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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Cyrus Cylinder</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<TBODY><TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">Cyrus Cylinder</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><A href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg" class="image" title="Front view of a barrel-shaped clay cylinder resting on a stand. The cylinder is covered with lines of cuneiform text"><IMG alt="Front view of a barrel-shaped clay cylinder resting on a stand. The cylinder is covered with lines of cuneiform text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg/250px-Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg" width="250" height="151" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg/375px-Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg/500px-Cyrus_Cylinder_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="1788" /></A><A href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_Cylinder_back.jpg" class="image" title="Rear view of a barrel-shaped clay cylinder resting on a stand. The cylinder is covered with lines of cuneiform text"><IMG alt="Rear view of a barrel-shaped clay cylinder resting on a stand. The cylinder is covered with lines of cuneiform text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cyrus_Cylinder_back.jpg/250px-Cyrus_Cylinder_back.jpg" width="250" height="167" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cyrus_Cylinder_back.jpg/375px-Cyrus_Cylinder_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cyrus_Cylinder_back.jpg/500px-Cyrus_Cylinder_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></A>
<DIV>The Cyrus Cylinder, obverse and reverse sides</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Material</TH>
<TD>Baked clay</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Size</TH>
<TD>22.5 centimetres (8.9 in) x 10 centimetres (3.9 in) (maximum)<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-database_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-database-1">[1]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Writing</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</A> <A href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform script</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Created</TH>
<TD>About 539–538 BC</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Period/culture</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</A> <SUP id="cite_ref-BM-database_1-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-database-1">[1]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Discovered</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</A> by <A href="/wiki/Hormuzd_Rassam" title="Hormuzd Rassam">Hormuzd Rassam</A> in March 1879<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-database_1-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-database-1">[1]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Present location</TH>
<TD>Room 52,<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-database_1-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-database-1">[1]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</A>, <A href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Identification</TH>
<TD>BM 90920 <SUP id="cite_ref-BM-database_1-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-database-1">[1]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;">Registration</TH>
<TD><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=327188&partid=1">1880,0617.1941</A> <SUP id="cite_ref-BM-database_1-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-database-1">[1]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P>The <B>Cyrus Cylinder</B> (<A href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</A>: <SPAN lang="fa" dir="rtl" xml:lang="fa">استوانه کوروش</SPAN>, <SMALL><A href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">translit.</A> </SMALL><I lang="fa-Latn" title="Persian-language transliteration" xml:lang="fa-Latn">Ostovane-ye Kūrosh</I>) or <B>Cyrus Charter</B> (<SPAN lang="fa" title="Persian language text" xml:lang="fa">منشور کوروش</SPAN> <I>Manshūre Kūrosh</I>) is an ancient clay cylinder, now broken into several pieces, on which is written a declaration in <A href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</A> <A href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform script</A> in the name of <A href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</A>'s <A href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</A> king <A href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Dandamayev-Cylinder_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Dandamayev-Cylinder-2">[2]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007a_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kuhrt-2007a-3">[3]</A></SUP> It dates from the 6th century BC and was discovered in the ruins of <A href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</A> in <A href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</A> (modern <A href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</A>) in 1879.<SUP id="cite_ref-Dandamayev-Cylinder_2-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Dandamayev-Cylinder-2">[2]</A></SUP> It is currently in the possession of the <A href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</A>, which sponsored the expedition that discovered the cylinder. It was created and used as a <A href="/wiki/Foundation_deposit" title="Foundation deposit">foundation deposit</A> following the <A href="/wiki/Babylon#Persian_conquest" title="Babylon">Persian conquest</A> of <A href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</A> in 539 BC, when the <A href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</A> was invaded by Cyrus and incorporated into his <A href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</A>.</P>
<P>The text on the Cylinder praises Cyrus, sets out his genealogy and portrays him as a king from a line of kings. The Babylonian king <A href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</A>, who was defeated and deposed by Cyrus, is denounced as an impious oppressor of the people of Babylonia and his low-born origins are implicitly contrasted to Cyrus' kingly heritage. The victorious Cyrus is portrayed as having been chosen by the chief Babylonian god <A href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</A> to restore peace and order to the Babylonians. The text states that Cyrus was welcomed by the people of Babylon as their new ruler and entered the city in peace. It appeals to Marduk to protect and help Cyrus and his son <A href="/wiki/Cambyses" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambyses">Cambyses</A>. It extols Cyrus as a benefactor of the citizens of Babylonia who improved their lives, repatriated displaced people and restored temples and cult sanctuaries across <A href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</A> and elsewhere in the region. It concludes with a description of how Cyrus repaired the city wall of Babylon and found a similar inscription placed there by an earlier king.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007a_3-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kuhrt-2007a-3">[3]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The Cylinder's text has traditionally been seen by biblical scholars as corroborative evidence of Cyrus' policy of the <A href="/wiki/The_Return_to_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="The Return to Zion">repatriation</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</A> following their <A href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</A><SUP id="cite_ref-BM-CC_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-CC-4">[4]</A></SUP> (an act that the <A href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</A> attributes to Cyrus<SUP id="cite_ref-Free_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Free-5">[5]</A></SUP>), as the text refers to the restoration of cult sanctuaries and repatriation of deported peoples.<SUP id="cite_ref-Becking_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Becking-6">[6]</A></SUP> This interpretation has been disputed, as the text identifies only Mesopotamian sanctuaries, and makes no mention of Jews, Jerusalem, or Judea.<SUP id="cite_ref-Janzen_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Janzen-7">[7]</A></SUP> The Cylinder has also been referred to by <A href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</A>, the last <A href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</A> of <A href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</A> as the first declaration of universal <A href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</A>, a view rejected by some historians as anachronistic and a misunderstanding of the Cylinder's generic nature as a typical statement made by a new monarch at the beginning of his reign.<SUP id="cite_ref-Daniel_8-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Daniel-8">[8]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Mitchell_9-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Mitchell-9">[9]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Arnold_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Arnold-10">[10]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Neil_MacGregor" title="Neil MacGregor">Neil MacGregor</A>, Director of the British Museum, has stated that the cylinder was "the first attempt we know about running a society, a state with different nationalities and faiths—a new kind of statecraft."<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP> It was adopted as a <A href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">national symbol</A> of Iran by the <A href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Imperial State</A> which put it on display in <A href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</A> in 1971 to commemorate <A href="/wiki/2,500_year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Ansari_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Ansari-15">[15]</A></SUP> On October 14, the <A href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Shah's</A> sister, <A href="/wiki/Princess_Ashraf_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Ashraf Pahlavi">Princess Ashraf Pahlavi</A>, presented the <A href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary General">United Nations Secretary General</A> <A href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</A> with a replica of the Cylinder. The princess asserted that "the heritage of Cyrus was the heritage of human understanding, tolerance, courage, compassion and, above all, human liberty".<SUP id="cite_ref-UN_16-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-UN-16">[16]</A></SUP></P>
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<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Discovery"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Discovery</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Description"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Description</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Text"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Text</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Associated_fragments"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Associated fragments</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Relation_to_a_Chinese_bone_inscription"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Relation to a Chinese bone inscription</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Interpretations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Interpretations</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Mesopotamian_and_Persian_tradition_and_propaganda"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Mesopotamian and Persian tradition and propaganda</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><A href="#Similarities_with_other_royal_inscriptions"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Similarities with other royal inscriptions</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><A href="#Analysis_of_the_Cylinder's_claims"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Analysis of the Cylinder's claims</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#Biblical_interpretations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Biblical interpretations</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#Human_rights"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Human rights</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><A href="#Pahlavi_Iranian_government's_view"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Pahlavi Iranian government's view</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><A href="#Reception_in_the_Islamic_Republic"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Reception in the Islamic Republic</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><A href="#Scholarly_views"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Scholarly views</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#Exhibition_history"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Exhibition history</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><A href="#Freedom_Sculpture"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Freedom Sculpture</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><A href="#Books_and_journals"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Books and journals</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><A href="#Media_articles"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Media articles</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><A href="#Other_sources"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Other sources</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><A href="#Editions_and_translations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Editions and translations</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Discovery">Discovery</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Hormuzd.Rassam.reclined.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Sepia photograph of a man in 19th century Middle Eastern dress, with a large moustache, reclining in a chair with his hands crossed across his lap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hormuzd.Rassam.reclined.jpg/220px-Hormuzd.Rassam.reclined.jpg" width="220" height="265" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hormuzd.Rassam.reclined.jpg/330px-Hormuzd.Rassam.reclined.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Hormuzd.Rassam.reclined.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="485" /></A>
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Hormuzd Rassam in Mosul <I>circa</I> 1854. The Cyrus Cylinder was discovered during Rassam's excavations in Babylon in February–March 1879.</DIV>
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<P>The <A href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyro</A>-<A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</A> archaeologist <A href="/wiki/Hormuzd_Rassam" title="Hormuzd Rassam">Hormuzd Rassam</A> discovered the Cyrus Cylinder in March 1879 during a lengthy programme of excavations in Mesopotamia carried out for the British Museum.<SUP id="cite_ref-Finkel_17-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Finkel-17">[17]</A></SUP> It had been placed as a <A href="/wiki/Foundation_deposit" title="Foundation deposit">foundation deposit</A> in the foundations of the <A href="/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Ésagila</A>, the city's main temple.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007a_3-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kuhrt-2007a-3">[3]</A></SUP> Rassam's expedition followed on from an earlier dig carried out in 1850 by the British archaeologist <A href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</A>, who excavated three mounds in the same area but found little of importance.<SUP id="cite_ref-Vos_18-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Vos-18">[18]</A></SUP> In 1877, Layard became Britain's ambassador to the <A href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</A>, which ruled Mesopotamia at the time. He helped Rassam, who had been his assistant in the 1850 dig, to obtain a <I><A href="/wiki/Firman_(decree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman (decree)">firman</A></I> (decree) from the <A href="/wiki/Ottoman_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Dynasty">Ottoman Sultan</A> <A href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</A> to continue the earlier excavations. The <I>firman</I> was only valid for a year but a second <I>firman</I>, with much more liberal terms, was issued in 1878. It was granted for two years (through to 15 October 1880) with the promise of an extension to 1882 if required.<SUP id="cite_ref-Hilprecht_19-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Hilprecht-19">[19]</A></SUP> The Sultan's decree authorised Rassam to "pack and dispatch to England any antiquities [he] found … provided, however, there were no duplicates." A representative of the Sultan was instructed to be present at the dig to examine the objects as they were uncovered.<SUP id="cite_ref-Rassam_20-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Rassam-20">[20]</A></SUP></P>
<P>With permission secured, Rassam initiated a large-scale excavation at Babylon and other sites on behalf of the Trustees of the British Museum.<SUP id="cite_ref-Vos_18-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Vos-18">[18]</A></SUP> He undertook the excavations in four distinct phases. In between each phase, he returned to England to bring back his finds and raise more funds for further work. The Cyrus Cylinder was found on the second of his four expeditions to Mesopotamia, which began with his departure from London on 8 October 1878. He arrived in his home town of <A href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</A> on 16 November and travelled down the <A href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</A> to <A href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</A>, which he reached on 30 January 1879. During February and March, he supervised excavations on a number of Babylonian sites, including Babylon itself.<SUP id="cite_ref-Hilprecht_19-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Hilprecht-19">[19]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Babylon_1829_cropped.gif" class="image"><IMG alt="Map showing the terrain at the site of Babylon as it was in 1829. Various mounds, outcrops and canals are shown, with the river Tigris running through the middle. At the centre of the map is a mound marked "E" where the Cyrus Cylinder was discovered in March 1879" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Babylon_1829_cropped.gif/220px-Babylon_1829_cropped.gif" width="220" height="160" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Babylon_1829_cropped.gif/330px-Babylon_1829_cropped.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Babylon_1829_cropped.gif/440px-Babylon_1829_cropped.gif 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="356" /></A>
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Map of the site of Babylon in 1829. Hormuzd Rassam's diggers found the Cyrus Cylinder in the mound of Tell Amran-ibn-Ali (marked with an "E" at the centre of the map) under which lay the ruined Esagila temple.</DIV>
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<P>He soon uncovered a number of important buildings including the Ésagila temple. This was a major shrine to the chief Babylonian god Marduk, although its identity was not fully confirmed until the German archaeologist <A href="/wiki/Robert_Koldewey" title="Robert Koldewey">Robert Koldewey</A>'s excavation of 1900.<SUP id="cite_ref-Koldewey_21-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Koldewey-21">[21]</A></SUP> The excavators found a large number of business documents written on clay tablets buried in the temple's foundations where they discovered the Cyrus Cylinder.<SUP id="cite_ref-Vos_18-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Vos-18">[18]</A></SUP> Rassam gave conflicting accounts of where his discoveries were made. He wrote in his memoirs, <I>Asshur and the land of Nimrod</I>, that the Cylinder had been found in a mound at the southern end of Babylon near the village of Jumjuma or Jimjima.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP> However, in a letter sent on 20 November 1879 to <A href="/wiki/Samuel_Birch" title="Samuel Birch">Samuel Birch</A>, the Keeper of Oriental Antiquities at the British Museum, he wrote, "The Cylinder of Cyrus was found at Omran [Tell Amran-ibn-Ali] with about six hundred pieces of inscribed terracottas before I left Baghdad."<SUP id="cite_ref-Walker_24-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Walker-24">[24]</A></SUP> He left Baghdad on 2 April, returning to Mosul and departing from there on 2 May for a journey to London which lasted until 19 June.<SUP id="cite_ref-Hilprecht_19-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Hilprecht-19">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The discovery was announced to the public by <A href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet">Sir Henry Rawlinson</A>, the President of the <A href="/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Asiatic Society">Royal Asiatic Society</A>, at a meeting of the Society on 17 November 1879.<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP> He described it as "one of the most interesting historical records in the cuneiform character that has yet been brought to light," though he erroneously described it as coming from the ancient city of <A href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</A> rather than Babylon.<SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP> Rawlinson's "Notes on a newly-discovered Clay Cylinder of Cyrus the Great" were published in the society's journal the following year, including the first partial translation of the text.<SUP id="cite_ref-Rawlinson_27-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Rawlinson-27">[27]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The Cyrus Cylinder is a barrel-shaped cylinder of baked clay measuring 22.5 centimetres (8.9 in) by 10 centimetres (3.9 in) at its maximum diameter.<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-database_1-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-database-1">[1]</A></SUP> It was created in several stages around a cone-shaped core of clay within which there are large grey stone inclusions. It was built up with extra layers of clay to give it a cylindrical shape before a fine surface slip of clay was added to the outer layer, on which the text is inscribed. It was excavated in several fragments, having apparently broken apart in antiquity.<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-database_1-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-database-1">[1]</A></SUP> Today it exists in two main fragments, known as "A" and "B", which were reunited in 1972.<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-database_1-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-database-1">[1]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The main body of the Cylinder, discovered by Rassam in 1879, is fragment "A". It underwent restoration in 1961, when it was re-fired and plaster filling was added.<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-database_1-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-database-1">[1]</A></SUP> The smaller fragment, "B", is a section measuring 8.6 centimetres (3.4 in) by 5.6 centimetres (2.2 in). The latter fragment was acquired by J.B. Nies<SUP id="cite_ref-Walker_24-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Walker-24">[24]</A></SUP> of <A href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</A> from an antiquities dealer.<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP> Nies published the text in 1920.<SUP id="cite_ref-Nies_29-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Nies-29">[29]</A></SUP> The fragment was apparently broken off the main body of the Cylinder during the original excavations in 1879 and was either removed from the excavations or was retrieved from one of Rassam's waste dumps. It was not confirmed as part of the Cylinder until Paul-Richard Berger of the <A href="/wiki/University_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="University of Münster">University of Münster</A> definitively identified it in 1970.<SUP id="cite_ref-Berger_30-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Berger-30">[30]</A></SUP> Yale University lent the fragment to the British Museum temporarily (but, in practice, indefinitely) in exchange for "a suitable cuneiform tablet" from the British Museum collection.<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-database_1-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-database-1">[1]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Although the Cylinder clearly post-dates Cyrus the Great's conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, the date of its creation is unclear. It is commonly said to date to the early part of Cyrus's reign over Babylon, some time after 539 BC. The British Museum puts the Cylinder's date of origin at between 539–530 BC.<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-CC_4-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-CC-4">[4]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Text">Text</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Text">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<TD class="mbox-text plainlist"><A href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</A> has original text related to this article:
<DIV style="margin-left: 10px;"><B><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cyrus_cylinder" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Cyrus cylinder">Cyrus cylinder</A></B></DIV>
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<P>The surviving inscription on the Cyrus Cylinder consists of 45 lines of text written in Akkadian cuneiform script. The first 35 lines are on fragment "A" and the remainder are on fragment "B."<SUP id="cite_ref-Berger_30-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Berger-30">[30]</A></SUP> A number of lines at the start and end of the text are too badly damaged for more than a few words to be legible.</P>
<P>The text is written in an extremely formulaic style that can be divided into six distinct parts:</P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_cylinder_extract.png" class="image"><IMG alt="Fifteen horizontal lines of text written in Akkadian cuneiform script." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cyrus_cylinder_extract.png/220px-Cyrus_cylinder_extract.png" width="220" height="119" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cyrus_cylinder_extract.png/330px-Cyrus_cylinder_extract.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cyrus_cylinder_extract.png/440px-Cyrus_cylinder_extract.png 2x" data-file-width="4175" data-file-height="2260" /></A>
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Extract from the Cyrus Cylinder (lines 15–21), giving the genealogy of Cyrus and an account of his capture of Babylon in 539 BC.</DIV>
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<LI>Lines 1–19: an introduction reviling <A href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</A>, the previous king of Babylon, and associating Cyrus with the god Marduk;</LI>
<LI>Lines 20–22: detailing Cyrus's royal titles and genealogy, and his peaceful entry to Babylon;</LI>
<LI>Lines 22–34: a commendation of Cyrus's policy of restoring Babylon;</LI>
<LI>Lines 34–35: a prayer to Marduk on behalf of Cyrus and his son <A href="/wiki/Cambyses_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambyses II of Persia">Cambyses</A>;</LI>
<LI>Lines 36–37: a declaration that Cyrus has enabled the people to live in peace and has increased the offerings made to the gods;</LI>
<LI>Lines 38–45: details of the building activities ordered by Cyrus in Babylon.<SUP id="cite_ref-Wiesehöfer-2001_31-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Wiesehöfer-2001-31">[31]</A></SUP></LI>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_Cylinder_detail.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Detail image of text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cyrus_Cylinder_detail.jpg/220px-Cyrus_Cylinder_detail.jpg" width="220" height="148" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cyrus_Cylinder_detail.jpg/330px-Cyrus_Cylinder_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cyrus_Cylinder_detail.jpg/440px-Cyrus_Cylinder_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="1222" /></A>
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Sample detail image showing cuneiform script.</DIV>
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<P>The beginning of the text is partly broken; the surviving content reprimands the character of the deposed Babylonian king <A href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</A>. It lists his alleged crimes, charging him with the desecration of the temples of the gods and the imposition of <A href="/wiki/Corvee" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvee">forced labor</A> upon the populace. According to the proclamation, as a result of these offenses, the god Marduk abandoned Babylon and sought a more righteous king. Marduk called forth Cyrus to enter Babylon and become its new ruler.<SUP id="cite_ref-Finkel-Translation_32-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Finkel-Translation-32">[32]</A></SUP></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>In [Nabonidus's] mind, reverential fear of Marduk, king of the gods, came to an end. He did yet more evil to his city every day; … his [people ................…], he brought ruin on them all by a yoke without relief … [Marduk] inspected and checked all the countries, seeking for the upright king of his choice. He took the hand of Cyrus, king of the city of <A href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</A>, and called him by his name, proclaiming him aloud for the kingship over all of everything.<SUP id="cite_ref-Finkel-Translation_32-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Finkel-Translation-32">[32]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Midway through the text, the writer switches to a <A href="/wiki/First-person_narrative" title="First-person narrative">first-person narrative</A> in the voice of Cyrus, addressing the reader directly. A list of his titles is given (in a Mesopotamian rather than Persian style): "I am Cyrus, king of the world, great king, powerful king, king of Babylon, king of <A href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</A> and <A href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</A>, king of the four quarters [of the earth], son of <A href="/wiki/Cambyses_of_Anshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambyses of Anshan">Cambyses</A>, great king, king of Anshan, descendent of <A href="/wiki/Teispes_of_Anshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Teispes of Anshan">Teispes</A>, great king, king of Anshan, the perpetual seed of kingship, whose reign <A href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bel</A> [Marduk] and <A href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nebo</A> love, and with whose kingship, to their joy, they concern themselves."<SUP id="cite_ref-Finkel-Translation_32-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Finkel-Translation-32">[32]</A></SUP> He describes the pious deeds he performed after his conquest: he restored peace to Babylon and the other cities sacred to Marduk, freeing their inhabitants from their "yoke," and he "brought relief to their dilapidated housing (thus) putting an end to their (main) complaints."<SUP id="cite_ref-Pritchard_33-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Pritchard-33">[33]</A></SUP> He repaired the ruined temples in the cities he conquered, restored their cults, and returned their sacred images as well as their former inhabitants which Nabonidus had taken to Babylon.<SUP id="cite_ref-Pritchard_33-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Pritchard-33">[33]</A></SUP> Near the end of the inscription Cyrus highlights his restoration of Babylon's city wall, saying: "I saw within it an inscription of <A href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</A>, a king who preceded me."<SUP id="cite_ref-Finkel-Translation_32-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Finkel-Translation-32">[32]</A></SUP> The remainder is missing but presumably describes Cyrus's rededication of the gateway mentioned.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kutsko_34-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kutsko-34">[34]</A></SUP></P>
<P>A partial transcription by F. H. Weissbach in 1911 was supplanted by a much more complete transcription after the identification of the "B" fragment;<SUP id="cite_ref-Weissbach_35-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Weissbach-35">[35]</A></SUP> this is now available in German and in English.<SUP id="cite_ref-Schaudig_36-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Schaudig-36">[36]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Pritchard_33-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Pritchard-33">[33]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Hallo_37-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Hallo-37">[37]</A></SUP> Several <A href="#Editions_and_translations">editions of the full text</A> of the Cyrus Cylinder are available online, incorporating both "A" and "B" fragments.</P>
<P>A false translation of the text – affirming, among other things, the abolition of slavery and the right to self-determination, a minimum wage and asylum – has been promoted on the Internet and elsewhere.<SUP id="cite_ref-Schulz_38-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Schulz-38">[38]</A></SUP> As well as making claims that are not found on the real cylinder, it refers to the <A href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</A> divinity <A href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</A> rather than the Mesopotamian god Marduk.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP> The false translation has been widely circulated; alluding to its claim that Cyrus supposedly has stated that "Every country shall decide for itself whether or not it wants my leadership."<SUP id="cite_ref-Schulz_38-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Schulz-38">[38]</A></SUP> Iranian <A href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</A> winner <A href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</A> in her acceptance speech described Cyrus as "the very emperor who proclaimed at the pinnacle of power 2,500 years ago that … he would not reign over the people if they did not wish it".<SUP id="cite_ref-Schulz_38-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Schulz-38">[38]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Foucart_40-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Foucart-40">[40]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[41]</A></SUP> Similarly, in a 2006 speech, United States President <A href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</A> referred to Cyrus, declaring that his people had "the right to worship God in freedom"<SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[42]</A></SUP> – a statement made nowhere in the text of the Cylinder.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Associated_fragments">Associated fragments</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Associated fragments">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The British Museum announced in January 2010 that two inscribed clay fragments, which had been in the Museum's collection since 1881, had been identified as part of a cuneiform tablet that was inscribed with the same text as the Cyrus Cylinder. The fragments had come from the small site of Dailem near Babylon and the identification was made by Professor <A href="/wiki/Wilfred_Lambert" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilfred Lambert">Wilfred Lambert</A>, formerly of the University of Birmingham, and <A href="/wiki/Irving_Finkel" title="Irving Finkel">Irving Finkel</A>, curator in charge of the Museum's Department of the Middle East.<SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[43]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[44]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Relation_to_a_Chinese_bone_inscription">Relation to a Chinese bone inscription</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relation to a Chinese bone inscription">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>In 1983 two fossilized horse bones inscribed with cuneiform signs surfaced in China which Professor <A href="/wiki/Oliver_Gurney" title="Oliver Gurney">Oliver Gurney</A> at Oxford later identified as coming from the Cyrus Cylinder. The discovery of these objects aroused much discussion about possible connections between ancient Mesopotamia and China, although their authenticity was doubted by many scholars from the beginning and they are now generally regarded as forgeries.</P>
<P>The history of the putative artifact goes back almost a century.<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[45]</A></SUP> The earliest record goes back to a Chinese doctor named Xue Shenwei, who sometime prior to 1928 was shown a photo of a rubbing of one of the bones by an antiquities dealer named Zhang Yi'an.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-46">[46]</A></SUP> Although not able to view the bones at that time, Xue Shenwei later acquired one of them from another antiquities dealer named Wang Dongting in 1935 and then the second via a personal connection named Ke Yanling around 1940. While Xue did not recognize the script on the bones he guessed at its antiquity and buried the bones for safekeeping during the Cultural Revolution. Then, in 1983 Xue presented the bones to the Palace Museum in Beijing where Liu Jiuan and Wang Nanfang of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage undertook their study.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-46">[46]</A></SUP> These officials identified the script as cuneiform and asked the Assyriologists Chi Yang and <A href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_History_of_Ancient_Civilizations" title="Institute for the History of Ancient Civilizations">Wu Yuhong</A> to work on the inscriptions. Identification of the source text proceeded slowly until 1985, when Wu Yuhong along with Oxford Assyriologist <A href="/wiki/Stephanie_Dalley" title="Stephanie Dalley">Stephanie Dalley</A> and Oliver Gurney recognized the text in one bone as coming from the Cyrus Cylinder. One year later Wu Yuhong presented his findings at the 33rd Rencontre Assyriologique and published them in a journal article.<SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[47]</A></SUP></P>
<P>After that the second bone inscription remained undeciphered until 2010, when Irving Finkel worked on it. In that same year the British Museum held a conference dedicated to the artifacts. Based on the serious textual errors in the inscription, including the omission of a large number of signs from the Cyrus Cylinder, Wu Yuhong argued the inscriptions were most likely copied from the cylinder while housed in the British Museum or from an early modern publication based upon it. However he acknowledged the remote possibility it was copied in late antiquity.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_46-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-46">[46]</A></SUP> Irving Finkel disputed this conclusion based on the relative obscurity of the Cyrus Cylinder until recent decades and the mismatch in paleography between the bone inscriptions and the hand copies found in early editions from the 1880's.</P>
<P>Finally, after the workshop concluded, an 1884 edition of the Cyrus Cylinder by <A href="/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">E. A. Wallis Budge</A> came to Irving Finkel's attention. This publication used an idiosyncratic typeface and featured a handcopy for only a section of the whole cylinder. However the typeface in that edition matched the paleography on the bone inscriptions and the extract of the cylinder published in the book matched that of the bone as well. This convinced Finkel that the bone inscriptions were early modern forgeries and that has remained the majority opinion since then.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Interpretations">Interpretations</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interpretations">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Mesopotamian_and_Persian_tradition_and_propaganda">Mesopotamian and Persian tradition and propaganda</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mesopotamian and Persian tradition and propaganda">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>According to the British Museum, the Cyrus Cylinder reflects a long tradition in Mesopotamia where, from as early as the third millennium BC, kings began their reigns with declarations of reforms.<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-CC_4-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-CC-4">[4]</A></SUP> Cyrus's declaration stresses his legitimacy as the king, and is a conspicuous statement of his respect for the religious and political traditions of Babylon. The British Museum and scholars of the period describe it as an instrument of ancient Mesopotamian propaganda.<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-inscription_48-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-inscription-48">[48]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Kuhrt-1982_49-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kuhrt-1982-49">[49]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The text is a royal building inscription, a genre which had no equivalent in <A href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</A> literature. It illustrates how Cyrus co-opted local traditions and symbols to legitimize his conquest and control of Babylon.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kutsko_34-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kutsko-34">[34]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Winn_50-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Winn-50">[50]</A></SUP> Many elements of the text were drawn from long-standing Mesopotamian themes of legitimizing rule in Babylonia: the preceding king is reprimanded and he is proclaimed to have been abandoned by the gods for his wickedness; the new king has gained power through the divine will of the gods; the new king rights the wrongs of his predecessor, addressing the welfare of the people; the sanctuaries of the gods are rebuilt or restored, offerings to the gods are made or increased and the blessings of the gods are sought; and repairs are made to the whole city, in the manner of earlier rightful kings.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007a_3-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kuhrt-2007a-3">[3]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Both continuity and discontinuity are emphasized in the text of the Cylinder. It asserts the virtue of Cyrus as a gods-fearing king of a traditional Mesopotamian type. On the other hand, it constantly discredits Nabonidus, reviling the deposed king's deeds and even his ancestry and portraying him as an impious destroyer of his own people. As Fowler and Hekster note, this "creates a problem for a monarch who chooses to buttress his claim to legitimacy by appropriating the 'symbolic capital' of his predecessors."<SUP id="cite_ref-Fowler_51-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Fowler-51">[51]</A></SUP> The Cylinder's reprimand of Nabonidus also discredits Babylonian royal authority by association. It is perhaps for this reason that the Achaemenid rulers made greater use of Assyrian rather than Babylonian royal iconography and tradition in their declarations; the Cylinder refers to the Assyrian king <A href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</A> as "my predecessor", rather than any native Babylonian ruler.<SUP id="cite_ref-Fowler_51-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Fowler-51">[51]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The Cylinder itself is part of a continuous Mesopotamian tradition of depositing a wide variety of symbolic items, including animal sacrifices, stone tablets, terracotta cones, cylinders and figures. Newly crowned kings of Babylon would make public declarations of their own righteousness when beginning their reigns, often in the form of declarations that were deposited in the foundations of public buildings.<SUP id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-52">[52]</A></SUP> Some contained messages, while others did not, and they had a number of purposes: elaboration of a building's value, commemoration of the ruler or builder and the magical sanctification of the building, through the invocation of divine protection.</P>
<P>The cylinder was not intended to be seen again after its burial, but the text inscribed on it would have been used for public purposes. Archive copies were kept of important inscriptions and the Cylinder's text may likewise have been copied.<SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[53]</A></SUP> In January 2010, the British Museum announced that two cuneiform tablets in its collection had been found to be inscribed with the same text as that on the Cyrus Cylinder,<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-discovery-2010-01-11_54-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-discovery-2010-01-11-54">[54]</A></SUP> which, according to the Museum, "show that the text of the Cylinder was probably a proclamation that was widely distributed across the Persian Empire."<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-Statements_55-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-Statements-55">[55]</A></SUP> A statue of the cylinder is now on exhibit in Los Angeles on avenue of the stars as a gift from the Persian people to the city of Los Angeles</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Similarities_with_other_royal_inscriptions">Similarities with other royal inscriptions</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Similarities with other royal inscriptions">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Nabonidus_cylinder_sippar_bm1.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nabonidus_cylinder_sippar_bm1.jpg/250px-Nabonidus_cylinder_sippar_bm1.jpg" width="250" height="158" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nabonidus_cylinder_sippar_bm1.jpg/375px-Nabonidus_cylinder_sippar_bm1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nabonidus_cylinder_sippar_bm1.jpg/500px-Nabonidus_cylinder_sippar_bm1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="505" /></A>
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The <A href="/wiki/Nabonidus_Cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabonidus Cylinder">Nabonidus Cylinder</A></DIV>
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<P>The Cyrus Cylinder bears striking similarities to older Mesopotamian royal inscriptions. Two notable examples are the Cylinder of <A href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</A>, who seized the Babylonian throne in 722/1 BC, and the annals of <A href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</A> of Assyria, who conquered Babylon twelve years later. As a conqueror, Marduk-apla-iddina faced many of the same problems of legitimacy that Cyrus did when he conquered Babylon. He declares himself to have been chosen personally by Marduk, who ensured his victory. When he took power, he performed the sacred rites and restored the sacred shrines. He states that he found a royal inscription placed in the temple foundations by an earlier Babylonian king, which he left undisturbed and honored. All of these claims also appear in Cyrus's Cylinder. Twelve years later, the Assyrian king <A href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</A> defeated and exiled Marduk-apla-iddina, taking up the kingship of Babylonia. Sargon's annals describe how he took on the duties of a Babylonian sovereign, honouring the gods, maintaining their temples and respecting and upholding the privileges of the urban elite. Again, Cyrus's Cylinder makes exactly the same points. Nabonidus, Cyrus's deposed predecessor as king of Babylon, commissioned foundation texts on clay cylinders – such as the <A href="/wiki/Cylinder_of_Nabonidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder of Nabonidus">Cylinder of Nabonidus</A>, also in the British Museum – that follows the same basic formula.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007b_56-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kuhrt-2007b-56">[56]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The text of the Cylinder thus indicates a strong continuity with centuries of Babylonian tradition, as part of an established rhetoric advanced by conquerors.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007b_56-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kuhrt-2007b-56">[56]</A></SUP> As Kuhrt puts it:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>[The Cylinder] reflects the pressure that Babylonian citizens were able to bring to bear on the new royal claimant … In this context, the reign of the defeated predecessor was automatically described as bad and against the divine will – how else could he have been defeated? By implication, of course, all his acts became, inevitably and retrospectively, tainted.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007b_56-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kuhrt-2007b-56">[56]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>The familiarity with long-established Babylonian tropes suggests that the Cylinder was authored by the Babylonian priests of Marduk, working at the behest of Cyrus.<SUP id="cite_ref-Dyck_57-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Dyck-57">[57]</A></SUP> It can be compared with another work of around the same time, the <I>Verse Account of Nabonidus</I>, in which the former Babylonian ruler is excoriated as the enemy of the priests of Marduk and Cyrus is presented as the liberator of Babylon.<SUP id="cite_ref-Grabbe_58-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Grabbe-58">[58]</A></SUP> Both works make a point of stressing Cyrus's qualifications as a king from a line of kings, in contrast to the non-royal ancestry of Nabonidus, who is described by the Cylinder as merely <I>maţû</I>, "insignificant".<SUP id="cite_ref-Dick_59-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Dick-59">[59]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <I>Verse Account</I> is so similar to the Cyrus Cylinder inscription that the two texts have been dubbed an example of "literary dependence" – not the <I>direct</I> dependence of one upon the other, but mutual dependence upon a common source. This is characterised by the historian <A href="/wiki/Morton_Smith" title="Morton Smith">Morton Smith</A> as "the propaganda put out in Babylonia by Cyrus's agents, shortly before Cyrus's conquest, to prepare the way of their lord."<SUP id="cite_ref-Smith_60-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Smith-60">[60]</A></SUP> This viewpoint has been disputed; as Simon J. Sherwin of the <A href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</A> puts it, the Cyrus Cylinder and the <I>Verse Account</I> are "after the event" compositions which reuse existing Mesopotamian literary themes and do not need to be explained as the product of pre-conquest Persian propaganda.<SUP id="cite_ref-Sherwin_61-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Sherwin-61">[61]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The German historian Hanspeter Schaudig has identified a line on the Cylinder ("He [i.e. Marduk] saved his city Babylon from its oppression") with a line from tablet VI of the Babylonian "Epic of Creation", <I><A href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1" title="Enûma Eliš">Enûma Eliš</A></I>, in which Marduk builds Babylon.<SUP id="cite_ref-Haubold_62-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Haubold-62">[62]</A></SUP> Johannes Haubold suggests that reference represents Cyrus's takeover as a moment of ultimate restoration not just of political and religious institutions, but of the cosmic order underpinning the universe.<SUP id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-63">[63]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN id="Analysis_of_the_Cylinder.27s_claims"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Analysis_of_the_Cylinder's_claims">Analysis of the Cylinder's claims</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Analysis of the Cylinder's claims">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Nabonidus.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Stone stele with a carving depicting a man with a beard, carrying a tall staff and wearing a robe and conical hat, gesturing to three symbols representing the moon, sun and Venus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nabonidus.jpg/170px-Nabonidus.jpg" width="170" height="208" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nabonidus.jpg/255px-Nabonidus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nabonidus.jpg/340px-Nabonidus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="600" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stele</A> depicting Nabonidus praying to the <A href="/wiki/Lunar_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar deity">moon</A>, sun and the planet Venus. The Babylonian king's religious practices were harshly condemned by the Cyrus Cylinder's inscription.</DIV>
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<P>The Cyrus Cylinder's vilification of Nabonidus is consistent with other Persian propaganda regarding the deposed king's rule. In contrast to the Cylinder's depiction of Nabonidus as an illegitimate ruler who ruined his country, the reign of Nabonidus was largely peaceful, he was recognised as a legitimate king and he undertook a variety of building projects and military campaigns commensurate with his claim to be "the king of Babylon, the universe, and the four corners [of the Earth]."<SUP id="cite_ref-Bidmead_64-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bidmead-64">[64]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The Assyriologist <A href="/wiki/Paul-Alain_Beaulieu" title="Paul-Alain Beaulieu">Paul-Alain Beaulieu</A> has interpreted Nabonidus's exaltation of the moon god <A href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</A> as "an outright usurpation of Marduk's prerogatives by the moon god."<SUP id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-65">[65]</A></SUP> Although the Babylonian king continued to make rich offerings to Marduk, his greater devotion to Sin was unacceptable to the Babylonian priestly elite.<SUP id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-66">[66]</A></SUP> Nabonidus came from the unfashionable north of Babylonia, introduced foreign gods and went into a lengthy self-imposed exile which was said to have prevented the celebration of the vital New Year festival.<SUP id="cite_ref-Mallowan_67-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Mallowan-67">[67]</A></SUP> Cyrus's conquest of Babylonia was resisted by Nabonidus and his supporters, as the <A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">Battle of Opis</A> demonstrated. <A href="/wiki/Iranologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranologist">Iranologist</A> <A href="/wiki/Pierre_Briant" title="Pierre Briant">Pierre Briant</A> comments that "it is doubtful that even before the fall of [Babylon] Cyrus was impatiently awaited by a population desperate for a 'liberator'."<SUP id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-68">[68]</A></SUP> However, Cyrus's takeover as king does appear to have been welcomed by some of the Babylonian population.<SUP id="cite_ref-Buchanan_69-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Buchanan-69">[69]</A></SUP> The Judaic historian Lisbeth S. Fried says that there is little evidence that the high-ranking priests of Babylonia during the Achaemenid period were Persians and characterises them as Babylonian collaborators.<SUP id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-70">[70]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The inscription goes on to describe Cyrus returning to their original sanctuaries the statues of the gods that Nabonidus had brought to the city before the Persian invasion. This restored the normal cultic order to the satisfaction of the priesthood. It alludes to temples being restored and deported groups being returned to their homelands but does not imply an empire-wide programme of restoration. Instead, it refers to specific areas in the border region between Babylonia and Persia, including sites that had been devastated by earlier Babylonian military campaigns. The Cylinder indicates that Cyrus sought to acquire the loyalty of the ravaged regions by funding reconstruction, the return of temple properties and the repatriation of the displaced populations. However, it is unclear how much actually changed on the ground; there is no archaeological evidence for any rebuilding or repairing of Mesopotamian temples during Cyrus's reign.<SUP id="cite_ref-Winn_50-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Winn-50">[50]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The text presents Cyrus as entering Babylon peacefully and being welcomed by the population as a liberator. This presents an implicit contrast with previous conquerors, notably the Assyrian rulers <A href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</A>, who invaded and plundered Babylon in the 12th century BC, and <A href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</A>, who did the same thing 150 years before Cyrus conquered the region.<SUP id="cite_ref-Arnold_10-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Arnold-10">[10]</A></SUP> The massacre and enslavement of conquered people was common practice and was explicitly highlighted by conquerors in victory statements. The Cyrus Cylinder presents a very different message; Johannes Haubold notes that it portrays Cyrus's takeover as a harmonious moment of convergence between Babylonian and Persian history, not a natural disaster but the salvation of Babylonia.<SUP id="cite_ref-Haubold_62-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Haubold-62">[62]</A></SUP></P>
<P>However, the Cylinder's account of Cyrus's conquest clearly does not tell the whole story, as it suppresses any mention of the earlier conflict between the Persians and the Babylonians;<SUP id="cite_ref-Haubold_62-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Haubold-62">[62]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Max_Mallowan" title="Max Mallowan">Max Mallowan</A> describes it as a "skilled work of tendentious history".<SUP id="cite_ref-Mallowan_67-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Mallowan-67">[67]</A></SUP> The text omits the Battle of Opis, in which Cyrus's forces defeated and apparently massacred Nabonidus's army.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007a_3-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kuhrt-2007a-3">[3]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-71">[71]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-72">[72]</A></SUP> Nor does it explain a two-week gap reported by the Nabonidus Chronicle between the Persian entry into Babylon and the surrender of the Esagila temple. Lisbeth S. Fried suggests that there may have been a siege or stand-off between the Persians and the temple's defenders and priests, about whose fate the Cylinder and Chronicle makes no mention. She speculates that they were killed or expelled by the Persians and replaced by more pro-Persian members of the Babylonian priestly elite.<SUP id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-73">[73]</A></SUP> As Walton and Hill put it, the claim of a wholly peaceful takeover acclaimed by the people is "standard conqueror's rhetoric and may obscure other facts."<SUP id="cite_ref-Walton_74-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Walton-74">[74]</A></SUP> Describing the claim of one's own armies being welcomed as liberators as "one of the great imperial fantasies", Bruce Lincoln, Professor of Divinity at the <A href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</A>, notes that the Babylonian population repeatedly revolted against Persian rule in 522 BC, 521 BC, 484 BC and 482 BC (though not against Cyrus or his son Cambeses). The rebels sought to restore national independence and the line of native Babylonian kings – perhaps an indication that they were not as favourably disposed towards the Persians as the Cylinder suggests.<SUP id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-75">[75]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The Persians' policy towards their subject people, as described by the Cylinder, was traditionally viewed as an expression of tolerance, moderation and generosity "on a scale previously unknown."<SUP id="cite_ref-Masroori_76-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Masroori-76">[76]</A></SUP> The policies of Cyrus toward subjugated nations have been contrasted to those of the Assyrians and Babylonians, who had treated subject peoples harshly; he permitted the resettling of those who had been previously deported and sponsored the reconstruction of religious buildings.<SUP id="cite_ref-Dandamaev_77-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Dandamaev-77">[77]</A></SUP> Cyrus was often depicted positively in Western tradition by sources such as the Old Testament of the Bible and the Greek writers <A href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</A> and <A href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Brown_78-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Brown-78">[78]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Arberry_79-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Arberry-79">[79]</A></SUP> The <I><A href="/wiki/Cyropaedia" title="Cyropaedia">Cyropaedia</A></I> of Xenophon was particularly influential during the <A href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</A> when Cyrus was romanticised as an exemplary model of a virtuous and successful ruler.<SUP id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-80">[80]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Modern historians argue that while Cyrus's behavior was indeed conciliatory, it was driven by the needs of the Persian Empire, and was not an expression of personal tolerance per se.<SUP id="cite_ref-Min_81-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Min-81">[81]</A></SUP> The empire was too large to be centrally directed; Cyrus followed a policy of using existing territorial units to implement a decentralized system of government. The magnanimity shown by Cyrus won him praise and gratitude from those he spared.<SUP id="cite_ref-Evans_82-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Evans-82">[82]</A></SUP> The policy of toleration described by the Cylinder was thus, as biblical historian Rainer Albertz puts it, "an expression of conservative support for local regions to serve the political interests of the whole [empire]."<SUP id="cite_ref-Albertz_83-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Albertz-83">[83]</A></SUP> Another biblical historian, <A href="/wiki/Alberto_Soggin" title="Alberto Soggin">Alberto Soggin</A>, comments that it was more "a matter of practicality and economy … [as] it was simpler, and indeed cost less, to obtain the spontaneous collaboration of their subjects at a local level than to have to impose their sovereignty by force."<SUP id="cite_ref-Soggin_84-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Soggin-84">[84]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Biblical_interpretations">Biblical interpretations</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biblical interpretations">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Cyrus_in_the_Judeo-Christian_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus in the Judeo-Christian tradition">Cyrus in the Judeo-Christian tradition</A></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/The_Return_to_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="The Return to Zion">The Return to Zion</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_cylinder_Mesopotamia.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Map showing various places in Mesopotamia mentioned by the Cyrus Cylinder." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cyrus_cylinder_Mesopotamia.svg/350px-Cyrus_cylinder_Mesopotamia.svg.png" width="350" height="307" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cyrus_cylinder_Mesopotamia.svg/525px-Cyrus_cylinder_Mesopotamia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Cyrus_cylinder_Mesopotamia.svg/700px-Cyrus_cylinder_Mesopotamia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="580" /></A>
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Places in Mesopotamia mentioned by the Cyrus Cylinder. Most of the localities it mentions in connection with the restoration of temples were in eastern and northern Mesopotamia, in territories that had been ruled by the deposed Babylonian king Nabonidus (excepting Susa).</DIV>
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<P>The Bible records that some Jews (who were exiled by the Babylonians), returned to their homeland from Babylon, where they had been settled by <A href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar</A>, to rebuild the temple following an edict from Cyrus. The <A href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</A> (1–4:5) provides a narrative account of the rebuilding project.<SUP id="cite_ref-Hurowitz_85-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Hurowitz-85">[85]</A></SUP> Scholars have linked one particular passage from the Cylinder to the Old Testament account:<SUP id="cite_ref-Kuhrt-1982_49-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kuhrt-1982-49">[49]</A></SUP></P>
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<P>From [?]<SUP id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-86">[86]</A></SUP> to <A href="/wiki/Ashur" title="Ashur">Aššur</A> and [from] <A href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</A>, <A href="/wiki/Agade" class="mw-redirect" title="Agade">Agade</A>, <A href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Ešnunna</A>, Zabban, Me-Turnu, <A href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</A>, as far as the region of <A href="/wiki/Gutian_people#Gutium_as_a_later_geographic_term" title="Gutian people">Gutium</A>, the sacred centers on the other side of the <A href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</A>, whose sanctuaries had been abandoned for a long time, I returned the images of the gods, who had resided there [i.e., in Babylon], to their places and I let them dwell in eternal abodes. I gathered all their inhabitants and returned to them their dwellings.<SUP id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-87">[87]</A></SUP></P>
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<P>This passage has often been interpreted as a reference to the benign policy instituted by Cyrus of allowing exiled peoples, such as the Jews, to return to their original homelands.<SUP id="cite_ref-Becking_6-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Becking-6">[6]</A></SUP> The Cylinder's inscription has been linked with the reproduction in the Book of Ezra of two texts that are claimed to be edicts issued by Cyrus concerning the repatriation of the Jews and the reconstruction of the Temple in Jerusalem.<SUP id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-88">[88]</A></SUP> The two edicts (one in <A href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</A> and one in <A href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</A>) are substantially different in content and tone, leading some historians to argue that one or both may be a <I>post hoc</I> fabrication.<SUP id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-89">[89]</A></SUP> The question of their authenticity remains unresolved, though it is widely believed that they do reflect some sort of Persian royal policy, albeit perhaps not one that was couched in the terms given in the text of the biblical edicts.</P>
<P>The dispute over the authenticity of the biblical edicts has prompted interest in this passage from the Cyrus Cylinder, specifically concerning the question of whether it indicates that Cyrus had a <I>general</I> policy of repatriating subject peoples and restoring their sanctuaries.<SUP id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-90">[90]</A></SUP> The text of the Cylinder is very specific, listing places in Mesopotamia and the neighboring regions. It does not describe any general release or return of exiled communities but focuses on the return of Babylonian deities to their own home cities. It emphasises the re-establishment of local religious norms, reversing the alleged neglect of Nabonidus – a theme that Amélie Kuhrt describes as "a literary device used to underline the piety of Cyrus as opposed to the blasphemy of Nabonidus." She suggests that Cyrus had simply adopted a policy used by earlier Assyrian rulers of giving privileges to cities in key strategic or politically sensitive regions and that there was no general policy as such.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kuhrt-1983_91-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kuhrt-1983-91">[91]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Lester L. Grabbe</A>, a historian of early Judaism, has written that "the religious policy of the Persians was not that different from the basic practice of the Assyrians and Babylonians before them" in tolerating – but not promoting – local cults, other than their own gods.<SUP id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-92">[92]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Cyrus may have seen <A href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</A>, situated in a strategic location between Mesopotamia and Egypt, as worth patronising for political reasons. His Achaemenid successors generally supported indigenous cults in subject territories as an expression of their legitimacy as rulers, thereby currying favour with the cults' devotees.<SUP id="cite_ref-Bedford138_93-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bedford138-93">[93]</A></SUP> Conversely, the Persian kings could, and did, destroy the shrines of peoples who had rebelled against them, as happened at <A href="/wiki/Miletos" class="mw-redirect" title="Miletos">Miletos</A> in 494 BC following the <A href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-94">[94]</A></SUP> Historian Ernst Badian has noted regarding the Ionian revolt "[that] Harpagus 'devastated' all of lower Asia (1.177) is obviously an exaggeration, for the Ionians soon returned to their trading activities." <SUP id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-95">[95]</A></SUP> The Persians evidently did give permission for its reconstruction, which would have been required given the circumstances of its destruction.<SUP id="cite_ref-Bedford138_93-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bedford138-93">[93]</A></SUP> However, the Cylinder's text does not describe any general policy of a return of exiles or mention any sanctuary outside Babylonia;<SUP id="cite_ref-Janzen_7-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Janzen-7">[7]</A></SUP> the biblical historian Bob Becking concludes that "it has nothing to do with Judeans, Jews or Jerusalem."<SUP id="cite_ref-Becking_6-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Becking-6">[6]</A></SUP> Peter Ross Bedford argues that the Cylinder "is thus not a manifesto for a general policy regarding indigenous cults and their worshippers throughout the empire."<SUP id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-96">[96]</A></SUP> Kuhrt comments that "the purely Babylonian context of the Cylinder provides no proof" of the historicity of Cyrus's return of the Jewish exiles and the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem,<SUP id="cite_ref-Kuhrt-1982_49-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kuhrt-1982-49">[49]</A></SUP> though Becking links this with the lack of any references to the Jews in surviving Achaemenid texts – an indication that the Persians seem not to have regarded them as being of any great importance.<SUP id="cite_ref-Becking_6-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Becking-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The German scholar <A href="/wiki/Josef_Wieseh%C3%B6fer" title="Josef Wiesehöfer">Josef Wiesehöfer</A> summarizes the widely held traditional view by noting that "Many scholars have read into […] sentences [from the text of Cylinder] a confirmation of the Old Testament passages about the steps taken by Cyrus towards the erection of the Jerusalem temple and the repatriation of the Judaeans" and this interpretation was, according to Wiesehöfer, for some scholars a strict belief "that the instructions to this effect were actually provided in these very formulations of the Cyrus Cylinder."<SUP id="cite_ref-Wiesehöfer-2001_31-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Wiesehöfer-2001-31">[31]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Human_rights">Human rights</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The Cylinder gained new prominence in the late 1960s when the last <A href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah of Iran</A> called it "the world's first charter of <A href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</A>".<SUP id="cite_ref-MacGregor_97-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MacGregor-97">[97]</A></SUP> The cylinder was a key symbol of the Shah's political ideology and is still regarded by some commentators as a charter of human rights, despite the disagreement of some historians and scholars.<SUP id="cite_ref-Ansari_15-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Ansari-15">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN id="Pahlavi_Iranian_government.27s_view"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Pahlavi_Iranian_government's_view">Pahlavi Iranian government's view</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pahlavi Iranian government's view">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Emblem2500Persepolis.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emblem2500Persepolis.jpg/220px-Emblem2500Persepolis.jpg" width="220" height="223" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Emblem2500Persepolis.jpg/330px-Emblem2500Persepolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Emblem2500Persepolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="385" /></A>
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Cyrus Cylinder at the center of the official emblem of <A href="/wiki/2,500_year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire</A> at Pahlavi Iranian imperial era</DIV>
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<P>The Cyrus Cylinder was dubbed the "first declaration of human rights" by the pre-<A href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" title="Iranian Revolution">Revolution</A> Iranian government,<SUP id="cite_ref-note_98-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-note-98">[98]</A></SUP> a reading prominently advanced by <A href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">Shah</A> <A href="/wiki/Mohammed_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Reza Pahlavi">Mohammed Reza Pahlavi</A>, in a 1967 book, <I>The White Revolution of Iran</I>. The Shah identified Cyrus as a key figure in government ideology and associated his government with the Achaemenids.<SUP id="cite_ref-Wiesehöfer-1999_99-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Wiesehöfer-1999-99">[99]</A></SUP> He wrote that "the history of our empire began with the famous declaration of Cyrus, which, for its advocacy of humane principles, justice and liberty, must be considered one of the most remarkable documents in the history of mankind."<SUP id="cite_ref-Pahlavi_100-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Pahlavi-100">[100]</A></SUP> The Shah described Cyrus as the first ruler in history to give his subjects "freedom of opinion and other basic rights".<SUP id="cite_ref-Pahlavi_100-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Pahlavi-100">[100]</A></SUP> In 1968, the Shah opened <A href="/wiki/World_Conference_on_Human_Rights#Background" title="World Conference on Human Rights">the first United Nations Conference on Human Rights</A> in <A href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</A> by saying that the Cyrus Cylinder was the precursor to the modern <A href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Robertson_101-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Robertson-101">[101]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In his 1971 <A href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</A> (New Year) speech, the Shah declared that 1971 would be Cyrus the Great Year, during which a grand commemoration would be held to celebrate 2,500 years of Persian monarchy. It would serve as a showcase for a modern Iran in which the contributions that Iran had made to world civilization would be recognized. The main theme of the commemoration was the centrality of the monarchy within Iran's political system, associating the Shah of Iran with the famous monarchs of Persia's past, and with Cyrus in particular.<SUP id="cite_ref-Ansari_15-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Ansari-15">[15]</A></SUP> The Shah looked to the Achaemenid period as "a moment from the national past that could best serve as a model and a slogan for the imperial society he hoped to create."<SUP id="cite_ref-Lincoln_102-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Lincoln-102">[102]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The Cyrus Cylinder was adopted as the symbol for the commemoration, and Iranian magazines and journals published numerous articles about ancient Persian history.<SUP id="cite_ref-Ansari_15-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Ansari-15">[15]</A></SUP> The British Museum loaned the original Cylinder to the Iranian government for the duration of the festivities; it was put on display at the Shahyad Monument (now the <A href="/wiki/Azadi_Tower" title="Azadi Tower">Azadi Tower</A>) in <A href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Housego_103-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Housego-103">[103]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/2,500_year_celebration_of_Iran%27s_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="2,500 year celebration of Iran's monarchy">2,500 year celebrations</A> commenced on October 12, 1971 and culminated a week later with a spectacular parade at the tomb of Cyrus in <A href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</A>. On October 14, the shah's sister, <A href="/wiki/Princess_Ashraf_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Ashraf Pahlavi">Princess Ashraf Pahlavi</A>, presented the <A href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary General">United Nations Secretary General</A> <A href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</A> with a replica of the Cylinder. The princess asserted that "the heritage of Cyrus was the heritage of human understanding, tolerance, courage, compassion and, above all, human liberty".<SUP id="cite_ref-UN_16-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-UN-16">[16]</A></SUP> The Secretary General accepted the gift, linking the Cylinder with the efforts of the <A href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</A> to address "the question of Respect for Human Rights in Armed Conflict".<SUP id="cite_ref-UN_16-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-UN-16">[16]</A></SUP> Since then the replica Cylinder has been kept at the <A href="/wiki/United_Nations_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Headquarters">United Nations Headquarters</A> in <A href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</A> on the second floor hallway.<SUP id="cite_ref-UN_16-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-UN-16">[16]</A></SUP> The United Nations continues to promote the cylinder as "an ancient declaration of human rights."<SUP id="cite_ref-Schulz_38-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Schulz-38">[38]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Reception_in_the_Islamic_Republic">Reception in the Islamic Republic</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reception in the Islamic Republic">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>In September 2010, former Iranian president <A href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</A> officially opened the Cyrus Cylinder exhibition at the <A href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-104">[104]</A></SUP> After the Pahlavi era, it was the second time the cylinder was brought to Iran. It was also its longest-running exhibition inside the country. Ahmadinejad considers the Cyrus Cylinder as the incarnation of human values and a cultural heritage for all humanity,<SUP id="cite_ref-pr_105-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pr-105">[105]</A></SUP> and called it the "<I>First Charter of Human Rights</I>". The <A href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</A> had loaned the Cyrus Cylinder to the National Museum of Iran for four months.<SUP id="cite_ref-pr_105-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pr-105">[105]</A></SUP></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>The Cylinder reads that everyone is entitled to freedom of thought and choice and all individuals should pay respect to one another. The historical charter also underscores the necessity of fighting oppression, defending the oppressed, respecting human dignity, and recognizing human rights. The Cyrus Cylinder bears testimony to the fact that the Iranian nation has always been the flag-bearer of justice, devotion and human values throughout history.</P>
<DIV class="templatequotecite">— <CITE><A href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</A> during Cyrus Cylinder exhibition at <A href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</A>, <SUP id="cite_ref-pr_105-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pr-105">[105]</A></SUP></CITE></DIV>
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<P>Some Iranian extremists, Islamists and rightist politicians such as <A href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MP</A> <A href="/wiki/Ali_Motahari" title="Ali Motahari">Ali Motahari</A> criticized Ahmadinejad for bringing the Cyrus Cylinder to Iran,<SUP id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-106">[106]</A></SUP> although Tehran daily <I><A href="/wiki/Kayhan" title="Kayhan">Kayhan</A></I>, viewed as an ultra-conservative newspaper, had opined that the Islamic Republic should never have returned the Cyrus Cylinder to Britain:<SUP id="cite_ref-kyh_107-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-kyh-107">[107]</A></SUP></P>
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<P>There is an important question: Doesn't the cylinder belong to Iran? And hasn't the British government stolen ancient artifacts from our country? If the answers to these questions are positive, then why should we return this stolen historical and valuable work to the thieves?</P>
<DIV class="templatequotecite">— <CITE><A href="/wiki/Kayhan_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayhan newspaper"><I>Kayhan</I> newspaper</A> during Cyrus Cylinder exhibition in Iran, <SUP id="cite_ref-kyh_107-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-kyh-107">[107]</A></SUP></CITE></DIV>
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<P>At the time, the Curator of the National Museum of Iran, Azadeh Ardakani, reported approximately 48,000 visitors to the Cylinder exhibition, amongst whom over 2000 were foreigners, including foreign ambassadors.<SUP id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-108">[108]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Scholarly_views">Scholarly views</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scholarly views">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_the_Great_human_rts_declaration_plaque,_Balboa_Park.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="Monument consisting of a bronze plaque fixed to a sloping marble slab, with a bronze replica of the Cyrus Cylinder above the plaque." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cyrus_the_Great_human_rts_declaration_plaque%2C_Balboa_Park.JPG/220px-Cyrus_the_Great_human_rts_declaration_plaque%2C_Balboa_Park.JPG" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cyrus_the_Great_human_rts_declaration_plaque%2C_Balboa_Park.JPG/330px-Cyrus_the_Great_human_rts_declaration_plaque%2C_Balboa_Park.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cyrus_the_Great_human_rts_declaration_plaque%2C_Balboa_Park.JPG/440px-Cyrus_the_Great_human_rts_declaration_plaque%2C_Balboa_Park.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></A>
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Monument to the Cyrus Cylinder in <A href="/wiki/Balboa_Park,_San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Balboa Park, San Diego, California">Balboa Park, San Diego, California</A> erected by an Iranian émigré organisation, presenting a widely circulated false translation of the text that portrays Cyrus as a champion of human rights</DIV>
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<P>The interpretation of the Cylinder as a "charter of human rights" has been described by some historians as "rather <A href="/wiki/Anachronistic#Scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="Anachronistic">anachronistic</A>" and tendentious.<SUP id="cite_ref-Daniel_8-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Daniel-8">[8]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-109">[109]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-110">[110]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Curtis_111-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Curtis-111">[111]</A></SUP> It has been dismissed as a "misunderstanding"<SUP id="cite_ref-Mitchell_9-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Mitchell-9">[9]</A></SUP> and characterized as political propaganda devised by the Pahlavi regime.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kuhrt-1983_91-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kuhrt-1983-91">[91]</A></SUP> The German historian Josef Wiesehöfer comments that the portrayal of Cyrus as a champion of human rights is as illusory as the image of the "humane and enlightened Shah of Persia."<SUP id="cite_ref-Wiesehöfer-1999_99-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Wiesehöfer-1999-99">[99]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/D._Fairchild_Ruggles" title="D. Fairchild Ruggles">D. Fairchild Ruggles</A> and Helaine Silverman describe the Shah's aim as being to legitimise the Iranian nation and his own regime, and to counter the growing influence of Islamic fundamentalism by creating an alternative narrative rooted in the ancient Persian past.<SUP id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-112">[112]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Writing in the immediate aftermath of the Shah's anniversary commemorations, the British Museum's C.B.F. Walker comments that the "essential character of the Cyrus Cylinder [is not] a general declaration of human rights or religious toleration but simply a building inscription, in the Babylonian and Assyrian tradition, commemorating Cyrus's restoration of the city of Babylon and the worship of Marduk previously neglected by Nabonidus."<SUP id="cite_ref-Walker_24-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Walker-24">[24]</A></SUP> Two professors specialising in the history of the ancient Near East, Bill T. Arnold and Piotr Michalowski, comment: "Generically, it belongs with other foundation deposit inscriptions; it is not an edict of any kind, nor does it provide any unusual human rights declaration as is sometimes claimed."<SUP id="cite_ref-Arnold_10-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Arnold-10">[10]</A></SUP> Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones of the <A href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</A> notes that "there is nothing in the text" that suggests the concept of human rights.<SUP id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-110">[110]</A></SUP> Neil MacGregor comments:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>Comparison by scholars in the <A href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</A> with other similar texts, however, showed that rulers in ancient Iraq had been making comparable declarations upon succeeding to the [Babylonian] throne for two millennia before Cyrus […] it is one of the museum's tasks to resist the narrowing of the object's meaning and its appropriation to one political agenda.<SUP id="cite_ref-MacGregor_97-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MacGregor-97">[97]</A></SUP></P>
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<P>He cautions that while the Cylinder is "clearly linked with the <A href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Median_and_Achaemenid_Empire_(650_BC–330_BC)" title="History of Iran">history of Iran</A>," it is "in no real sense an Iranian document: it is part of a much larger history of the ancient Near East, of Mesopotamian kingship, and of the <A href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora#Pre-Roman_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</A>."<SUP id="cite_ref-MacGregor_97-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-MacGregor-97">[97]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Some historians,<SUP id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-113">[113]</A></SUP> as well as writers on human rights, have supported the interpretation of the Cyrus Cylinder as a human rights charter.<SUP id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-114">[114]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-115">[115]</A></SUP> W.J. Talbott, an American philosopher, believes the concept of human rights is a 20th-century concept but describes Cyrus as "perhaps the earliest known advocate of religious tolerance" and suggests that "ideas that led to the development of human rights are not limited to one cultural tradition."<SUP id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-116">[116]</A></SUP> The Iranian lawyer Hirad Abtahi argues that viewing the Cylinder as merely "an instrument of legitimizing royal rule" is unjustified, as Cyrus issued the document and granted those rights when he was at the height of his power, with neither popular opposition nor visible external threat to force his hand.<SUP id="cite_ref-Abtahi_117-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Abtahi-117">[117]</A></SUP> A former Iranian prime minister, <A href="/wiki/Hassan_Pirnia" title="Hassan Pirnia">Hassan Pirnia</A>, writing in the early 20th century, characterizes the Cylinder as "discuss[ing] human rights in a way unique for the era, dealing with ways to protect the honor, prestige, and religious beliefs of all the nations dependent to Iran in those days."<SUP id="cite_ref-Shabani_118-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Shabani-118">[118]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Exhibition_history">Exhibition history</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Exhibition history">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:London_307.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="View of the Cyrus Cylinder in its display cabinet, situated behind glass on a display stand. Other ancient Persian artefacts can be seen lining the room in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/London_307.JPG/220px-London_307.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/London_307.JPG/330px-London_307.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/London_307.JPG/440px-London_307.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></A>
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The Cyrus Cylinder in Room 55 of the British Museum in London</DIV>
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<P>The Cyrus Cylinder has been displayed in the British Museum since its formal acquisition in 1880.<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-database_1-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-database-1">[1]</A></SUP> It has been loaned four times – twice to Iran, between 7–22 October 1971 in conjunction with the <A href="/wiki/2,500_year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire</A> and again from September–December 2010, once to <A href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</A> from March–June 2006,<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-database_1-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-database-1">[1]</A></SUP> and once to the United States in a traveling exhibition from March–October 2013. Many replicas have been made. Some were distributed by the Shah following the 1971 commemorations, while the British Museum and <A href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</A> have sold them commercially.<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-database_1-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-database-1">[1]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The British Museum's ownership of the Cyrus Cylinder has been the cause of some controversy in Iran, although the artifact was obtained legally and was not excavated on Iranian soil but on former <A href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman territory</A> (modern <A href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</A>). When it was loaned in 1971, the Iranian press campaigned for its transfer to Iranian ownership. The Cylinder was brought back to London without difficulty, but the British Museum's Board of Trustees subsequently decided that it would be "undesirable to make a further loan of the Cylinder to Iran."<SUP id="cite_ref-BM-database_1-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BM-database-1">[1]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2005–2006 the British Museum mounted a major exhibition on the <A href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</A>, <I>Forgotten Empire: the World of Ancient Persia.</I> It was held in collaboration with the Iranian government, which loaned the British Museum a number of iconic artefacts in exchange for an undertaking that the Cyrus Cylinder would be loaned to the National Museum of Iran in return.<SUP id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-119">[119]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The planned loan of the Cylinder was postponed in October 2009 following the <A href="/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2009" title="Iranian presidential election, 2009">June 2009 Iranian presidential election</A> so that the British Museum could be "assured that the situation in the country was suitable."<SUP id="cite_ref-Sheikholeslami_120-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Sheikholeslami-120">[120]</A></SUP> In response, the Iranian government threatened to end cooperation with the British Museum if the Cylinder was not loaned within the following two months.<SUP id="cite_ref-Sheikholeslami_120-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Sheikholeslami-120">[120]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Wilson_121-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Wilson-121">[121]</A></SUP> This deadline was postponed despite appeals by the Iranian government<SUP id="cite_ref-Sheikholeslami_120-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Sheikholeslami-120">[120]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-122">[122]</A></SUP> but the Cylinder did eventually go on display in Tehran in September 2010 for a four-month period.<SUP id="cite_ref-CyrusCylinderReturns_123-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CyrusCylinderReturns-123">[123]</A></SUP> The exhibition was very popular, attracting 48,000 people within the first ten days and about 500,000 people by the time it closed in January 2011.<SUP id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-124">[124]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-125">[125]</A></SUP> However, at its opening, Iranian president <A href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</A> mingled <A href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic">Islamic Republican</A> and ancient Persian symbology which commentators inside and outside Iran criticised as an overt appeal to religious nationalism.<SUP id="cite_ref-Esfandiari_126-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Esfandiari-126">[126]</A></SUP></P>
<P>On November 28, 2012, the <A href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</A> announced the first United States tour of the Cylinder. Under the headline “British Museum lends ancient 'bill of rights' cylinder to US”, Museum director Neil MacGregor declared that “The cylinder, often referred to as the first bill of human rights, ‘must be shared as widely as possible’".<SUP id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-127">[127]</A></SUP> The British Museum itself announced the news in its press release, saying "First declaration of human rights’ to tour five cities in the United States".<SUP id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-128">[128]</A></SUP> According to the British Museum's website for the Cylinder's US exhibition "CyrusCylinder2013.com", the tour started in March 2013 and included <A href="/wiki/Washington_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington DC">Washington DC</A>’s <A href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery" title="Arthur M. Sackler Gallery">Smithsonian's Arthur M. Sackler Gallery</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Houston">Museum of Fine Arts</A> in <A href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</A> in <A href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Art Museum of San Francisco">Asian Art Museum</A> in <A href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</A> and culminated at the <A href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</A> in <A href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</A>, in October 2013.<SUP id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-129">[129]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The cylinder, along with thirty two other associated objects from the <A href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</A> collection, including a pair of gold armlets from the <A href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</A> and the Darius Seal, were part of an exhibition titled 'The Cyrus Cylinder and Ancient Persia – A New Beginning' at the <A href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Wales Museum">Prince of Wales Museum</A> in <A href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</A>, India, from December 21, 2013 to February 25, 2014. It was organised by the British Museum and the Prince of Wales Museum in partnership with <A href="/wiki/Sir_Dorabji_Tata_and_Allied_Trusts" title="Sir Dorabji Tata and Allied Trusts">Sir Dorabji Tata Trust</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sir_Ratan_Tata_Trust" title="Sir Ratan Tata Trust">Sir Ratan Tata Trust</A> and Navajbai Ratan Tata Trust, all set up by luminaries from the <A href="/wiki/Parsi" title="Parsi">Parsi</A> community, who are descendants of Persian <A href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</A>, who hold <A href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</A> in great regard, as many scholars consider him as a follower of <A href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-130">[130]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Freedom_Sculpture">Freedom Sculpture</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Freedom Sculpture">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Freedom_Sculpture" title="Freedom Sculpture">Freedom Sculpture</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Freedom_Sculpture_at_night.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Freedom_Sculpture_at_night.jpg/220px-Freedom_Sculpture_at_night.jpg" width="220" height="160" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Freedom_Sculpture_at_night.jpg/330px-Freedom_Sculpture_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Freedom_Sculpture_at_night.jpg/440px-Freedom_Sculpture_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5488" data-file-height="4000" /></A>
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The freedom sculpture</DIV>
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<P>The <B>Freedom Sculpture</B> (<A href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</A>: <SPAN lang="fa" dir="rtl" xml:lang="fa">تندیس آزادی</SPAN>) is a <A href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</A> and <A href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</A> <A href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</A> located on <A href="/wiki/Santa_Monica_Boulevard" title="Santa Monica Boulevard">Santa Monica Boulevard</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills, California</A>.</P>
<P>The design of the Freedom Sculpture was created by artist and architect <A href="/wiki/Cecil_Balmond" title="Cecil Balmond">Cecil Balmond</A>. It is themed on the Cyrus Cylinder from 2,500 years ago, which is sometimes considered the first declaration of <A href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</A>. It commemorates the declaration of <A href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</A>, King of <A href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">ancient Iran</A>, granting individual and religious freedoms to those within his empire.<SUP id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-131">[131]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-132">[132]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Behistun_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Behistun inscriptions">Behistun inscriptions</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Persepolis_Fortification_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Persepolis Fortification Archive">Persepolis Fortification Archive</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cyrus%27s_edict" title="Cyrus's edict">Cyrus's edict</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-BM-database-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-BM-database_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-database_1-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-database_1-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-database_1-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-database_1-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-database_1-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-database_1-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-database_1-7"><SUP><I><B>h</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-database_1-8"><SUP><I><B>i</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-database_1-9"><SUP><I><B>j</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-database_1-10"><SUP><I><B>k</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-database_1-11"><SUP><I><B>l</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-database_1-12"><SUP><I><B>m</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-database_1-13"><SUP><I><B>n</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-database_1-14"><SUP><I><B>o</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=327188&partid=1">"The Cyrus Cylinder (British Museum database)"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">19 June</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cyrus+Cylinder+%28British+Museum+database%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fsearch_object_details.aspx%3Fobjectid%3D327188%26partid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Dandamayev-Cylinder-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Dandamayev-Cylinder_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Dandamayev-Cylinder_2-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Dandamayev-Cylinder">Dandamayev, (2010-01-26)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Kuhrt-2007a-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007a_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007a_3-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007a_3-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007a_3-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007a_3-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Kuhrt-2007a">Kuhrt (2007)</A>, p. 70, 72</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BM-CC-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-BM-CC_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-CC_4-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BM-CC_4-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">British Museum: <A href="#BM-The_Cyrus_Cylinder">The Cyrus Cylinder</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Free-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Free_5-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Free">Free & Vos (1992)</A>, p. 204</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Becking-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Becking_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Becking_6-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Becking_6-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Becking_6-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Becking">Becking</A>, p. 8</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Janzen-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Janzen_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Janzen_7-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Janzen">Janzen</A>, p. 157</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Daniel-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Daniel_8-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Daniel_8-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Daniel">Daniel</A>, p. 39</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Mitchell-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_9-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_9-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Mitchell">Mitchell</A>, p. 83</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Arnold-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Arnold_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Arnold_10-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Arnold_10-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Arnold">Arnold</A>, pp. 426–430</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/news_and_press/press_releases/2012/cyrus_cylinder_travels_to_us.aspx">"The Cyrus Cylinder travels to the US"</A>. British Museum. 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 September</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cyrus+Cylinder+travels+to+the+US&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fabout_us%2Fnews_and_press%2Fpress_releases%2F2012%2Fcyrus_cylinder_travels_to_us.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Associated Press (10 September 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/10/cyrus-cylinder-returns-iran">"Cyrus cylinder, world's oldest human rights charter, returns to Iran on loan"</A>. The Guardian<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 September</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cyrus+cylinder%2C+world%27s+oldest+human+rights+charter%2C+returns+to+Iran+on+loan&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fsep%2F10%2Fcyrus-cylinder-returns-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kqed.org/arts/visualarts/article.jsp?essid=124632">"Oldest Known Charter of Human Rights Comes to San Francisco"</A>. 13 August 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 September</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oldest+Known+Charter+of+Human+Rights+Comes+to+San+Francisco&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqed.org%2Farts%2Fvisualarts%2Farticle.jsp%3Fessid%3D124632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Barbara Slavin (6 March 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/fa/contents/articles/opinion/2013/03/cyrus-cylinder-iran-religious-freedom-minority-rights.html">"Cyrus Cylinder a Reminder of Persian Legacy of Tolerance"</A>. Al-Monitor<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 September</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cyrus+Cylinder+a+Reminder+of+Persian+Legacy+of+Tolerance&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft.au=Barbara+Slavin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Ffa%2Fcontents%2Farticles%2Fopinion%2F2013%2F03%2Fcyrus-cylinder-iran-religious-freedom-minority-rights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Ansari-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Ansari_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Ansari_15-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Ansari_15-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Ansari_15-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Ansari">Ansari</A>, pp. 218–19.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-UN-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-UN_16-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-UN_16-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-UN_16-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-UN_16-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">United Nations Press Release 14 October 1971(<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/a/1/inscriptions/cyrus.pdf">SG/SM/1553/HQ263</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Finkel-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Finkel_17-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Finkel">Finkel (2009)</A>, p. 172</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Vos-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Vos_18-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Vos_18-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Vos_18-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Vos">Vos (1995)</A>, p. 267</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Hilprecht-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Hilprecht_19-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Hilprecht_19-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Hilprecht_19-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Hilprecht">Hilprecht (1903)</A>, pp. 204–05</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Rassam-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Rassam_20-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Rassam">Rassam (1897)</A>, p. 223</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Koldewey-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Koldewey_21-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Koldewey">Koldewey</A>, p. vi</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Rassam">Rassam</A>, p. 267</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Hilprecht">Hilprecht (1903)</A>, p. 264</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Walker-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Walker_24-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Walker_24-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Walker_24-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Walker">Walker</A>, pp. 158–159</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Royal_Asiatic_Society"><I>The Times</I> (18 November 1879)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Monument"><I>The Oriental Journal</I> (January 1880)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Rawlinson-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson_27-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Rawlinson">Rawlinson (1880)</A>, pp. 70–97</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Curtis">Curtis, Tallis & André-Salvini</A>, p. 59</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Nies-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Nies_29-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Nies">Nies & Keiser (1920)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Berger-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Berger_30-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Berger_30-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Berger">Berger</A>, pp. 155–159</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Wiesehöfer-2001-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Wiesehöfer-2001_31-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Wiesehöfer-2001_31-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Wiesehöfer-2001">Wiesehöfer (2001)</A>, pp. 44–45.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Finkel-Translation-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Finkel-Translation_32-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Finkel-Translation_32-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Finkel-Translation_32-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Finkel-Translation_32-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=327188&partId=1">Translation of the text on the Cyrus Cylinder</A>. Finkel, Irving.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Pritchard-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Pritchard_33-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Pritchard_33-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Pritchard_33-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Pritchard">Pritchard</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Kutsko-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Kutsko_34-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kutsko_34-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Kutsko">Kutsko</A>, p. 123</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Weissbach-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Weissbach_35-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Weissbach">Weissbach</A>, p. 2</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Schaudig-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Schaudig_36-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Schaudig">Schaudig</A>, pp. 550–556</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Hallo-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Hallo_37-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Hallo">Hallo</A>, p. 315</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Schulz-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Schulz_38-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Schulz_38-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Schulz_38-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Schulz_38-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Schulz">Schulz (2008-07-15)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">compare <CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130615163639/http://www.niasnet.org/iran-history/artifacts-historical-places-of-iran/cyruscylinder/">"Archived copy"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niasnet.org/iran-history/artifacts-historical-places-of-iran/cyruscylinder/">the original</A> on 2013-06-15<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-04-12</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niasnet.org%2Firan-history%2Fartifacts-historical-places-of-iran%2Fcyruscylinder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> with the British Museum translation at <A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/c/cyrus_cylinder_-_translation.aspx">[1]</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Foucart-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Foucart_40-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Foucart">Foucart (2007-08-19)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="2003-Noble-Peace-Prize-lecture" class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2003/ebadi-lecture-e.html">"Shirin Ebadi's 2003 Nobel Peace Prize lecture"</A>. Nobel Foundation<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2011-03-19</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shirin+Ebadi%27s+2003+Nobel+Peace+Prize+lecture&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F2003%2Febadi-lecture-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The White House Archives; <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/06/20060619-1.html">https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/06/20060619-1.html</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">British Museum. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/departments/staff/middle_east/irving_finkel.aspx">"Irving Finkel"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">14 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irving+Finkel&rft.au=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fthe_museum%2Fdepartments%2Fstaff%2Fmiddle_east%2Firving_finkel.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/news_and_press_releases/statements/cyrus_cylinder.aspx">Cyrus Cylinder (press release)</A>. British Museum, 20 January 2010</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Yang, Zhi (1987). "Brief Note on the Bone Cuneiform Inscriptions". <I><A href="/wiki/Journal_of_Ancient_Civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Ancient Civilizations">Journal of Ancient Civilizations</A></I>. <B>2</B>: 30–33.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Civilizations&rft.atitle=Brief+Note+on+the+Bone+Cuneiform+Inscriptions&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=30-33&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Zhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-:0-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:0_46-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Finkel, Irving, ed. (2013). <I>The Cyrus Cylinder: The King of Persia's Proclamation from Ancient Babylon</I>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 28–34. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1780760639" title="Special:BookSources/1780760639">1780760639</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyrus+Cylinder%3A+The+King+of+Persia%27s+Proclamation+from+Ancient+Babylon&rft.pages=28-34&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=1780760639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Wu, Yuhong (1986). "A Horse-Bone Inscription copied from the Cyrus Cylinder (Line 18-21) in the Palace Museum in Beijing". <I>Journal of Ancient Civilizations</I>. <B>1</B>: 15–20.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Civilizations&rft.atitle=A+Horse-Bone+Inscription+copied+from+the+Cyrus+Cylinder+%28Line+18-21%29+in+the+Palace+Museum+in+Beijing&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=15-20&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Yuhong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BM-inscription-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-BM-inscription_48-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#BM-inscription">Inscription in the British Museum, Room 55</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Kuhrt-1982-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Kuhrt-1982_49-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kuhrt-1982_49-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kuhrt-1982_49-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Kuhrt-1982">Kuhrt (1982)</A>, p. 124</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Winn-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Winn_50-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Winn_50-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Winn_Leith">Winn Leith</A>, p. 285</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Fowler-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Fowler_51-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Fowler_51-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Fowler">Fowler & Hekster</A>, p. 33</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-52"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">British Museum: <A href="#BM-The_Cyrus_Cylinder">The Cyrus Cylinder</A>; <A href="#Kuhrt-1983">Kuhrt (1983)</A>, pp. 83–97; <A href="#Dandamaev">Dandamaev</A>, pp. 52–53; <A href="#Beaulieu">Beaulieu</A>, p. 243; <A href="#van_der_Spek">van der Spek</A>, pp. 273–285; <A href="#Wiesehöfer-2001">Wiesehöfer (2001)</A>, p. 82; <A href="#Briant">Briant</A>, p. 43</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Haubold">Haubold</A>, p. 52 fn. 24</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BM-discovery-2010-01-11-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-BM-discovery-2010-01-11_54-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#BM-discovery-2010-01-11">British Museum e-mail (2010-01-11)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BM-Statements-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-BM-Statements_55-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#BM-Statements_regarding">British Museum statement (2010-01-20)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Kuhrt-2007b-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007b_56-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007b_56-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kuhrt-2007b_56-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Kuhrt-2007b">Kuhrt (2007)</A>, pp. 174–175.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Dyck-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Dyck_57-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Dyck">Dyck</A>, pp. 91–94.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Grabbe-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Grabbe_58-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Grabbe">Grabbe (2004)</A>, p. 267</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Dick-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Dick_59-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Dick">Dick</A>, p. 10</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Smith-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Smith_60-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Smith">Smith</A>, p. 78</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Sherwin-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Sherwin_61-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Sherwin">Sherwin</A>, p. 122.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Haubold-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Haubold_62-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Haubold_62-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Haubold_62-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Haubold">Haubold</A>, p. 51</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-63"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Haubold">Haubold</A>, p. 52</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Bidmead-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Bidmead_64-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Bidmead">Bidmead</A>, p. 137</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-65"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Bidmead">Bidmead</A>, p. 134</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-66"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-66"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Bidmead">Bidmead</A>, p. 135</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Mallowan-67"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Mallowan_67-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Mallowan_67-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Mallowan">Mallowan</A>, pp. 409–411</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-68"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-68"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Briant">Briant</A>, p. 43</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Buchanan-69"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Buchanan_69-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Buchanan">Buchanan</A>, pp. 12–13</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-70"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-70"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Fried">Fried</A>, p. 30</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-71"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-71"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Oppenheim, A. Leo, in Pritchard, James B. <I>Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament</I>. Princeton University Press, 1950</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-72"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-72"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Briant">Briant</A>, p. 41</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-73"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-73"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Fried">Fried</A>, p. 29</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Walton-74"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Walton_74-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Walton">Walton & Hill</A>, p. 172</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-75"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-75"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Lincoln_(2007)">Lincoln</A>, p. 40</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Masroori-76"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Masroori_76-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Masroori">Masroori</A>, p. 13-15</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Dandamaev-77"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Dandamaev_77-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Dandamaev">Dandamaev</A>, pp. 52–53</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Brown-78"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Brown_78-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Brown">Brown</A>, pp. 7–8</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Arberry-79"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Arberry_79-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Arberry">Arberry</A>, p. 8</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-80"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-80"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Stillman">Stillman</A>, p. 225</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Min-81"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Min_81-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Min">Min</A>, p. 94</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Evans-82"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Evans_82-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Evans">Evans</A>, pp. 12–13</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Albertz-83"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Albertz_83-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Albertz">Albertz</A>, pp. 115–116</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Soggin-84"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Soggin_84-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Soggin">Soggin</A>, p. 295</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Hurowitz-85"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Hurowitz_85-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Hurowitz">Hurowitz</A>, pp. 581–591</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-86"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-86"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Older translations used to give "Nineveh." The relevant passage is fragmentary, but I. Finkel has recently concluded that it is impossible to interpret it as "Nineveh". (I. Finkel, "No Nineveh in the Cyrus Cylinder", in <I>NABU</I> 1997/23 <A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.achemenet.com">[2]</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-87"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-87"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/cyrus_I/cyrus_cylinder2.html">Cyrus Cylinder</A> translation, adapted from Schaudig 2001.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-88"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-88"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Dandamayev-Iranica">Dandamaev (2010-01-26)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-89"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-89"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Bedford">Bedford</A>, p. 113</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-90"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-90"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Bedford">Bedford</A>, p. 134</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Kuhrt-1983-91"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Kuhrt-1983_91-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kuhrt-1983_91-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Kuhrt-1983">Kuhrt (1983)</A>, pp. 83–97</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-92"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-92"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Grabbe-2006">Grabbe (2006)</A>, p. 542</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Bedford138-93"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Bedford138_93-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Bedford138_93-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Bedford">Bedford</A>, pp. 138–139</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-94"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-94"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Greaves, Alan M. <I>Miletos: A History</I>, p. 84. Routledge, 2002. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23846-5">978-0-415-23846-5</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-95"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-95"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">electricpulp.com. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ionian-revolt">"IONIAN REVOLT – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</A>. <I>iranicaonline.org</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">22 August</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=IONIAN+REVOLT+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.au=electricpulp.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fionian-revolt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-96"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-96"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Bedford">Bedford</A>, p. 137</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-MacGregor-97"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-MacGregor_97-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-MacGregor_97-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-MacGregor_97-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#MacGregor">MacGregor</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-note-98"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-note_98-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/a/1/inscriptions/cyrus.pdf">United Nations Note to Correspondents no. 3699, 13 October 1971</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Wiesehöfer-1999-99"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Wiesehöfer-1999_99-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Wiesehöfer-1999_99-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Wiesehöfer-1999">Wiesehöfer (1999)</A>, pp. 55–68</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Pahlavi-100"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_100-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Pahlavi_100-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Pahlavi">Pahlavi</A>, p. 9</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Robertson-101"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Robertson_101-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Robertson">Robertson</A>, p. 7</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Lincoln-102"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Lincoln_102-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Lincoln">Lincoln</A>, p. 32.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Housego-103"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Housego_103-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Housego">Housego (1971-10-15)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-104"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-104"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"President opens Cyrus Cylinder exhibit." Mehr News Agency (MNA). 2010. HighBeam Research. (August 22, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-237021695.html">https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-237021695.html</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pr-105"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-pr_105-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pr_105-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pr_105-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"PRESIDENT HAILS CYRUS CYLINDER." States News Service. 2010. HighBeam Research. (August 22, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-236988632.html">https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-236988632.html</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-106"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-106"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"MP criticizes Ahmadinejad for praising Cyrus." Mehr News Agency (MNA). 2010. HighBeam Research. (August 22, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-269449085.html">https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-269449085.html</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-kyh-107"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-kyh_107-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-kyh_107-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"Kayhan says: 'don't return cylinder': prez offends right by nuzzling up to Cyrus.(Culture: From then to now)." Iran Times International (Washington, DC). 2010. HighBeam Research. (August 22, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-238653891.html">https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-238653891.html</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-108"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-108"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"Cyrus Cylinder warmly welcomed at home." Mehr News Agency (MNA). 2010. HighBeam Research. (August 22, 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-238049830.html">https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-238049830.html</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-109"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-109"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Briant">Briant</A>, p. 47</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ReferenceA-110"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Llewellyn-Jones">Llewellyn-Jones</A>, p. 104</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Curtis-111"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Curtis_111-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Curtis">Curtis, Tallis & Andre-Salvini</A>, p. 59</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-112"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-112"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Silverman, Helaine; <A href="/wiki/D._Fairchild_Ruggles" title="D. Fairchild Ruggles">Ruggles, D. Fairchild</A> (2008). <I>Cultural Heritage and Human Rights</I>. Springer. p. 11. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-76579-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-76579-2">978-0-387-76579-2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Heritage+and+Human+Rights&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-387-76579-2&rft.au=Silverman%2C+Helaine&rft.au=Ruggles%2C+D.+Fairchild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-113"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-113"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Craig A. Lockard, <I>Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History: To 1500</I> (2007) p. 147; Yunus Jaffery, editor, <I>History of Persian literature</I> (1981), p. 121 (author unknown);</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-114"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-114"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Damien Kingsbury, <I>Human Rights in Asia: A Reassessment of the Asian Values Debate</I> (Macmillan, 2008) page 21; Sabine C. Carey, <I>The Politics of Human Rights: The Quest for Dignity</I> (2010) p 19; Paul Gordon Lauren, <I>The Evolution of International Human Rights</I> (2003) Page 11; Willem Adriaan Veenhoven, <I>Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: A World Survey: Volume 1</I> (1975) Page 244</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-115"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-115"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Decolonisation, Globalisation: Language-in-Education Policy and Practice</I>, Peter W. Martin, p. 99</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-116"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-116"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Talbott, W.J. <I>Which Rights Should be Universal?</I>, p. 40. Oxford University Press US, 2005. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517347-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517347-5">978-0-19-517347-5</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Abtahi-117"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Abtahi_117-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Abtahi">Abtahi</A>, pp. 1–38.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Shabani-118"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Shabani_118-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cited in <A href="#Shabani">Shabani</A>, p. 21</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-119"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-119"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Jeffries">Jeffries (2005-10-22)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Sheikholeslami-120"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Sheikholeslami_120-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Sheikholeslami_120-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Sheikholeslami_120-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Sheikholeslami">Sheikholeslami (2009-10-12)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Wilson-121"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Wilson_121-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#Wilson">Wilson (2010-01-24)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-122"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-122"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"<A href="#Iran_severs">Iran severs cultural ties with British Museum over Persian treasure (2010-02-07)</A>"</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CyrusCylinderReturns-123"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CyrusCylinderReturns_123-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CyrusCylinderReturns"><I>Cyrus Cylinder, world's oldest human rights charter, returns to Iran on loan,</I> The Guardian (2010-09-10)</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-124"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-124"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=227412">Cyrus Cylinder warmly welcomed at home</A>". <I>Tehran Times</I>, September 26, 2010</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-125"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-125"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21573955-show-tests-limits-cultural-politics-diplomatic-whirl">https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21573955-show-tests-limits-cultural-politics-diplomatic-whirl</A> The Cyrus cylinder: Diplomatic whirl</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Esfandiari-126"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Esfandiari_126-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Esfandiari, Golnaz. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Historic_Cyrus_Cylinder_Called_A_Stranger_In_Its_Own_Home/2157345.html?page=1&x=1#relatedInfoContainer">Historic Cyrus Cylinder Called 'A Stranger In Its Own Home'</A>. "Persian Letters", Radio Free Europe. September 14, 2010</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-127"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-127"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">BBC - "<I>British Museum lends ancient 'bill of rights' cylinder to US</I>", 28 November 2012, <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-20508195">http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-20508195</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-128"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-128"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The British Museum Press Release - "The Cyrus Cylinder travels to the US, ‘First declaration of human rights’ to tour five cities in the United States'", <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/news_and_press/press_releases/2012/cyrus_cylinder_travels_to_us.aspx">https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/news_and_press/press_releases/2012/cyrus_cylinder_travels_to_us.aspx</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-129"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-129"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Cyrus Cylinder US Tour 2013, Tour Venues and Dates, <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cyruscylinder2013.com/venues/">http://cyruscylinder2013.com/venues/</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-130"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-130"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">'The Cyrus Cylinder and Ancient Persia — A New Beginning', an exhibition in partnership with three Tata trusts, <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tata.co.in/company/releasesinside/The-Cyrus-Cylinder-and-Ancient-Persia-A-New-Beginning-an-exhibition-in-partnership-with-three-Tata-trusts">http://www.tata.co.in/company/releasesinside/The-Cyrus-Cylinder-and-Ancient-Persia-A-New-Beginning-an-exhibition-in-partnership-with-three-Tata-trusts</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-131"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-131"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/5/15923494/la-freedom-sculpture-century-city-cylinder">https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/5/15923494/la-freedom-sculpture-century-city-cylinder</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-132"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-132"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-freedom-sculpture-20170704-story.html">http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-freedom-sculpture-20170704-story.html</A></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Books_and_journals">Books and journals</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Books and journals">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<UL>
<LI><CITE id="Abtahi" class="citation book">Abtahi, Hirad (2006). Abtahi, Hirad; Boas, Gideon, eds. <I>The Dynamics of International Criminal Justice: Essays in Honour of Sir Richard May</I>. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14587-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14587-7">90-04-14587-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+International+Criminal+Justice%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Sir+Richard+May&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-04-14587-7&rft.aulast=Abtahi&rft.aufirst=Hirad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Albertz" class="citation book">Albertz, Rainer (2003). <I>Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E</I>. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58983-055-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58983-055-5">1-58983-055-5</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+in+Exile%3A+The+History+and+Literature+of+the+Sixth+Century+B.C.E.&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-58983-055-5&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Ansari" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Ali_Ansari" title="Ali Ansari">Ansari, Ali</A> (2007). <I>Modern Iran: The Pahlavis and After</I>. Harlow: Longman. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4058-4084-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4058-4084-6">1-4058-4084-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Iran%3A+The+Pahlavis+and+After&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=1-4058-4084-6&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Arberry" class="citation book">Arberry, A.J. (1953). <I>The Legacy of Persia</I>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1283292">1283292</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Persia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1283292&rft.aulast=Arberry&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Arnold" class="citation book">Arnold, Bill T.; Michalowski, Piotr (2006). "Achaemenid Period Historical Texts Concerning Mesopotamia". In Chavelas, Mark W. <I>The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation</I>. London: Blackwell. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-23581-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-23581-7">0-631-23581-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Achaemenid+Period+Historical+Texts+Concerning+Mesopotamia&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%3A+Historical+Sources+in+Translation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-631-23581-7&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Bill+T.&rft.au=Michalowski%2C+Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Bedford" class="citation book">Bedford, Peter Ross (2000). <I>Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah</I>. Leiden: Brill. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11509-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11509-9">90-04-11509-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temple+Restoration+in+Early+Achaemenid+Judah&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-11509-9&rft.aulast=Bedford&rft.aufirst=Peter+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Beaulieu" class="citation journal">Beaulieu, P.-A. (Oct 1993). "An Episode in the Fall of Babylon to the Persians". <I><A href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near_Eastern_Studies" title="Journal of Near Eastern Studies">Journal of Near Eastern Studies</A></I>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <B>52</B> (4). <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1086%2F373633">10.1086/373633</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Episode+in+the+Fall+of+Babylon+to+the+Persians&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1993-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F373633&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=P.-A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Becking" class="citation book">Becking, Bob (2006). "<SPAN style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</SPAN>We All Returned as One!": Critical Notes on the Myth of the Mass Return". In Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred. <I>Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period</I>. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-104-7">978-1-57506-104-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22We+All+Returned+as+One%21%22%3A+Critical+Notes+on+the+Myth+of+the+Mass+Return&rft.btitle=Judah+and+the+Judeans+in+the+Persian+period&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-104-7&rft.aulast=Becking&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Berger" class="citation book">Berger, P.-R. (1970). "Das Neujahrsfest nach den Königsinschriften des ausgehenden babylonischen Reiches". In Finet, A. <I>Actes de la XVIIe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale</I>. Publications du Comité belge de recherches historiques, épigraphiques et archéologiques en Mésopotamie, nr. 1 (in German). Ham-sur-Heure: Comité belge de recherches en Mésopotamie.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+Neujahrsfest+nach+den+K%C3%B6nigsinschriften+des+ausgehenden+babylonischen+Reiches&rft.btitle=Actes+de+la+XVIIe+Rencontre+Assyriologique+Internationale&rft.place=Ham-sur-Heure&rft.series=Publications+du+Comit%C3%A9+belge+de+recherches+historiques%2C+%C3%A9pigraphiques+et+arch%C3%A9ologiques+en+M%C3%A9sopotamie%2C+nr.+1&rft.pub=Comit%C3%A9+belge+de+recherches+en+M%C3%A9sopotamie&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=P.-R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Bidmead" class="citation book">Bidmead, Julye (2004). <I>The Akitu Festival: Religious Continuity And Royal Legitimation In Mesopotamia</I>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press LLC. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59333-158-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59333-158-4">1-59333-158-4</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Akitu+Festival%3A+Religious+Continuity+And+Royal+Legitimation+In+Mesopotamia&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press+LLC&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59333-158-4&rft.aulast=Bidmead&rft.aufirst=Julye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Briant" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Pierre_Briant" title="Pierre Briant">Briant, Pierre</A> (2006). <I>From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire</I>. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbraun. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-120-7">978-1-57506-120-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pub=Eisenbraun&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-120-7&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Brown" class="citation book">Brown, Dale (1996). <I>Persians: Masters of Empire</I>. Alexandra, VA: Time-Life Books. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4">0-8094-9104-4</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persians%3A+Masters+of+Empire&rft.place=Alexandra%2C+VA&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8094-9104-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Buchanan" class="citation book">Buchanan, G. (1964). "The Foundation and Extension of the Persian Empire". In Bury, J.B.; Cook, S.A.; Adcock, F.E. <I>The Cambridge Ancient History: IV. The Persian Empire and the West</I>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/57550495">57550495</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Foundation+and+Extension+of+the+Persian+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+IV.+The+Persian+Empire+and+the+West&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57550495&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Curtis" class="citation book">Curtis, John; Tallis, Nigel; André-Salvini, Béatrice (2005). <I>Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia</I>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24731-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24731-0">0-520-24731-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Empire%3A+The+World+of+Ancient+Persia&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-520-24731-0&rft.au=Curtis%2C+John&rft.au=Tallis%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9-Salvini%2C+B%C3%A9atrice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Dandamaev" class="citation book">Dandamaev, M.A. (1989). <I>A political history of the Achaemenid Empire</I>. Leiden: Brill. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09172-6">978-90-04-09172-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+political+history+of+the+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09172-6&rft.aulast=Dandamaev&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Daniel" class="citation book">Daniel, Elton L. (2000). <I>The History of Iran</I>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30731-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30731-8">0-313-30731-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Iran&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-30731-8&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Elton+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Dick" class="citation book">Dick, Michael B. (2004). "The "History of David's Rise to Power" and the Neo-Babylonian Succession Apologies". In Batto, Bernard Frank; Roberts, Kathryn L.; McBee Roberts, Jimmy Jack. <I>David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J.J.M. Roberts</I>. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-092-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-092-2">1-57506-092-2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22History+of+David%27s+Rise+to+Power%22+and+the+Neo-Babylonian+Succession+Apologies&rft.btitle=David+and+Zion%3A+Biblical+Studies+in+Honor+of+J.J.M.+Roberts&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-57506-092-2&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Dyck" class="citation book">Dyck, Jonathan E. (1998). <I>The Theocratic Ideology of the Chronicler</I>. Leiden: Brill. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11146-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11146-8">90-04-11146-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theocratic+Ideology+of+the+Chronicler&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-04-11146-8&rft.aulast=Dyck&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Evans" class="citation book">Evans, Malcolm (1997). <I>Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe</I>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55021-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55021-1">0-521-55021-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Liberty+and+International+Law+in+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-55021-1&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Finkel" class="citation book">Finkel, I.L.; Seymour, M.J. (2009). <I>Babylon</I>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538540-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538540-3">978-0-19-538540-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babylon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538540-3&rft.au=Finkel%2C+I.L.&rft.au=Seymour%2C+M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Fowler" class="citation book">Fowler, Richard; Hekster, Olivier (2005). <I>Imaginary kings: royal images in the ancient Near East, Greece and Rome</I>. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08765-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08765-0">978-3-515-08765-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imaginary+kings%3A+royal+images+in+the+ancient+Near+East%2C+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-515-08765-0&rft.au=Fowler%2C+Richard&rft.au=Hekster%2C+Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Free" class="citation book">Free, Joseph P.; Vos, Howard Frederic (1992). Vos, Howard Frederic, ed. <I>Archaeology and Bible history</I>. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-47961-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-47961-1">978-0-310-47961-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Bible+history&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-310-47961-1&rft.au=Free%2C+Joseph+P.&rft.au=Vos%2C+Howard+Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Fried" class="citation book">Fried, Lisbeth S. (2004). <I>The priest and the great king: temple-palace relations in the Persian Empire</I>. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-090-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-090-3">978-1-57506-090-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+priest+and+the+great+king%3A+temple-palace+relations+in+the+Persian+Empire&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-090-3&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Lisbeth+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Grabbe" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Grabbe, Lester L.</A> (2004). <I>A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud, the Persian Province of Judah</I>. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08998-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08998-3">0-567-08998-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+Yehud%2C+the+Persian+Province+of+Judah&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-567-08998-3&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Grabbe-2006" class="citation book">Grabbe, Lester L. (2006). "The "Persian Documents" in the Book of Ezra: Are They Authentic?". In Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred. <I>Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period</I>. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-104-7">978-1-57506-104-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22Persian+Documents%22+in+the+Book+of+Ezra%3A+Are+They+Authentic%3F&rft.btitle=Judah+and+the+Judeans+in+the+Persian+period&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-104-7&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Hallo" class="citation book">Hallo, William (2002). Hallo, William; Younger, K. Lawson, eds. <I>The Context of Scripture: Monumental inscriptions from the biblical world</I>. <B>2</B>. Leiden: Brill. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10619-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10619-2">978-90-04-10619-2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Context+of+Scripture%3A+Monumental+inscriptions+from+the+biblical+world&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10619-2&rft.au=Hallo%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Haubold" class="citation book">Haubold, Johannes (2007). "Xerxes' Homer". In Bridges, Emma; Hall, Edith; Rhodes, P.J. <I>Cultural Responses to the Persian Wars: Antiquity to the Third Millennium</I>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927967-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927967-8">978-0-19-927967-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Xerxes%27+Homer&rft.btitle=Cultural+Responses+to+the+Persian+Wars%3A+Antiquity+to+the+Third+Millennium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927967-8&rft.au=Haubold%2C+Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Hilprecht" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Hermann_Volrath_Hilprecht" title="Hermann Volrath Hilprecht">Hilprecht, Hermann Volrath</A> (1903). <I>Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century</I>. Philadelphia: A.J. Molman and Company.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explorations+in+Bible+lands+during+the+19th+century&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=A.J.+Molman+and+Company&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Hilprecht&rft.aufirst=Hermann+Volrath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Hurowitz" class="citation journal">Hurowitz, Victor Avigdor (Jan–Apr 2003). "Restoring the Temple: Why and when?". <I><A href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Quarterly_Review" title="The Jewish Quarterly Review">The Jewish Quarterly Review</A></I>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <B>93</B> (3/4).</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Restoring+the+Temple%3A+Why+and+when%3F&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.date=2003-01%2F2003-04&rft.aulast=Hurowitz&rft.aufirst=Victor+Avigdor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Janzen" class="citation book">Janzen, David (2002). <I>Witch-hunts, purity and social boundaries: the expulsion of the foreign women in Ezra 9–10</I>. London: Sheffield Academic Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-292-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-292-4">978-1-84127-292-4</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witch-hunts%2C+purity+and+social+boundaries%3A+the+expulsion+of+the+foreign+women+in+Ezra+9%E2%80%9310&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84127-292-4&rft.aulast=Janzen&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Koldewey" class="citation book">Koldewey, Robert; Griffith Johns, Agnes Sophia (1914). <I>The excavations at Babylon</I>. London: MacMillan & co.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+excavations+at+Babylon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan+%26+co.&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Koldewey%2C+Robert&rft.au=Griffith+Johns%2C+Agnes+Sophia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Kuhrt-1982" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Kuhrt" title="Amélie Kuhrt">Kuhrt, Amélie</A> (1982). "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes". In Boardman, John. <I>The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV – Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean</I>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2">0-521-22804-2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Babylonia+from+Cyrus+to+Xerxes&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+Vol+IV+%E2%80%93+Persia%2C+Greece+and+the+Western+Mediterranean&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-521-22804-2&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9lie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Kuhrt-1983" class="citation journal">Kuhrt, Amélie (1983). "The Cyrus Cylinder and Achaemenid imperial policy". <I><A href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Journal for the Study of the Old Testament">Journal for the Study of the Old Testament</A></I>. Sheffield: University of Sheffield. Dept. of Biblical Studies. <B>25</B>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-6728">1476-6728</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.atitle=The+Cyrus+Cylinder+and+Achaemenid+imperial+policy&rft.volume=25&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=1476-6728&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9lie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Kuhrt-2007a" class="citation book">Kuhrt, Amélie (2007). <I>The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources of the Achaemenid Period</I>. London: Routledge. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-43628-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-43628-1">0-415-43628-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+A+Corpus+of+Sources+of+the+Achaemenid+Period&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-415-43628-1&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9lie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Kuhrt-2007b" class="citation book">Kuhrt, Amélie (2007). "Cyrus the Great of Persia: Images and Realities". In Heinz, Marlies; Feldman, Marian H. <I>Representations of Political Power: Case Histories from Times of Change and Dissolving Order in the Ancient Near East</I>. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-135-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-135-X">1-57506-135-X</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cyrus+the+Great+of+Persia%3A+Images+and+Realities&rft.btitle=Representations+of+Political+Power%3A+Case+Histories+from+Times+of+Change+and+Dissolving+Order+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=1-57506-135-X&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Am%C3%A9lie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Kutsko" class="citation book">Kutsko, John F. (2000). <I>Between Heaven and Earth: Divine Presence and Absence in the Book of Ezekiel</I>. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-041-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-041-8">1-57506-041-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Heaven+and+Earth%3A+Divine+Presence+and+Absence+in+the+Book+of+Ezekiel&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57506-041-8&rft.aulast=Kutsko&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Lincoln" class="citation book">Lincoln, Bruce (1992). <I>Discourse and the Construction of Society: Comparative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification</I>. New York: Oxford University Press US. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507909-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507909-4">0-19-507909-4</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourse+and+the+Construction+of+Society%3A+Comparative+Studies+of+Myth%2C+Ritual%2C+and+Classification&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-507909-4&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Lincoln_(2007)" class="citation book">Lincoln, Bruce (2007). <I>Religion, empire and torture: the case of Achaemenian Persia, with a postscript on Abu Ghraib</I>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48196-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-48196-8">978-0-226-48196-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+empire+and+torture%3A+the+case+of+Achaemenian+Persia%2C+with+a+postscript+on+Abu+Ghraib&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-226-48196-8&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Llewellyn-Jones" class="citation book">Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd (2009). "The First Persian Empire 550–330BC". In Harrison, Thomas. <I>The Great Empires of the Ancient World</I>. Getty Publications. p. 104. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-987-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-987-4">978-0-89236-987-4</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+Persian+Empire+550%E2%80%93330BC&rft.btitle=The+Great+Empires+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-987-4&rft.aulast=Llewellyn-Jones&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Mallowan" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Max_Mallowan" title="Max Mallowan">Mallowan, Max</A> (1968). "Cyrus the Great (558-529 B.C.)". In Frye, Richard Nelson; Fisher, William Bayne. <I>The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 2, The Median and Achaemenian periods</I>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20091-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20091-1">0-521-20091-1</A>. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/40820893">40820893</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cyrus+the+Great+%28558-529+B.C.%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran.+Vol.+2%2C+The+Median+and+Achaemenian+periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40820893&rft.isbn=0-521-20091-1&rft.aulast=Mallowan&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Masroori" class="citation book">Masroori, C. (August 1999). "Cyrus II and the Political Utility of Religious Toleration". In Laursen, J. C. <I>Religious Toleration: "The Variety of Rites" from Cyrus to Defoe</I>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22233-8">978-0-312-22233-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cyrus+II+and+the+Political+Utility+of+Religious+Toleration&rft.btitle=Religious+Toleration%3A+%22The+Variety+of+Rites%22+from+Cyrus+to+Defoe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999-08&rft.isbn=978-0-312-22233-8&rft.aulast=Masroori&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Min" class="citation book">Min, Kyung-Jin. <I>The Levitical Authorship of Ezra-Nehemiah</I>. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08226-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08226-1">0-567-08226-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Levitical+Authorship+of+Ezra-Nehemiah&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group%2C+2004&rft.isbn=0-567-08226-1&rft.aulast=Min&rft.aufirst=Kyung-Jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Mitchell" class="citation book">Mitchell, T.C. (1988). <I>Biblical Archaeology: Documents from the British Museum</I>. London: Cambridge University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36867-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36867-7">0-521-36867-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Archaeology%3A+Documents+from+the+British+Museum&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-521-36867-7&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=T.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Nies" class="citation book">Nies, J.B.; Keiser, C.E. (1920). <I>Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of J.B. Nies</I>. <B>II</B>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babylonian+Inscriptions+in+the+Collection+of+J.B.+Nies&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Nies%2C+J.B.&rft.au=Keiser%2C+C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Pahlavi" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Mohammed_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Reza Pahlavi">Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza</A> (1967). <I>The White Revolution of Iran</I>. Imperial Pahlavi Library.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Revolution+of+Iran&rft.pub=Imperial+Pahlavi+Library&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Pahlavi&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+Reza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Pritchard" class="citation book">Pritchard, James Bennett, ed. (1973). <I>The Ancient Near East, Volume I: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures</I>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/150577756">150577756</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%2C+Volume+I%3A+An+Anthology+of+Texts+and+Pictures&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150577756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Rassam" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Hormuzd_Rassam" title="Hormuzd Rassam">Rassam, Hormuzd</A> (1897). <I>Asshur and the land of Nimrod</I>. London: Curts & Jennings.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asshur+and+the+land+of+Nimrod&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Curts+%26+Jennings&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Rassam&rft.aufirst=Hormuzd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Rawlinson" class="citation journal"><A href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet">Rawlinson, H. C.</A> (1880). "Notes on a newly-discovered clay Cylinder of Cyrus the Great". <I>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</I>. <B>12</B>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Notes+on+a+newly-discovered+clay+Cylinder+of+Cyrus+the+Great&rft.volume=12&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Rawlinson&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Robertson-Merrills" class="citation book">Robertson, Arthur Henry; Merrills, J. G. (1996). <I>Human rights in the world : an introduction to the study of the international protection of human rights</I>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4923-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4923-1">978-0-7190-4923-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+rights+in+the+world+%3A+an+introduction+to+the+study+of+the+international+protection+of+human+rights&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-4923-1&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Arthur+Henry&rft.au=Merrills%2C+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Schaudig" class="citation book">Schaudig, Hanspeter (2001). <I>Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros' des Grossen samt den in ihrem Umfeld entstandenen Tendenzschriften : Textausgabe und Grammatik</I> (in German). Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-927120-75-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-927120-75-8">3-927120-75-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Inschriften+Nabonids+von+Babylon+und+Kyros%27+des+Grossen+samt+den+in+ihrem+Umfeld+entstandenen+Tendenzschriften+%3A+Textausgabe+und+Grammatik&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pub=Ugarit-Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-927120-75-8&rft.aulast=Schaudig&rft.aufirst=Hanspeter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Shabani" class="citation book">Shabani, Reza (2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RhHENa0o6zMC&pg=21#v="><I>Iranian History at a Glance</I></A>. Mahmood Farrokhpey (trans.). London: Alhoda UK. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/964-439-005-9" title="Special:BookSources/964-439-005-9">964-439-005-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+History+at+a+Glance&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Alhoda+UK&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=964-439-005-9&rft.aulast=Shabani&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRhHENa0o6zMC%26pg%3D21%23v%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Sherwin" class="citation book">Sherwin, Simon J. (2007). "Old Testament monotheism and Zoroastrian influence". In Gordon, Robert P. <I>The God of Israel: Studies of an Inimitable Deity</I>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-87365-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-87365-7">0-521-87365-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Testament+monotheism+and+Zoroastrian+influence&rft.btitle=The+God+of+Israel%3A+Studies+of+an+Inimitable+Deity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-521-87365-7&rft.aulast=Sherwin&rft.aufirst=Simon+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Smith" class="citation book">Smith, Morton (1996). Cohen, Shaye J.D., ed. <I>Studies in the cult of Yahweh, Volume 1</I>. Leiden: Brill. p. 78. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10477-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10477-8">978-90-04-10477-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+cult+of+Yahweh%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10477-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Morton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Soggin" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Alberto_Soggin" title="Alberto Soggin">Soggin, J. Alberto</A> (1999). <I>An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah</I>. John Bowman (trans.). London: SCM-Canterbury Press Ltd. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-334-02788-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-334-02788-8">0-334-02788-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Israel+and+Judah&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SCM-Canterbury+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-334-02788-8&rft.aulast=Soggin&rft.aufirst=J.+Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Stillman" class="citation book">Stillman, Robert E. (2008). <I>Philip Sidney and the poetics of Renaissance cosmopolitanism</I>. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6369-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6369-0">978-0-7546-6369-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+Sidney+and+the+poetics+of+Renaissance+cosmopolitanism&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6369-0&rft.aulast=Stillman&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="van_der_Spek" class="citation journal"><A href="/wiki/R._J._van_der_Spek" class="mw-redirect" title="R. J. van der Spek">van der Spek, R.J.</A> (1982). "Did Cyrus the Great introduce a new policy towards subdued nations? Cyrus in Assyrian perspective". <I>Persica</I>. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Osten. <B>10</B>. <A href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/499757419">499757419</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Persica&rft.atitle=Did+Cyrus+the+Great+introduce+a+new+policy+towards+subdued+nations%3F+Cyrus+in+Assyrian+perspective&rft.volume=10&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F499757419&rft.aulast=van+der+Spek&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Vos" class="citation book">Vos, Howard Frederic (1995). "Archaeology of Mesopotamia". In Bromiley, Geoffrey W. <I>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</I>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6">0-8028-3781-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archaeology+of+Mesopotamia&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Mich.&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8028-3781-6&rft.aulast=Vos&rft.aufirst=Howard+Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Walker" class="citation journal">Walker, C.B.F. (1972). "A recently identified fragment of the Cyrus Cylinder". <I>Iran : journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies</I> (10). <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0578-6967">0578-6967</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+%3A+journal+of+the+British+Institute+of+Persian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+recently+identified+fragment+of+the+Cyrus+Cylinder&rft.issue=10&rft.date=1972&rft.issn=0578-6967&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=C.B.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Walton" class="citation book">Walton, John H.; Hill, Andrew E. (2004). <I>Old Testament Today: A Journey from Original Meaning to Contemporary Significance</I>. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-23826-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-23826-9">0-310-23826-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Testament+Today%3A+A+Journey+from+Original+Meaning+to+Contemporary+Significance&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-310-23826-9&rft.au=Walton%2C+John+H.&rft.au=Hill%2C+Andrew+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Wiesehöfer-1999" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Josef_Wieseh%C3%B6fer" title="Josef Wiesehöfer">Wiesehöfer, Josef</A> (1999). "Kyros, der Schah und 2500 Jahre Menschenrechte. Historische Mythenbildung zur Zeit der Pahlavi-Dynastie". In Conermann, Stephan. <I>Mythen, Geschichte(n), Identitäten. Der Kampf um die Vergangenheit</I> (in German). Schenefeld/Hamburg: EB-Verlag. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-930826-52-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-930826-52-6">3-930826-52-6</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kyros%2C+der+Schah+und+2500+Jahre+Menschenrechte.+Historische+Mythenbildung+zur+Zeit+der+Pahlavi-Dynastie&rft.btitle=Mythen%2C+Geschichte%28n%29%2C+Identit%C3%A4ten.+Der+Kampf+um+die+Vergangenheit&rft.place=Schenefeld%2FHamburg&rft.pub=EB-Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3-930826-52-6&rft.aulast=Wieseh%C3%B6fer&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Wiesehöfer-2001" class="citation book">Wiesehöfer, Josef (2001). <I>Ancient Persia: From 550 BC to 650 AD</I>. London: I.B. Tauris. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-675-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-675-1">1-86064-675-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Persia%3A+From+550+BC+to+650+AD&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-86064-675-1&rft.aulast=Wieseh%C3%B6fer&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Weissbach" class="citation book">Weissbach, Franz Heinrich (1911). <I>Die Keilinschriften der Achämeniden</I>. Vorderasiatische Bibliotek (in German). Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Keilinschriften+der+Ach%C3%A4meniden&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.series=Vorderasiatische+Bibliotek&rft.pub=J.+C.+Hinrichs&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Weissbach&rft.aufirst=Franz+Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Winn_Leith" class="citation book">Winn Leith, Mary Joan (1998). "Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period". In Coogan, Michael David. <I>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</I>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513937-2">0-19-513937-2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel+among+the+Nations%3A+The+Persian+Period&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Winn+Leith&rft.aufirst=Mary+Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Farrokh" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Kaveh_Farrokh" title="Kaveh Farrokh">Farrokh, Kaveh</A> (2007). "Cyrus the Great and early Achaemenids". <I>Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War</I>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-108-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-108-3">978-1-84603-108-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cyrus+the+Great+and+early+Achaemenids&rft.btitle=Shadows+in+the+Desert%3A+Ancient+Persia+at+War&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-108-3&rft.aulast=Farrokh&rft.aufirst=Kaveh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Lauren" class="citation book">Lauren, Paul Gordon (2003). "Philosophical Visions: Human Nature, Natural Law, and Natural Rights". <I>The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen</I>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1854-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1854-X">0-8122-1854-X</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophical+Visions%3A+Human+Nature%2C+Natural+Law%2C+and+Natural+Rights&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+International+Human+Rights%3A+Visions+Seen&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8122-1854-X&rft.aulast=Lauren&rft.aufirst=Paul+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Media_articles">Media articles</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Media articles">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<UL>
<LI><CITE id="Royal_Asiatic_Society" class="citation news">"Royal Asiatic Society". <I>The Times</I>. 18 November 1879.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1879-11-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Monument" class="citation news">"A Monument of Cyrus the Great". <I>The Oriental Journal</I>. London. January 1880.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oriental+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Monument+of+Cyrus+the+Great&rft.date=1880-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Housego" class="citation news">Housego, David (1971-10-15). "Pique and peacocks in Persepolis". <I>The Times</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Pique+and+peacocks+in+Persepolis&rft.date=1971-10-15&rft.aulast=Housego&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Foucart" class="citation news">Foucart, Stéphane (2007-08-19). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/imprimer_element/0,40-0@2-781732,50-945518,0.html">"Cyrus le taiseux"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</A></I> (in French)<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2008-07-30</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Cyrus+le+taiseux&rft.date=2007-08-19&rft.aulast=Foucart&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fweb%2Fimprimer_element%2F0%2C40-0%402-781732%2C50-945518%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Jeffries" class="citation news">Jeffries, Stuart (2005-10-22). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2005/oct/22/heritage">"A private view"</A>. <I>The Guardian</I>. London<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-06-19</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+private+view&rft.date=2005-10-22&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2005%2Foct%2F22%2Fheritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="MacGregor" class="citation news"><A href="/wiki/Neil_MacGregor" title="Neil MacGregor">MacGregor, Neil</A> (2004-07-24). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2004/jul/24/heritage.art">"The whole world in our hands"</A>. <I>The Guardian</I>. London<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-06-26</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+whole+world+in+our+hands&rft.date=2004-07-24&rft.aulast=MacGregor&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2004%2Fjul%2F24%2Fheritage.art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Schulz" class="citation news">Schulz, Matthias (15 July 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,566027,00.html">"Falling for Ancient Propaganda: UN Treasure Honors Persian Despot"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Spiegel_Online" title="Spiegel Online">Spiegel Online</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">25 November</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Falling+for+Ancient+Propaganda%3A+UN+Treasure+Honors+Persian+Despot&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fworld%2F0%2C1518%2C566027%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Sheikholeslami" class="citation news">Sheikholeslami, Ali (2009-10-12). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601088&sid=a5av3UWdN1aU">"Iran Gives British Museum 2-Month Deadline Over Cyrus Cylinder"</A>. Bloomberg News<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-06-19</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iran+Gives+British+Museum+2-Month+Deadline+Over+Cyrus+Cylinder&rft.date=2009-10-12&rft.aulast=Sheikholeslami&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3D20601088%26sid%3Da5av3UWdN1aU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Wilson" class="citation news">Wilson, John (2010-01-24). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jan/24/cyrus-cylinder-iran-museum-row">"British Museum in battle with Iran over ancient 'charter of rights<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. <I>The Observer</I>. London<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-06-24</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=British+Museum+in+battle+with+Iran+over+ancient+%27charter+of+rights%27&rft.date=2010-01-24&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2010%2Fjan%2F24%2Fcyrus-cylinder-iran-museum-row&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Iran_severs" class="citation news">Staff (2010-02-07). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/7183364/Iran-severs-cultural-ties-with-British-Museum-over-Persian-treasure.html">"Iran severs cultural ties with British Museum over Persian treasure"</A>. <I>Daily Telegraph</I>. London<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-06-20</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Iran+severs+cultural+ties+with+British+Museum+over+Persian+treasure&rft.date=2010-02-07&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Firan%2F7183364%2FIran-severs-cultural-ties-with-British-Museum-over-Persian-treasure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="IranSeeksComp" class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=217775">"Iran seeks compensation from British Museum"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Tehran_Times" title="Tehran Times">Tehran Times</A></I>. 2010-04-18.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tehran+Times&rft.atitle=Iran+seeks+compensation+from+British+Museum&rft.date=2010-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Findex_View.asp%3Fcode%3D217775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Iran_Demands" class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article7102268.ece#cid=OTC-RSS&attr=797093">"Iran demands $300,000 from British Museum over Cyrus Cylinder delay"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</A></I>. London. 2010-04-20. <Q>Iran is demanding that the British Museum pay $300,000 (£197,000) after it refused to hand over the Cyrus Cylinder—a cuneiform tablet regarded as the first declaration of human rights.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Iran+demands+%24300%2C000+from+British+Museum+over+Cyrus+Cylinder+delay&rft.date=2010-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Farticle7102268.ece%23cid%3DOTC-RSS%26attr%3D797093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CyrusCylinderReturns" class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/10/cyrus-cylinder-returns-iran">"Cyrus Cylinder, world's oldest human rights charter, returns to Iran on loan"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</A></I>. London. 2010-09-10<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-09-10</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cyrus+Cylinder%2C+world%27s+oldest+human+rights+charter%2C+returns+to+Iran+on+loan&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fsep%2F10%2Fcyrus-cylinder-returns-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CyrusCylinderIrna" class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927160111/http://www.irna.com/html/1389/13890619/267560.htm">"موزه بريتانيا: تبادل اشياء تاريخي با موزه ملي ايران براي ما مهم است (British Museum: Exchange of historical objects with the National Museum of Iran is important to us)"</A>. <A href="/wiki/IRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="IRNA">IRNA</A>. 2010-09-10. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irna.com/html/1389/13890619/267560.htm">the original</A> on 2011-09-27<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-09-10</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%3A+%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84+%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D8%A7+%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A+%D9%85%D8%A7+%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA+%28British+Museum%3A+Exchange+of+historical+objects+with+the+National+Museum+of+Iran+is+important+to+us%29&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irna.com%2Fhtml%2F1389%2F13890619%2F267560.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CyrusCylinderInstalled" class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316174257/http://www.irna.ir/html/1389/13890620/267930.htm">"منشور حقوق بشر كوروش در موزه ملي ايران استقرار يافت (The Human Rights Declaration of Cyrus was Installed at National Museum)"</A>. <A href="/wiki/IRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="IRNA">IRNA</A>. 2010-09-11. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irna.ir/html/1389/13890620/267930.htm">the original</A> on 2012-03-16<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-09-11</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1+%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1+%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA+%28The+Human+Rights+Declaration+of+Cyrus+was+Installed+at+National+Museum%29&rft.date=2010-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irna.ir%2Fhtml%2F1389%2F13890620%2F267930.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="PressTV_Sep-12-2010" class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presstv.ir/detail/142251.html">"Ahmadinejad hails Cyrus Cylinder"</A>. <I>PressTV</I>. 12 September 2010.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PressTV&rft.atitle=Ahmadinejad+hails+Cyrus+Cylinder&rft.date=2010-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presstv.ir%2Fdetail%2F142251.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Other_sources">Other sources</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other sources">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<UL>
<LI><CITE id="BM-The_Cyrus_Cylinder" class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cyrus_cylinder.aspx">"British Museum Highlights web page"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-06-08</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Museum+Highlights+web+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fme%2Fc%2Fcyrus_cylinder.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="BM-database" class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=327188&partid=1">"British Museum collection database web page, with full translation of the Cylinder's text"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-06-19</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Museum+collection+database+web+page%2C+with+full+translation+of+the+Cylinder%27s+text&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fsearch_object_details.aspx%3Fobjectid%3D327188%26partid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="BM-discovery-2010-01-11" class="citation news">Nayeri, F. (2010-01-11). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aL3dIlC_zlj0">"British Museum Postpones Sending Artifact to Iran"</A>. Bloomberg<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-06-25</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>'The agreement has been made with our colleagues in Iran that we'll postpone the loan to investigate this exciting discovery with them,' said Hannah Boulton, head of press and <A href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</A> at the British Museum. 'That's the reason for the postponement.' […] Boulton said the latest postponement had no link to recent events.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=British+Museum+Postpones+Sending+Artifact+to+Iran&rft.date=2010-01-11&rft.aulast=Nayeri&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3DaL3dIlC_zlj0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="BM-inscription" class="citation book"><I>The Cyrus Cylinder</I>. Inscription in room 55: British Museum. <Q>For almost 100 years the Cylinder was regarded as ancient Mesopotamian propaganda. This changed in 1971 when the Shah of Iran used it as a central image in his own propaganda celebrating 2500 years of Iranian monarchy. In Iran, the Cylinder has appeared on coins, banknotes and stamps. Despite being a Babylonian document it has become part of Iran's cultural identity.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyrus+Cylinder&rft.place=Inscription+in+room+55&rft.pub=British+Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="BM-Statements_regarding" class="citation web">The British Museum (2010-01-20). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/news_and_press_releases/statements/cyrus_cylinder.aspx">"Statements regarding the Cyrus Cylinder"</A>. British Museum<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-06-01</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statements+regarding+the+Cyrus+Cylinder&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft.au=The+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fthe_museum%2Fnews_and_press_releases%2Fstatements%2Fcyrus_cylinder.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="UN_Note" class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/a/1/inscriptions/cyrus.pdf">"Note to Correspondents no. 3699"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. United Nations. 1971-10-13<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-06-08</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Note+to+Correspondents+no.+3699&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1971-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fa%2F1%2Finscriptions%2Fcyrus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Lendering" class="citation web"><A href="/wiki/Jona_Lendering" title="Jona Lendering">Lendering, Jona</A> (2007-01-28). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/cyrus_I/cyrus_cylinder.html">"The Cyrus Cylinder"</A>. livius.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2008-07-30</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cyrus+Cylinder&rft.pub=livius.org&rft.date=2007-01-28&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fct-cz%2Fcyrus_I%2Fcyrus_cylinder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Dandamayev-Iranica" class="citation web">Dandamaev, M.A. (2010-01-26). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cyrus-iii">"Cyrus II The Great"</A>. <I>Encyclopædia Iranica</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-06-08</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Cyrus+II+The+Great&rft.date=2010-01-26&rft.aulast=Dandamaev&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcyrus-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="Dandamayev-Cylinder" class="citation web">Dandamaev, M.A. (2010-01-26). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cyrus-iv">"The Cyrus Cylinder"</A>. <I>Encyclopædia Iranica</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-09-13</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=The+Cyrus+Cylinder&rft.date=2010-01-26&rft.aulast=Dandamaev&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcyrus-iv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="UN_Press_Release" class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/a/1/inscriptions/cyrus.pdf">"United Nations Press Release SG/SM/1553/HQ263"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. 1971-10-14<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-06-08</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Press+Release+SG%2FSM%2F1553%2FHQ263&rft.date=1971-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fa%2F1%2Finscriptions%2Fcyrus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="UN-photo" class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unmultimedia.org/s/photo/detail/111/0111530.html">"Gift of Iran to the United Nations"</A>. United Nations<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-06-10</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gift+of+Iran+to+the+United+Nations&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unmultimedia.org%2Fs%2Fphoto%2Fdetail%2F111%2F0111530.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="UN-HumanRightsDay" class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216001612/http://www.un.org/events/humanrights/2008/history.shtml">"The First Global Statement of the Inherent Dignity and Equality"</A>. United Nations. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/events/humanrights/2008/history.shtml">the original</A> on 2010-12-16<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-09-13</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Global+Statement+of+the+Inherent+Dignity+and+Equality&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fevents%2Fhumanrights%2F2008%2Fhistory.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyrus+Cylinder" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Editions_and_translations">Editions and translations</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Editions and translations">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <I><B><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cyrus_cylinder" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cyrus cylinder">Cyrus cylinder</A></B></I>.</TD>
</TR>
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<DIV class="refbegin" style="">
<P>The latest edition of the Akkadian language text is:</P>
<UL>
<LI>Hanspeter Schaudig, <I>Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros' des Großen, samt den in ihrem Umfeld entstandenen Tendenzschriften. Textausgabe und Grammatik.</I> (2001 Münster, Ugarit-Verlag) (<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/cyrus_I/cyrus_cylinder2.html">online</A> with English translation based on Cogan 2003).</LI>
</UL>
<P>Older translations and transliterations:</P>
<UL>
<LI>Rawlinson, H.C., & Th. G. Pinches, <I>A Selection from the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Assyria and Babylonia</I> (1884, 1909 London: fragment A only).</LI>
<LI>Rogers, Robert William: <I>Cuneiform Parallels to the Old Testament</I> (1912), New York, Eaton & Mains (<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS/meso/cyrus.html">Online</A>: fragment A only).</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_B._Pritchard" title="James B. Pritchard">Pritchard, James B.</A> (ed.): <I>Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament</I> (<I>ANET</I>) (1950, 1955, 1969). Translation by A. L. Oppenheim. (fragment A and B).</LI>
<LI>P.-R. Berger, "Der Kyros-Zylinder mit dem Susatzfragment BIN II Nr.32 und die akkidischen Personennamen im Danielbuch" in <I><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Assyriologie_und_Vorderasiatische_Arch%C3%A4ologie" class="extiw" title="de:Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie">Zeitschrift für Assyriologie</A></I> 65 (1975) 192–234</LI>
<LI>Mordechai Cogan's translation, in W.H. Hallo and K.L. Younger, <I>The Context of Scripture</I> vol. II, <I>Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World</I> (2003, Leiden and Boston) (<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/cyrus_I/cyrus_cylinder2.html">online</A> with Schaudig's transliteration)</LI>
<LI>Brosius, Maria (ed.): <I>The Persian Empire from Cyrus II to Artaxerxes I</I> (2000, London Association of Classical Teachers (LACT) 16, London.</LI>
<LI>Irving Finkel's <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/c/cyrus_cylinder_-_translation.aspx">translation</A> at the <A href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</A> website.</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<DL>
<DD><I>This article is about an item held in the <A href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</A>. The object reference is <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=327188&partid=1&searchText=cyrus+cylinder&numpages=10&orig=%2fresearch%2fsearch_the_collection_database.aspx&currentPage=1">1880,0617.1941</A>.</I></DD>
</DL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/neil_macgregor_2600_years_of_history_in_one_object.html">Neil MacGregor, Director of the British Museum, traces 2600 years of Middle Eastern history through this single object.</A></LI>
</UL>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Mandane_of_Media" title="Mandane of Media">Mandane of Media</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cassandane" title="Cassandane">Cassandane</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amitis_(wife_of_Cyrus_the_Great)" title="Amitis (wife of Cyrus the Great)">Amitis</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Atossa" title="Atossa">Atossa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Artystone" title="Artystone">Artystone</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Persian_Revolt" title="Persian Revolt">Persian Revolt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hyrba" title="Battle of Hyrba">Hyrba</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Border" title="Battle of the Persian Border">Persian Border</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pasargadae" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pasargadae">Pasargadae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pteria" title="Battle of Pteria">Pteria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Thymbra</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)" title="Siege of Sardis (547 BC)">Sardis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">Opis</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Cyrus" title="Cyrus">"Cyrus" (name)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyrus Cylinder</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Cyropaedia" title="Cyropaedia">Cyropaedia</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great_in_the_Bible" title="Cyrus the Great in the Bible">Cyrus in the Bible</A>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Cyrus%27s_edict" title="Cyrus's edict">Cyrus's edict</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great_in_the_Quran" title="Cyrus the Great in the Quran">Cyrus in the Quran</A>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</A></LI>
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</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kay_Bahman" title="Kay Bahman">Kay Bahman</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great_Day" title="Cyrus the Great Day">Cyrus the Great Day</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Masoud_Jafari_Jozani" title="Masoud Jafari Jozani"><I>Cyrus the Great</I> (screenplay)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ciro_riconosciuto" title="Ciro riconosciuto">Ciro riconosciuto</A></LI>
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<DIV id="The_British_Museum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">The British Museum</A></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Building</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Great_Court" title="Queen Elizabeth II Great Court">Great Court</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/King%27s_Library" title="King's Library">King's Library</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/British_Museum_Reading_Room" title="British Museum Reading Room">Round Reading Room</A></LI>
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<TD class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<DIV><A href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="British Museum Great Court roof.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpg/100px-British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpg" width="100" height="141" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpg/150px-British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpg/200px-British_Museum_Great_Court_roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="1557" /></A></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Departments<BR />
and objects</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><A href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Africa,_Oceania_and_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Africa, Oceania and the Americas">Africa, Oceania<BR />
and Americas</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Akan_Drum" title="Akan Drum">Akan Drum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aubin_Codex" title="Aubin Codex">Aubin Codex</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Briggs_Enigma" title="Briggs Enigma">Briggs Enigma</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Codex_Kingsborough" title="Codex Kingsborough">Codex Kingsborough</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Double-headed_serpent" title="Double-headed serpent">Double-headed serpent</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hoa_Hakananai%27a" title="Hoa Hakananai'a">Hoa Hakananai'a</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Throne_of_Weapons" title="Throne of Weapons">Throne of Weapons</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kayung_totem_pole" title="Kayung totem pole">Kayung totem pole</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_(Kester)" title="Tree of Life (Kester)">Tree of Life</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yaxchilan_Lintel_24" title="Yaxchilan Lintel 24">Yaxchilan Lintel 24</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><A href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Ancient_Egypt_and_Sudan" title="British Museum Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan">Ancient Egypt<BR />
and Sudan</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Colossal_red_granite_statue_of_Amenhotep_III" title="Colossal red granite statue of Amenhotep III">Colossal head of Amenhotep III</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gebelein_predynastic_mummies" title="Gebelein predynastic mummies">Gebelein predynastic mummies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hunters_Palette" title="Hunters Palette">Hunters Palette</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus" title="Rhind Mathematical Papyrus">Rhind Mathematical Papyrus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sphinx_of_Taharqo" title="Sphinx of Taharqo">Sphinx of Taharqo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Younger_Memnon" title="Younger Memnon">Younger Memnon</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><A href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Asia" title="British Museum Department of Asia">Asia</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Admonitions_Scroll" title="Admonitions Scroll">Admonitions Scroll</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bimaran_casket" title="Bimaran casket">Bimaran casket</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kanishka_casket" title="Kanishka casket">Kanishka casket</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mathura_lion_capital" title="Mathura lion capital">Mathura lion capital</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Percival_David_Foundation_of_Chinese_Art" title="Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art">Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seated_Buddha_from_Gandhara" title="Seated Buddha from Gandhara">Seated Buddha from Gandhara</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Statue_of_Tara" title="Statue of Tara">Statue of Tara</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa" title="The Great Wave off Kanagawa">The Great Wave off Kanagawa</A></I></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><A href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Greece_and_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Greece and Rome">Greece<BR />
and Rome</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bassae_Frieze" title="Bassae Frieze">Bassae Frieze</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Esquiline_Treasure" title="Esquiline Treasure">Esquiline Treasure</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Farnese_Diadumenos" title="Farnese Diadumenos">Farnese Diadumenos</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jennings_Dog" title="Jennings Dog">Jennings Dog</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lion_of_Knidos" title="Lion of Knidos">Lion of Knidos</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Minoan_Bull-leaper" title="Minoan Bull-leaper">Minoan Bull-leaper</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portland_Vase" title="Portland Vase">Portland Vase</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Warren_Cup" title="Warren Cup">Warren Cup</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><A href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_the_Middle_East" title="British Museum Department of the Middle East">Middle East</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Burney_Relief" title="Burney Relief">Burney Relief</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cylinder_of_Nabonidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder of Nabonidus">Cylinder of Nabonidus</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyrus Cylinder</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Flood tablet (Gilgamesh)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Library of Ashurbanipal">Library of Ashurbanipal</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_Annals" title="Sennacherib's Annals">Taylor Prism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lachish_reliefs" title="Lachish reliefs">Lachish reliefs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles" title="Babylonian Chronicles">Babylonian Chronicles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kurkh_Monoliths" title="Kurkh Monoliths">Kurkh Monoliths</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><A href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Prehistory_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Prehistory and Europe">Prehistory<BR />
and Europe</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary" title="Holy Thorn Reliquary">Holy Thorn Reliquary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hoxne_Hoard" title="Hoxne Hoard">Hoxne Hoard</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lindow_Man" title="Lindow Man">Lindow Man</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mildenhall_Treasure" title="Mildenhall Treasure">Mildenhall Treasure</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ringlemere_Cup" title="Ringlemere Cup">Ringlemere Cup</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Royal_Gold_Cup" title="Royal Gold Cup">Royal Gold Cup</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_purse-lid" title="Sutton Hoo purse-lid">Sutton Hoo purse-lid</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Swimming_Reindeer" title="Swimming Reindeer">Swimming Reindeer</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vindolanda_tablets" title="Vindolanda tablets">Vindolanda Tablets</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><A href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Prints_and_Drawings" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Prints and Drawings">Prints and<BR />
Drawings</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrer%27s_Rhinoceros" title="Dürer's Rhinoceros">Dürer's Rhinoceros</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Epifania_(Michelangelo_drawing)" title="Epifania (Michelangelo drawing)">Epifania</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/I_Modi" title="I Modi">I Modi</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Isabella_Brant_(drawing)" title="Isabella Brant (drawing)">Isabella Brant</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Ancient_of_Days" title="The Ancient of Days">The Ancient of Days</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Disasters_of_War" title="The Disasters of War">The Disasters of War</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_The_Flopsy_Bunnies#Illustrations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tale of The Flopsy Bunnies">The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_(woodcut)" title="Triumphal Arch (woodcut)">Triumphal Arch</A></I></LI>
</UL>
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<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Coins_and_Medals" title="British Museum Department of Coins and Medals">Coins and Medals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Conservation_and_Scientific_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Conservation and Scientific Research">Conservation and Scientific Research</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/British_Museum_Department_of_Libraries_and_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Department of Libraries and Archives">Libraries and Archives</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portable_Antiquities_Scheme" title="Portable Antiquities Scheme">Portable Antiquities and Treasure</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_100_Objects" title="A History of the World in 100 Objects">A History of the World in 100 Objects</A></I></LI>
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</DIV>
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</TR>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/British_Museum_Act_1902" title="British Museum Act 1902">British Museum Act 1902</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/British_Museum_Act_1963" title="British Museum Act 1963">British Museum Act 1963</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_directors_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of directors of the British Museum">Directors</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_at_the_British_Museum" title="List of films shot at the British Museum">Films shot at the British Museum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_British_Museum_Friends" title="The British Museum Friends">Friends</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_British_Museum" title="Royal Commission on the British Museum">Royal Commission on the British Museum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_trustees_of_the_British_Museum" title="List of trustees of the British Museum">Trustees</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Secretum_(British_Museum)" title="Secretum (British Museum)">Secretum</A></LI>
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<LI><IMG alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:British_Museum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:British Museum"><B>Commons</B></A></LI>
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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af" style="display: none;"><A href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koressilinder" title="Koressilinder – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="أسطوانة قورش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="সাইরাস সিলিন্ডার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be" style="display: none;"><A href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Маніфест Кіра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Цилиндър на Кир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirov_cilindar" title="Kirov cilindar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilindre_de_Cir" title="Cilindre de Cir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BDr%C5%AFv_v%C3%A1lec" title="Kýrův válec – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da" style="display: none;"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyros-cylinderen" title="Kyros-cylinderen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de" style="display: none;"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyros-Zylinder" title="Kyros-Zylinder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilindro_de_Ciro" title="Cilindro de Ciro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciro-cilindro" title="Ciro-cilindro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4" title="استوانه کوروش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindre_de_Cyrus" title="Cylindre de Cyrus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrussylinder" title="Syrussylinder – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilindro_de_Ciro" title="Cilindro de Ciro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirov_cilindar" title="Kirov cilindar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silinder_Koresh" title="Silinder Koresh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it" style="display: none;"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilindro_di_Ciro" title="Cilindro di Ciro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he" style="display: none;"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9" title="הכרזת כורש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კიროსის ცილინდრი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balora_K%C3%BBru%C5%9F" title="Balora Kûruş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80_II_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83" title="Кир II Улуунун Чакыруусу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la" style="display: none;"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindrus_Cyri" title="Cylindrus Cyri – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li" style="display: none;"><A href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyruscilinder" title="Cyruscilinder – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silinder_Cyrus" title="Silinder Cyrus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyruscilinder" title="Cyruscilinder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="キュロス・シリンダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="display: none;"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrossylinderen" title="Kyrossylinderen – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1" title="سائرس سلنڈر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_Cyrusa" title="Cylinder Cyrusa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilindro_de_Ciro" title="Cilindro de Ciro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilindrul_lui_Cir" title="Cilindrul lui Cir – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Манифест Кира – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirov_valj" title="Kirov valj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Киров ваљак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirov_cilindar" title="Kirov cilindar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyros_cylinder" title="Kyros cylinder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silindro_ni_Ciro" title="Silindro ni Ciro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiros_Silindiri" title="Kiros Silindiri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Маніфест Кира – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB%E6%96%87%E6%9B%B8" title="居魯士文書 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				<BUTTON class="mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button" title="All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)">33 more</BUTTON></UL>
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document_title: Cyrus Cylinder

token: Cyrus

token: Cylinder

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: <Table>

token: <Tr>

token: <Th colspan="2">

token: <Td colspan="2">

token: The

token: obverse

token: and

token: reverse

token: sides

token: <Th>

token: Material

token: <Td>

token: Baked

token: clay

token: Size

token: centimetres

token: in

token: x

token: maximum

token: Writing

token: Akkadian

token: cuneiform

token: script

token: Created

token: About

token: BC

token: Period

token: culture

token: Achaemenid

token: Empire

token: Discovered

token: Babylon

token: Mesopotamia

token: by

token: Hormuzd

token: Rassam

token: March

token: Present

token: location

token: Room

token: British

token: Museum

token: London

token: Identification

token: BM

token: Registration

token: </Table>

token: Persian

token: استوانه

token: کوروش

token: translit

token: Ostovane

token: ye

token: Kūrosh

token: српскохрватски

question_text: who wrote the first declaration of human rights