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<TITLE>Five-Year Plans of India - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Five-Year Plans of India</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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From 1947 to 2017, the <A href="/wiki/Indian_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian economy">Indian economy</A> was premised on the concept of <A href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">planning</A>. This was carried through the <B>Five-Year Plans</B>, developed, executed, and monitored by the <A href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(India)" title="Planning Commission (India)">Planning Commission</A> (1951-2014) and the <A href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</A> (2015-2017). With the <A href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">prime minister</A> as the ex-officio chairman, the commission has a nominated deputy chairman, who holds the rank of a cabinet Minister. <A href="/wiki/Montek_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Montek Singh Ahluwalia">Montek Singh Ahluwalia</A> is the last deputy chairman of the commission (resigned on 26 May 2014). The Twelfth Plan completed its term in March 2017.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> Prior to the Fourth Plan, the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism, which led to the adoption of the <A href="/wiki/Gadgil_formula" title="Gadgil formula">Gadgil formula</A> in 1969. Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> The new government led by <A href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</A>, elected in 2014, has announced the dissolution of the Planning Commission, and its replacement by a think tank called the <A href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</A> (an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India).
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<DIV id="toc" class="toc"><DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><H2>Contents</H2><SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#First_Plan_(1951–1956)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">First Plan (1951–1956)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Second_Plan_(1956–1961)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Second Plan (1956–1961)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#Third_Plan_(1961–1966)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Third Plan (1961–1966)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Fourth_Plan_(1969–1974)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Fourth Plan (1969–1974)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#Fifth_Plan_(1974–1978)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Fifth Plan (1974–1978)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Rolling_Plan_(1978–1980)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Rolling Plan (1978–1980)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#Sixth_Plan_(1980–1985)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Sixth Plan (1980–1985)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#Seventh_Plan_(1985–1990)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Seventh Plan (1985–1990)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#Annual_Plans_(1990–1992)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Annual Plans (1990–1992)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#Eighth_Plan_(1992–1997)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Eighth Plan (1992–1997)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#Ninth_Plan_(1997–2002)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Ninth Plan (1997–2002)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#Tenth_Plan_(2002–2007)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Tenth Plan (2002–2007)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#Eleventh_Plan_(2007–2012)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">14</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Eleventh Plan (2007–2012)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#Twelfth_Plan_(2012–2017)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">15</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Twelfth Plan (2012–2017)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">17</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">18</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>

<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Five-Year Plans (FYPs) are centralized and integrated national economic programs. <A href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</A> implemented the first <A href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union</A> in the late 1920s. Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have adopted them. China and India both continue to use FYPs, although China renamed its Eleventh FYP, from 2006 to 2010, a guideline (guihua), rather than a plan (jihua), to signify the central government’s more hands-off approach to development. India launched its First FYP in 1951, immediately after independence under socialist influence of first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP>
</P><P>The First Five-Year Plan was one of the most important because it had a great role in the launching of Indian development after Independence. Thus, it strongly supported agriculture production and it also launched the industrialization of the country (but less than the Second Plan, which focused on heavy industries). It built a particular system of <A href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</A>, with a great role for the public sector (with an emerging <A href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</A>), as well as a growing private sector (represented by some personalities as those who published the <A href="/wiki/Bombay_Plan" title="Bombay Plan">Bombay Plan</A>).
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<H2><SPAN id="First_Plan_.281951.E2.80.931956.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="First_Plan_(1951–1956)">First Plan (1951–1956)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First Plan (1951–1956)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<TABLE class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><TBODY><TR><TD class="mbox-image"><DIV style="width:52px"><A href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></A></DIV></TD><TD class="mbox-text"><DIV class="mbox-text-span">This article <B>does not <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</A> any <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</A></B>.<SPAN class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit">improve this article</A> by <A href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</A>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</A>.</SPAN>  <SMALL><I>(June 2017)</I></SMALL><SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I> (<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>The first Indian <A href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</A>, <A href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</A> presented the First Five-Year Plan to the <A href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</A> and needed urgent attention. The First Five-year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the <A href="/wiki/Primary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sector">primary sector</A>. The First Five-Year Plan was based on the <A href="/wiki/Harrod%E2%80%93Domar_model" title="Harrod–Domar model">Harrod–Domar model</A> with few modifications.
</P><P>The total planned budget of Rs.2069 crore (2378 crore later) was allocated to seven broad areas: <A href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</A> and <A href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</A> (27.2%), <A href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</A> and <A href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</A> development (17.4%), <A href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</A> and <A href="/wiki/Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications">communications</A> (24%), <A href="/wiki/Industry" title="Industry">industry</A> (8.4%), <A href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</A> (16.6%), <A href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">rehabilitation of landless farmers</A> (4.1%), and  for other sectors and <A href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services</A> (2.5%). The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all <A href="/wiki/Economic_sectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic sectors">economic sectors</A>. Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after <A href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</A>, <A href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</A> was facing basic problems—deficiency of <A href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</A> and low capacity to save.
</P><P>The target growth rate was 2.1% annual <A href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</A> (GDP) growth; the achieved growth rate was 3.6% the net domestic product went up by 15%. The <A href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</A> was good and there were relatively high <A href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crop</A> yields, boosting <A href="/wiki/Exchange_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange reserves">exchange reserves</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</A>, which increased by 8%. National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth. Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period, including the <A href="/wiki/Bhakra_Dam" title="Bhakra Dam">Bhakra</A>, <A href="/wiki/Hirakud_Dam" title="Hirakud Dam">Hirakud</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mettur_Dam" title="Mettur Dam">Mettur Dam</A> and <A href="/wiki/Damodar_Valley_Corporation" title="Damodar Valley Corporation">Damodar Valley</A> dams. The <A href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</A> (WHO), with the <A href="/wiki/Indian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government">Indian government</A>, addressed children's <A href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</A> and reduced <A href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</A>, indirectly contributing to <A href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</A>.
</P><P>At the end of the plan period in 1956, five <A href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</A> (IITs) were started as major technical institutions. The <A href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)" title="University Grants Commission (India)">University Grants Commission</A> (UGC) was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the <A href="/wiki/Higher_education" title="Higher education">higher education</A> in the country. Contracts were signed to start five steel plants, which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five-Year Plan. The plan was quasi successful for the government.
</P>
<H2><SPAN id="Second_Plan_.281956.E2.80.931961.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Second_Plan_(1956–1961)">Second Plan (1956–1961)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Plan (1956–1961)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The Second Plan was particularly in the development of the <A href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</A> and "rapid Industrialisation". The plan followed the <A href="/wiki/Mahalanobis_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalanobis model">Mahalanobis model</A>, an <A href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</A> model developed by the Indian <A href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">statistician</A> <A href="/wiki/Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</A> in 1953. The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long-run economic growth. It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the <A href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</A>. The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on importing capital goods.<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP>
</P><P><A href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectric power</A> projects and five steel plants at <A href="/wiki/Bhilai" title="Bhilai">Bhilai</A>, <A href="/wiki/Durgapur,_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Durgapur, West Bengal">Durgapur</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Rourkela" title="Rourkela">Rourkela</A> were established with the help of Russia, Britain (the U.K) and West Germany respectively. <A href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</A> production was increased. More <A href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railway</A> lines were added in the north east.
</P><P>The <A href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research</A> and <A href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Commission_of_India" title="Atomic Energy Commission of India">Atomic Energy Commission of India</A> was established as  research institutes. In 1957 a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power.
</P><P>The total amount allocated under the Second Five-Year Plan in India was Rs.48 billion. This amount was allocated among various sectors: power and irrigation, social services, communications and transport, and miscellaneous.
</P><P>"The target growth rate was 4.5% and the actual growth rate was 4.27%.<SUP id="cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Growth_statistics-6">[6]</A></SUP>"
</P>
<H2><SPAN id="Third_Plan_.281961.E2.80.931966.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Third_Plan_(1961–1966)">Third Plan (1961–1966)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Third Plan (1961–1966)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The Third Five-year Plan, stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat, but the brief <A href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</A> of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army. In 1965–1966, India fought a <A href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">War with Pakistan</A>. There was also a severe drought in 1965. The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation. The construction of <A href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</A> continued. Many <A href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</A> and <A href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</A> plants were also built. <A href="/wiki/Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (India)">Punjab</A> began producing an abundance of <A href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</A>.
</P><P>Many <A href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary schools</A> were started in rural areas. In an effort to bring democracy to the grass-root level, <A href="/wiki/Panchayat_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayat Raj">Panchayat</A> elections were started and the <A href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">states</A> were given more development responsibilities.
</P><P>State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed. States were made responsible for <A href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary</A> and <A href="/wiki/Higher_education" title="Higher education">higher education</A>. State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility.
</P><P>The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 2.4%.<SUP id="cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Growth_statistics-6">[6]</A></SUP>
</P><P>Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare "plan holidays" (from 1966–67, 1967–68, and 1968–69). Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period. During 1966–67 there was again the problem of drought. Equal priority was given to agriculture, its allied activities, and industrial sector. The government of India declared "Devaluation of Rupee" to increase the exports of the country. The main reasons for plan holidays were the war, lack of resources, and increase in inflation after that plan holiday was created.
</P>
<H2><SPAN id="Fourth_Plan_.281969.E2.80.931974.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Fourth_Plan_(1969–1974)">Fourth Plan (1969–1974)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fourth Plan (1969–1974)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>At this time <A href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</A> was the <A href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</A>. The Indira Gandhi government <A href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalised</A> 14 major Indian banks and the <A href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution in India</A> advanced agriculture. In addition, the situation in <A href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</A> (now <A href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</A>) was becoming dire as the <A href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistan_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistan War of 1971">Indo-Pakistan War of 1971</A> and <A href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</A> took funds earmarked for industrial development. India also performed the <A href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</A> <A href="/wiki/Underground_nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground nuclear testing">underground nuclear test</A> (Pokhran-1) in Rajasthan on May 18, 1974, partially in response to the United States deployment of the <A href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">Seventh Fleet</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</A>. The fleet had been deployed to warn India against attacking <A href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</A> and extending the war.
</P><P>The target growth rate was 5.6%, but the actual growth rate was 3.3%.<SUP id="cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Growth_statistics-6">[6]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN id="Fifth_Plan_.281974.E2.80.931978.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Fifth_Plan_(1974–1978)">Fifth Plan (1974–1978)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fifth Plan (1974–1978)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The Fifth Five-Year Plan laid stress on <A href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</A>, <A href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</A> alleviation (<A href="/wiki/Garibi_Hatao" title="Garibi Hatao">Garibi Hatao</A>), and <A href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</A>. The plan also focused on <A href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" title="Self-sufficiency">self-reliance</A> in agricultural production and defence. In 1978 the newly elected <A href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</A> government rejected the plan. The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975, which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission.<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="communist (April 2010)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P><P>The <A href="/wiki/Indian_highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian highways">Indian national highway system</A> was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing <A href="/wiki/Traffic" title="Traffic">traffic</A>. <A href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</A> also expanded. The twenty-point programme was launched in 1975. It was followed from 1974 to 1979.
</P><P>The <A href="/wiki/Minimum_Needs_Programme_(India)" title="Minimum Needs Programme (India)">Minimum Needs Programme</A> (MNP) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974–78). The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic minimum needs and thereby improve the living standards of the people.
</P><P>The target growth rate was 4.4% and the actual growth rate was 4.8%.<SUP id="cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Growth_statistics-6">[6]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN id="Rolling_Plan_.281978.E2.80.931980.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Rolling_Plan_(1978–1980)">Rolling Plan (1978–1980)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rolling Plan (1978–1980)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</A> government rejected the Fifth Five-Year Plan and introduced a new Sixth Five-Year Plan (1978–1980). This plan was again rejected by the <A href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</A> government in 1980 and a new Sixth Plan was made.The Rolling Plan consists of  three kind of plans that were proposed. The First Plan is for the present year which comprises the annual budget and Second is a plan for a fixed number of years, which may be 3, 4 or 5 years. Plan number two  is kept changing as per the requirements of the <A href="/wiki/Indian_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian economy">Indian economy</A>. The Third Plan is a perspective plan which is for long terms i.e. for  10, 15 or 20 years. Hence there is no fixation of dates in for the commencement and termination of the plan in the rolling plans. The main advantage of the rolling plans is that they are flexible and are able to overcome the rigidity of fixed five year plans by mending targets, the object of the exercise, projections and allocations as per the changing conditions in the country’s <A href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</A>. The main disadvantage of this plan is that if the targets are revised each year, it becomes very difficult to achieve them which are laid down in the five-year period and it turned out to be a complex plan. Frequent revisions resulted in lack of stability in the economy which is essential for its balanced development and progress.
</P>
<H2><SPAN id="Sixth_Plan_.281980.E2.80.931985.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Sixth_Plan_(1980–1985)">Sixth Plan (1980–1985)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sixth Plan (1980–1985)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The Sixth Five-Year Plan marked the beginning of <A href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberalisation">economic liberalisation</A>. <A href="/wiki/Price_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Price control">Price controls</A> were eliminated and ration shops were closed. This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the <A href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">cost of living</A>. This was the end of <A href="/wiki/Nehruvian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehruvian socialism">Nehruvian socialism</A>. The <A href="/wiki/National_Bank_for_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development" title="National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development">National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development</A> was
established for development of rural areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee.
<A href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</A> was also expanded in order to prevent <A href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</A>. In contrast to China's strict and binding <A href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">one-child policy</A>, Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>. More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas, which continued to have a high <A href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</A>.
</P><P>The Sixth Five-Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy. The target growth rate was 5.2% and the actual growth rate was 5.7%.<SUP id="cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Growth_statistics-6">[6]</A></SUP> The only Five-Year Plan which was done twice.<SPAN class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:#595959; border:1px solid #DDD;"></SPAN><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><SPAN title="This sentence is unclear. (March 2014)">clarification needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN id="Seventh_Plan_.281985.E2.80.931990.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Seventh_Plan_(1985–1990)">Seventh Plan (1985–1990)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Seventh Plan (1985–1990)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The Seventh Five-Year Plan was led by the <A href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</A> with Rajiv Gandhi as the prime minister. The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology.
</P><P>The main objectives of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity, production of food grains, and generating employment through "Social Justice".
</P><P>As an outcome of the Sixth Five-Year Plan, there had been steady growth in agriculture, controls on the rate of inflation, and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five-Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth. The Seventh Plan had strived towards socialism and energy production at large. The thrust areas of the Seventh Five-Year Plan were: social justice, removal of oppression of the weak, using modern technology, agricultural development, anti-poverty programmes, full supply of food, clothing, and shelter, increasing productivity of small- and large-scale farmers, and making India an independent economy.
</P><P>Based on a 15-year period of striving towards steady growth, the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self-sustaining growth by the year 2000. The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4% per year.
</P><P>Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five-Year Plan India are given below:
</P>
<UL><LI>Balance of payments (estimates): Export – <SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">₹</SPAN>330 billion</SPAN> (US$5.1 billion), Imports – (-)<SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">₹</SPAN>540 billion</SPAN> (US$8.3 billion), Trade Balance – (-)<SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">₹</SPAN>210 billion</SPAN> (US$3.2 billion)</LI>
<LI>Merchandise exports (estimates): <SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">₹</SPAN>606.53 billion</SPAN> (US$9.3 billion)</LI>
<LI>Merchandise imports (estimates): <SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">₹</SPAN>954.37 billion</SPAN> (US$14.6 billion)</LI>
<LI>Projections for balance of payments: Export – <SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">₹</SPAN>607 billion</SPAN> (US$9.3 billion), Imports – (-) <SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">₹</SPAN>954 billion</SPAN> (US$14.6 billion), Trade Balance- (-) <SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">₹</SPAN>347 billion</SPAN> (US$5.3 billion)</LI></UL>
<P>Under the Seventh Five-Year Plan, India strove to bring about a self-sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace.
</P><P>The target growth rate was 5.0% and the actual growth rate was 6.01%.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP> and the growth rate of per capita income was 3.7%.
</P>
<H2><SPAN id="Annual_Plans_.281990.E2.80.931992.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Annual_Plans_(1990–1992)">Annual Plans (1990–1992)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Annual Plans (1990–1992)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the centre and the years 1990–91 and 1991–92 were treated as Annual Plans. The Eighth Plan was finally formulated for the period 1992–1997.
</P>
<H2><SPAN id="Eighth_Plan_.281992.E2.80.931997.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Eighth_Plan_(1992–1997)">Eighth Plan (1992–1997)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eighth Plan (1992–1997)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>1989–91 was a period of economic instability in India and hence no five-year plan was implemented. Between 1990 and 1992, there were only Annual Plans. In 1991, India faced a crisis in <A href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign exchange reserves">foreign exchange</A> (forex) reserves, left with reserves of only about <SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">US$</SPAN>1 billion. Thus, under pressure, the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy. <A href="/wiki/P.V._Narasimha_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="P.V. Narasimha Rao">P.V. Narasimha Rao</A> was the tenth Prime Minister of the Republic of India and head of <A href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</A>, and led one of the most important administrations in India's modern history, overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security. At that time Dr. <A href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</A> (later Prime Minister of India) launched India's free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge. It was the beginning of <A href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</A>, <A href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</A> and globalization (LPG) in India.
</P><P><A href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">Modernization</A> of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan. Under this plan, the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning <A href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">deficit</A> and foreign debt. Meanwhile, India became a member of the <A href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</A> on 1 January 1995. The major objectives included, controlling population growth, poverty reduction, employment generation, strengthening the infrastructure, institutional building, tourism management, human resource development, involvement of <A href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj" title="Panchayati raj">Panchayati rajs</A>, <A href="/wiki/Nagar_Palika_(Municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar Palika (Municipality)">Nagar Palikas</A>, <A href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</A>, decentralisation and people's participation.
</P><P>Energy was given priority with 26.6% of the outlay.
</P><P>The target growth rate was 5.6% and the actual growth rate was 6.8%.
</P><P>To achieve the target of an average of 5.6% per annum, investment of 23.2% of the gross domestic product was required. The incremental capital ratio is 4.1. The saving for investment was to come from domestic sources and foreign sources, with the rate of domestic saving at 21.6% of gross domestic production and of foreign saving at 1.6% of gross domestic production.<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP>
</P>
<H2><SPAN id="Ninth_Plan_.281997.E2.80.932002.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Ninth_Plan_(1997–2002)">Ninth Plan (1997–2002)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ninth Plan (1997–2002)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The Ninth Five-Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence. <A href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</A> was the Prime Minister of India during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The Ninth Five-Year Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth. It offered strong support to the social spheres of the country in an effort to achieve the complete elimination of poverty. The satisfactory implementation of the Eighth Five-Year Plan also ensured the states' ability to proceed on the path of faster development. The Ninth Five-Year Plan also saw joint efforts from the public and the private sectors in ensuring economic development of the country. In addition, the Ninth Five-Year Plan saw contributions towards development from the general public as well as governmental agencies in both the rural and urban areas of the country. New implementation measures in the form of Special Action Plans (SAPs) were evolved during the Ninth Five-Year Plan to fulfill targets within the stipulated time with adequate resources. The SAPs covered the areas of social infrastructure, agriculture, information technology and Water policy.
</P><P><B>Budget</B>
</P><P>The Ninth Five-Year Plan had a total public sector plan outlay of <SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">₹</SPAN>859,200 crore</SPAN> (US$130 billion). The Ninth Five-Year Plan also saw a hike of 48% in terms of plan expenditure and 33% in terms of the plan outlay in comparison to that of the Eighth Five-Year Plan. In the total outlay, the share of the center was approximately 57% while it was 43% for the states and the union territories.
</P><P>The Ninth Five-Year Plan focused on the relationship between the rapid economic growth and the quality of life for the people of the country. The prime focus of this plan was to increase growth in the country with an emphasis on social justice and equity. The Ninth Five-Year Plan placed considerable importance on combining growth oriented policies with the mission of achieving the desired objective of improving policies which would work towards the improvement of the poor in the country. The Ninth Five-Year Plan also aimed at correcting the historical inequalities which were still prevalent in the society.
</P><P><B>Objectives</B>
</P><P>The main objective of the Ninth Five-Year Plan was to correct historical inequalities and increase the economic growth in the country. Other aspects which constituted the Ninth Five-Year Plan were:
</P>
<UL><LI>Population control.</LI>
<LI>Generating employment by giving priority to agriculture and rural development.</LI>
<LI>Reduction of poverty.</LI>
<LI>Ensuring proper availability of food and water for the poor.</LI>
<LI>Availability of primary health care facilities and other basic necessities.</LI>
<LI>Primary education to all children in the country.</LI>
<LI>Empowering the socially disadvantaged classes like <A href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled castes, Scheduled tribes</A> and other backward classes.</LI>
<LI>Developing self-reliance in terms of agriculture.</LI>
<LI>Acceleration in the growth rate of the economy with the help of stable prices.</LI></UL>
<P><B>Strategies</B>
</P>
<UL><LI>Structural transformations and developments in the Indian economy.</LI>
<LI>New initiatives and initiation of corrective steps to meet the challenges in the economy of the country.</LI>
<LI>Efficient use of scarce resources to ensure rapid growth.</LI>
<LI>Combination of public and private support to increase employment.</LI>
<LI>Enhancing high rates of export to achieve self-reliance.</LI>
<LI>Providing services like electricity, telecommunication, railways etc.</LI>
<LI>Special plans to empower the socially disadvantaged classes of the country.</LI>
<LI>Involvement and participation of Panchayati Raj institutions/bodies and Nagar Palikas in the development process.</LI></UL>
<P><B>Performance</B>
</P>
<UL><LI>The Ninth Five-Year Plan achieved a GDP growth rate of 5.4% against a target of 6.5%</LI>
<LI>The agriculture industry grew at a rate of 2.1% against the target of 4.2%</LI>
<LI>The industrial growth in the country was 4.5% which was higher than that of the target of 3%</LI>
<LI>The service industry had a growth rate of 7.8%.</LI>
<LI>An average annual growth rate of 6.7% was reached.</LI></UL>
<P>The Ninth Five-Year Plan looks through the past weaknesses in order to frame the new measures for the overall socio-economic development of the country. However, for a well-planned economy of any country, there should be a combined participation of the governmental agencies along with the general population of that nation. A combined effort of public, private, and all levels of government is essential for ensuring the growth of India's economy.
</P><P>The target growth was 7.1% and the actual growth was 6.8%.
</P>
<H2><SPAN id="Tenth_Plan_.282002.E2.80.932007.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Tenth_Plan_(2002–2007)">Tenth Plan (2002–2007)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tenth Plan (2002–2007)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The main objectives of the Tenth Five-Year Plan:
</P>
<UL><LI>Attain 8% GDP growth per year.</LI>
<LI>Reduction of <A href="/wiki/Poverty_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty rate">poverty rate</A> by 5% by 2007.</LI>
<LI>Providing gainful and high-quality employment at least to the addition to the labour force.</LI>
<LI>Reduction in gender gaps in literacy and wage rates by at least 50% by 2007.</LI>
<LI>20-point program was introduced.</LI>
<LI>Target growth: 8.1% – growth achieved: 7.7%.</LI>
<LI>The Tenth Plan was expected to follow a regional approach rather than sectoral approach to bring down regional inequalities.</LI>
<LI>Expenditure of <SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">₹</SPAN>43,825 crore</SPAN> (US$6.7 billion) for tenth five years.</LI></UL>
<P>Out of total plan outlay, <SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">₹</SPAN>921,291 crore</SPAN> (US$140 billion) (57.9%) was for central government and <SPAN class="nowrap"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap">₹</SPAN>691,009 crore</SPAN> (US$110 billion) (42.1%) was for states and union territories.
</P>
<H2><SPAN id="Eleventh_Plan_.282007.E2.80.932012.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Eleventh_Plan_(2007–2012)">Eleventh Plan (2007–2012)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Eleventh Plan (2007–2012)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL><LI>it was in the period of <A href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</A> as a prime minister.</LI>
<LI>It aimed to increase the enrolment in higher education of 18-23 years of age group by 2011-12.</LI>
<LI>It focused on distant education, convergence of formal, non-formal, distant and <A href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</A> education institutions.</LI>
<LI>Rapid and inclusive growth (poverty reduction).</LI>
<LI>Emphasis on social sector and delivery of service therein.</LI>
<LI>Empowerment through education and skill development.</LI>
<LI>Reduction of gender inequality.</LI>
<LI>Environmental sustainability.</LI>
<LI>To increase the growth rate in agriculture, industry and services to 4%, 10% and 9% respectively.</LI>
<LI>Reduce total fertility rate to 2.1.</LI>
<LI>Provide clean drinking water for all by 2009.</LI>
<LI>Increase agriculture growth to 4%.</LI></UL>
<H2><SPAN id="Twelfth_Plan_.282012.E2.80.932017.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Twelfth_Plan_(2012–2017)">Twelfth Plan (2012–2017)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Twelfth Plan (2012–2017)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/12th_Five-Year_Plan_(India)" title="12th Five-Year Plan (India)">12th Five-Year Plan (India)</A></DIV>
<P>The Twelfth Five-Year Plan of the <A href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</A> has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 8.2% but the National Development Council (NDC) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8% for the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP>
</P><P>With the deteriorating global situation, the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 percent in the next five years is not possible.
The Final growth target has been set at 8% by the endorsement of the plan at the National Development Council meeting held in New Delhi.
</P><P>"It is not possible to think of an average of 9% [in the 12th plan]. I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 percent is feasible,”  Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments. The approached paper for the 12th Plan, approved last year, talked about an annual average growth rate of 9%.
</P><P>“When I say feasible... that will require major effort. If you don’t do that, there is no God given right to grow at 8 percent. I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year...the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan (2012–13) is 6.5 to 7 percent.”
</P><P>He also indicated that soon he should share his views with other members of the Commission to choose a final number (economic growth target) to put before the country’s NDC for its approval.
</P><P>The government intends to reduce poverty by 10% during the 12th Five-Year Plan. Ahluwalia said, “We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9% annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period".
Earlier, addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments, he said the rate of decline in poverty doubled during the 11th Plan. The commission had said, while using the <A href="/wiki/Suresh_Tendulkar" title="Suresh Tendulkar">Tendulkar</A> poverty line, the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004–05 and 2009–10, was about 1.5%points each year, which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993–95 to 2004–05.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP>
The plan aims towards the betterment of the infrastructural projects of the nation avoiding all types of bottlenecks.  The document presented by the planning commission is aimed to attract private investments of up to US$1 trillion in the infrastructural growth in the 12th five-year plan, which will also ensure a reduction in the subsidy burden of the government to 1.5 percent from 2 percent of the GDP (gross domestic product). The UID (Unique Identification Number) will act as a platform for cash transfer of the subsidies in the plan.
</P><P>The objectives of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan were:
</P>
<UL><LI>To create 50 million new work opportunities in the non farm sector.</LI>
<LI>To remove gender and social gap in school enrolment.</LI>
<LI>To enhance access to higher education.</LI>
<LI>To reduce malnutrition among children aged 0-3 years.</LI>
<LI>To provide electricity to all villages.</LI>
<LI>To ensure that 50% of the rural population have accesses to proper drinking water.</LI>
<LI>To increase green cover by 1 million hectare every year.</LI>
<LI>To provide access to banking services to 90% of households.</LI></UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_China" title="Five-year plans of China">Five-year plans of China</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Romania" title="Five-Year Plans of Romania">Five-Year Plans of Romania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_for_the_National_Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-Year Plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union">Five-Year Plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Common_minimum_programme" title="Common minimum programme">Common minimum programme</A></LI></UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/welcome.html">Planning Commission, Government of India : Five Year Plans</A>. Planningcommission.nic.in. Retrieved on 2012-03-17.</SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(India)" title="Planning Commission (India)">Planning Commission</A> (24 February 1997). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/gadgil.pdf">"A Background Note on Gadgil Formula for distribution of Central Assistance for State Plans"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-09-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Background+Note+on+Gadgil+Formula+for+distribution+of+Central+Assistance+for+State+Plans&rft.date=1997-02-24&rft.au=Planning+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbplanning.gov.in%2Fpdf%2Fgadgil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sony Pellissery and Sam Geall "Five Year Plans" in Encyclopedia of Sustainability, Vol. 7 pp. 156–160</SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Jalal Alamgir, India's Open-Economy Policy: Globalism, Rivalry, Continuity (London and New York: Routledge 2008), Chapter 2.</SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Baldev Raj Nayar, Globalization And Nationalism: The Changing Balance Of India's Economic Policy, 1950–2000 (New Delhi: Sage, 2001).</SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Growth_statistics-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Growth_statistics_6-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">L. N. Dash (2000). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=rRWDxpHcBHoC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=sixth+five+year+plan+of+india+growth+actual+5.6#v=onepage&q=sixth%20five%20year%20plan%20of%20india%20growth%20actual%205.6&f=false"><I>World bank and economic development of India</I></A>. APH Publishing. p. 375. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7648-121-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7648-121-1">81-7648-121-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+bank+and+economic+development+of+India&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-7648-121-1&rft.au=L.+N.+Dash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DrRWDxpHcBHoC%26pg%3DPA114%26lpg%3DPA114%26dq%3Dsixth%2Bfive%2Byear%2Bplan%2Bof%2Bindia%2Bgrowth%2Bactual%2B5.6%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dsixth%2520five%2520year%2520plan%2520of%2520india%2520growth%2520actual%25205.6%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922215937/http://www.powermin.nic.in/indian_electricity_scenario/pdf/Historical%20Back%20Ground.pdf">"Archived copy"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powermin.nic.in/indian_electricity_scenario/pdf/Historical%20Back%20Ground.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 22 September 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 September</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powermin.nic.in%2Findian_electricity_scenario%2Fpdf%2FHistorical%2520Back%2520Ground.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol1/v1c2-1.htm">http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol1/v1c2-1.htm</A></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Agrawal, A N (1995). <I>Indian Economy: Problems of development and planning</I>. pune: Wishwa Prakashan. p. 676.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Economy%3A+Problems+of+development+and+planning&rft.place=pune&rft.pages=676&rft.pub=Wishwa+Prakashan&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=A+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/national-development-council-approves-12th-five-year-plan/1051012/">"National Development Council approves 12th Five Year Plan"</A>. Indian Express. 2012-12-27<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-07-10</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Development+Council+approves+12th+Five+Year+Plan&rft.pub=Indian+Express&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fnational-development-council-approves-12th-five-year-plan%2F1051012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFive-Year+Plans+of+India" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article3609337.ece?ref=wl_industry-and-economy">[1]</A><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template"><SPAN style="white-space: nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><SPAN title=" Dead link since July 2013">dead link</SPAN></A></I>]</SPAN></SUP></SPAN>
</LI>
</OL></DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL><LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planningcommission.nic.in">Official website of the Planning Commission of India</A></LI></UL>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR><TR><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><DIV class="hlist hlist-separated"><UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</A></LI><LI><A href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely</A></LI></UL></DIV></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_India" title="History of rail transport in India">Railways</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bengali_renaissance" title="Bengali renaissance">Bengali renaissance</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely states</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR><TR><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_India" title="History of the Republic of India">Republic</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Five-Year Plans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Naxalite" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><DIV></DIV></TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV><TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable2"><TBODY><TR><TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton2" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN><DIV id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</A></DIV></TH></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV><TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><TBODY><TR><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</A>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Climatic_regions_of_India" title="Climatic regions of India">Climatic regions</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="Wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR><TR><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</A></LI>
<LI>Plains
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eastern_coastal_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern coastal plains">Eastern coastal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR><TR><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of India">Regions</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR><TR><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in India">Cities</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and territories</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><DIV></DIV></TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV><TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable3"><TBODY><TR><TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton3" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN><DIV id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</A></DIV></TH></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV><TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><TBODY><TR><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian agencies">Agencies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_of_India" title="Cabinet Secretary of India">Cabinet Secretary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR><TR><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV><TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><TBODY><TR><TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/District_Courts_of_India" title="District Courts of India">District Courts</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_High_Courts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Courts of India">High Courts</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR><TR><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV><TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><TBODY><TR><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR><TR><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><DIV></DIV></TD></TR><TR><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR><TR><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</A>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</A>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Party" title="Bahujan Samaj Party">BSP</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">CPM</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nationalist_Congress_Party" title="Nationalist Congress Party">NCP</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><DIV></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><DIV></DIV></TD></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV><TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0" id="collapsibleTable4"><TBODY><TR><TH scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><SPAN class="collapseButton">[<A id="collapseButton4" href="#">show</A>]</SPAN><DIV id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</A></DIV></TH></TR><TR style="display: none;"><TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV><TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><TBODY><TR><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Category:Companies_of_India" title="Category:Companies of India">Companies</A></TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/CNX_Nifty" class="mw-redirect" title="CNX Nifty">CNX Nifty</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Government-owned_companies_of_India" title="Category:Government-owned companies of India">Government-owned companies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">List of companies</A></LI></UL>
</DIV></TD></TR><TR><TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</TH><TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</A>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</A>
<UL><LI><A href="/wiki/Minister_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Commerce and Industry (India)">Commerce ministers</A></LI></UL></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Finance_Commission_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Commission of India">Finance Commission</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(India)" title="Planning Commission (India)">Planning Commission</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Central_Statistical_Office_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Statistical Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foreign_Direct_Investment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Direct Investment in India">FDI in India</A></LI></UL>
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document_title: Five-Year Plans of India

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token: May

token: The

token: Twelfth

token: Plan

token: completed

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token: term

token: in

token: March

token: Prior

token: Fourth

token: allocation

question_text: which five year plan was affected by indo pak indo china war