</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kazaziye" title="Kazaziye">Kazaziye</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <A href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <A href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearl</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Coral</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jet_(lignite)" title="Jet (lignite)">Jet</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell jewelry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</A> (mass)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carat_(purity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carat (purity)">Carat</A> (purity)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Millesimal_fineness" class="mw-redirect" title="Millesimal fineness">Millesimal fineness</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</A></LI>
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</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
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<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<DIV>
<DL>
<DT>Related topics</DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</A></DD>
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<DIV id="Bivalve_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalve</A> anatomy</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Bivalve_shell" title="Bivalve shell">Shell</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Callus_(mollusc)" title="Callus (mollusc)">Callus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hinge_line" title="Hinge line">Hinge line</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hinge_teeth" title="Hinge teeth">Hinge teeth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ligament_(bivalve)" title="Ligament (bivalve)">Ligament</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lira_(mollusc)" title="Lira (mollusc)">Lira</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lunule_(bivalve)" title="Lunule (bivalve)">Lunule</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pallial_line" title="Pallial line">Pallial line</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pallial_sinus" title="Pallial sinus">Pallial sinus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Periostracum" title="Periostracum">Periostracum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prodissoconch" title="Prodissoconch">Prodissoconch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Resilifer" title="Resilifer">Resilifer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Resilium" title="Resilium">Resilium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sculpture_(mollusc)" title="Sculpture (mollusc)">Sculpture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Umbo_(bivalve)" title="Umbo (bivalve)">Umbo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Valve_(mollusc)" title="Valve (mollusc)">Valve</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beak_(bivalve)" title="Beak (bivalve)">Beak</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Annulus_(zoology)" title="Annulus (zoology)">Annuli</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other hard parts</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">Byssus</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearl</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soft parts</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Adductor_muscles_(bivalve)" title="Adductor muscles (bivalve)">Adductor muscles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ctenidium_(mollusc)" title="Ctenidium (mollusc)">Ctenidium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gastric_shield" title="Gastric shield">Gastric shield</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">Mantle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nephridium" title="Nephridium">Nephridium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siphon_(mollusc)" title="Siphon (mollusc)">Siphon</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Abductin" title="Abductin">Abductin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Glochidium" title="Glochidium">Glochidium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pseudofeces" title="Pseudofeces">Pseudofeces</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Trochophore" title="Trochophore">Trochophore</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Veliger" title="Veliger">Veliger</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
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</DIV>
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<LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gastropod_anatomy" title="Template talk:Gastropod anatomy"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</ABBR></A></LI>
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</DIV>
<DIV id="Gastropod_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">Gastropod</A> anatomy</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">Shell</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aperture_(mollusc)" title="Aperture (mollusc)">Aperture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Apex_(mollusc)" title="Apex (mollusc)">Apex</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Body_whorl" title="Body whorl">Body whorl</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Callus_(mollusc)" title="Callus (mollusc)">Callus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Columella_(gastropod)" title="Columella (gastropod)">Columella</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lip_(gastropod)" title="Lip (gastropod)">Lip</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lira_(mollusc)" title="Lira (mollusc)">Lira</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Periostracum" title="Periostracum">Periostracum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Peristome" title="Peristome">Peristome</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Planispiral" title="Planispiral">Planispiral</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plait_(gastropod)" title="Plait (gastropod)">Plait</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Protoconch" title="Protoconch">Protoconch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sculpture_(mollusc)" title="Sculpture (mollusc)">Sculpture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Selenizone" title="Selenizone">Selenizone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siphonal_canal" title="Siphonal canal">Siphonal canal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siphonal_notch" title="Siphonal notch">Siphonal notch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spire_(mollusc)" title="Spire (mollusc)">Spire</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stromboid_notch" title="Stromboid notch">Stromboid notch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Suture_(anatomy)" title="Suture (anatomy)">Suture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Umbilicus_(mollusc)" title="Umbilicus (mollusc)">Umbilicus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Valve_(mollusc)" title="Valve (mollusc)">Valve</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Varix_(mollusc)" title="Varix (mollusc)">Varix</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Whorl_(mollusc)" title="Whorl (mollusc)">Whorl</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other hard parts</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Clausilium" title="Clausilium">Clausilium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Love_dart" title="Love dart">Love dart</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearl</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">Radula</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External soft parts</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caryophyllidia" title="Caryophyllidia">Caryophyllidia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caudal_mucous_pit" title="Caudal mucous pit">Caudal mucous pit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cerata" title="Cerata">Cerata</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cnidosac" title="Cnidosac">Cnidosac</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">Mantle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mentum" title="Mentum">Mentum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Notum" title="Notum">Notum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Parapodium" title="Parapodium">Parapodium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pneumostome" title="Pneumostome">Pneumostome</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rhinophore" title="Rhinophore">Rhinophore</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Semper%27s_organ" title="Semper's organ">Semper's organ</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siphon_(mollusc)" title="Siphon (mollusc)">Siphon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Suprapedal_gland" title="Suprapedal gland">Suprapedal gland</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal soft parts</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Circulatory_system_of_gastropods" title="Circulatory system of gastropods">Circulatory system of gastropods</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">Crop</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ctenidium_(mollusc)" title="Ctenidium (mollusc)">Ctenidium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Digestive_system_of_gastropods" title="Digestive system of gastropods">Digestive system of gastropods</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Diverticulum_(mollusc)" title="Diverticulum (mollusc)">Diverticula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Excretory_system_of_gastropods" title="Excretory system of gastropods">Excretory system of gastropods</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gastric_shield" title="Gastric shield">Gastric shield</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hancock%27s_organ" title="Hancock's organ">Hancock's organ</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hepatopancreas" title="Hepatopancreas">Hepatopancreas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hypobranchial_gland" title="Hypobranchial gland">Hypobranchial gland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nephridium" title="Nephridium">Nephridium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nervous_system_of_gastropods" title="Nervous system of gastropods">Nervous system of gastropods</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nidamental_gland" title="Nidamental gland">Nidamental gland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Odontophore" title="Odontophore">Odontophore</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oesophageal_pouch" title="Oesophageal pouch">Oesophageal pouch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Osphradium" title="Osphradium">Osphradium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_of_gastropods" title="Reproductive system of gastropods">Reproductive system of gastropods</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Respiratory_system_of_gastropods" title="Respiratory system of gastropods">Respiratory system of gastropods</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sensory_organs_of_gastropods" title="Sensory organs of gastropods">Sensory organs of gastropods</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em;">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Epiphragm" title="Epiphragm">Epiphragm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pseudofeces" title="Pseudofeces">Pseudofeces</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Torsion_(gastropod)" title="Torsion (gastropod)">Torsion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Circumesophageal_nerve_ring" title="Circumesophageal nerve ring">Circumesophageal nerve ring</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Trochophore" title="Trochophore">Trochophore</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Veliger" title="Veliger">Veliger</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
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<DIV class="noprint metadata navbox" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em">
<UL style="margin:0.1em 0 0">
<LI style="display:inline"><SPAN style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><SPAN style="margin:0 0.5em"><A href="/wiki/File:Caribou_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Caribou from Wagon Trails.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Caribou_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/24px-Caribou_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" width="24" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Caribou_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/36px-Caribou_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Caribou_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/48px-Caribou_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></A></SPAN><A href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals portal</A></SPAN></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</A></TH>
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<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4173806-8">4173806-8</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571205">00571205</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Жэмчуг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Перла – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perla" title="Perla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%94%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%95_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Ĕнчĕ (минерал) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perla" title="Perla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl" title="Perl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da" style="display: none;"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perle" title="Perle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de" style="display: none;"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perle" title="Perle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et" style="display: none;"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rl" title="Pärl – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el" style="display: none;"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Μαργαριτάρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perla" title="Perla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlo_(globeto)" title="Perlo (globeto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perla" title="Perla – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="مروارید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perle" title="Perle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perla" title="Perla – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EC%A3%BC" title="진주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Մարգարիտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="मोती – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biser" title="Biser – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io" style="display: none;"><A href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlo" title="Perlo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiara" title="Mutiara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it" style="display: none;"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perla" title="Perla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he" style="display: none;"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="פנינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutyara" title="Mutyara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮುತ್ತುಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მარგალიტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Маржан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%A7%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Вӧсь – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la" style="display: none;"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita" title="Margarita – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93rle" title="Pērle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlas" title="Perlas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li" style="display: none;"><A href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paerel" title="Paerel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igazgy%C3%B6ngy" title="Igazgyöngy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="मोती – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бисер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="മുത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="मोती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz" style="display: none;"><A href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%A4" title="لؤلؤ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiara" title="Mutiara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B4" title="Сувд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my" style="display: none;"><A href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2" title="ပုလဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parel" title="Parel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new" style="display: none;"><A href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%AB%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE)" title="मुत्तु (सन् १९९५या संकिपा) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%8F%A0" title="真珠 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="display: none;"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perle" title="Perle – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perle" title="Perle – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc" style="display: none;"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8rla" title="Pèrla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dur" title="Dur – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਮੋਤੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="موتی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%87" title="مرغلره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%C5%82a" title="Perła – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rola" title="Pérola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl%C4%83" title="Perlă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Жемчуг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%87%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BA" title="Чөмчүүк – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="मुक्ता – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pairl" title="Pairl – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perna" title="Perna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si" style="display: none;"><A href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94" title="මුතු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="display: none;"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="موتي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perla" title="Perla – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biser" title="Biser – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бисер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biser" title="Biser – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmi" title="Helmi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rla" title="Pärla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlas" title="Perlas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="முத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te" style="display: none;"><A href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ముత్యము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th" style="display: none;"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81" title="ไข่มุก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B2%D2%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гавҳар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nci" title="İnci – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Перли – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><A href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="موتی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita" title="Margarita – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_trai" title="Ngọc trai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9C" title="פערל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E7%8F%A0" title="珍珠 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDem%C4%8Di%C5%ABgs" title="Žemčiūgs – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E7%8F%A0" title="珍珠 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				<BUTTON class="mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button" title="All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)">82 more</BUTTON></UL>
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document_title: Pearl

token: Pearl

token: Wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: For

token: other

token: uses

token: see

token: disambiguation

token: <Table>

token: <Tr>

token: <Th colspan="2">

token: <Td colspan="2">

token: Various

token: pearls

token: General

token: <Th>

token: <Td>

token: Carbonate

token: mineral

token: protein

token: Formula

token: repeating

token: unit

token: Calcium

token: carbonate

token: CaCO

token: Conchiolin

token: Strunz

token: classification

token: AB

token: Crystal

token: system

token: Orthorhombic

token: Identification

token: Color

token: white

token: pink

token: silver

token: cream

token: brown

token: green

token: blue

token: black

token: yellow

token: orange

token: gold

token: purple

token: iridescent

token: Cleavage

token: Fracture

token: Uneven

token: Mohs

token: scale

token: hardness

token: Streak

token: Specific

token: gravity

token: српскохрватски