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<TITLE>President of the United States - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">President of the United States</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"POTUS" redirects here. For the political talk radio channel, see <A href="/wiki/P.O.T.U.S._(Sirius_XM)" title="P.O.T.U.S. (Sirius XM)">P.O.T.U.S. (Sirius XM)</A>.</DIV>
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<TH colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">President of the<BR />
United States of America</TH>
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<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><A href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Seal of the President of the United States.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/125px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="125" height="125" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/188px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/250px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></A>
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</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><A href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Flag of the President of the United States of America.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg.png" width="125" height="86" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="651" /></A>
<DIV><A href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the President of the United States">Presidential Standard</A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
<DIV style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;">
<DIV style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><A href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Donald Trump official portrait.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/220px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg" width="220" height="279" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/330px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg/440px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2850" /></A></DIV>
<B>Incumbent<BR />
<A href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</A></B><BR />
since January 20, 2017</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><A href="/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch of the United States government">Executive Branch of the U.S. Government</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Office of the President">Executive Office of the President</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" title="Style (manner of address)">Style</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" title="Mr. President (title)">Mr. President</A><BR />
<SPAN style="font-size:80%;">(informal)</SPAN><SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP><BR />
<A href="/wiki/The_Honourable#United_States" title="The Honourable">The Honorable</A><BR />
<SPAN style="font-size:80%;">(formal)</SPAN><SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP><BR />
<A href="/wiki/Excellency#United_States" title="Excellency">His Excellency</A><SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP><BR />
<SPAN style="font-size:80%;">(international correspondence)</SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Status</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/Head_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of Government">Head of Government</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Member of</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/United_States_Domestic_Policy_Council" title="United States Domestic Policy Council">Domestic Policy Council</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/United_States_National_Economic_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Economic Council">National Economic Council</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Seat_(legal_entity)" title="Seat (legal entity)">Seat</A></TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Appointer</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College of the United States</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row"><A href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</A></TH>
<TD>Four years, renewable once (<A href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Amendment XXII</A>)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Constituting instrument</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Inaugural holder</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Formation</TH>
<TD>March 4, 1789<SPAN class="noprint"><BR />
(229 years ago)</SPAN><SPAN style="display:none"> (<SPAN class="bday dtstart published updated">1789-03-04</SPAN>)</SPAN><SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Salary</TH>
<TD>$400,000 annually<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[note 1]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[9]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row">Website</TH>
<TD><SPAN class="url"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whitehouse.gov">whitehouse<WBR />.gov</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD style="padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">This article is part of <A href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Politics of the United States">a series</A> on the</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><A href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the<BR />
United States of America</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><A href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="135" height="142" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/203px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/270px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></A></TD>
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<DIV class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align:center; background:lavender;"><A href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal Government</A><A class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle1" href="#">[show]</A></DIV>
<DIV class="NavContent" style="font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;">
<UL>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">Constitution of the United States</A></B></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</A></LI>
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<DIV class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align:center; background:lavender;"><A href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislature</A><A class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle2" href="#">[show]</A></DIV>
<DIV class="NavContent" style="font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;"><A href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Congress.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Seal of the United States Congress.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Seal_of_the_United_States_Congress.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Congress.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Seal_of_the_United_States_Congress.svg/45px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Congress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Seal_of_the_United_States_Congress.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Congress.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1052" /></A>
<UL>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</A></B></LI>
</UL>
<P><A href="/wiki/File:United_States_House_of_Representatives_194-1-240.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="United States House of Representatives 194-1-240.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/United_States_House_of_Representatives_194-1-240.svg/50px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_194-1-240.svg.png" width="50" height="26" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/United_States_House_of_Representatives_194-1-240.svg/75px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_194-1-240.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/United_States_House_of_Representatives_194-1-240.svg/100px-United_States_House_of_Representatives_194-1-240.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></A> <A href="/wiki/File:115th_United_States_Senate.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="115th United States Senate.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/115th_United_States_Senate.svg/50px-115th_United_States_Senate.svg.png" width="50" height="26" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/115th_United_States_Senate.svg/75px-115th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/115th_United_States_Senate.svg/100px-115th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></A></P>
<HR />
<P><A href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/45px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></A></P>
<UL>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</A></B></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</A> <A href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</A> (R)</LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Majority Leader</A> <A href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy_(California_politician)" title="Kevin McCarthy (California politician)">Kevin McCarthy</A> (R)</LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Minority Leader</A> <A href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</A> (D)</LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional districts</A></LI>
</UL>
<HR />
<P><A href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Seal of the United States Senate.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/45px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></A></P>
<UL>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</A></B></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</A> <A href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</A> (R)</LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore</A> <A href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</A> (R)</LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate#President_pro_tempore_emeritus" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore Emeritus</A> <A href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</A> (D)</LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Majority Leader</A> <A href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</A> (R)</LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Minority Leader</A> <A href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</A> (D)</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em">
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<DIV class="NavContent" style="font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;"><A href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Seal of the President of the United States.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/45px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></A>
<UL>
<LI><B><A class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the United States</A></B></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</A> (R)</LI>
</UL>
<P><A href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Seal of the Vice President of the United States.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg/45px-Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="2437" /></A></P>
<UL>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</A></B></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</A> (R)</LI>
</UL>
<HR />
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Office of the President">Executive Office</A></LI>
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<DIV class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align:center; background:lavender;"><A href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judiciary</A><A class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle4" href="#">[show]</A></DIV>
<DIV class="NavContent" style="font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;"><A href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Seal of the United States Supreme Court.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/45px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></A>
<UL>
<LI><B><A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</A></B></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</A> <A href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</A></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</A></LI>
</UL>
<HR />
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of Appeals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District Courts</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list</A>)</SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</A></LI>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Presidential elections</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_midterm_election" title="United States midterm election">Midterm elections</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Off-year_election" title="Off-year election">Off-year elections</A></LI>
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<P>The <B>President of the United States</B> (<B>POTUS</B> <SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><A href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<SPAN style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><SPAN title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</SPAN><SPAN title="'p' in 'pie'">p</SPAN><SPAN title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</SPAN><SPAN title="'t' in 'tie'">t</SPAN><SPAN title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</SPAN><SPAN title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</SPAN></SPAN>/</A></SPAN></SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><I title="English pronunciation respelling"><SPAN style="font-size:90%">POH</SPAN>-təs</I></A><SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[note 2]</A></SUP>) is the <A href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</A> and <A href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</A> of the <A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</A>. The <A href="/wiki/President" title="President">president</A> directs the <A href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</A> and is the <A href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief#United_States" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</A> of the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</A>.</P>
<P>In contemporary times, the president is looked upon as the world's most powerful political figure and as the leader of the only current global <A href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[11]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[12]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[14]</A></SUP> The role includes responsibility for the world's <A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" title="List of countries by military expenditures">most expensive military</A> that has the <A href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">second largest nuclear arsenal</A>. The president also leads the nation with the <A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">largest economy by nominal GDP</A>. The president possesses significant domestic and international <A href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">hard</A> and <A href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</A>.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II of the Constitution</A> establishes the executive branch of the federal government. It vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law, alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory and judicial officers, and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the <A href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent#United_States" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</A> of the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</A>. The president is further empowered to grant federal <A href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardons and reprieves</A>, and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of <A href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</A> under extraordinary circumstances.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[15]</A></SUP> The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States, and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress.<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[16]</A></SUP> In addition, as part of the system of <A href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">checks and balances</A>, <A href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article One of the United States Constitution</A> gives the president the power to sign or <A href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</A> federal legislation. Since the office of president was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole.<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Through the <A href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</A>, the registered voters <A href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirectly elect</A> the president and vice president to a four-year term. This is the only federal election in the United States which is not decided by popular vote.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[18]</A></SUP> Nine vice presidents became president by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[note 3]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</A> precludes any United States citizen from being elected president for a third term. It also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than once if that person previously had served as president, or <A href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States" title="Acting President of the United States">acting president</A>, for more than two years of another person's term as president. In all, <A href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Presidents of the United States">44 individuals</A> have served 45 presidencies (counting <A href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</A>'s two non-consecutive terms separately) spanning 57 full four-year terms.<SUP id="cite_ref-the_presidency_22-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-the_presidency-22">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</A> is the 45th and current president, <A href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Inauguration of Donald Trump">inaugurated</A> on January 20, 2017.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Origin"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Origin</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Powers_and_duties"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Powers and duties</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Article_I_legislative_role"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Article I legislative role</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Article_II_executive_powers"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Article II executive powers</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><A href="#War_and_foreign_affairs_powers"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">War and foreign affairs powers</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><A href="#Administrative_powers"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Administrative powers</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><A href="#Juridical_powers"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Juridical powers</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><A href="#Legislative_facilitator"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Legislative facilitator</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Ceremonial_roles"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Ceremonial roles</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#Critics_of_presidency's_evolution"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Critics of presidency's evolution</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#Selection_process"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Selection process</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#Eligibility"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Eligibility</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Campaigns_and_nomination"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Campaigns and nomination</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><A href="#Election_and_oath"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Election and oath</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><A href="#Tenure_and_term_limits"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Tenure and term limits</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><A href="#Succession,_vacancy,_or_disability"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Succession, vacancy, or disability</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><A href="#Political_affiliation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Political affiliation</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><A href="#Compensation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Compensation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><A href="#Residence"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Residence</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><A href="#Travel"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Travel</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><A href="#Protection"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Protection</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><A href="#Post-presidency"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Post-presidency</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><A href="#Presidential_libraries"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Presidential libraries</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><A href="#Timeline_of_presidents"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Timeline of presidents</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><A href="#Primary_sources"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Primary sources</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">14</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</SPAN></H2>
<P>During the <A href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</A> in 1776, the <A href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</A>, acting through the <A href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</A>, declared political independence from <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</A>. The new states were independent of each other as <A href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</A><SUP id="cite_ref-Milkis_23-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Milkis-23">[20]</A></SUP> and recognized the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kelly_24-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kelly-24">[21]</A></SUP> Congress desired to avoid anything that remotely resembled a <A href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</A> and negotiated the <A href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</A> to establish an alliance between the states.<SUP id="cite_ref-Milkis_23-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Milkis-23">[20]</A></SUP> Under the Articles, Congress was a central authority without any legislative power. It could make its own resolutions, determinations, and regulations, but not any laws, and could not impose any taxes or enforce local commercial regulations upon its citizens.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kelly_24-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kelly-24">[21]</A></SUP> This institutional design reflected how Americans believed the deposed British system of <A href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">Crown</A> and <A href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</A> ought to have functioned with respect to the royal <A href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</A>: a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kelly_24-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kelly-24">[21]</A></SUP> The states were out from under any monarchy and assigned some formerly <A href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogatives</A> (<I>e.g.</I>, making war, receiving ambassadors, etc.) to Congress; the remaining prerogatives were lodged within their own respective state governments. The states agreed to a resolution that settled competing western land claims. The Articles took effect on March 1, 1781, when <A href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</A> became the final state to ratify them.</P>
<P>In 1783, the <A href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</A> secured independence for each of the former colonies. With peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs.<SUP id="cite_ref-Milkis_23-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Milkis-23">[20]</A></SUP> By 1786, Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak and their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another. They witnessed their <A href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">hard currency</A> pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports, their <A href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</A> commerce preyed upon by <A href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</A> <A href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</A>, and their foreign-financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest.<SUP id="cite_ref-Milkis_23-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Milkis-23">[20]</A></SUP> Civil and political unrest loomed.</P>
<P>Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between <A href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</A> and Maryland at the <A href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</A> in 1785, Virginia called for a trade conference between all the states, set for September 1786 in <A href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</A>, with an aim toward resolving further-reaching interstate commercial antagonisms. When the <A href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">convention</A> failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states, <A href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</A> led the Annapolis delegates in a call for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles, to be held the next spring in <A href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</A>. Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until <A href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</A> and <A href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</A> succeeded in securing <A href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</A>'s attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia.<SUP id="cite_ref-Milkis_23-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Milkis-23">[20]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Beeman_25-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Beeman-25">[22]</A></SUP></P>
<P>When the <A href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</A> convened in May 1787, the 12 state delegations in attendance (<A href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</A> did not send delegates) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments. Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers, elected annually by the legislature to a single term only, sharing power with an executive council, and countered by a strong legislature.<SUP id="cite_ref-Milkis_23-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Milkis-23">[20]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</A> offered the greatest exception, having a strong, unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three-year term, and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter.<SUP id="cite_ref-Milkis_23-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Milkis-23">[20]</A></SUP> It was through the closed-door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">U.S. Constitution</A> emerged.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Powers_and_duties">Powers and duties</SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Article_I_legislative_role">Article I legislative role</SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg/220px-Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg" width="220" height="149" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg/330px-Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg/440px-Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2070" data-file-height="1401" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Reagan_signs_Martin_Luther_King_bill.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
President <A href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</A> signs the <A href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King bill</A>, 1983.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment Clause</A> requires that any bill passed by <A href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</A> must be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options:</P>
<OL>
<LI>Sign the legislation within ten days, excluding Sundays – the bill <A href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" title="Coming into force">becomes law</A>.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Veto#United_States" title="Veto">Veto</A> the legislation within the above timeframe and return it to the house of Congress from which it originated, expressing any objections – the bill does not become law, unless both houses of Congress vote to override the veto by a <A href="/wiki/Supermajority#Two-thirds_vote" title="Supermajority">two-thirds vote</A>.</LI>
<LI>Take no action on the legislation within the above timeframe – the bill becomes law, as if the president had signed it, unless Congress is adjourned at the time, in which case it does not become law (a <A href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">pocket veto</A>).</LI>
</OL>
<P>In 1996, Congress attempted to enhance the president's veto power with the <A href="/wiki/Line_Item_Veto_Act_of_1996" title="Line Item Veto Act of 1996">Line Item Veto Act</A>. The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill, particularly any new spending, any amount of discretionary spending, or any new limited tax benefit. Congress could then repass that particular item. If the president then vetoed the new legislation, Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means, a two-thirds vote in both houses. In <I><A href="/wiki/Clinton_v._City_of_New_York" title="Clinton v. City of New York">Clinton v. City of New York</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_524" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 524">524</A> <A href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/524/417/">417</A> (1998), the <A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</A> ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Article_II_executive_powers">Article II executive powers</SPAN></H3>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="War_and_foreign_affairs_powers">War and foreign affairs powers</SPAN></H4>
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<A href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</A>, the 16th president of the United States, successfully preserved the <A href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</A> during the <A href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</A></DIV>
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<P>One of the most important of all executive powers is the president's role as <A href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</A> of the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</A>. The power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress, but the president has ultimate responsibility for the direction and disposition of the military. The present-day operational command of the Armed Forces is delegated to the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</A> and is normally exercised through the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Combatant_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Combatant Command">Combatant Commands</A> assist with the operation as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan (UCP).<SUP id="cite_ref-ucp_26-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ucp-26">[23]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[24]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[25]</A></SUP> The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president's powers regarding the military; <A href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</A> explained this in <A href="/wiki/Federalist_No._69" title="Federalist No. 69">Federalist No. 69</A>:</P>
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<P>The President is to be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States. ... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that [the power] of the <A href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of Great Britain">British king</A> extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies, all [of] which ... would appertain to the legislature.<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[26]</A></SUP> [Emphasis in the original.]</P>
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<P>Pursuant to the <A href="/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution" title="War Powers Resolution">War Powers Resolution</A>, Congress must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed, rendering it ineffectual.<SUP id="cite_ref-miller-center_30-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-miller-center-30">[27]</A></SUP> Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation. Presidents have historically initiated the process for going to war,<SUP id="cite_ref-tws12novef_31-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws12novef-31">[28]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-tws8nov102_32-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws8nov102-32">[29]</A></SUP> but critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations, including <A href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</A>'s military move into <A href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</A> in 1903,<SUP id="cite_ref-tws12novef_31-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws12novef-31">[28]</A></SUP> the <A href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-tws12novef_31-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws12novef-31">[28]</A></SUP> the <A href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-tws12novef_31-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws12novef-31">[28]</A></SUP> and the invasions of <A href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</A> in 1983<SUP id="cite_ref-tws8nov101_33-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws8nov101-33">[30]</A></SUP> and <A href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</A> in 1990.<SUP id="cite_ref-tws8nov100_34-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws8nov100-34">[31]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_powers">Administrative powers</SPAN></H4>
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<DIV>Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States, and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed.</DIV>
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<P><CITE style="display: block; text-align: left;"><A href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/Nixon_v._General_Services_Administration" title="Nixon v. General Services Administration">Nixon v. General Services Administration</A></I>, <B><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_433" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 433">433</A> <A href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/433/425/">425</A> (1977)</B> (<A href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissenting opinion</A>)</CITE></P>
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<P>The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is <A href="/wiki/Take_Care_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Take Care Clause">constitutionally obligated</A> to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed".<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[32]</A></SUP> The executive branch has over four million employees, including members of the military.<SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[33]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Presidents make numerous executive branch appointments: an incoming president may make up to 6,000 before taking office and 8,000 more while serving. <A href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">Ambassadors</A>, members of the <A href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</A>, and other federal officers, are all appointed by a president with the "<A href="/wiki/United_States_Senate#Checks_and_balances" title="United States Senate">advice and consent</A>" of a majority of the Senate. When the Senate is in recess for at least ten days, the president may make <A href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointments</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[34]</A></SUP> Recess appointments are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of the Senate.</P>
<P>The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue. Generally, a president may remove executive officials purely at will.<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[35]</A></SUP> However, Congress can curtail and constrain a president's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by <A href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[36]</A></SUP></P>
<P>To manage the growing federal bureaucracy, presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff, who were eventually organized into the <A href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President of the United States</A>. Within the Executive Office, the president's innermost layer of aides (and their assistants) are located in the <A href="/wiki/White_House_Office" title="White House Office">White House Office</A>.</P>
<P>Additionally, the president possesses the power to manage operations of the federal government through issuing various types of directives, such as <A href="/wiki/Presidential_proclamation_(United_States)" title="Presidential proclamation (United States)">presidential proclamation</A> and <A href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive orders</A>. When the president is lawfully exercising one of his constitutionally conferred responsibilities, the scope of this power is broad.<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[37]</A></SUP> Even so, these directives are subject to <A href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">judicial review</A> by U.S. federal courts, which can find them to be unconstitutional. Moreover, Congress can overturn an executive order though legislation.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Juridical_powers">Juridical powers</SPAN></H4>
<P>The president also has the power to nominate <A href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">federal judges</A>, including members of the <A href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">United States courts of appeals</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</A>. However, these nominations require <A href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent#United_States" title="Advice and consent">Senate confirmation</A>. Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance. When nominating judges to <A href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">U.S. district courts</A>, presidents often respect the long-standing tradition of <A href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">senatorial courtesy</A>. Presidents may also grant <A href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardons</A> and <A href="/wiki/Pardon#Related_concepts" title="Pardon">reprieves</A>. <A href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</A> pardoned <A href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</A> a month after taking office. Bill Clinton pardoned <A href="/wiki/Patty_Hearst" title="Patty Hearst">Patty Hearst</A> on his last day in office, as is often done just before the end of a second presidential term, but not without <A href="/wiki/Controversy" title="Controversy">controversy</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-tws8nov12_41-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws8nov12-41">[38]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-tws8nov11_42-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws8nov11-42">[39]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-tws8nov10_43-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws8nov10-43">[40]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Historically, two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy. The first is <A href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</A>, which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties. <A href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</A> first claimed the privilege when Congress requested to see <A href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</A> <A href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</A>'s notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</A>. While not enshrined in the Constitution, or any other law, Washington's action created the precedent for the privilege. When <A href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</A> tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the <A href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</A>, the Supreme Court ruled in <I><A href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_418" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 418">418</A> <A href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/418/683/">683</A> (1974), that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution. When President <A href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</A> attempted to use executive privilege regarding the <A href="/wiki/Lewinsky_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewinsky scandal">Lewinsky scandal</A>, the Supreme Court ruled in <I><A href="/wiki/Clinton_v._Jones" title="Clinton v. Jones">Clinton v. Jones</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_520" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 520">520</A> <A href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/520/681/">681</A> (1997), that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits. These cases established the <A href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">legal precedent</A> that executive privilege is valid, although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined. Additionally, federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees, but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president.<SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[41]</A></SUP></P>
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President <A href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</A> delivers the <A href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007 State of the Union Address</A>, with <A href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</A> <A href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</A> and <A href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</A> <A href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</A>.</DIV>
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<P>The <A href="/wiki/State_secrets_privilege" title="State secrets privilege">state secrets privilege</A> allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from <A href="/wiki/Discovery_(law)" title="Discovery (law)">discovery</A> in legal proceedings if such release would harm <A href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</A>. Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when <A href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</A> refused to release military documents in the <A href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</A> trial of <A href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</A> and again in <I><A href="/wiki/Totten_v._United_States" title="Totten v. United States">Totten v. United States</A></I> <A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_92" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 92">92</A> <A href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/92/105/">105</A> (1876), when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy.<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[42]</A></SUP> However, the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until <I><A href="/wiki/United_States_v._Reynolds" title="United States v. Reynolds">United States v. Reynolds</A></I> <A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_345" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 345">345</A> <A href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/345/1/">1</A> (1953), where it was held to be a <A href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</A> <A href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">evidentiary</A> privilege.<SUP id="cite_ref-ACS_46-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ACS-46">[43]</A></SUP> Before the <A href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</A>, use of the privilege had been rare, but increasing in frequency.<SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[44]</A></SUP> Since 2001, the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation, thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims, as in the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit</A>'s ruling in <I><A href="/wiki/Mohamed_v._Jeppesen_Dataplan,_Inc." title="Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.">Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan, Inc.</A></I><SUP id="cite_ref-ACS_46-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ACS-46">[43]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[45]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[46]</A></SUP> Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions.<SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[47]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[48]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Legislative_facilitator">Legislative facilitator</SPAN></H4>
<P>The Constitution's <A href="/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause" title="Ineligibility Clause">Ineligibility Clause</A> prevents the president (and all other executive officers) from simultaneously being a member of <A href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</A>. Therefore, the president cannot directly introduce <A href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">legislative proposals</A> for consideration in Congress. However, the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation, especially if the president's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress. For example, the president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress. The president can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally or statutorily mandated, periodic reports to Congress. These reports may be either written or oral, but today the greatest in importance are given as the oral <A href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</A> addresses, which often outline the president's legislative proposals for the coming year. Additionally, the president may attempt to have Congress alter proposed legislation by threatening to veto that legislation unless requested changes are made.</P>
<P>In the 20th century, critics charged that too many legislative and budgetary powers that should have belonged to Congress had slid into the hands of presidents. As the head of the executive branch, presidents control a vast array of <A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States federal agencies">agencies</A> that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress. One critic charged that presidents could appoint a "virtual army of 'czars' – each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House".<SUP id="cite_ref-tws28sep08_52-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws28sep08-52">[49]</A></SUP> Presidents have been criticized for making <A href="/wiki/Signing_statement" title="Signing statement">signing statements</A> when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it.<SUP id="cite_ref-tws04oct08_53-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws04oct08-53">[50]</A></SUP> This practice has been criticized by the <A href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</A> as unconstitutional.<SUP id="cite_ref-tws11nov301_54-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws11nov301-54">[51]</A></SUP> Conservative commentator <A href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">George Will</A> wrote of an "increasingly swollen executive branch" and "the eclipse of Congress".<SUP id="cite_ref-tws28sep_55-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws28sep-55">[52]</A></SUP></P>
<P>According to <A href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Calling_Congress_into_extraordinary_session;_adjourning_Congress" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 3</A> of the Constitution, the president may convene either or both houses of Congress. If both houses cannot agree on a date of adjournment, the president may appoint a date for Congress to adjourn. For example, Franklin Delano Roosevelt convened a special session of Congress immediately after the December 7, 1941, Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor and asked for a declaration of war.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Ceremonial_roles">Ceremonial roles</SPAN></H3>
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President <A href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</A> throws out the ceremonial first ball on <A href="/wiki/Opening_Day" title="Opening Day">Opening Day</A>, 1916</DIV>
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<P>As head of state, the president can fulfill traditions established by previous presidents. <A href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</A> started the tradition of throwing out the <A href="/wiki/Ceremonial_first_pitch" title="Ceremonial first pitch">ceremonial first pitch</A> in 1910 at <A href="/wiki/Griffith_Stadium" title="Griffith Stadium">Griffith Stadium</A>, Washington, D.C., on the <A href="/wiki/Minnesota_Twins#Washington_Nationals/Senators:_1901–1960" title="Minnesota Twins">Washington Senators</A>' <A href="/wiki/Opening_Day" title="Opening Day">Opening Day</A>. Every president since Taft, except for <A href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</A>, threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day, the <A href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game" title="Major League Baseball All-Star Game">All-Star Game</A>, or the <A href="/wiki/World_Series" title="World Series">World Series</A>, usually with much fanfare.<SUP id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-56">[53]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The President of the United States has served as the honorary president of the <A href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</A> since the founding of the organization.<SUP id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-57">[54]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays. <A href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</A> began in 1878 the first White House <A href="/wiki/White_House_Easter_Egg_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Easter Egg Roll">egg rolling</A> for local children.<SUP id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-58">[55]</A></SUP> Beginning in 1947, during the <A href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</A> administration, every <A href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</A> the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual <A href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Turkey_Presentation" title="National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation">National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation</A> held at the White House. Since 1989, when the custom of "pardoning" the turkey was formalized by <A href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</A>, the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life.<SUP id="cite_ref-Hesse_59-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Hesse-59">[56]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Presidential traditions also involve the president's role as head of government. Many outgoing presidents since <A href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</A> traditionally give advice to their successor during the <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_transition" title="United States presidential transition">presidential transition</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-60">[57]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</A> and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on <A href="/wiki/Inauguration_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Inauguration Day">Inauguration Day</A> for the incoming president.<SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[58]</A></SUP></P>
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<P>During a state visit by a foreign head of state, the president typically hosts a <A href="/wiki/State_visits_to_the_United_States" title="State visits to the United States">State Arrival Ceremony</A> held on the <A href="/wiki/South_Lawn" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lawn">South Lawn</A>, a custom begun by <A href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</A> in 1961.<SUP id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-62">[59]</A></SUP> This is followed by a <A href="/wiki/White_House_State_Dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="White House State Dinner">state dinner</A> given by the president which is held in the <A href="/wiki/State_Dining_Room_of_the_White_House" title="State Dining Room of the White House">State Dining Room</A> later in the evening.<SUP id="cite_ref-The_White_House_State_Dinner_63-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-The_White_House_State_Dinner-63">[60]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation's premier celebrities. Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration <A href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</A> officials as well as by presidents themselves. One critic described the presidency as "propagandized leadership" which has a "mesmerizing power surrounding the office".<SUP id="cite_ref-tws11nov304_64-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws11nov304-64">[61]</A></SUP> Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted <A href="/wiki/Photo_op" title="Photo op">photo-ops</A> of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras.<SUP id="cite_ref-tws11novjopkl_65-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws11novjopkl-65">[62]</A></SUP> One critic wrote the image of <A href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</A> was described as carefully framed "in rich detail" which "drew on the power of myth" regarding the incident of <A href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109" title="Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109">PT 109</A><SUP id="cite_ref-tws11novfddxs_66-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws11novfddxs-66">[63]</A></SUP> and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions.<SUP id="cite_ref-tws11novfyyhhxs_67-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws11novfyyhhxs-67">[64]</A></SUP> As a result, some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents: voters expect a president to "drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees".<SUP id="cite_ref-tws9novrfrff_68-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws9novrfrff-68">[65]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN id="Critics_of_presidency.27s_evolution"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Critics_of_presidency's_evolution">Critics of presidency's evolution</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Imperial_Presidency" title="Imperial Presidency">Imperial Presidency</A> and <A href="/wiki/Imperiled_Presidency" title="Imperiled Presidency">Imperiled Presidency</A></DIV>
<P>The nation's <A href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</A> expected the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</A>—which was the first branch of government described in the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</A>—to be the dominant branch of government; they did not expect a strong executive department.<SUP id="cite_ref-tws9nov09_69-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws9nov09-69">[66]</A></SUP> However, presidential power has shifted over time, which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful,<SUP id="cite_ref-twsSEPnnxcvdf1_70-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-twsSEPnnxcvdf1-70">[67]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-twsSEPnn5454_71-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-twsSEPnn5454-71">[68]</A></SUP> unchecked, unbalanced,<SUP id="cite_ref-tws9nov07_72-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws9nov07-72">[69]</A></SUP> and "monarchist" in nature.<SUP id="cite_ref-tws9nov08_73-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws9nov08-73">[70]</A></SUP> Critic <A href="/wiki/Dana_D._Nelson" title="Dana D. Nelson">Dana D. Nelson</A> believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards "undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies".<SUP id="cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_74-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-74">[71]</A></SUP> She criticizes proponents of the <A href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">unitary executive</A> for expanding "the many existing uncheckable executive powers – such as executive orders, decrees, memorandums, proclamations, national security directives and legislative signing statements – that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid, interference or consent from Congress".<SUP id="cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_74-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-74">[71]</A></SUP> Activist <A href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(activist)" title="Bill Wilson (activist)">Bill Wilson</A> opined that the expanded presidency was "the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule".<SUP id="cite_ref-tws8nov06_75-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tws8nov06-75">[72]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Selection_process">Selection process</SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/170px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" width="170" height="207" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/255px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/340px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="1932" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</A>, the first president of the United States</DIV>
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<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Eligibility">Eligibility</SPAN></H3>
<P><A href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Qualifications_for_office" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause 5</A> of the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</A> sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency:</P>
<UL>
<LI>be a <A href="/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause" title="Natural-born-citizen clause">natural-born citizen</A> of the United States;<SUP id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-76">[note 4]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>be at least thirty-five years old;</LI>
<LI>be a <A href="/wiki/Residency_(domicile)#United_States" title="Residency (domicile)">resident in the United States</A> for at least fourteen years.</LI>
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<P>A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions:</P>
<UL>
<LI>Under the <A href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</A>, no person can be elected president more than twice. The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president, the former can only be elected president once. Scholars disagree over whether a person precluded by the Twenty-second Amendment to being elected president is also precluded from being vice president.<SUP id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-77">[73]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>Under <A href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_7:_Judgment_in_cases_of_impeachment;_Punishment_on_conviction" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 3, Clause 7</A>, upon conviction in impeachment cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office, including that of president.<SUP id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-78">[74]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>Under <A href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Participants_in_rebellion" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment</A>, no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution, and later rebelled against the United States, can become president. However, this disqualification can be lifted by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress.</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Campaigns_and_nomination">Campaigns and nomination</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">United States presidential primary</A>, <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">United States presidential nominating convention</A>, <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election debates">United States presidential election debates</A>, and <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential election</A></DIV>
<P>The modern presidential campaign begins before the <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">primary elections</A>, which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">national nominating conventions</A>, where the most successful candidate is made the party's nominee for president. Typically, the party's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee, and this choice is <A href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp_(politics)" title="Rubber stamp (politics)">rubber-stamped</A> by the convention. The most common previous profession of U.S. presidents is lawyer.<SUP id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-79">[75]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Nominees participate in <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_debates" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election debates">nationally televised debates</A>, and while the debates are usually restricted to the <A href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</A> and <A href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</A> nominees, third party candidates may be invited, such as <A href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</A> in the 1992 debates. Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views, convince voters and solicit contributions. Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning <A href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</A> through frequent visits and <A href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</A> advertising drives.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Election_and_oath">Election and oath</SPAN></H3>
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Map of the <A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A> showing the number of electoral votes allocated following the <A href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" title="2010 United States Census">2010 census</A> to each <A href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</A> for the 2012, 2016 and 2020 presidential elections; it also notes that <A href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</A> and <A href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</A> distribute electors by way of the <A href="/wiki/Congressional_District_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional District Method">Congressional District Method</A>. 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 votes possible.</DIV>
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College (United States)</A> and <A href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">Oath of office of the President of the United States</A></DIV>
<P>The president is elected <A href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirectly</A>. A number of electors, collectively known as the Electoral College, officially select the president. On <A href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</A>, voters in each of the states and the <A href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</A> cast ballots for these electors. Each state is allocated a number of electors, equal to the size of its combined delegation in both Houses of Congress. Generally, the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College.</P>
<P>The winning slate of electors meet at its state's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, to vote. They then send a record of that vote to Congress. The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president—acting in that role's capacity as <A href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate#United_States" title="President of the Senate">President of the Senate</A>—and read aloud to a <A href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">joint session</A> of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the president.</P>
<P>Pursuant to the <A href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twentieth Amendment</A>, the president's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election. This date, known as <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration Day</A>, marks the beginning of the four-year terms of both the president and the <A href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</A>. Before executing the powers of the office, a president is constitutionally required to take the <A href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">presidential oath</A>:</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE class="templatequote">
<P>I do solemnly swear (or <A href="/wiki/Affirmation_in_law" title="Affirmation in law">affirm</A>) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.<SUP id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-80">[76]</A></SUP></P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Presidents have traditionally palmed a <A href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</A> while taking the oath and have added, "So help me God!" to the end of the oath.<SUP id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-81">[77]</A></SUP> Although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths, presidents are traditionally sworn in by the <A href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</A>, except when vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency due to a president's death or resignation.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Tenure_and_term_limits">Tenure and term limits</SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:FDR_in_1933.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/170px-FDR_in_1933.jpg" width="170" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/255px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/340px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="2928" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</A> was elected to four terms as President of the United States. Since ratification of the <A href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</A> in 1951, no one can be elected president more than twice.</DIV>
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<P>The term of office for the president is four years. As the first president, George Washington set an unofficial precedent by serving only two terms. Prior to <A href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</A> and <A href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</A> both unsuccessfully sought a third term. In 1940, FDR was elected to a third term after being "<A href="/wiki/Draft_(politics)" title="Draft (politics)">drafted</A>" by <A href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">his party</A>. In 1941, the United States entered <A href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</A>, which led voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944 despite his declining physical health; he died 82 days into his fourth term on April 12, 1945.</P>
<P>In response to the unprecedented length of Roosevelt's presidency, the <A href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-second Amendment</A> was <A href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">adopted</A> in 1951. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than two years (24 months) of another president's four-year term. <A href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</A>, president when this <A href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term limit</A> came into force, was exempted from its limitations, and briefly sought a second full term—to which he would have otherwise inelegible for election to, as he had been president for more than two years of Roosevelt's fourth term—before he withdrew from the <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1952" title="United States presidential election, 1952">1952 election</A>.</P>
<P>Since the amendment's adoption, five presidents have served two full terms: <A href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</A>, <A href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</A>. Both <A href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</A> and <A href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</A> sought a second term, but were defeated. <A href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</A> was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. <A href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</A>, having held the presidency for one full term in addition to only 14 months of <A href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</A>'s unexpired term, was eligible for a second full term in 1968, but <A href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_1968#Johnson_withdraws" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 1968">withdrew from Democratic Primary</A>. Additionally, <A href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</A>, who served out the last two years and five months of Nixon's second term, sought a full term, but was defeated by Jimmy Carter in the <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1976" title="United States presidential election, 1976">1976 election</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN id="Succession.2C_vacancy.2C_or_disability"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Succession,_vacancy,_or_disability">Succession, vacancy, or disability</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution</A>, <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">United States presidential line of succession</A>, <A href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment in the United States">Impeachment in the United States</A></DIV>
<P>Succession to or vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances: death, resignation, and <A href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States#Senate" title="Impeachment in the United States">removal from office</A>. Deaths have occurred a number of times, resignation has occurred only once, and removal from office has never occurred.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_4:_Impeachment" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 4</A> of the Constitution allows for the removal of high federal officials, including the president, from office for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." <A href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Speaker_and_other_officers;_Impeachment" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 2, Clause 5</A> gives the House of Representatives the power to impeach such officials by a majority vote. <A href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_6:_Trial_of_Impeachments" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I, Section 3, Clause 6</A> gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office, given a two-thirds vote to convict. The House has thus far impeached two presidents: <A href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</A> in 1868 and <A href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</A> in 1998. Neither was convicted by the Senate. Johnson was acquitted by just one vote and Clinton by 17 votes.</P>
<P>Under Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the president may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president, who then becomes <A href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States" title="Acting President of the United States">acting president</A>, by transmitting a statement to the <A href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</A> and the <A href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President <I>pro tempore</I> of the Senate</A> stating the reasons for the transfer. The president resumes the discharge of the presidential powers and duties upon transmitting, to those two officials, a written declaration stating that resumption. This transfer of power may occur for any reason the president considers appropriate; in 2002 and again in 2007, President <A href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</A> briefly transferred presidential authority to Vice President <A href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</A>. In both cases, this was done to accommodate a medical procedure that required Bush to be sedated; both times, Bush returned to duty later the same day.<SUP id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-82">[78]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Under Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the vice president, in conjunction with a majority of the <A href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</A>, may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president <I>pro tempore</I> of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties. If this occurs, then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president; however, the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties. If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim, it is up to Congress, which must meet within two days if not already in session, to decide the merit of the claim.</P>
<P>The United States Constitution mentions the resignation of the president, but does not regulate its form or the conditions for its validity. Pursuant to federal law, the only valid evidence of the president's resignation is a written instrument to that effect, signed by the president and delivered to the office of the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-83">[79]</A></SUP> This has only occurred once, when <A href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</A> delivered a letter to <A href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</A> to that effect.</P>
<P>Section 1 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment states that the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office, death, or resignation of the preceding president. The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 provides that if the offices of president and vice president are each either vacant or are held by a disabled person, the next officer in the <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">presidential line of succession</A>, the Speaker of the House, becomes acting president. The line then extends to the President pro tempore of the Senate, followed by every member of the Cabinet. The constitutionality of having congressional officials in the line of succession <A href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act#Constitutionality" title="Presidential Succession Act">has been questioned</A>. A person must fulfill all eligibility requirements of the office of president to be eligible to become acting president; ineligible individuals are skipped.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Political_affiliation">Political affiliation</SPAN></H3>
<P>Throughout most of its history, <A href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">politics</A> of the United States have been dominated by <A href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political parties</A>. Political parties had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787, nor did they exist at the time of the first <A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1788%E2%80%931789" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1788–1789">presidential election</A> in 1788–1789. Organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the mid–1790s, but political factions, from which organized parties evolved, began to appear almost immediately after the Federal government came into existence. Those who supported the <A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Washington administration</A> were referred to as "pro-administration" and would eventually form the <A href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</A>, while those in opposition joined the emerging <A href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-84">[80]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party.<SUP id="cite_ref-GWpps_85-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-GWpps-85">[81]</A></SUP> Since George Washington, 43 persons have been sworn into the office of president, and each has been affiliated with a political party at the time of assuming office. The number of presidents per political party are:</P>
<UL>
<LI>19 with the <A href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</A> – <A href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</A>, <A href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</A>, <A href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</A>, <A href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</A>, <A href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</A>, <A href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</A>, <A href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</A>, <A href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</A>, <A href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</A>, <A href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</A>, <A href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</A>, <A href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</A>, <A href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</A>, <A href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</A>, <A href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</A>, <A href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</A></LI>
<LI>15 with the <A href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</A> – <A href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</A>, <A href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</A>, <A href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</A>, <A href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</A>, <A href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</A>, <A href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</A>, <A href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</A>, <A href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</A>, <A href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</A>, <A href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</A>, <A href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</A>, <A href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</A>, <A href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</A></LI>
<LI>Four with the <A href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</A> – <A href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</A>, <A href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</A>, <A href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</A>, and <A href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</A></LI>
<LI>Four with the <A href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</A> – <A href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</A>, <A href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</A>, <A href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</A>, and <A href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</A></LI>
<LI>Two with the <A href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</A> – Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson</LI>
<LI>One with the <A href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</A> – <A href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</A><SUP id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-86">[82]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Compensation">Compensation</SPAN></H2>
<TABLE class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:1ex 0 1ex 1ex;">
<CAPTION><B>Presidential pay history</B></CAPTION>
<TBODY><TR style="text-align:center;">
<TH>Date established</TH>
<TH>Salary</TH>
<TH>Salary in 2016<BR />
dollars</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>September 24, 1789</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">$25,000</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">$702,755</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>March 3, 1873</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">$50,000</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">$1,032,868</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>March 4, 1909</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">$75,000</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">$2,045,483</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>January 19, 1949</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">$100,000</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">$1,008,433</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>January 20, 1969</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">$200,000</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">$1,307,940</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>January 20, 2001</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">$400,000</TD>
<TD style="text-align:right;">$542,082</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-size: 0.85em; font-weight: normal; padding-top: 5px;">Sources:<SUP id="cite_ref-salary_history_87-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-salary_history-87">[83]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-dollar_calc_88-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-dollar_calc-88">[84]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Inflation_Calculator_89-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Inflation_Calculator-89">[85]</A></SUP></TH>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P>Since 2001, the president has earned a $400,000 annual salary, along with a $50,000 annual expense account, a $100,000 nontaxable travel account, and $19,000 for entertainment.<SUP id="cite_ref-salary_details_90-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-salary_details-90">[86]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-salaries_of_federal_officials_91-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-salaries_of_federal_officials-91">[87]</A></SUP> The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress and President <A href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</A> in 1999 and went into effect in 2001.<SUP id="cite_ref-salaries_of_federal_officials_91-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-salaries_of_federal_officials-91">[87]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Residence">Residence</SPAN></H2>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</A> in <A href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</A> serves as the official residence of the president. Facilities that are available to the president include access to the White House staff, medical care, recreation, housekeeping, and security services. The government pays for state dinners and other official functions, but the president pays for personal, family, and guest dry cleaning and food; the high food bill often amazes new residents.<SUP id="cite_ref-bumiller200901_92-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bumiller200901-92">[88]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</A>, officially titled Naval Support Facility Thurmont, is a mountain-based military camp in <A href="/wiki/Frederick_County,_Maryland" title="Frederick County, Maryland">Frederick County, Maryland</A>, used as a country retreat and for high alert protection of the president and guests. <A href="/wiki/Blair_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Blair House">Blair House</A>, located next to the <A href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Executive_Office_Building" title="Eisenhower Executive Office Building">Eisenhower Executive Office Building</A> at the White House Complex and <A href="/wiki/Lafayette_Park,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette Park</A>, is a complex of four connected townhouses exceeding 70,000 square feet (6,500 m<SUP>2</SUP>) of floor space that serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed.<SUP id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-93">[89]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Travel">Travel</SPAN></H2>
<P>The primary means of long distance air travel for the president is one of two identical <A href="/wiki/Boeing_VC-25" title="Boeing VC-25">Boeing VC-25</A> aircraft, which are extensively modified <A href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</A> airliners and are referred to as <I><A href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</A></I> while the president is on board (although any U.S. Air Force aircraft the president is aboard is designated as "Air Force One" for the duration of the flight). In-country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes, while overseas trips are handled with both, one primary and one backup. The president also has access to smaller Air Force aircraft, most notably the <A href="/wiki/Boeing_C-32" title="Boeing C-32">Boeing C-32</A>, which are used when the president must travel to airports that cannot support a jumbo jet. Any civilian aircraft the president is aboard is designated <A href="/wiki/Executive_One" title="Executive One">Executive One</A> for the flight.<SUP id="cite_ref-af1_94-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-af1-94">[90]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-95">[91]</A></SUP></P>
<P>For short distance air travel, the president has access to a fleet of <A href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</A> helicopters of varying models, designated <I><A href="/wiki/Marine_One" title="Marine One">Marine One</A></I> when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet. Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the president is actually aboard to any would-be threats.</P>
<P>For ground travel, the president uses the <A href="/wiki/Presidential_state_car_(United_States)" title="Presidential state car (United States)">presidential state car</A>, which is an armored <A href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">limousine</A> designed to look like a <A href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</A> sedan, but built on a truck <A href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-USSSPRL_96-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-USSSPRL-96">[92]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CNN20090106_97-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CNN20090106-97">[93]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">US Secret Service</A> operates and maintains the fleet of several limousines. The president also has access to <A href="/wiki/Ground_Force_One" title="Ground Force One">two armored motorcoaches</A>, which are primarily used for <A href="/wiki/Whistlestop_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistlestop tour">touring trips</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-98">[94]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Protection">Protection</SPAN></H2>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">U.S. Secret Service</A> is charged with protecting the president and the <A href="/wiki/First_Family_of_the_United_States" title="First Family of the United States">first family</A>. As part of their protection, presidents, <A href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">first ladies</A>, their children and other immediate family members, and other prominent persons and locations are assigned <A href="/wiki/Secret_Service_codename" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Service codename">Secret Service codenames</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-junior_99-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-junior-99">[95]</A></SUP> The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely <A href="/wiki/Encrypted" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypted">encrypted</A>; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity, and tradition.<SUP id="cite_ref-cbs-codenames_100-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-cbs-codenames-100">[96]</A></SUP></P>
<UL class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;">
<LI class="gallerycaption">Presidential amenities</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 325.208151140684px;">
<DIV style="width: 325.208151140684px;">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 323.208151140684px;">
<DIV style="margin: 0px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:White_House_lawn_(1).tif" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-387px-White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif.jpg" width="323" height="187" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-581px-White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif/lossy-page1-774px-White_House_lawn_%281%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="1416" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><B>The <A href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</A></B></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 284.448443441065px;">
<DIV style="width: 284.448443441065px;">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 283.120318441065px;">
<DIV style="margin: 0px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Camp_David_1959.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Camp_David_1959.jpg/338px-Camp_David_1959.jpg" width="283" height="187" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Camp_David_1959.jpg/507px-Camp_David_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Camp_David_1959.jpg/675px-Camp_David_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="1228" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><B><A href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</A></B></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 252.548954372624px;">
<DIV style="width: 252.548954372624px;">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 250.548954372624px;">
<DIV style="margin: 0px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Blair_House_daylight.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Blair_House_daylight.jpg/300px-Blair_House_daylight.jpg" width="250" height="187" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Blair_House_daylight.jpg/451px-Blair_House_daylight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Blair_House_daylight.jpg/600px-Blair_House_daylight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><B><A href="/wiki/President%27s_Guest_House" title="President's Guest House">Blair House</A></B></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 274.42648526616px;">
<DIV style="width: 274.42648526616px;">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 273.09836026616px;">
<DIV style="margin: 0px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg/326px-GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg" width="273" height="187" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg/490px-GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg/653px-GPA02-09_US_SecretService_press_release_2009_Limousine_Page_3_Image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="872" /></A></DIV>
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<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Presidential_state_car_(United_States)" title="Presidential state car (United States)"><B>State car</B></A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 235.919522338403px;">
<DIV style="width: 235.919522338403px;">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 234.263272338403px;">
<DIV style="margin: 0px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg/280px-Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg" width="234" height="187" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg/420px-Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg/560px-Air_Force_One_over_Mt._Rushmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1528" /></A></DIV>
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<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><B><A href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</A></B></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 284.448443441065px;">
<DIV style="width: 284.448443441065px;">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 283.120318441065px;">
<DIV style="margin: 0px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Sikorsky_VH-3D_Sea_King_%27159356%27_(25990450404).jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sikorsky_VH-3D_Sea_King_%27159356%27_%2825990450404%29.jpg/338px-Sikorsky_VH-3D_Sea_King_%27159356%27_%2825990450404%29.jpg" width="283" height="187" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sikorsky_VH-3D_Sea_King_%27159356%27_%2825990450404%29.jpg/507px-Sikorsky_VH-3D_Sea_King_%27159356%27_%2825990450404%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sikorsky_VH-3D_Sea_King_%27159356%27_%2825990450404%29.jpg/675px-Sikorsky_VH-3D_Sea_King_%27159356%27_%2825990450404%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4599" data-file-height="3066" /></A></DIV>
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<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><B><A href="/wiki/Marine_One" title="Marine One">Marine One</A></B></P>
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</DIV>
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</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Post-presidency">Post-presidency</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/250px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg" width="250" height="179" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/375px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg/500px-Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="369" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Five_Presidents_Oval_Office.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Five presidents: <A href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</A>, <A href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</A>, <A href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</A>. Photo taken in the <A href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</A> on January 7, 2009.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Under the <A href="/wiki/Former_Presidents_Act" title="Former Presidents Act">Former Presidents Act</A>, all living former presidents are granted a pension, an office, and a staff. The pension has increased numerous times with Congressional approval. Retired presidents now receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration's cabinet secretaries, which was $199,700 each year in 2012.<SUP id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-101">[97]</A></SUP> Former presidents who served in Congress may also collect <A href="/wiki/Congressional_pension" title="Congressional pension">congressional pensions</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-102">[98]</A></SUP> The act also provides former presidents with travel funds and <A href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">franking</A> privileges. Prior to 1997, all former presidents, their spouses, and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president's death.<SUP id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-103">[99]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-104">[100]</A></SUP> In 1997, Congress passed legislation limiting secret service protection to no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office.<SUP id="cite_ref-secretservice.gov_105-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-secretservice.gov-105">[101]</A></SUP> On January 10, 2013, President Obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime secret service protection for him, <A href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</A>, and all subsequent presidents.<SUP id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-106">[102]</A></SUP> A spouse who remarries is no longer eligible for secret service protection.<SUP id="cite_ref-secretservice.gov_105-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-secretservice.gov-105">[101]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office. Prominent examples include <A href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</A>'s tenure as <A href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</A> and <A href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</A>'s work on government reorganization after <A href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</A>. <A href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</A>, whose bid for reelection failed in 1888, was elected president again four years later in 1892. Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House: <A href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</A> was elected to the House of Representatives, serving there for seventeen years, and <A href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</A> returned to the Senate in 1875. <A href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</A> served in the provisional <A href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Congress of the Confederate States">Congress of the Confederate States</A> during the <A href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</A> and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives, but died before that body first met.</P>
<P>Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events.<SUP id="cite_ref-apreaction19810331_107-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-apreaction19810331-107">[103]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-4presidentsphotos_108-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4presidentsphotos-108">[104]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</A> made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman.<SUP id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-109">[105]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</A> has become a global <A href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</A> campaigner, international arbiter, and election monitor, as well as a recipient of the <A href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</A>. <A href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</A> has also worked as an informal ambassador, most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American <A href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</A>, <A href="/wiki/Laura_Ling" title="Laura Ling">Laura Ling</A> and <A href="/wiki/Euna_Lee" title="Euna Lee">Euna Lee</A>, from <A href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</A>. Clinton has also been active politically since his presidential term ended, working with his wife <A href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary</A> on her <A href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign,_2008" title="Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008">2008</A> and <A href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign,_2016" title="Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016">2016</A> presidential bids and President Obama on his <A href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign,_2012" title="Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012">2012 reelection campaign</A>.</P>
<TABLE style="background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold"><A href="/wiki/Living_Presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Living Presidents of the United States">The five living former presidents</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>
<TABLE style="width:180px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD style="height:190px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Carter_2k14.tif" class="image" title="Jimmy Carter (age 93)since 1981"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Carter_2k14.tif/lossy-page1-118px-Carter_2k14.tif.jpg" width="118" height="170" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Carter_2k14.tif/lossy-page1-177px-Carter_2k14.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Carter_2k14.tif/lossy-page1-235px-Carter_2k14.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="1771" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="vertical-align:top">
<TD style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
<DIV class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:167px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><A href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</A> (age 93)<BR />
since <A href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">1981</A> </DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE style="width:180px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD style="height:190px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Former_President_of_the_United_States_George_H._W._Bush,_in_2010.tiff" class="image" title="George H. W. Bush (age 93)since 1993"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Former_President_of_the_United_States_George_H._W._Bush%2C_in_2010.tiff/lossy-page1-118px-Former_President_of_the_United_States_George_H._W._Bush%2C_in_2010.tiff.jpg" width="118" height="170" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Former_President_of_the_United_States_George_H._W._Bush%2C_in_2010.tiff/lossy-page1-177px-Former_President_of_the_United_States_George_H._W._Bush%2C_in_2010.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Former_President_of_the_United_States_George_H._W._Bush%2C_in_2010.tiff/lossy-page1-235px-Former_President_of_the_United_States_George_H._W._Bush%2C_in_2010.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="1771" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="vertical-align:top">
<TD style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
<DIV class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:167px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><A href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</A> (age 93)<BR />
since <A href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">1993</A> </DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE style="width:180px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD style="height:190px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Clinton_2k15.tif" class="image" title="Bill Clinton (age 71)since 2001"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Clinton_2k15.tif/lossy-page1-118px-Clinton_2k15.tif.jpg" width="118" height="170" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Clinton_2k15.tif/lossy-page1-177px-Clinton_2k15.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Clinton_2k15.tif/lossy-page1-235px-Clinton_2k15.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="1771" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="vertical-align:top">
<TD style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
<DIV class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:167px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><A href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</A> (age 71)<BR />
since <A href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">2001</A> </DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE style="width:180px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD style="height:190px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Bush_2k14.tif" class="image" title="George W. Bush (age 71)since 2009"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bush_2k14.tif/lossy-page1-118px-Bush_2k14.tif.jpg" width="118" height="170" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bush_2k14.tif/lossy-page1-177px-Bush_2k14.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bush_2k14.tif/lossy-page1-235px-Bush_2k14.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="1771" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="vertical-align:top">
<TD style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
<DIV class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:167px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><A href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</A> (age 71)<BR />
since <A href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">2009</A> </DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE style="width:180px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD style="height:190px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center">
<DIV class="center">
<DIV class="floatnone"><A href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_in_2016.jpg" class="image" title="Barack Obama (age 56)since 2017"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Barack_Obama_in_2016.jpg/123px-Barack_Obama_in_2016.jpg" width="123" height="170" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Barack_Obama_in_2016.jpg/185px-Barack_Obama_in_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Barack_Obama_in_2016.jpg/247px-Barack_Obama_in_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="683" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="vertical-align:top">
<TD style="display:block;font-size:94%;padding:0px">
<DIV class="gallerytext" style="min-height:3.1em;width:167px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px"><A href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</A> (age 56)<BR />
since <A href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Inauguration of Donald Trump">2017</A> </DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Presidential_libraries">Presidential libraries</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Presidential_library" title="Presidential library">Presidential library</A></DIV>
<DIV class="floatleft"><A href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_US_Presidential_Libraries.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Seal of the US Presidential Libraries.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_the_US_Presidential_Libraries.svg/125px-Seal_of_the_US_Presidential_Libraries.svg.png" width="125" height="125" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_the_US_Presidential_Libraries.svg/188px-Seal_of_the_US_Presidential_Libraries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_the_US_Presidential_Libraries.svg/250px-Seal_of_the_US_Presidential_Libraries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="144" /></A></DIV>
<P>Every president since <A href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</A> has created a <A href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">repository</A> known as a <A href="/wiki/Presidential_library" title="Presidential library">presidential library</A> for preserving and making available his papers, records, and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the <A href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</A> (NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private, non-federal sources.<SUP id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-110">[106]</A></SUP> There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education, such as the <A href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum</A>, which is run by the State of <A href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</A>, the <A href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">George W. Bush Presidential library and Museum</A>, which is run by <A href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University">Southern Methodist University</A>, the <A href="/wiki/George_Bush_Presidential_Library" title="George Bush Presidential Library">George H. W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum</A>, which is run by <A href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</A>, and the <A href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum</A>, which is run by the <A href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</A>.</P>
<P>A number of presidents have lived for many years after leaving office, and several of them have personally overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries. Some have even made arrangements for their own burial at the site. Several presidential libraries contain the graves of the president they document, including the <A href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Presidential_Library,_Museum_and_Boyhood_Home" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home">Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home</A> in <A href="/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene, Kansas</A>, <A href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum</A> in <A href="/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California" title="Yorba Linda, California">Yorba Linda, California</A>, and the <A href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library" title="Ronald Reagan Presidential Library">Ronald Reagan Presidential Library</A> in <A href="/wiki/Simi_Valley,_California" title="Simi Valley, California">Simi Valley, California</A>. These gravesites are open to the general public.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Timeline_of_presidents">Timeline of presidents</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States#Presidents" title="List of Presidents of the United States">List of Presidents of the United States § Presidents</A></DIV>
<DIV class="timeline-wrapper"><MAP name="timeline_6b26647d2ca112a7fe9854bde0f79566">
<AREA shape="rect" href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" coords="70,1436,188,1460" title="Donald Trump" alt="Donald Trump" />
<AREA shape="rect" href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" coords="70,1408,188,1432" title="Barack Obama" alt="Barack Obama" />
<AREA shape="rect" href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" coords="70,1358,201,1382" title="George W. Bush" alt="George W. Bush" />
<AREA shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" coords="70,1308,188,1332" title="Bill Clinton" alt="Bill Clinton" />
<AREA shape="rect" href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" coords="70,1270,221,1294" title="George H. W. Bush" alt="George H. W. Bush" />
<AREA shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" coords="70,1233,195,1257" title="Ronald Reagan" alt="Ronald Reagan" />
<AREA shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" coords="70,1195,188,1219" title="Jimmy Carter" alt="Jimmy Carter" />
<AREA shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" coords="70,1173,181,1197" title="Gerald Ford" alt="Gerald Ford" />
<AREA shape="rect" href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" coords="70,1148,195,1172" title="Richard Nixon" alt="Richard Nixon" />
<AREA shape="rect" href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" coords="70,1114,221,1138" title="Lyndon B. Johnson" alt="Lyndon B. Johnson" />
<AREA shape="rect" href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" coords="70,1089,208,1113" title="John F. Kennedy" alt="John F. Kennedy" />
<AREA shape="rect" href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" coords="70,1058,241,1082" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower" alt="Dwight D. Eisenhower" />
<AREA shape="rect" href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" coords="70,1008,208,1032" title="Harry S. Truman" alt="Harry S. Truman" />
<AREA shape="rect" href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" coords="70,946,248,970" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt" alt="Franklin D. Roosevelt" />
<AREA shape="rect" href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" coords="70,896,201,920" title="Herbert Hoover" alt="Herbert Hoover" />
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Curse_of_Tippecanoe" title="Curse of Tippecanoe">Curse of Tippecanoe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Imperial_Presidency" title="Imperial Presidency">Imperial Presidency</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/The_Imperial_Presidency" title="The Imperial Presidency">The Imperial Presidency</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Imperiled_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperiled presidency">Imperiled presidency</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_trips" title="List of United States presidential trips">List of United States presidential trips</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of the Continental Congress</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Presidential_$1_Coin_Program" title="Presidential $1 Coin Program">Presidential $1 Coin Program</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Presidential_M%26M%27s" title="Presidential M&M's">Presidential M&M's</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second-term_curse" title="Second-term curse">Second-term curse</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession_in_fiction" title="United States presidential line of succession in fiction">United States presidential line of succession in fiction</A></LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Donald Trump has announced he will take a salary of only 1 dollar per annum.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The informal term POTUS originated in the <A href="/wiki/Phillips_Code" title="Phillips Code">Phillips Code</A>, a shorthand method created in 1879 by <A href="/wiki/Walter_P._Phillips" title="Walter P. Phillips">Walter P. Phillips</A> for the rapid transmission of press reports by telegraph.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[10]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The nine vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor's death or resignation and finished-out that unexpired term are <A href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</A> (1841); <A href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</A> (1850); <A href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</A> (1865); <A href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</A> (1881); <A href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</A> (1901); <A href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</A> (1923); <A href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</A> (1945); <A href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</A> (1963); and <A href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</A> (1974).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-76"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-76"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Foreign-born American citizens who met the age and residency requirements at the time the Constitution was adopted were also eligible for the presidency. However, this allowance has since become obsolete.</SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E3D9143AE533A25751C0A96E9C94609ED7CF">"How To Address The President; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor, But Mr. President"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I>. August 2, 1891.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+To+Address+The+President%3B+He+Is+Not+Your+Excellency+Or+Your+Honor%2C+But+Mr.+President&rft.date=1891-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9D06E3D9143AE533A25751C0A96E9C94609ED7CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html">"USGS Correspondence Handbook – Chapter 4"</A>. Usgs.gov. July 18, 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 15,</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Correspondence+Handbook+%E2%80%93+Chapter+4&rft.pub=Usgs.gov&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fusgs-manual%2Fhandbook%2Fhb%2F431-2-h%2Fchap4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm">"Models of Address and Salutation"</A>. Ita.doc.gov<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">September 4,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Models+of+Address+and+Salutation&rft.pub=Ita.doc.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ita.doc.gov%2Fita_sec%2FAddress%2520and%2520Salutation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6CDCJ728N?url=http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf">Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs</A>, Protocol and Liaison Service, <A href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</A>. Retrieved November 1, 2012.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">The White House Office of the Press Secretary (September 1, 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim">"Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner"</A>. obamawhitehouse.archives.gov<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 19,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+by+President+Obama%2C+President+Mubarak%2C+His+Majesty+King+Abdullah%2C+Prime+Minister+Netanyahu+and+President+Abbas+Before+Working+Dinner&rft.pub=obamawhitehouse.archives.gov&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.au=The+White+House+Office+of+the+Press+Secretary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fthe-press-office%2F2010%2F09%2F01%2Fremarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.org/documents/campdavid/letters/">"Exchanges of Letters"</A>. Jimmy Carter Library. September 1978<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 9,</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exchanges+of+Letters&rft.pub=Jimmy+Carter+Library&rft.date=1978-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jimmycarterlibrary.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcampdavid%2Fletters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Owings v. Speed</I>, <A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_18" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 18">18</A> <A href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/18/420/">420</A> (1820)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Lawson, Gary; Seidman, Guy (2001). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol77/iss1/1/">"When Did the Constitution Become Law?"</A>. <I>Notre Dame Law Review</I>. <B>77</B>: 1–37.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notre+Dame+Law+Review&rft.atitle=When+Did+the+Constitution+Become+Law%3F&rft.volume=77&rft.pages=1-37&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Seidman%2C+Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.nd.edu%2Fndlr%2Fvol77%2Fiss1%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37977433">"How common is Trump's $1 salary?"</A>. BBC World Service. November 14, 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 22,</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+common+is+Trump%27s+%241+salary%3F&rft.date=2016-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Felection-us-2016-37977433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Safire, William (2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q6ARDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA564"><I>Safire's Political Dictionary</I></A>. Oxford University Press. p. 564. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195340617" title="Special:BookSources/9780195340617">9780195340617</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safire%27s+Political+Dictionary&rft.pages=564&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780195340617&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq6ARDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Von Drehle, David (February 2, 2017). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://time.com/4657665/steve-bannon-donald-trump/">"Is Steve Bannon the Second Most Powerful Man in the World?"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Is+Steve+Bannon+the+Second+Most+Powerful+Man+in+the+World%3F&rft.date=2017-02-02&rft.aulast=Von+Drehle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4657665%2Fsteve-bannon-donald-trump%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jan/03/uselections2008.world">"Who should be the world's most powerful person?"</A>. <I>The Guardian</I>. London. January 3, 2008.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Who+should+be+the+world%27s+most+powerful+person%3F&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2008%2Fjan%2F03%2Fuselections2008.world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Meacham, Jon (December 20, 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/the-story-of-power.html">"Meacham: The History of Power"</A>. <I>Newsweek</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">September 4,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Meacham%3A+The+History+of+Power&rft.date=2008-12-20&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2Fthe-story-of-power.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Zakaria, Fareed (December 20, 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/1-barack-obama.html">"The NEWSWEEK 50: Barack Obama"</A>. <I>Newsweek</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">September 4,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+NEWSWEEK+50%3A+Barack+Obama&rft.date=2008-12-20&rft.aulast=Zakaria&rft.aufirst=Fareed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2F1-barack-obama.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html">"Transcript of the Constitution of the United States – Official"</A>. Archives.gov<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">September 4,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+the+Constitution+of+the+United+States+%E2%80%93+Official&rft.pub=Archives.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcharters%2Fconstitution_transcript.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Pfiffner, J. P. (1988). "The President's Legislative Agenda". <I>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</I>. <B>499</B>: 22–35. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716288499001002">10.1177/0002716288499001002</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+President%27s+Legislative+Agenda&rft.volume=499&rft.pages=22-35&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716288499001002&rft.aulast=Pfiffner&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3038511">The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power,' Henry Jones Ford, Proceedings of the American Political Science Association, Vol. 5, Fifth Annual Meeting (1908)</A>. Retrieved March 17, 2010.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/executive-branch">"Executive Branch"</A>. obamawhitehouse.archives.gov.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Branch&rft.pub=obamawhitehouse.archives.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2F1600%2Fexecutive-branch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>, The White House.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-the_presidency-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-the_presidency_22-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/executive-branch">"Executive Branch"</A>. obamawhitehouse.archives.gov.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Branch&rft.pub=obamawhitehouse.archives.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2F1600%2Fexecutive-branch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</A> served two non-consecutive terms, so he is counted twice; as the 22nd and 24th presidents.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Milkis-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Milkis_23-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Milkis_23-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Milkis_23-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Milkis_23-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Milkis_23-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Milkis_23-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Milkis_23-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Milkis, Sidney M.; Nelson, Michael (2008). <I>The American Presidency: Origins and Development</I> (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. pp. 1–25. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87289-336-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87289-336-7">0-87289-336-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Presidency%3A+Origins+and+Development&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=1-25&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-87289-336-7&rft.aulast=Milkis&rft.aufirst=Sidney+M.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Kelly-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Kelly_24-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kelly_24-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Kelly_24-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Kelly, Alfred H.; Harbison, Winfred A.; Belz, Herman (1991). <I>The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development</I>. <B>I</B> (7th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 76–81. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-96056-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-96056-0">0-393-96056-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Constitution%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=76-81&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-393-96056-0&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Alfred+H.&rft.au=Harbison%2C+Winfred+A.&rft.au=Belz%2C+Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Beeman-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Beeman_25-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Beeman, Richard (2009). <I>Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution</I>. New York: Random House. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-7684-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-7684-3">0-8129-7684-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plain%2C+Honest+Men%3A+The+Making+of+the+American+Constitution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0-8129-7684-3&rft.aulast=Beeman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ucp-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-ucp_26-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513070316/http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398">"DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</A></I>. April 8, 2011. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=14398">the original</A> on May 13, 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">February 25,</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+Defense&rft.atitle=DOD+Releases+Unified+Command+Plan+2011&rft.date=2011-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Freleases%2Frelease.aspx%3Freleaseid%3D14398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">10 U.S.C.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/164">§ 164</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416022040/http://www.jcs.mil/page.aspx?id=2">About the Joint Chiefs of Staff</A>. Retrieved February 25, 2013.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton, Alexander</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/fed/federa69.htm"><I>The Federalist</I> #69</A> (reposting). Retrieved June 15, 2007.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-miller-center-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-miller-center_30-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Christopher, James A.; Baker, III (July 8, 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126165009/http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report">"The National War Powers Commission Report"</A>. The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on November 26, 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 15,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>. <Q>No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements. Instead, it relies on reporting requirements that, if triggered, begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict. By the terms of the 1973 Resolution, however, Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act. Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional, and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report "pursuant" to these triggering provisions.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+National+War+Powers+Commission+Report&rft.pub=The+Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs+at+the+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2008-07-08&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.au=Baker%2C+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpolicy%2Fcommissions%2Fwarpowers%2Freport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws12novef-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-tws12novef_31-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-tws12novef_31-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-tws12novef_31-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-tws12novef_31-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html">"The Law: The President's War Powers"</A>. <I>Time</I>. June 1, 1970<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">September 28,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Law%3A+The+President%27s+War+Powers&rft.date=1970-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C878290%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws8nov102-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws8nov102_32-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Mitchell, Alison (May 2, 1999). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html">"The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 8,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>. <Q>Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times; Congress has declared war only five times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish–American War, World War I and World War II.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+World%3B+Only+Congress+Can+Declare+War.+Really.+It%27s+True&rft.date=1999-05-02&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F02%2Fweekinreview%2Fthe-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws8nov101-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws8nov101_33-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Mitchell, Alison (May 2, 1999). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html">"The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 8,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>. <Q>President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing. He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+World%3B+Only+Congress+Can+Declare+War.+Really.+It%27s+True&rft.date=1999-05-02&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F02%2Fweekinreview%2Fthe-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws8nov100-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws8nov100_34-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Gordon, Michael R. (December 20, 1990). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1220.html#article">"U.S. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega; gunfire is heard in capital"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 8,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>. <Q>It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action, or notified them in advance. Thomas S. Foley, the Speaker of the House, said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+troops+move+in+panama+in+effort+to+seize+noriega%3B+gunfire+is+heard+in+capital&rft.date=1990-12-20&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1220.html%23article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii#section3">"Article II, Section 3, U.S. Constitution"</A>. <I>law.cornell.edu</I>. Legal Information Institute. 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">August 7,</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=Article+II%2C+Section+3%2C+U.S.+Constitution&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fconstitution%2Farticleii%23section3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/executive-branch">"The Executive Branch"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="The White House">The White House</A> website</I>. obamawhitehouse.archives.gov<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">February 5,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House+website&rft.atitle=The+Executive+Branch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2F1600%2Fexecutive-branch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Noel_Canning" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning">National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning</A></I>, 572 U.S. __ (2014).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Shurtleff v. United States</I>, <A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_189" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 189">189</A> <A href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/189/311/">311</A> (1903); <I><A href="/wiki/Myers_v._United_States" title="Myers v. United States">Myers v. United States</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_272" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 272">272</A> <A href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/272/52/">52</A> (1926).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I><A href="/wiki/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_295" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 295">295</A> <A href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/295/602/">602</A> (1935) and <I><A href="/wiki/Morrison_v._Olson" title="Morrison v. Olson">Morrison v. Olson</A></I>, <A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_487" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 487">487</A> <A href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/487/654/">654</A> (1988), respectively.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Gaziano, Todd (February 21, 2001). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org/the-constitution/report/executive-summary-the-use-and-abuse-executive-orders-and-other-presidential">"Executive Summary: The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives"</A>. Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 23,</SPAN> 2018</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Summary%3A+The+Use+and+Abuse+of+Executive+Orders+and+Other+Presidential+Directives&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2001-02-21&rft.aulast=Gaziano&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fthe-constitution%2Freport%2Fexecutive-summary-the-use-and-abuse-executive-orders-and-other-presidential&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws8nov12-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws8nov12_41-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Johnston, David (December 24, 1992). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html">"Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 8,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>. <Q>But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the President was trying to shield officials for political purposes.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bush+Pardons+6+in+Iran+Affair%2C+Aborting+a+Weinberger+Trial%3B+Prosecutor+Assails+%27Cover-Up%27&rft.date=1992-12-24&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1224.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws8nov11-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws8nov11_42-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Johnston, David (December 24, 1992). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html">"Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 8,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>. <Q>The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger's efforts to hide his notes may have 'forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan' and formed part of a pattern of 'deception and obstruction.'... In light of President Bush's own misconduct, we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bush+Pardons+6+in+Iran+Affair%2C+Aborting+a+Weinberger+Trial%3B+Prosecutor+Assails+%27Cover-Up%27&rft.date=1992-12-24&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1224.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws8nov10-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws8nov10_43-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Eisler, Peter (March 7, 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm">"Clinton-papers release blocked"</A>. <I>USA Today</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 8,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>. <Q>Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office, including several to controversial figures, such as commodities trader Rich, then a fugitive on tax evasion charges. Rich's ex-wife, Denise, contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton's Senate campaign; $5,000 to a related political action committee; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Clinton-papers+release+blocked&rft.date=2008-03-07&rft.aulast=Eisler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Millhiser, Ian (June 1, 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/executive_privilege.html">"Executive Privilege 101"</A>. Center for American Progress<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 8,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Privilege+101&rft.pub=Center+for+American+Progress&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.au=Millhiser%2C+Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanprogress.org%2Fissues%2F2010%2F06%2Fexecutive_privilege.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1537579.html">"Part III of the opinion in <I>Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan</I>"</A>. Caselaw.findlaw.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 29,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+III+of+the+opinion+in+Mohamed+v.+Jeppesen+Dataplan&rft.pub=Caselaw.findlaw.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.findlaw.com%2Fus-9th-circuit%2F1537579.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ACS-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ACS_46-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ACS_46-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Frost, Amanda; Florence, Justin (2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acslaw.org/files/Frost%20FINAL.pdf">"Reforming the State Secrets Privilege"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. American Constitution Society<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 9,</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reforming+the+State+Secrets+Privilege&rft.pub=American+Constitution+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Florence%2C+Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facslaw.org%2Ffiles%2FFrost%2520FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Weaver, William G.; Pallitto, Robert M. (2005). "State Secrets and Executive Power". <I>Political Science Quarterly</I>. The Academy of Political Science. <B>120</B> (1): 85–112. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x">10.1002/j.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x</A>. <Q>Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty-five years. In the twenty-three years between the decision in Reynolds [1953] and the election of Jimmy Carter, in 1976, there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege. Between 1977 and 2001, there were a total of fifty-one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege. Because reported cases only represent a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated, it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown. But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=State+Secrets+and+Executive+Power&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-112&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1538-165x.2005.tb00539.x&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft.au=Pallitto%2C+Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Savage, Charlie (September 8, 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/us/09secrets.html">"Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 8,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Court+Dismisses+a+Case+Asserting+Torture+by+C.I.A&rft.date=2010-09-08&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F09%2F09%2Fus%2F09secrets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Finn, Peter (September 9, 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/08/AR2010090807334.html">"Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 8,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Suit+dismissed+against+firm+in+CIA+rendition+case&rft.date=2010-09-09&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F09%2F08%2FAR2010090807334.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Greenwald, Glenn (February 10, 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/02/10/obama">"The 180-degree reversal of Obama's State Secrets position"</A>. <I>Salon</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 8,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=The+180-degree+reversal+of+Obama%27s+State+Secrets+position&rft.date=2009-02-10&rft.au=Greenwald%2C+Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fglenn_greenwald%2F2009%2F02%2F10%2Fobama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/national-security/background-state-secrets-privilege">"Background on the State Secrets Privilege"</A>. American Civil Liberties Union. January 31, 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 8,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+on+the+State+Secrets+Privilege&rft.pub=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.date=2007-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fnational-security%2Fbackground-state-secrets-privilege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws28sep08-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws28sep08_52-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Cantor, Eric (July 30, 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/29/AR2009072902624.html">"Obama's 32 Czars"</A>. <I>The Washington Post</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">September 28,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+32+Czars&rft.date=2009-07-30&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F07%2F29%2FAR2009072902624.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws04oct08-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws04oct08_53-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Nelson, Dana D. (October 11, 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story">"The 'unitary executive' question"</A>. <I>Los Angeles Times</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 4,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+%27unitary+executive%27+question&rft.date=2008-10-11&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Dana+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fla-oe-nelson11-2008oct11%2C0%2C224216.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws11nov301-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws11nov301_54-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Suarez, Ray; et al. (July 24, 2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070321035900/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec06/signing_07-24.html">"President's Use of 'Signing Statements' Raises Constitutional Concerns"</A>. PBS Online NewsHour. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec06/signing_07-24.html">the original</A> on March 21, 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 11,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>. <Q>The American Bar Association said President Bush's use of "signing statements", which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions, disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers. Legal experts discuss the implications.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=President%27s+Use+of+%27Signing+Statements%27+Raises+Constitutional+Concerns&rft.date=2006-07-24&rft.aulast=Suarez&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Fwhite_house%2Fjuly-dec06%2Fsigning_07-24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws28sep-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws28sep_55-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Will, George F. (December 21, 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/19/AR2008121902929.html">"Making Congress Moot"</A>. <I>The Washington Post</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">September 28,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Making+Congress+Moot&rft.date=2008-12-21&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F12%2F19%2FAR2008121902929.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-56"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Duggan, Paul (April 2, 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/01/AR2007040101262.html">"Balking at the First Pitch"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</A></I>. p. A01.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Balking+at+the+First+Pitch&rft.pages=A01&rft.date=2007-04-02&rft.aulast=Duggan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F04%2F01%2FAR2007040101262.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-57"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scouting.org/filestore/pdf/210-531_WB.pdf">"History of the BSA Fact Sheet"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Boy Scouts of America<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 9,</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+BSA+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=Boy+Scouts+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scouting.org%2Ffilestore%2Fpdf%2F210-531_WB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-58"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Grier, Peter (April 25, 2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120730230856/http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2011/0425/The-not-so-secret-history-of-the-White-House-Easter-Egg-Roll">"The (not so) secret history of the White House Easter Egg Roll"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</A></I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/DC-Decoder/Decoder-Wire/2011/0425/The-not-so-secret-history-of-the-White-House-Easter-Egg-Roll">the original</A> on July 30, 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 30,</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=The+%28not+so%29+secret+history+of+the+White+House+Easter+Egg+Roll&rft.date=2011-04-25&rft.aulast=Grier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FDC-Decoder%2FDecoder-Wire%2F2011%2F0425%2FThe-not-so-secret-history-of-the-White-House-Easter-Egg-Roll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Hesse-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Hesse_59-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Hesse, Monica (November 21, 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/20/AR2007112002331_4.html">"Turkey Pardons, The Stuffing of Historic Legend"</A>. <I>The Washington Post</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">May 14,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Turkey+Pardons%2C+The+Stuffing+of+Historic+Legend&rft.date=2007-11-21&rft.aulast=Hesse&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F11%2F20%2FAR2007112002331_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-60"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Gibbs, Nancy (November 13, 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1858896,00.html">"How Presidents Pass The Torch"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Time_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine">Time</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">May 6,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+Presidents+Pass+The+Torch&rft.date=2008-11-13&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1858896%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Dorning, Mike (January 22, 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111228085232/http://www.cleveland.com/news/plaindealer/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1232616798110550.xml&coll=2">"A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</A></I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/news/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/news/1232616798110550.xml&coll=2">the original</A> on December 28, 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">May 6,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=A+note+from+Bush+starts+morning+in+the+Oval+Office&rft.date=2009-01-22&rft.aulast=Dorning&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fnews%2Fplaindealer%2Findex.ssf%3F%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1232616798110550.xml%26coll%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-62"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Abbott, James A.; Rice, Elaine M. (1998). <I>Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration</I>. Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 9–10. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-02532-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-02532-7">0-442-02532-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designing+Camelot%3A+The+Kennedy+White+House+Restoration&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-442-02532-7&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft.au=Rice%2C+Elaine+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-The_White_House_State_Dinner-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-The_White_House_State_Dinner_63-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-white-house-state-dinner">"The White House State Dinner"</A>. <I>The White House Historical Association</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 9,</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=The+White+House+State+Dinner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehousehistory.org%2Fthe-white-house-state-dinner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws11nov304-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws11nov304_64-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Dykoski, Rachel (November 1, 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/article/2008/10/29/book-note-presidential-idolatry-quotbad-democracyquot.html?mini=eventcalendar/2009/02/all">"Book note: Presidential idolatry is "Bad for Democracy<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</SPAN>"</A>. Twin Cities Daily Planet<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 11,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>. <Q>Dana D. Nelson's book makes the case that we've had 200+ years of propagandized leadership...</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Book+note%3A+Presidential+idolatry+is+%22Bad+for+Democracy%22&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft.aulast=Dykoski&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcdailyplanet.net%2Farticle%2F2008%2F10%2F29%2Fbook-note-presidential-idolatry-quotbad-democracyquot.html%3Fmini%3Deventcalendar%2F2009%2F02%2Fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws11novjopkl-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws11novjopkl_65-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Neffinger, John (April 2, 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-neffinger/democrats-vs-science-why-_b_44733.html">"Democrats vs. <I>Science</I>: Why We're So Damn Good at Losing Elections"</A>. <I>HuffPost</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 11,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>. <Q>...back in the 1980s Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan's policies on the elderly ... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique, the video footage was all drawn from carefully-staged photo-ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds ... Deaver thanked ... Stahl...for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Democrats+vs.+Science%3A+Why+We%27re+So+Damn+Good+at+Losing+Elections&rft.date=2007-04-02&rft.aulast=Neffinger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fjohn-neffinger%2Fdemocrats-vs-science-why-_b_44733.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws11novfddxs-66"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws11novfddxs_66-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A href="/wiki/Dana_D._Nelson" title="Dana D. Nelson">Nelson, Dana D.</A> (2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=kennedy+image+nelson+%22bad+for+democracy%22&source=bl&ots=BQX6dXpTNw&sig=qbo2XZA-Exl28hYrX2vuwm532BI&hl=en&ei=ZMr6Spr3K8_anAfxk8X9DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA8Q6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=kennedy&f=false">"Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people"</A>. U of Minnesota Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6">978-0-8166-5677-6</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 11,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>. <Q>in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II, when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese...</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bad+for+democracy%3A+how+the+Presidency+undermines+the+power+of+the+people&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5677-6&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Dana+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgAWphms5oMC%26pg%3DPA57%26lpg%3DPA57%26dq%3Dkennedy%2Bimage%2Bnelson%2B%2522bad%2Bfor%2Bdemocracy%2522%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DBQX6dXpTNw%26sig%3Dqbo2XZA-Exl28hYrX2vuwm532BI%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DZMr6Spr3K8_anAfxk8X9DA%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D3%26ved%3D0CA8Q6AEwAg%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dkennedy%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws11novfyyhhxs-67"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws11novfyyhhxs_67-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Nelson, Dana D. (2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&dq=kennedy+image+nelson+%22bad+for+democracy%22&q=kennedy#v=snippet&q=kennedy&f=false">"Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people"</A>. U of Minnesota Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5677-6">978-0-8166-5677-6</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 11,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>. <Q>Even before Kennedy ran for Congress, he had become fascinated, through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits, with the idea of image... (p.54)</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bad+for+democracy%3A+how+the+Presidency+undermines+the+power+of+the+people&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-5677-6&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Dana+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgAWphms5oMC%26dq%3Dkennedy%2Bimage%2Bnelson%2B%2522bad%2Bfor%2Bdemocracy%2522%26q%3Dkennedy%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dkennedy%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws9novrfrff-68"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws9novrfrff_68-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Lexington (July 21, 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/lexington/2009/07/the_cult_of_the_presidency.cfm">"The Cult of the Presidency"</A>. <I>The Economist</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 9,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>. <Q>Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything ... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises, voters swiftly become disillusioned. Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+the+Presidency&rft.date=2009-07-21&rft.au=Lexington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Flexington%2F2009%2F07%2Fthe_cult_of_the_presidency.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws9nov09-69"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws9nov09_69-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Kakutani, Michiko (July 6, 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html">"Unchecked and Unbalanced"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 9,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>. <Q>the founding fathers had 'scant affection for strong executives' like England's king, and ... Bush White House's claims are rooted in ideas "about the 'divine' right of kings" ... and that certainly did not find their 'way into our founding documents, the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787.'</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Unchecked+and+Unbalanced&rft.date=2007-07-06&rft.aulast=Kakutani&rft.aufirst=Michiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F06%2Fbooks%2F06book.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-twsSEPnnxcvdf1-70"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-twsSEPnnxcvdf1_70-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-sirota/the-conquest-of-president_b_120582.html">"The Conquest of Presidentialism"</A>. <I>HuffPost</I>. August 22, 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">September 20,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=The+Conquest+of+Presidentialism&rft.date=2008-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fdavid-sirota%2Fthe-conquest-of-president_b_120582.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-twsSEPnn5454-71"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-twsSEPnn5454_71-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Schimke, David (September–October 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utne.com/2008-09-01/Politics/Presidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx">"Presidential Power to the People – Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch"</A>. <I>Utne Reader</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">September 20,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utne+Reader&rft.atitle=Presidential+Power+to+the+People+%E2%80%93+Author+Dana+D.+Nelson+on+why+democracy+demands+that+the+next+president+be+taken+down+a+notch&rft.date=2008-09%2F2008-10&rft.aulast=Schimke&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utne.com%2F2008-09-01%2FPolitics%2FPresidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws9nov07-72"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws9nov07_72-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Linker, Ross (September 27, 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhunewsletter.com/2007/09/26/critical-of-presidency-prof-ginsberg-and-crenson-unite-18626/">"Critical of Presidency, Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite"</A>. The Johns-Hopkins Newsletter<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 9,</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>. <Q>presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Critical+of+Presidency%2C+Prof.+Ginsberg+and+Crenson+unite&rft.date=2007-09-27&rft.aulast=Linker&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhunewsletter.com%2F2007%2F09%2F26%2Fcritical-of-presidency-prof-ginsberg-and-crenson-unite-18626%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws9nov08-73"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws9nov08_73-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Kakutani, Michiko (July 6, 2007). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html">"Unchecked and Unbalanced"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 9,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>. <Q>Unchecked and Unbalanced: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A. O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z. Huq (authors)</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Unchecked+and+Unbalanced&rft.date=2007-07-06&rft.aulast=Kakutani&rft.aufirst=Michiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F06%2Fbooks%2F06book.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-twsSEPrt8jyh5-74"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_74-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-twsSEPrt8jyh5_74-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Nelson, Dana D. (October 11, 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story">"Opinion–The 'unitary executive' question – What do McCain and Obama think of the concept?"</A>. <I>Los Angeles Times</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">September 21,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion%E2%80%93The+%27unitary+executive%27+question+%E2%80%93+What+do+McCain+and+Obama+think+of+the+concept%3F&rft.date=2008-10-11&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Dana+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fla-oe-nelson11-2008oct11%2C0%2C224216.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tws8nov06-75"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tws8nov06_75-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Shane, Scott (September 25, 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/us/politics/26activist.html">"A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target"</A>. <I>The New York Times</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 8,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>. <Q>There is the small, minority-owned firm with deep ties to President Obama's Chicago backers, made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals. 'I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them,' Mr. Wilson, the group's president, tells his eager researchers.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Critic+Finds+Obama+Policies+a+Perfect+Target&rft.date=2009-09-25&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F26%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F26activist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-77"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-77"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">See: <CITE class="citation journal">Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (1999). "The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment". <I>Minnesota Law Review</I>. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Law Review. <B>83</B> (565).</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Twice+and+Future+President%3A+Constitutional+Interstices+and+the+Twenty-Second+Amendment&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=565&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Peabody&rft.aufirst=Bruce+G.&rft.au=Gant%2C+Scott+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>; alternatively, see: <CITE class="citation journal">Albert, Richard (2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/richardalbert/4">"The Evolving Vice Presidency"</A>. <I>Temple Law Review</I>. Philadelphia, PA: <A href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Commonwealth_System_of_Higher_Education" title="Commonwealth System of Higher Education">Commonwealth System of Higher Education</A>. <B>78</B> (811, at 856–9).</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Temple+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Evolving+Vice+Presidency&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=811%2C+at+856%E2%80%939&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Frichardalbert%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-78"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-78"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">See <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/browse2002.html#2002">GPO Annotated U.S. Constitution, 2002 Ed.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806204245/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/browse2002.html">Archived</A> August 6, 2009, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>., at 611 & nn. 772–773.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-79"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-79"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">International Law, US Power: The United States' Quest for Legal Security, p 10, Shirley V. Scott – 2012</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-80"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-80"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">U.S. Const. art. II, § 1, cl. 8.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-81"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-81"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28663712/ns/politics-inauguration/t/judge-doesnt-ban-god-inaugural-oath/">"Judge doesn't ban "God" in inaugural oath"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</A>. January 15, 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">August 18,</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Judge+doesn%27t+ban+%22God%22+in+inaugural+oath&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F28663712%2Fns%2Fpolitics-inauguration%2Ft%2Fjudge-doesnt-ban-god-inaugural-oath%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-82"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-82"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Guardian, "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/20/usa.dickcheney">Bush colonoscopy leaves Cheney in charge</A>", July 20, 2007.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-83"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-83"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 3 of the United States Code">3 U.S.C.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/20">§ 20</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-84"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-84"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/history/partydiv.htm">"U.S. Senate: Party Division"</A>. senate.gov<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 2,</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Party+Division&rft.pub=senate.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fhistory%2Fpartydiv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-GWpps-85"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-GWpps_85-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Jamison, Dennis (December 31, 2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/dec/31/george-washingtons-views-political-parties-america/">"George Washington's views on political parties in America"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 1,</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=George+Washington%27s+views+on+political+parties+in+America&rft.date=2014-12-31&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2Fdec%2F31%2Fgeorge-washingtons-views-political-parties-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-86"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-86"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Chambers, William Nisbet (1963). <I>Political parties in a new Nation: the American experience, 1776–1809</I>. New York: Oxford University Press.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+parties+in+a+new+Nation%3A+the+American+experience%2C+1776%E2%80%931809&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=William+Nisbet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-salary_history-87"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-salary_history_87-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~graceyor/govdocs/fedprssal.html">"Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries Exclusive of Perquisites"</A>. <A href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 9,</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+and+Vice+Presidential+Salaries+Exclusive+of+Perquisites&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~graceyor%2Fgovdocs%2Ffedprssal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-dollar_calc-88"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-dollar_calc_88-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://measuringworth.com/calculators/uscompare/#">Relative Value in US Dollars</A>. <I>Measuring Worth</I>. Retrieved May 30, 2006.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Inflation_Calculator-89"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Inflation_Calculator_89-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl#">Dept. of Labor Inflation Calculator</A>. <I>Inflation Calculator</I>. Retrieved August 10, 2009.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-salary_details-90"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-salary_details_90-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.howstuffworks.com/question449.htm">"How much does the U.S. president get paid?"</A>. <I>Howstuffworks</I>. Retrieved July 24, 2007.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-salaries_of_federal_officials-91"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-salaries_of_federal_officials_91-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-salaries_of_federal_officials_91-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-53.pdf">Salaries of Federal Officials: A Fact Sheet</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130426025113/https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-53.pdf">Archived</A> April 26, 2013, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. <I>United States Senate</I> website. Retrieved August 6, 2009.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-bumiller200901-92"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-bumiller200901_92-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Bumiller, Elizabeth (January 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2009/01/president/bumiller-text">"Inside the Presidency"</A>. <I>National Geographic</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">June 24,</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Presidency&rft.date=2009-01&rft.au=Bumiller%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2Fprint%2F2009%2F01%2Fpresident%2Fbumiller-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-93"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-93"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsa.gov/historic-buildings/presidents-guest-house-includes-lee-house-and-blair-house-washington-dc">"President's Guest House (includes Lee House and Blair House), Washington, DC"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 9,</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President%27s+Guest+House+%28includes+Lee+House+and+Blair+House%29%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsa.gov%2Fhistoric-buildings%2Fpresidents-guest-house-includes-lee-house-and-blair-house-washington-dc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-af1-94"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-af1_94-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20121214103726/http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/air-force-one/">"Air Force One"</A>. whitehouse.gov/about/air-force-one/. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/air-force-one/">the original</A> on December 14, 2012.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Force+One&rft.pub=whitehouse.gov%2Fabout%2Fair-force-one%2F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fabout%2Fair-force-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>. White House Military Office. Retrieved June 17, 2007.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-95"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-95"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Any <A href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</A> aircraft carrying the president will use the <A href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">call sign</A> "Air Force One." Similarly, "<A href="/wiki/Navy_One" title="Navy One">Navy One</A>", "<A href="/wiki/Army_One" title="Army One">Army One</A>", and "<A href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_One" title="Coast Guard One">Coast Guard One</A>" are the call signs used if the president is aboard a craft belonging to these services. "<A href="/wiki/Executive_One" title="Executive One">Executive One</A>" becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-USSSPRL-96"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-USSSPRL_96-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090118094400/http://www.secretservice.gov/press/GPA02-09_Limo.pdf">New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet</A> U.S. Secret Service Press Release (January 14, 2009) Retrieved on January 20, 2009.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CNN20090106-97"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CNN20090106_97-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Ahlers, Mike M.; Marrapodi, Eric (January 6, 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/06/driving.obama/">"Obama's wheels: Secret Service to unveil new presidential limo"</A>. <A href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202181423/http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/06/driving.obama/">Archived</A> from the original on February 2, 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 16,</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+wheels%3A+Secret+Service+to+unveil+new+presidential+limo&rft.date=2009-01-06&rft.aulast=Ahlers&rft.aufirst=Mike+M.&rft.au=Marrapodi%2C+Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FPOLITICS%2F01%2F06%2Fdriving.obama%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-98"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-98"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Farley, Robert (August 25, 2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factcheck.org/2011/08/obamas-canadian-american-bus/">"Obama's Canadian-American Bus"</A>. <I>FactCheck</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">December 16,</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FactCheck&rft.atitle=Obama%E2%80%99s+Canadian-American+Bus&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factcheck.org%2F2011%2F08%2Fobamas-canadian-american-bus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-junior-99"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-junior_99-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070118215333/http://www.nps.gov/archive/eise/secret16.htm">"Junior Secret Service Program: Assignment 7. Code Names"</A>. <A href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/archive/eise/secret16.htm">the original</A> on January 18, 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">August 18,</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Junior+Secret+Service+Program%3A+Assignment+7.+Code+Names&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Feise%2Fsecret16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-cbs-codenames-100"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-cbs-codenames_100-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/09/16/earlyshow/main4452073.shtml?source=RSSattr=Politics_4452073">"Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used on the Campaign Trail"</A>. <A href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</A>. September 16, 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 12,</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Candidate+Code+Names+Secret+Service+Monikers+Used+on+the+Campaign+Trail&rft.date=2008-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2008%2F09%2F16%2Fearlyshow%2Fmain4452073.shtml%3Fsource%3DRSSattr%3DPolitics_4452073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-101"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-101"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Schwemle, Barbara L. (October 17, 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS20115.pdf">"President of the United States: Compensation"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Congressional Research Service<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 10,</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+of+the+United+States%3A+Compensation&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2012-10-17&rft.aulast=Schwemle&rft.aufirst=Barbara+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRS20115.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-102"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-102"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toledoblade.com/Politics/2007/01/07/Former-presidents-cost-U-S-taxpayers-big-bucks-tab-from-1977-to-2000-is-pegged-at-370-million.html">"Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_Blade_(Toledo)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blade (Toledo)">Toledo Blade</A></I>. January 7, 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">May 22,</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toledo+Blade&rft.atitle=Former+presidents+cost+U.S.+taxpayers+big+bucks&rft.date=2007-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toledoblade.com%2FPolitics%2F2007%2F01%2F07%2FFormer-presidents-cost-U-S-taxpayers-big-bucks-tab-from-1977-to-2000-is-pegged-at-370-million.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-103"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-103"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3056">§ 3056</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-104"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-104"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823000643/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses/2013/01/10/c4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html">"Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses"</A>. <I>The Washington Post</I>. Associated Press. January 10, 2013. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/obama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses/2013/01/10/c4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html">the original</A> on August 23, 2016<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 10,</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+signs+bill+granting+lifetime+Secret+Service+protection+to+former+presidents+and+spouses&rft.date=2013-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fobama-signs-bill-granting-lifetime-secret-service-protection-to-former-presidents-and-spouses%2F2013%2F01%2F10%2Fc4474416-5b5a-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-secretservice.gov-105"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-secretservice.gov_105-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-secretservice.gov_105-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.secretservice.gov/protection/">"United States Secret Service: Protection"</A>. United States Secret Service<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">November 9,</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Secret+Service%3A+Protection&rft.pub=United+States+Secret+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.secretservice.gov%2Fprotection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-106"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-106"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/10/inside-politics-obama-signs-protection-bill-for-fo/?page=all">"Obama signs protection bill for former presidents"</A>. <I>The Washington Times</I>. January 10, 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">August 14,</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+signs+protection+bill+for+former+presidents&rft.date=2013-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2Fjan%2F10%2Finside-politics-obama-signs-protection-bill-for-fo%2F%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-apreaction19810331-107"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-apreaction19810331_107-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TE4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bM4FAAAAIBAJ&dq=reagan%20assassination%201981&pg=1392%2C4423618">"Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States"</A>. Associated Press. March 31, 1981<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">March 11,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shock+and+Anger+Flash+Throughout+the+United+States&rft.date=1981-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DTE4tAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DbM4FAAAAIBAJ%26dq%3Dreagan%2520assassination%25201981%26pg%3D1392%252C4423618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><SPAN title=" Dead link since January 2017">dead link</SPAN></A></I>]</SPAN></SUP></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4presidentsphotos-108"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4presidentsphotos_108-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/four.html">"Four Presidents"</A>. Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Records Administration<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">April 3,</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Four+Presidents&rft.pub=Reagan+Presidential+Library%2C+National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reagan.utexas.edu%2Farchives%2Fphotographs%2Ffour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-109"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-109"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/presidents/richardnixon">"Biography of Richard M. Nixon"</A>. obamawhitehouse.archives.gov.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Richard+M.+Nixon&rft.pub=obamawhitehouse.archives.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2F1600%2Fpresidents%2Frichardnixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>, The White House.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-110"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-110"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Title_44_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 44 of the United States Code">44 U.S.C.</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/44/2112">§ 2112</A></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="refbegin" style="">
<UL>
<LI>Balogh, Brian and Bruce J. Schulman, eds. <I>Recapturing the Oval Office: New Historical Approaches to the American Presidency</I> (Cornell University Press, 2015), 311 pp.</LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation journal"><A href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Bumiller" title="Elisabeth Bumiller">Bumiller, Elisabeth</A> (January 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/01/president/bumiller-text">"Inside the Presidency"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</A></I>. <B>215</B> (1): 130–149.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Presidency&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=130-149&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Bumiller&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2009%2F01%2Fpresident%2Fbumiller-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI>Couch, Ernie. <I>Presidential Trivia.</I> Rutledge Hill Press. March 1, 1996. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55853-412-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55853-412-1">1-55853-412-1</A></LI>
<LI>Lang, J. Stephen. <I>The Complete Book of Presidential Trivia.</I> Pelican Publishing. 2001. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56554-877-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56554-877-9">1-56554-877-9</A></LI>
<LI>Greenberg, David. <I>Republic of Spin: An Inside History of the American Presidency</I> (W. W. Norton & Company, 2015). xx, 540 pp.</LI>
<LI>Leo, Leonard – Taranto, James – Bennett, William J. <I>Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House.</I> Simon and Schuster. 2004. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5433-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5433-3">0-7432-5433-3</A></LI>
<LI><I>Presidential Studies Quarterly</I>, published by Blackwell Synergy, is a quarterly academic journal on the presidency.</LI>
<LI>Świątczak, Wasilewska, Iwona. <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/135982">"The Toughest Season in the White House": The Rhetorical Presidency and the State of the Union Address, 1953–1992.</A></I> PhD thesis. University of Helsinki, 2014. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-51-0248-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-51-0248-5">978-951-51-0248-5</A>.</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</SPAN></H3>
<UL>
<LI>Waldman, Michael – Stephanopoulos, George. <I>My Fellow Americans: The Most Important Speeches of America's presidents, from George Washington to George W. Bush.</I> Sourcebooks Trade. 2003. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4022-0027-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4022-0027-7">1-4022-0027-7</A></LI>
<LI>Jacobs, Ron. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counterpunch.org/2015/01/30/the-us-presidency-who-does-it-serve/">Interview</A> with <A href="/wiki/Joseph_G._Peschek" title="Joseph G. Peschek">Joseph G. Peschek</A> and William Grover, authors of <I>The Unsustainable Presidency</I>, a book offering an analysis of the role the US President plays in economics and politics</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN></H2>
<TABLE style="float:right;">
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<TD class="mbox-text plainlist"><A href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</A> has original text related to this article:
<DIV style="margin-left: 10px;"><B><A href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/President_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/President of the United States">President of the United States</A></B></DIV>
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</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<DL>
<DT>Official</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/">"Executive Office of the President"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">January 21,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Office+of+the+President&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fadministration%2Feop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov">"White House"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DT>Presidential histories</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901180805/http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/index.html">A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787–1825</A> Presidential election returns including town and county breakdowns</LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/series/?presidents">"American Presidents: Life Portraits"</A>. <I>C-SPAN</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">February 13,</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C-SPAN&rft.atitle=American+Presidents%3A+Life+Portraits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fseries%2F%3Fpresidents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> Companion website for the C-SPAN television series: <I>American presidents: Life Portraits</I></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.footnote.com/us-presidents.php">"Presidential Documents from the National Archives"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">March 21,</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Documents+from+the+National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.footnote.com%2Fus-presidents.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> Collection of letters, portraits, photos, and other documents from the National Archives</LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/">"The American Presidency Project"</A>. <I>UC Santa Barbara</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 7,</SPAN> 2005</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC+Santa+Barbara&rft.atitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> Collection of over 67,000 presidential documents</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307164250/http://www.history.com/topics/the-us-presidents">The History Channel: US Presidents</A></LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DT>Miscellaneous</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095816/http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/index.cfm?id=600041AC-93E7-4378-305E5A2BF6EC3C57">"All the President's Roles"</A>. <I>Ask Gleaves</I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/index.cfm?id=600041AC-93E7-4378-305E5A2BF6EC3C57">the original</A> on September 29, 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 20,</SPAN> 2006</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ask+Gleaves&rft.atitle=All+the+President%27s+Roles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gvsu.edu%2Fhauenstein%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D600041AC-93E7-4378-305E5A2BF6EC3C57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> Article analyzing a president's many hats</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030605120443/http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/">Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies</A>. Educational site on the American presidency</LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0768854.html">"Presidents' Occupations"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">August 20,</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidents%27+Occupations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factmonster.com%2Fipka%2FA0768854.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> Listing of every president's occupations before and after becoming the commander in chief</LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012180825/http://www.pagrandlodge.org/mlam/presidents/index.html">"The Masonic Presidents Tour"</A>. <I>The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania</I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagrandlodge.org/mlam/presidents/index.html">the original</A> on October 12, 2014<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">October 7,</SPAN> 2005</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Masonic+Library+and+Museum+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=The+Masonic+Presidents+Tour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagrandlodge.org%2Fmlam%2Fpresidents%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> Brief histories of the Masonic careers of presidents who were members of the <A href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</A></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/">"The Presidents"</A>. <I>American Experience</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">March 4,</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Experience&rft.atitle=The+Presidents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fpresidents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> PBS site on the American presidency</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/index.html">Presidents of the United States: Resource Guides</A> from the <A href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/collection.aspx">Shapell Manuscript Foundation</A>. Images of documents written by U.S. presidents</LI>
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<DIV id="Presidents_of_the_United_States_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidents of the United States</A> (<A href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of Presidents of the United States">list</A>)</DIV>
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<OL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Henry_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of William Henry Harrison">1841</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Zachary_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_A._Garfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of James A. Garfield">1881</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William H. Taft</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Presidency of Donald Trump">2017–present</A>)</SPAN></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Timeline of the presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Timeline of the presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Timeline of the presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Timeline of the presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Timeline of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. D. Roosevelt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Timeline of the presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Timeline of the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Timeline of the presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Timeline of the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Timeline of the presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Timeline of the presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Timeline of the presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Timeline of the presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Timeline of the presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Timeline of the presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Timeline of the presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Timeline of the presidency of Donald Trump">Trump</A></LI>
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<DIV id="Chief_executives_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chief executives of the United States</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the United States</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">State governors</A><BR />
(<A href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">current list</A>)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alabama" title="List of Governors of Alabama">Alabama</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alaska" title="List of Governors of Alaska">Alaska</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arizona" title="List of Governors of Arizona">Arizona</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arkansas" title="List of Governors of Arkansas">Arkansas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">California</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_California" title="List of Governors of California">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Colorado" title="Governor of Colorado">Colorado</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Connecticut" title="List of Governors of Connecticut">Connecticut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Delaware" title="List of Governors of Delaware">Delaware</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida" title="List of Governors of Florida">Florida</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Georgia" title="List of Governors of Georgia">Georgia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hawaii" title="Governor of Hawaii">Hawaii</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Hawaii" title="List of Governors of Hawaii">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Idaho" title="List of Governors of Idaho">Idaho</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois" title="Governor of Illinois">Illinois</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Illinois" title="List of Governors of Illinois">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Indiana</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Indiana" title="List of Governors of Indiana">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Iowa" title="Governor of Iowa">Iowa</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Iowa" title="List of Governors of Iowa">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kansas" title="List of Governors of Kansas">Kansas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kentucky" title="Governor of Kentucky">Kentucky</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Kentucky" title="List of Governors of Kentucky">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of Governors of Louisiana">Louisiana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maine" title="Governor of Maine">Maine</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maine" title="List of Governors of Maine">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland" title="Governor of Maryland">Maryland</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maryland" title="List of Governors of Maryland">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Michigan" title="Governor of Michigan">Michigan</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Michigan" title="List of Governors of Michigan">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">Minnesota</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Minnesota" title="List of Governors of Minnesota">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Mississippi" title="List of Governors of Mississippi">Mississippi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Missouri" title="List of Governors of Missouri">Missouri</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Montana" title="List of Governors of Montana">Montana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nebraska" title="Governor of Nebraska">Nebraska</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Nebraska" title="List of Governors of Nebraska">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Nevada" title="List of Governors of Nevada">Nevada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Hampshire" title="Governor of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Hampshire" title="List of Governors of New Hampshire">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey" title="Governor of New Jersey">New Jersey</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of Governors of New Jersey">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Mexico" title="Governor of New Mexico">New Mexico</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_Mexico" title="List of Governors of New Mexico">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">New York</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_New_York" title="List of Governors of New York">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina" title="Governor of North Carolina">North Carolina</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_North_Carolina" title="List of Governors of North Carolina">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Dakota" title="Governor of North Dakota">North Dakota</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_North_Dakota" title="List of Governors of North Dakota">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Ohio" title="List of Governors of Ohio">Ohio</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Oklahoma" title="Governor of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Oklahoma" title="List of Governors of Oklahoma">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Oregon" title="Governor of Oregon">Oregon</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Oregon" title="List of Governors of Oregon">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Pennsylvania" title="List of Governors of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="List of Governors of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Carolina" title="Governor of South Carolina">South Carolina</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_South_Carolina" title="List of Governors of South Carolina">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Dakota" title="Governor of South Dakota">South Dakota</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_South_Dakota" title="List of Governors of South Dakota">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Tennessee</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Tennessee" title="List of Governors of Tennessee">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Texas</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Texas" title="List of Governors of Texas">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Utah" title="List of Governors of Utah">Utah</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont" title="Governor of Vermont">Vermont</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Vermont" title="List of Governors of Vermont">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Virginia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Virginia" title="List of Governors of Virginia">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Washington" title="List of Governors of Washington">Washington</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_West_Virginia" title="List of Governors of West Virginia">West Virginia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Wisconsin" title="Governor of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Wisconsin" title="List of Governors of Wisconsin">list</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Wyoming" title="List of Governors of Wyoming">Wyoming</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_governors_of_insular_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Lists of governors of insular areas of the United States">Territorial</A><BR />
(<A href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors#United_States_Territories_and_the_District_of_Columbia" title="List of current United States governors">current list</A>)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of American Samoa">American Samoa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Mayor of the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Guam">Guam</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Governor of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><I>Defunct</I></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_territorial_governors_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Lists of territorial governors of the United States">Pre-state territories</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_the_Panama_Canal_Zone" title="List of Governors of the Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_heads_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial heads of Cuba">Cuba</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Philippine Islands</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(until 1935)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_to_the_Philippines" title="High Commissioner to the Philippines">Philippine Commonwealth</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(until 1946)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="High Commissioner of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
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<DIV id="United_States_presidential_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential elections</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections by year</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1788%E2%80%9389" title="United States presidential election, 1788–89">1788–89</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1792" title="United States presidential election, 1792">1792</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1796" title="United States presidential election, 1796">1796</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1800" title="United States presidential election, 1800">1800</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1804" title="United States presidential election, 1804">1804</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1808" title="United States presidential election, 1808">1808</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1812" title="United States presidential election, 1812">1812</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1816" title="United States presidential election, 1816">1816</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1820" title="United States presidential election, 1820">1820</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1824" title="United States presidential election, 1824">1824</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1828" title="United States presidential election, 1828">1828</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1832" title="United States presidential election, 1832">1832</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1836" title="United States presidential election, 1836">1836</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1840" title="United States presidential election, 1840">1840</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1844" title="United States presidential election, 1844">1844</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1848" title="United States presidential election, 1848">1848</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1852" title="United States presidential election, 1852">1852</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1856" title="United States presidential election, 1856">1856</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1860" title="United States presidential election, 1860">1860</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1864" title="United States presidential election, 1864">1864</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1868" title="United States presidential election, 1868">1868</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1872" title="United States presidential election, 1872">1872</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1876" title="United States presidential election, 1876">1876</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1880" title="United States presidential election, 1880">1880</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1884" title="United States presidential election, 1884">1884</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1888" title="United States presidential election, 1888">1888</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1892" title="United States presidential election, 1892">1892</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1896" title="United States presidential election, 1896">1896</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1900" title="United States presidential election, 1900">1900</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1904" title="United States presidential election, 1904">1904</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1908" title="United States presidential election, 1908">1908</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1912" title="United States presidential election, 1912">1912</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1916" title="United States presidential election, 1916">1916</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1920" title="United States presidential election, 1920">1920</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1924" title="United States presidential election, 1924">1924</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1928" title="United States presidential election, 1928">1928</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1932" title="United States presidential election, 1932">1932</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1936" title="United States presidential election, 1936">1936</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1940" title="United States presidential election, 1940">1940</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1944" title="United States presidential election, 1944">1944</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1948" title="United States presidential election, 1948">1948</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1952" title="United States presidential election, 1952">1952</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1956" title="United States presidential election, 1956">1956</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1960" title="United States presidential election, 1960">1960</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1964" title="United States presidential election, 1964">1964</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1968" title="United States presidential election, 1968">1968</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1972" title="United States presidential election, 1972">1972</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1976" title="United States presidential election, 1976">1976</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1980" title="United States presidential election, 1980">1980</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1984" title="United States presidential election, 1984">1984</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1988" title="United States presidential election, 1988">1988</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1992" title="United States presidential election, 1992">1992</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1996" title="United States presidential election, 1996">1996</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2000" title="United States presidential election, 2000">2000</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2004" title="United States presidential election, 2004">2004</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="United States presidential election, 2008">2008</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012" title="United States presidential election, 2012">2012</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="United States presidential election, 2016">2016</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2020" title="United States presidential election, 2020">2020</A></I></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections by state</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alabama" title="United States presidential elections in Alabama">Alabama</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alaska" title="United States presidential elections in Alaska">Alaska</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arizona" title="United States presidential elections in Arizona">Arizona</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arkansas" title="United States presidential elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_California" title="United States presidential elections in California">California</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Colorado" title="United States presidential elections in Colorado">Colorado</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Connecticut" title="United States presidential elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Delaware" title="United States presidential elections in Delaware">Delaware</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Florida" title="United States presidential elections in Florida">Florida</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Georgia" title="United States presidential elections in Georgia">Georgia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Hawaii" title="United States presidential elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Idaho" title="United States presidential elections in Idaho">Idaho</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Illinois" title="United States presidential elections in Illinois">Illinois</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Indiana" title="United States presidential elections in Indiana">Indiana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Iowa" title="United States presidential elections in Iowa">Iowa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kansas" title="United States presidential elections in Kansas">Kansas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kentucky" title="United States presidential elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Louisiana" title="United States presidential elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maine" title="United States presidential elections in Maine">Maine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maryland" title="United States presidential elections in Maryland">Maryland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="United States presidential elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Michigan" title="United States presidential elections in Michigan">Michigan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Minnesota" title="United States presidential elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Mississippi" title="United States presidential elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Missouri" title="United States presidential elections in Missouri">Missouri</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Montana" title="United States presidential elections in Montana">Montana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nebraska" title="United States presidential elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nevada" title="United States presidential elections in Nevada">Nevada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="United States presidential elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Jersey" title="United States presidential elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Mexico" title="United States presidential elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_York" title="United States presidential elections in New York">New York</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Ohio" title="United States presidential elections in Ohio">Ohio</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oklahoma" title="United States presidential elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oregon" title="United States presidential elections in Oregon">Oregon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Rhode_Island" title="United States presidential elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Tennessee" title="United States presidential elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Texas" title="United States presidential elections in Texas">Texas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Utah" title="United States presidential elections in Utah">Utah</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Vermont" title="United States presidential elections in Vermont">Vermont</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in Virginia">Virginia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Washington" title="United States presidential elections in Washington">Washington</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Washington,_D.C." title="United States presidential elections in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_West_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wisconsin" title="United States presidential elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wyoming" title="United States presidential elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">Primaries and caucuses</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_Carolina_primary" title="South Carolina primary">South Carolina primary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">Nominating conventions</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">Brokered convention</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Convention_bounce" title="Convention bounce">Convention bounce</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</A><BR />
and <A href="/wiki/Popular_vote_(representative_democracy)" title="Popular vote (representative democracy)">Popular vote</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI>Results
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_summary" title="United States presidential election summary">Summary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margins</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state" title="List of United States presidential election results by state">Electoral College results by state</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Electoral_vote_changes_between_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections">Electoral vote changes between elections</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College" title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">Electoral vote recipients</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">Popular vote margins</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent election</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">Faithless elector</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">Unpledged elector</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_the_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections">Voter turnout</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans" title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Historical_polling_for_U.S._Presidential_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical polling for U.S. Presidential elections">Historical election polling</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States major party presidential tickets">Major party tickets</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Major party losers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates" title="United States presidential debates">Presidential debates</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/October_surprise" title="October surprise">October surprise</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">Swing state</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Election_recount" title="Election recount">Election recount</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="Template:United States House of Representatives elections">House elections</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections" title="Template:United States Senate elections">Senate elections</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="Template:United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial elections</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
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<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template:United States Armed Forces"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
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<DIV id="United_States_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI><IMG alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <A href="/wiki/Book:United_States_Military" title="Book:United States Military">Book</A></LI>
<LI><IMG alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <A href="/wiki/Portal:Military_of_the_United_States" title="Portal:Military of the United States">Portal</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portal:United_States_Army" title="Portal:United States Army">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portal:United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Portal:United States Marine Corps">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portal:United_States_Navy" title="Portal:United States Navy">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portal:United_States_Air_Force" title="Portal:United States Air Force">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portal:United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Portal:United States Coast Guard">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><IMG alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <A href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military of the United States">Category</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army" title="Category:United States Army">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Category:United States Marine Corps">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy" title="Category:United States Navy">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Air_Force" title="Category:United States Air Force">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Category:United States Coast Guard">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Template:US_military_navbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US military navbox">Navbox</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Template:US_Army_navbox" title="Template:US Army navbox">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Template:US_Marine_Corps_navbox" title="Template:US Marine Corps navbox">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Template:US_Navy_navbox" title="Template:US Navy navbox">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Template:US_Air_Force_navbox" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:US Air Force navbox">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Template:US_Coast_Guard_navbox" title="Template:US Coast Guard navbox">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Leadership</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief#United_States" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</A>: <A class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the United States</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security">Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Vice Chairman</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</A>: Committees on Armed Services:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_four-star_officers" title="List of active duty United States four-star officers">Active duty four-star officers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_military_seniority" title="United States military seniority">United States military seniority</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Goldwater%E2%80%93Nichols_Act" title="Goldwater–Nichols Act">Goldwater–Nichols Act</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Structure of the United States Armed Forces">Organization</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Service departments</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</A> (<A href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary</A>)</I>: <A href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Army</A> (<A href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretary</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy</A> (<A href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Air Force</A> (<A href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary</A>)</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</A> (<A href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary</A>)</I>: <A href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Branches</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</A> (<A href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</A> (<A href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Marine_Corps" title="Commandant of the Marine Corps">Commandant</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</A> (<A href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</A> (<A href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</A> (<A href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_Coast_Guard" title="Commandant of the Coast Guard">Commandant</A>)</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Reserve_components_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces">Reserve components</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI>Reserves:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reserve" title="United States Marine Corps Reserve">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Command" title="Air Force Reserve Command">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Reserve" title="United States Coast Guard Reserve">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Air_National_Guard" title="Air National Guard">AF</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">Civilian auxiliaries</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_Auxiliary_Radio_System" title="Military Auxiliary Radio System">Military Auxiliary Radio System</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine" title="United States Merchant Marine">Merchant Marine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol" title="Civil Air Patrol">Civil Air Patrol</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Auxiliary" title="United States Coast Guard Auxiliary">Coast Guard Auxiliary</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Unified_Combatant_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Combatant Command">Unified Combatant Command</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Northern_Command" title="United States Northern Command">Northern</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">Central</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_European_Command" title="United States European Command">European</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Command" title="United States Pacific Command">Pacific</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Southern_Command" title="United States Southern Command">Southern</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command" title="United States Special Operations Command">Special Operations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Strategic_Command" title="United States Strategic Command">Strategic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Transportation_Command" title="United States Transportation Command">Transportation</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Structure</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">Title 10</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Title_14_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 14 of the United States Code">Title 14</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Title_32_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 32 of the United States Code">Title 32</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Title_50_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 50 of the United States Code">Title 50</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" title="List of United States military bases">Installations</A></LI>
<LI>Units:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Army">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Organization of the United States Marine Corps">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Navy">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Category:Military units and formations of the United States Air Force">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Organization of the United States Coast Guard">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Military_logistics_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military logistics of the United States">Logistics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Media_of_the_military_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Media of the military of the United States">Media</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_armed_forces_unit_mottoes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States armed forces unit mottoes">Unit mottoes</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Operations and <A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">history</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_military_deployments" title="United States military deployments">Current deployments</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">History</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">Colonial</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_civil_affairs_in_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="History of civil affairs in the United States Armed Forces">Civil affairs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_officers%27_club" title="Military officers' club">Officers' clubs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans" title="Military history of Asian Americans">Asian Americans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Buddhists_in_the_United_States_military" title="Buddhists in the United States military">Buddhist Americans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Muslims_in_the_United_States_military" title="Muslims in the United States military">Muslim Americans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">Sikh Americans</A></LI>
<LI>Historiography:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">Army Center of Military History</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_History_Division" title="United States Marine Corps History Division">MC History Division</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency" title="Air Force Historical Research Agency">Air Force Historical Research Agency</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_official_war_artists" title="American official war artists">American official war artists</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Art_Program" title="United States Army Art Program">Army Art Program</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Art_Program" title="United States Air Force Art Program">AF Art Program</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Personnel</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Training</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Entrance_Processing_Command" title="United States Military Entrance Processing Command">MEPS</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Armed_Services_Vocational_Aptitude_Battery" title="Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery">ASVAB</A></LI>
<LI>Recruit training:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Basic_Training" title="United States Army Basic Training">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Recruit_Training" title="United States Marine Corps Recruit Training">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Recruit_Training_Command,_Great_Lakes,_Illinois" title="Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Basic_Military_Training" title="United States Air Force Basic Military Training">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Training_Center_Cape_May" title="United States Coast Guard Training Center Cape May">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School#United_States" title="Officer Candidate School">Officer candidate school</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Officer_Candidates_School_(United_States_Marine_Corps)" title="Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps)">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Navy)" title="Officer Candidate School (United States Navy)">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Air_Force_Officer_Training_School" title="Air Force Officer Training School">AF</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Warrant_Officer_Candidate_School_(United_States_Army)" title="Warrant Officer Candidate School (United States Army)">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Basic_School#Warrant_Officer_Basic_Course_(WOBC)" title="The Basic School">MC</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_service_academies" title="United States service academies">Service academies</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">A</A> <SMALL>(<A href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Military Academy Preparatory School">prep</A>)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">N</A> <SMALL>(<A href="/wiki/Naval_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="Naval Academy Preparatory School">prep</A>)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">AF</A> <SMALL>(<A href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Preparatory_School" title="United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School">prep</A>)</SMALL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy" title="United States Coast Guard Academy">CG</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">Merchant Marine</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">ROTC</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps">A</A>:<A href="/wiki/Early_Commissioning_Program" title="Early Commissioning Program">ECP</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Officers_Training_Corps" title="Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps">MC/N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" title="Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps">AF</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Medical_Education_and_Training_Campus" title="Medical Education and Training Campus">Medical</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Military_education_and_training_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Military education and training in the United States">Other education</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Uniforms</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Military" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniforms of the United States Military">Uniforms</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Uniforms of the United States Army">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Uniforms of the United States Navy">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Uniforms of the United States Air Force">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard#Uniforms" title="United States Coast Guard">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces">Awards & decorations</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Inter-service_awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" title="Inter-service awards and decorations of the United States military">Inter-service</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Army">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_awards_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Military awards of the United States Department of the Navy">MC/N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Air Force">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard">CG</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Authorized_foreign_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" title="Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military">Foreign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_military_decoration_authorized_by_the_US_military" title="International military decoration authorized by the US military">International</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_military_award_devices" title="United States military award devices">Devices</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_badges_of_the_United_States" title="Military badges of the United States">Badges</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Identification_badges_of_the_Uniform_Services_of_the_United_States" title="Identification badges of the Uniform Services of the United States">Identification</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Badges of the United States Army">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Badges of the United States Marine Corps">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Badges of the United States Navy">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Badges of the United States Air Force">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Badges_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Badges of the United States Coast Guard">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/List_of_comparative_military_ranks" title="List of comparative military ranks">Ranks</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI>Enlisted:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Army_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Army enlisted rank insignia">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia" title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_enlisted_rates" title="List of United States Navy enlisted rates">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_enlisted_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force enlisted rank insignia">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_enlisted_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Coast Guard enlisted rates">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Warrant_officer_(United_States)" title="Warrant officer (United States)">Warrant officers</A></LI>
<LI>Officer:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Army_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Army officer rank insignia">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_rank_insignia" title="United States Marine Corps rank insignia">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Navy officer rank insignia">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Air Force officer rank insignia">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_officer_rank_insignia" title="United States Coast Guard officer rank insignia">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Other</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI>Oath:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces_oath_of_enlistment" title="United States Armed Forces oath of enlistment">Enlistment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Uniformed_Services_Oath_of_Office" title="United States Uniformed Services Oath of Office">Office</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Creeds & Codes:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Code_of_the_United_States_Fighting_Force" title="Code of the United States Fighting Force">Code of Conduct</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Noncommissioned_officer%27s_creed" title="Noncommissioned officer's creed">NCO</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Creed" title="Soldier's Creed">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rifleman%27s_Creed" title="Rifleman's Creed">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sailor%27s_Creed" title="Sailor's Creed">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Airman%27s_Creed" title="Airman's Creed">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Creed_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guardsman" title="Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Armed_Forces)" title="Service number (United States Armed Forces)">Service numbers</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Army)" title="Service number (United States Army)">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Marine_Corps)" title="Service number (United States Marine Corps)">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Navy)" title="Service number (United States Navy)">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Air_Force)" title="Service number (United States Air Force)">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Service_number_(United_States_Coast_Guard)" title="Service number (United States Coast Guard)">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_military_occupation_code" title="United States military occupation code">Military Occupational Specialty</A>/<A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ratings" title="List of United States Navy ratings">Rating</A>/<A href="/wiki/Air_Force_Specialty_Code" title="Air Force Specialty Code">Air Force Specialty Code</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_military_pay" title="United States military pay">Pay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate General's Corps</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_Health_System" title="Military Health System">Military Health System</A>/<A href="/wiki/Tricare" title="Tricare">TRICARE</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Separation_(United_States_military)" title="Separation (United States military)">Separation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Veterans Affairs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">Conscription</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States" title="Chiefs of Chaplains of the United States">Chiefs of Chaplains</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Army">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Chaplain of the United States Marine Corps">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Navy">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Chaplain of the United States Coast Guard">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><A href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipment of the United States Armed Forces">Equipment</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipment of the United States Army">A</A></LI>
<LI>MC:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_vehicles_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="List of vehicles of the United States Marine Corps">vehicles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="List of weapons of the United States Marine Corps">weapons</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_individual_equipment" title="List of United States Marine Corps individual equipment">other</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipment of the United States Navy">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipment of the United States Air Force">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Land</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_individual_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Individual weapons</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_crew-served_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of crew-served weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces">Crew-served weapons</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_land_vehicles_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces" title="List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces">Vehicles</A> (<A href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_land_vehicles" title="List of currently active United States military land vehicles">active</A>)</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Sea</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_currently_active_United_States_military_watercraft" title="List of currently active United States military watercraft">All watercraft</A></LI>
<LI>Ships:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Army" title="List of ships of the United States Army">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships" title="List of United States Navy ships">N</A> (<A href="/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="List of current ships of the United States Navy">active</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="List of ships of the United States Air Force">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_cutters" title="List of United States Coast Guard cutters">CG</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Military_Sealift_Command_ships" title="List of Military Sealift Command ships">MSC</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Weapons:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_weapons" title="List of United States Navy weapons">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Equipment_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard#Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipment of the United States Coast Guard">CG</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_naval_reactors" title="United States naval reactors">Reactors</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Air</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States" title="List of military aircraft of the United States">Aircraft</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States_(1909%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of military aircraft of the United States (1909–1919)">World War I</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_military_aircraft" title="List of active United States military aircraft">active</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_military_aircraft_designation_systems" title="United States military aircraft designation systems">Aircraft designation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_missiles_by_country#United_States_(North_America;_NATO)" title="List of missiles by country">Missiles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/U.S._helicopter_armament_subsystems" title="U.S. helicopter armament subsystems">Helicopter arms</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Other</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nuclear_football" title="Nuclear football">Nuclear football</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_military_electronics_of_the_United_States" title="List of military electronics of the United States">Electronics</A> (<A href="/wiki/Joint_Electronics_Type_Designation_System" title="Joint Electronics Type Designation System">designations</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Flags of the United States Armed Forces">Flags</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Flag of the United States Army">A</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Flag of the United States Marine Corps">MC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Flag of the United States Navy">N</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Flag of the United States Air Force">AF</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Flag of the United States Coast Guard">CG</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States" title="Ensign of the United States">Ensign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States" title="Jack of the United States">Jack</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Guidon_(United_States)" title="Guidon (United States)">Guidons</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_military_ration" title="United States military ration">Food</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United States and weapons of mass destruction">WMDs</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons and the United States">Nuclear</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_biological_weapons_program" title="United States biological weapons program">Biological</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._chemical_weapons_topics" title="List of U.S. chemical weapons topics">Chemical</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;">
<DIV>
<DL>
<DT>Legend</DT>
<DD>A = <A href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</A></DD>
<DD>MC = <A href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</A></DD>
<DD>N = <A href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</A></DD>
<DD>AF = <A href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</A></DD>
<DD>CG = <A href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</A></DD>
</DL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
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<DIV id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A> articles</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" title="Timeline of United States history">Timeline of U.S. history</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Confederation_Period" title="Confederation Period">Confederation Period</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification of Constitution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions" title="United States territorial acquisitions">Territorial acquisitions</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/African-American_civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American civil rights movement (1865–1896)">African-American civil rights movement 1865–1896</A> / <A href="/wiki/African-American_civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</A> / <A href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931918)#World_War_I" title="History of the United States (1865–1918)">World War I</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">Nazism in the United States</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">Recent events (2008–present)</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States#History_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of United States debt ceiling">debt ceiling</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(before_1890)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)">before 1890</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1890%E2%80%931945)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945)">1890–1945</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1946%E2%80%9391)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (1946–91)">1946–91</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(after_1991)" title="Timeline of United States inventions (after 1991)">after 1991</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_territory" title="United States territory">Territory</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pacific_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific States">Pacific</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">Rivers</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Drinking_water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the United States</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Current_members_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Current members of the United States Senate">current members</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federal_Reporter" title="Federal Reporter">Federal Reporter</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">United States Reports</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Office of the Director of National Intelligence</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/51st_state" title="51st state">51st state</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Political status of Puerto Rico">political status of Puerto Rico</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_statehood_movement" title="District of Columbia statehood movement">District of Columbia statehood movement</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">anti-Americanism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local government</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" title="Third party (United States)">Third parties</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Purple_America" title="Purple America">Purple America</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State government</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">governor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislature</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">state court</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States" title="List of companies of the United States">Companies</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_System" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve System</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Americana" title="Americana">Americana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_United_States" title="Architecture of the United States">Architecture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States" title="Cuisine of the United States">Cuisine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Demography of the United States">Demography</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Family_structure_in_the_United_States" title="Family structure in the United States">Family structure</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">HSL</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_the_United_States" title="Arabic language in the United States">Arabic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chinese_language_and_varieties_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese language and varieties in the United States">Chinese</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Italian language in the United States">Italian</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Russian language in the United States">Russian</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_States" title="Media of the United States">Media</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">Internet</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">Radio</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">Television</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Public holidays</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Professional_and_working_class_conflict_in_the_United_States" title="Professional and working class conflict in the United States">Professional and working class conflict</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wealth_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth in the United States">Wealth</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in the United States">Issues</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_the_United_States" title="Ages of consent in the United States">Ages of consent</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">islamophobia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</A></LI>
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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af" style="display: none;"><A href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_van_die_Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="President van die Verenigde State van Amerika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am" style="display: none;"><A href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9C%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB_%E1%8D%95%E1%88%AC%E1%8B%9A%E1%8B%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B5" title="የአሜሪካ ፕሬዚዳንት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresittend_%C3%BE%C4%81ra_Ge%C4%81ndena_R%C4%ABca" title="Foresittend þāra Geāndena Rīca – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="رئيس الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an" style="display: none;"><A href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_d%27Estatos_Unitos" title="President d'Estatos Unitos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av" style="display: none;"><A href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="АЦШ президент – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az" style="display: none;"><A href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_prezidenti" title="ABŞ prezidenti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের রাষ্ট্রপতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_ch%C3%B3ng-th%C3%B3ng" title="Bí-kok chóng-thóng – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A0%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="АҠШ президенты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be" style="display: none;"><A href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Прэзідэнт ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_kan_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente kan Estados Unidos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Президент на Съединените американски щати – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_dels_Estats_Units" title="President dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%95" title="АПШ президенчĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Prezident Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da" style="display: none;"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA%27s_pr%C3%A6sident" title="USA's præsident – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de" style="display: none;"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sident_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%A7%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A9%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%88%DE%A7%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%88%DE%A7_%DE%84%DE%AD%DE%8A%DE%AA%DE%85%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އެމެރިކާގެ ރައީސްކަން ކުރައްވާފައިވާ ބޭފުޅުން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et" style="display: none;"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_president" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide president – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el" style="display: none;"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Πρόεδρος των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidanto_de_Usono" title="Prezidanto de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="رئیس‌جمهور ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseti_Sambandsr%C3%ADki_Amerika" title="Forseti Sambandsríki Amerika – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Président des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidint_fan_de_Feriene_Steaten" title="Presidint fan de Feriene Steaten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd" style="display: none;"><A href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinn-shuidhe_nan_St%C3%A0itean_Aonaichte" title="Cinn-shuidhe nan Stàitean Aonaichte – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AE-koet_Ch%C3%BAng-th%C3%BAng" title="Mî-koet Chúng-thúng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9" title="미국의 대통령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका का राष्ट्रपति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_iti_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente iti Estados Unidos – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Serikat" title="Presiden Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_del_Statos_Unite_de_America" title="Presidente del Statos Unite de America – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is" style="display: none;"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseti_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Forseti Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it" style="display: none;"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he" style="display: none;"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נשיא ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಅಮೇರಿಕ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನದ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="აშშ-ის პრეზიდენტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9A%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96" title="АҚШ президенті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rais_wa_Marekani" title="Rais wa Marekani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serok%C3%AA_Dewlet%C3%AAn_Yekb%C3%BBy%C3%AE_y%C3%AAn_Amer%C3%AEkay%C3%AA" title="Serokê Dewletên Yekbûyî yên Amerîkayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV_prezidents" title="ASV prezidents – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_vun_de_Vereenegte_Staaten" title="President vun de Vereenegte Staaten – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtini%C5%B3_Amerikos_Valstij%C5%B3_prezidentas" title="Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų prezidentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_di_Stat_Unii" title="President di Stat Unii – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok_eln%C3%B6ke" title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok elnöke – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Претседател на Соединетите Американски Држави – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="അമേരിക്കൻ പ്രസിഡണ്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="अमेरिकेचे राष्ट्राध्यक्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf" style="display: none;"><A href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ააშ-იშ პრეზიდენტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Presiden Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Америкийн Нэгдсэн Улсын ерөнхийлөгч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-na" style="display: none;"><A href="https://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(Eben_Merika)" title="President (Eben Merika) – Nauru" lang="na" hreflang="na" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dorerin Naoero</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_van_de_Verenigde_Staten" title="President van de Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98" title="アメリカ合衆国大統領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="display: none;"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAs_president" title="USAs president – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_i_USA" title="President i USA – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQSh_Prezidenti" title="AQSh Prezidenti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km" style="display: none;"><A href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%85%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85" title="បញ្ចីរាយនាមប្រធានាធីបតីនៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិច – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezydent_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Prezydent Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Presidente dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C8%99edinte_al_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Președinte al Statelor Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Президент США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preses_o_the_Unitit_States" title="Preses o the Unitit States – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryetari_i_Shteteve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara" title="Kryetari i Shteteve të Bashkuara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si" style="display: none;"><A href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහි ජනාධිපතිවරයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="display: none;"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_Spojen%C3%BDch_%C5%A1t%C3%A1tov" title="Prezident Spojených štátov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsednik_Zdru%C5%BEenih_dr%C5%BEav_Amerike" title="Predsednik Združenih držav Amerike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A9_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سەرۆک کۆماری ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Председник Сједињених Америчких Држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjednik_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Predsjednik Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_presidentti" title="Yhdysvaltain presidentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_president" title="USA:s president – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangulo_ng_Estados_Unidos" title="Pangulo ng Estados Unidos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்காவின் குடியரசுத் தலைவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="АКШ президенты – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча/tatarça</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th" style="display: none;"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="ประธานาธิบดีสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri_ba%C5%9Fkan%C4%B1" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri başkanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Президент США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><A href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="صدر ریاستہائے متحدہ امریکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_th%E1%BB%91ng_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Tổng thống Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="美國總統 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war" 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