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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Honey bee</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<TH colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Honey bees<BR />
<SMALL>Temporal range: <SPAN style="display:inline-block;">Oligocene–Recent</SPAN></SMALL>
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<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Є</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene"><SMALL>Pg</SMALL></A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><A href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene"><SMALL>N</SMALL></A></DIV>
<DIV id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></DIV>
<DIV style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;">
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<DIV style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:208.52615384615px; width:11.473846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:209.52615384615px; width:9.4738461538462px; background-color:#6c3;"></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><A href="/wiki/File:Apis_mellifera_flying.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Apis mellifera flying.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Apis_mellifera_flying.jpg/220px-Apis_mellifera_flying.jpg" width="220" height="147" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Apis_mellifera_flying.jpg/330px-Apis_mellifera_flying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Apis_mellifera_flying.jpg/440px-Apis_mellifera_flying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1169" /></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><A href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</A> carrying pollen back to the hive</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><A href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><A href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Apis" title="e"><IMG alt="e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></A></SPAN></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Kingdom:</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><I>Clade</I>:</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Euarthropoda</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Class:</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Order:</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Family:</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Apidae" title="Apidae">Apidae</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Subfamily:</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Apinae" title="Apinae">Apinae</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Tribe:</TD>
<TD><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Apini</A><BR />
<SMALL><A href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_Latreille" title="Pierre André Latreille">Latreille</A>, 1802</SMALL></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Genus:</TD>
<TD><I><B>Apis</B></I><BR />
<SMALL><A href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</A>, <A href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">1758</A></SMALL></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Species</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
<UL>
<LI>†<I><A href="/w/index.php?title=Apis_lithohermaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apis lithohermaea (page does not exist)">Apis lithohermaea</A></I></LI>
<LI>†<I><A href="/wiki/Apis_nearctica" title="Apis nearctica">Apis nearctica</A></I></LI>
<LI>Subgenus <I>Micrapis</I>:</LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DD>
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Apis_andreniformis" title="Apis andreniformis">Apis andreniformis</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Apis_florea" title="Apis florea">Apis florea</A></I></LI>
</UL>
</DD>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI>Subgenus <I>Megapis</I>:</LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DD>
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Apis_dorsata" title="Apis dorsata">Apis dorsata</A></I></LI>
</UL>
</DD>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI>Subgenus <I>Apis</I>:</LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DD>
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Apis_koschevnikovi" title="Apis koschevnikovi">Apis koschevnikovi</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">Apis mellifera</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Apis_nigrocincta" title="Apis nigrocincta">Apis nigrocincta</A></I></LI>
</UL>
</DD>
</DL>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P>A <B>honey bee</B> (or <B>honeybee</B>) is any member of the <A href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</A> <I><B>Apis</B></I>, primarily distinguished by the production and storage of <A href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</A> and the construction of <A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perennial" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:perennial">perennial</A>, <A href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonial</A> nests from <A href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">wax</A>. In the early 21st century, only seven <A href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</A> of honey bee are recognized, with a total of 44 <A href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-Engel99_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Engel99-1">[1]</A></SUP> though historically six to eleven species are recognized. The best known honey bee is the <A href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</A> which has been domesticated for honey production and crop pollination. Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of <A href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> Some other types of related bees produce and store honey, including the <A href="/wiki/Stingless_bee" title="Stingless bee">stingless honey bees</A>, but only members of the genus <I>Apis</I> are true honey bees. The study of bees, which includes the study of honey bees, is known as <A href="/wiki/Melittology" title="Melittology">melittology</A>.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Etymology_and_name"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Etymology and name</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Origin,_systematics_and_distribution"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Origin, systematics and distribution</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Genetics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Genetics</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Micrapis"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext"><I>Micrapis</I></SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Megapis"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext"><I>Megapis</I></SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Apis"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext"><I>Apis</I></SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Borneo_honey_bee"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Borneo honey bee</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Eastern_honey_bee"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Eastern honey bee</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Western_honey_bee"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Western honey bee</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#Africanized_bee"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Africanized bee</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#Living_and_fossil_honey_bees_(Apini:_Apis)"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Living and fossil honey bees (Apini: <I>Apis</I>)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#Life_cycle"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Life cycle</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Life_cycle_2"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Life cycle</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><A href="#Winter_survival"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Winter survival</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#Pollination"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Pollination</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><A href="#Nutrition"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Nutrition</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><A href="#Parasites"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Parasites</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><A href="#Galleria_mellonella"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Galleria mellonella</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><A href="#Management"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Management</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><A href="#Beekeeping"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Beekeeping</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><A href="#Colony_collapse_disorder"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Colony collapse disorder</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><A href="#Bee_products"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Bee products</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><A href="#Honey"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Honey</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><A href="#Beeswax"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Beeswax</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><A href="#Pollen"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Pollen</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><A href="#Bee_bread"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Bee bread</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><A href="#Propolis"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Propolis</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><A href="#Royal_jelly"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Royal jelly</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><A href="#Sexes_and_castes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Sexes and castes</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><A href="#Drones"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Drones</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><A href="#Workers"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Workers</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><A href="#Queens"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Queens</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><A href="#Defense"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Defense</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><A href="#Competition"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Competition</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><A href="#Communication"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Communication</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><A href="#Symbolism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">14</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Symbolism</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><A href="#Gallery"><SPAN class="tocnumber">15</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Gallery</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">17</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">18</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">19</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">20</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Etymology_and_name">Etymology and name</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and name">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</A> name <I>Apis</I> is <A href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</A> for "bee".<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Although modern dictionaries may refer to <I>Apis</I> as either honey bee or honeybee, <A href="/wiki/Entomologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomologist">entomologist</A> <A href="/wiki/Robert_Evans_Snodgrass" title="Robert Evans Snodgrass">Robert Snodgrass</A> asserts that <A href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">correct usage</A> requires two words, i.e. <B>honey bee</B>, as it is a kind or type of bee, whereas it is incorrect to run the two words together as in dragonfly or butterfly, because the latter are not flies.<SUP id="cite_ref-Snodgrass1984_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Snodgrass1984-4">[4]</A></SUP> Honey bee, not honeybee, is the listed common name in the <A href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Entomological_Society_of_America" title="Entomological Society of America">Entomological Society of America</A> Common Names of Insects Database, and the <A href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life Web Project</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-ESA_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ESA-6">[6]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP> Nonetheless, <A href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounds</A> gradually solidify in the <A href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</A> of <A href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural languages</A> in ways that do not always comply with prescription.</P>
<H2><SPAN id="Origin.2C_systematics_and_distribution"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Origin,_systematics_and_distribution">Origin, systematics and distribution</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin, systematics and distribution">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Apis_distribution_map.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Apis_distribution_map.svg/220px-Apis_distribution_map.svg.png" width="220" height="113" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Apis_distribution_map.svg/330px-Apis_distribution_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Apis_distribution_map.svg/440px-Apis_distribution_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Apis_distribution_map.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Distribution of honey bees around the world</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:HoneyBeeAnatomy.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HoneyBeeAnatomy.svg/220px-HoneyBeeAnatomy.svg.png" width="220" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HoneyBeeAnatomy.svg/330px-HoneyBeeAnatomy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HoneyBeeAnatomy.svg/440px-HoneyBeeAnatomy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="410" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:HoneyBeeAnatomy.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">Morphology</A> of a female honey bee</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Honey bees appear to have their center of origin in <A href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</A> and <A href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</A> (including the <A href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</A>), as all the extant species except <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">Apis mellifera</A></I> are native to that region. Notably, living representatives of the earliest lineages to diverge (<I><A href="/wiki/Apis_florea" title="Apis florea">Apis florea</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_andreniformis" title="Apis andreniformis">Apis andreniformis</A></I>) have their center of origin there.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The first <I>Apis</I> bees appear in the <A href="/wiki/Fossil_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil record">fossil record</A> at the <A href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</A>-<A href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</A> boundary (34 <A href="/wiki/Myr" title="Myr">mya</A>), in European deposits. The origin of these prehistoric honey bees does not necessarily indicate Europe as the place of origin of the genus, only that the bees were present in Europe by that time. Few fossil deposits are known from South Asia, the suspected region of honey bee origin, and fewer still have been thoroughly studied.</P>
<P>No <I>Apis</I> species existed in the New World during human times before the introduction of <I>A. mellifera</I> by Europeans. Only one fossil species is documented from the New World, <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_nearctica" title="Apis nearctica">Apis nearctica</A></I>, known from a single 14 million-year-old specimen from Nevada.<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The close relatives of modern honey bees – <I>e.g.</I> <A href="/wiki/Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee">bumblebees</A> and <A href="/wiki/Stingless_bee" title="Stingless bee">stingless bees</A> – are also social to some degree, and social behavior seems a <A href="/wiki/Plesiomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiomorphic">plesiomorphic</A> trait that predates the origin of the genus. Among the extant members of <I>Apis</I>, the more <A href="/wiki/Basal_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal (biology)">basal</A> species make single, exposed combs, while the more recently evolved species nest in cavities and have multiple combs, which has greatly facilitated their domestication.</P>
<P>Most species have historically been cultured or at least exploited for honey and <A href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</A> by humans indigenous to their native ranges. Only two species have been truly <A href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</A>: <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">Apis mellifera</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_cerana_indica" title="Apis cerana indica">Apis cerana indica</A></I>. <I>A. mellifera</I> has been cultivated at least since the time of the building of the <A href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pyramid">Egyptian pyramids</A>, and only that species has been moved extensively beyond its native range.</P>
<P>Honey bees are the only extant members of the <A href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribe</A> Apini. Today's honey bees constitute three <A href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</A>: <I>Micrapis</I> (dwarf honey bees), <I>Megapis</I> (giant honey bee), and <I>Apis</I> (domestic honey bees and close relatives).<SUP id="cite_ref-Engel99_1-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Engel99-1">[1]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Arias_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Arias-10">[10]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Genetics">Genetics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">Apis mellifera</A></DIV>
<P>The genome of <I>Apis</I> has been mapped.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</A> counts of female bees for the three clades are:</P>
<DL>
<DD>
<DL>
<DD>
<TABLE style="width: 20%; height: 150px;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD><B>Clade</B></TD>
<TD><B>2<SUB> </SUB>N</B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><I>Micrapis</I></TD>
<TD>16</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><I>Megapis</I></TD>
<TD>16</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><I>Apis</I></TD>
<TD>32</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DD>
</DL>
</DD>
</DL>
<P><A href="/wiki/Honey_Bee#Drones" class="mw-redirect" title="Honey Bee">Drones</A> (males) are produced from unfertilized eggs, so they represent only the <A href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</A> of the queen that laid the eggs, i.e. have only a mother. <A href="/wiki/Drone_(bee)" title="Drone (bee)">Drones</A> of all bee genera have <B>1<SUB> </SUB>N</B> chromosome counts – half of those shown above.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Honey_bee#workers" title="Honey bee">Workers</A> and <A href="/wiki/Honey_bee#queens" title="Honey bee">queens</A> (both female) result from fertilized eggs, so have both a mother and a father. <A href="/wiki/Arrhenotoky" title="Arrhenotoky">Arrhenotokous parthenogenesis</A>, a modified form of <A href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</A>, controls sex differentiation. The sex <A href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</A> is <A href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphic</A>, and so long as two different variants are present, a female bee results. If both sex alleles are identical, <A href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">diploid</A> drones are produced. Honey bees detect and destroy diploid drones after the eggs hatch.</P>
<P>Queens typically mate with multiple drones on more than one mating flight. Once mated, they lay eggs and fertilize them as needed from sperm stored in the <A href="/wiki/Spermatheca" title="Spermatheca">spermatheca</A>. Since the number of sex alleles is limited at a regional level, a queen will most likely mate with one or more drones having sex alleles identical with one of the sex alleles in the queen. The queen, then, typically produces a percentage of diploid drone eggs.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[a]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Micrapis"><I>Micrapis</I></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Micrapis">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P><I><A href="/wiki/Apis_florea" title="Apis florea">Apis florea</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_andreniformis" title="Apis andreniformis">Apis andreniformis</A></I> are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia. They make very small, exposed nests in trees and shrubs. Their stings are often incapable of penetrating human skin, so the <A href="/wiki/Beehive_(beekeeping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beehive (beekeeping)">hive</A> and <A href="/wiki/Swarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Swarm">swarms</A> can be handled with minimal protection. They occur largely <A href="/wiki/Sympatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympatric">sympatrically</A>, though they are very distinct <A href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionarily</A> and are probably the result of <A href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">allopatric speciation</A>, their distribution later converging.</P>
<P>Given that <I>A. florea</I> is more widely distributed and <I>A. andreniformis</I> is considerably more aggressive, honey is, if at all, usually harvested from the former only. They are the most ancient extant lineage of honey bees, maybe diverging in the <A href="/wiki/Bartonian" title="Bartonian">Bartonian</A> (some 40 million years ago or slightly later) from the other lineages, but do not seem to have diverged from each other a long time before the <A href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Arias_10-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Arias-10">[10]</A></SUP> <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_florea" title="Apis florea">Apis florea</A></I> have smaller wing spans than its sister species.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-13">[12]</A></SUP> <I>Apis florea</I> are also completely yellow with the exception of the scutellum of workers, which is black.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-13">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Megapis"><I>Megapis</I></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Megapis">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>One species is recognized in the subgenus <I>Megapis</I>. It usually builds single or a few exposed combs on high tree limbs, on cliffs, and sometimes on buildings. They can be very fierce. Periodically robbed of their honey by human "honey hunters", colonies are easily capable of <A href="/wiki/Bee_sting" title="Bee sting">stinging</A> a human being to death if provoked.</P>
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Apis_dorsata" title="Apis dorsata">Apis dorsata</A></I>, the giant honey bee, is native and widespread across most of South and Southeast Asia.
<UL>
<LI><I>A. d. binghami</I>, the Indonesian giant honey bee, is classified as the <A href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</A> subspecies of the giant honey bee or a distinct species; in the latter case, <I>A. d. breviligula</I> and / or other lineages would probably also have to be considered species.<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[13]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Apis_dorsata_laboriosa" title="Apis dorsata laboriosa">A. d. laboriosa</A></I>, the Himalayan giant honey bee, was initially described as a distinct species. Later, it was included in <I>A. dorsata</I> as a subspecies<SUP id="cite_ref-Engel99_1-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Engel99-1">[1]</A></SUP> based on the <A href="/wiki/Biological_species_concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological species concept">biological species concept</A>, though authors applying a genetic species concept have suggested it should be considered a separate species.<SUP id="cite_ref-Arias_10-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Arias-10">[10]</A></SUP> Essentially restricted to the <A href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</A>, it differs little from the giant honey bee in appearance, but has extensive behavioral <A href="/wiki/Adaptation_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptation (biology)">adaptations</A> that enable it to nest in the open at high altitudes despite low ambient temperatures. It is the largest living honey bee.</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Apis"><I>Apis</I></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Apis">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Eastern <I>Apis</I> species include three or four species, including <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_koschevnikovi" title="Apis koschevnikovi">A. koschevnikovi</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">A. cerana</A></I>. The genetics of the western honey bee <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">A. mellifera</A></I> are unclear. The domesticated species are <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_cerana_indica" title="Apis cerana indica">A. cerana indica</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">A. mellifera</A></I></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Borneo_honey_bee">Borneo honey bee</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Borneo honey bee">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>The reddish Koschevnikov's bee (<I><A href="/wiki/Apis_koschevnikovi" title="Apis koschevnikovi">Apis koschevnikovi</A></I>) from <A href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</A> is clearly a distinct species; it probably derives from the first colonization of the island by cave-nesting honey bees.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Eastern_honey_bee">Eastern honey bee</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eastern honey bee">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P><I><A href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana</A></I>, the eastern honey bee proper, is the traditional honey bee of southern and eastern Asia. It was <A href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</A> as subspecies <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_cerana_indica" title="Apis cerana indica">A. c. indica</A></I> and kept in hives in a fashion similar to <I>A. mellifera</I>, though on a more limited, regional scale.</P>
<P>It has not been possible yet to resolve its relationship to the Bornean <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_cerana_nuluensis" title="Apis cerana nuluensis">A. c. nuluensis</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_nigrocincta" title="Apis nigrocincta">Apis nigrocincta</A></I> from the Philippines to satisfaction; the most recent hypothesis is that these are indeed distinct species, but that <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">A. cerana</A></I> is still <A href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</A>, consisting of several separate species.<SUP id="cite_ref-Arias_10-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Arias-10">[10]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Western_honey_bee">Western honey bee</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Western honey bee">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Apis_mellifera_Tanzania.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Apis_mellifera_Tanzania.jpg/220px-Apis_mellifera_Tanzania.jpg" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Apis_mellifera_Tanzania.jpg/330px-Apis_mellifera_Tanzania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Apis_mellifera_Tanzania.jpg/440px-Apis_mellifera_Tanzania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1250" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Apis_mellifera_Tanzania.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The European honey bee may have originated from eastern Africa. This bee is pictured in <A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A>.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P><I>A. mellifera</I>, the most common domesticated<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[14]</A></SUP> species, was the third insect to have its <A href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</A> mapped. It seems to have originated in eastern tropical <A href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</A> and spread from there to <A href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</A> and eastwards into <A href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</A> to the <A href="/wiki/Tien_Shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tien Shan">Tien Shan</A> range. It is variously called the European, western, or common honey bee in different parts of the world. Many <A href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</A> have adapted to the local geographic and climatic environments; in addition, hybrid strains, such as the <A href="/wiki/Buckfast_bee" title="Buckfast bee">Buckfast bee</A>, have been bred. Behavior, color, and anatomy can be quite different from one subspecies or even strain to another.</P>
<P><I>A. mellifera</I> <A href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</A> is the most enigmatic of all honey bee species. It seems to have diverged from its eastern relatives only during the <A href="/wiki/Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</A>. This would fit the hypothesis that the ancestral stock of cave-nesting honey bees was separated into the western group of East Africa and the eastern group of tropical Asia by <A href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</A> and adjacent regions, which caused declines of food plants and trees that provided nest sites, eventually causing <A href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</A> to cease.</P>
<P>The diversity of <I>A. mellifera</I> subspecies is probably the product of a largely <A href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</A> <A href="/wiki/Radiation_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation (biology)">radiation</A> aided by climate and habitat changes during the <A href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">last ice age</A>. That the western honey bee has been intensively managed by humans for many millennia – including hybridization and introductions – has apparently increased the speed of its <A href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</A> and confounded the DNA sequence data to a point where little of substance can be said about the exact relationships of many <I>A. mellifera</I> subspecies.<SUP id="cite_ref-Arias_10-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Arias-10">[10]</A></SUP></P>
<P><I>Apis mellifera</I> is not native to <A href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</A>, so was not present upon the arrival of the European explorers and colonists. However, other native bee species were kept and traded by indigenous peoples. In 1622, European colonists brought the dark bee (<I><A href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera mellifera">A. m. mellifera</A></I>) to the Americas, followed later by <A href="/wiki/Italian_bee" title="Italian bee">Italian bees</A> (<I>A. m. ligustica</I>) and others. Many of the crops that depend on honey bees for pollination have also been imported since colonial times. Escaped swarms (known as “wild” bees, but actually <A href="/wiki/Feral" class="mw-redirect" title="Feral">feral</A>) spread rapidly as far as the <A href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</A>, usually preceding the colonists. Honey bees did not naturally cross the <A href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</A>; they were transported by the Mormon pioneers to Utah in the late 1840s, and by ship to <A href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</A> in the early 1850s.<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Honey_Bee_takes_Nectar.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Honey_Bee_takes_Nectar.JPG/170px-Honey_Bee_takes_Nectar.JPG" width="170" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Honey_Bee_takes_Nectar.JPG/255px-Honey_Bee_takes_Nectar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Honey_Bee_takes_Nectar.JPG/340px-Honey_Bee_takes_Nectar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3471" data-file-height="2914" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Honey_Bee_takes_Nectar.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
An <A href="/wiki/Africanized_bee" title="Africanized bee">African bee</A> in <A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Africanized_bee">Africanized bee</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Africanized bee">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Africanized_bee" title="Africanized bee">Africanized bee</A></DIV>
<P>Africanized bees (known colloquially as "killer bees") are <A href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</A> between European stock and one of the African subspecies <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_scutellata" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera scutellata">A. m. scutellata</A></I>; they are often more aggressive than European bees and do not create as much of a honey surplus, but are more resistant to disease and are better foragers.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> Originating by accident in <A href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</A>, they have spread to North America and constitute a <A href="/wiki/Pest_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pest (animal)">pest</A> in some regions. However, these strains do not overwinter well, so are not often found in the colder, more northern parts of North America. The original breeding experiment for which the African bees were brought to Brazil in the first place has continued (though not as intended). Novel hybrid strains of domestic and redomesticated Africanized bees combine high resilience to tropical conditions and good yields. They are popular among beekeepers in Brazil.</P>
<H2><SPAN id="Living_and_fossil_honey_bees_.28Apini:_Apis.29"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Living_and_fossil_honey_bees_(Apini:_Apis)">Living and fossil honey bees (Apini: <I>Apis</I>)</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Living and fossil honey bees (Apini: Apis)">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P><B>Tribe Apini Latreille</B><SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Genus <I>Apis</I> Linnaeus (s. lato)</P>
<UL>
<LI>henshawi species group (†<I>Priorapis</I> Engel, †<I>Synapis</I> Cockerell)
<UL>
<LI>
<UL>
<LI>†<I>A. vetusta</I> Engel</LI>
<LI>†<I>A. henshawi</I> Cockerell</LI>
<LI>†<I>A. petrefacta</I> (Říha)</LI>
<LI>†<I>A. miocenica</I> Hong</LI>
<LI>†<I>A. “longtibia”</I> Zhang</LI>
<LI>†<I>A.</I> “Miocene 1”</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>armbrusteri species group (†<I>Cascapis</I> Engel)
<UL>
<LI>
<UL>
<LI>†<I>A. armbrusteri</I> Zeuner</LI>
<LI>†<I>A. nearctica</I>, sp. Nov.</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>florea species group (<I>Micrapis</I> Ashmead)
<UL>
<LI>
<UL>
<LI><I>A. florea</I> Fabricius</LI>
<LI><I>A. andreniformis</I> Smith</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>dorsata species group (<I>Megapis</I> Ashmead)
<UL>
<LI>
<UL>
<LI>†<I>A. lithohermaea</I> Engel</LI>
<LI><I>A. dorsata</I> Fabricius</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>mellifera species group (<I>Apis</I> Linnaeus <I>s. stricto</I>)
<UL>
<LI>mellifera subgroup
<UL>
<LI><I>A. mellifera</I> Linnaeus (<I>Apis</I> Linnaeus <I>s. strictissimo</I>)</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>cerana subgroup (<I>Sigmatapis</I> Maa)
<UL>
<LI><I>A. cerana</I> Fabricius</LI>
<LI><I>A. nigrocincta</I> Smith</LI>
<LI><I>A. koschevnikovi</I> Enderlein</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Life cycle">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>As in a few other types of <A href="/wiki/Eusocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusocial">eusocial</A> bees, a colony generally contains one <A href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">queen bee</A>, a fertile female; seasonally up to a few thousand <A href="/wiki/Drone_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone bee">drone bees</A>, or fertile males;<SUP id="cite_ref-gould_18-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gould-18">[17]</A></SUP> and tens of thousands of sterile female <A href="/wiki/Worker_bee" title="Worker bee">worker bees</A>. Details vary among the different species of honey bees, but common features include:</P>
<OL>
<LI>Eggs are laid singly in a cell in a wax <A href="/wiki/Honeycomb" title="Honeycomb">honeycomb</A>, produced and shaped by the worker bees. Using her <A href="/wiki/Spermatheca" title="Spermatheca">spermatheca</A>, the queen can choose to fertilize the egg she is laying, usually depending on into which cell she is laying. Drones develop from unfertilised eggs and are <A href="/wiki/Ploidy#Haploid_and_monoploid" title="Ploidy">haploid</A>, while females (queens and worker bees) develop from fertilised eggs and are <A href="/wiki/Ploidy#Diploid" title="Ploidy">diploid</A>. Larvae are initially fed with <A href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">royal jelly</A> produced by worker bees, later switching to honey and pollen. The exception is a larva fed solely on royal jelly, which will develop into a queen bee. The larva undergoes several moultings before spinning a cocoon within the cell, and <A href="/wiki/Pupate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pupate">pupating</A>.</LI>
<LI>Young worker bees, sometimes called "nurse bees", clean the hive and feed the larvae. When their royal jelly-producing glands begin to atrophy, they begin building comb cells. They progress to other within-colony tasks as they become older, such as receiving nectar and pollen from foragers, and guarding the hive. Later still, a worker takes her first orientation flights and finally leaves the hive and typically spends the remainder of her life as a forager.</LI>
<LI>Worker bees cooperate to find food and use a pattern of "dancing" (known as the <A href="/wiki/Bee_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee dance">bee dance</A> or waggle dance) to communicate information regarding resources with each other; this dance varies from species to species, but all living species of <I>Apis</I> exhibit some form of the behavior. If the resources are very close to the hive, they may also exhibit a less specific dance commonly known as the "round dance".</LI>
<LI>Honey bees also perform <A href="/wiki/Tremble_dance" title="Tremble dance">tremble dances</A>, which recruit receiver bees to collect nectar from returning foragers.</LI>
<LI>Virgin queens go on mating flights away from their home colony to a drone congregation area, and mate with multiple drones before returning. The drones die in the act of mating. Queen honey bees do not mate with drones from their home colony.</LI>
<LI>Colonies are established not by solitary queens, as in most bees, but by groups known as "<A href="/wiki/Swarming_(honey_bee)" title="Swarming (honey bee)">swarms</A>", which consist of a mated queen and a large contingent of worker bees. This group moves <I>en masse</I> to a nest site which was scouted by worker bees beforehand and whose location is communicated with a special type of dance. Once the swarm arrives, they immediately construct a new wax comb and begin to raise new worker brood. This type of nest founding is not seen in any other living bee genus, though several groups of <A href="/wiki/Vespid" class="mw-redirect" title="Vespid">vespid</A> wasps also found new nests by swarming (sometimes including multiple queens). Also, <A href="/wiki/Stingless_bee" title="Stingless bee">stingless bees</A> will start new nests with large numbers of worker bees, but the nest is constructed before a queen is escorted to the site, and this worker force is not a true "swarm".</LI>
</OL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Life_cycle_2">Life cycle</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Life cycle">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<UL class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
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<DIV style="margin:35px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Bienenkoenigin.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bienenkoenigin.JPG/120px-Bienenkoenigin.JPG" width="120" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bienenkoenigin.JPG/180px-Bienenkoenigin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bienenkoenigin.JPG/240px-Bienenkoenigin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></A></DIV>
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<P>A coloured dot applied by a beekeeper identifies the <A href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">queen</A></P>
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<DIV style="margin:30px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_39.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_39.jpg/120px-Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_39.jpg" width="120" height="90" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_39.jpg/180px-Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_39.jpg/240px-Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="1752" /></A></DIV>
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<P>Honey bee eggs shown in opened wax cells</P>
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<DIV style="margin:30px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_und_Brut_5.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_und_Brut_5.jpg/120px-Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_und_Brut_5.jpg" width="120" height="90" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_und_Brut_5.jpg/180px-Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_und_Brut_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_und_Brut_5.jpg/240px-Bienenwabe_mit_Eiern_und_Brut_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2901" data-file-height="2176" /></A></DIV>
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<P>Eggs and larvae</P>
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<DIV style="margin:35px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Drohnenpuppen_79b.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Drohnenpuppen_79b.jpg/120px-Drohnenpuppen_79b.jpg" width="120" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Drohnenpuppen_79b.jpg/180px-Drohnenpuppen_79b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Drohnenpuppen_79b.jpg/240px-Drohnenpuppen_79b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2643" data-file-height="1762" /></A></DIV>
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<P>Drone pupae</P>
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<DIV style="margin:45px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Birth_of_black_bee_(Apis_mellifera_mellifera).jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Birth_of_black_bee_%28Apis_mellifera_mellifera%29.jpg/120px-Birth_of_black_bee_%28Apis_mellifera_mellifera%29.jpg" width="120" height="60" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Birth_of_black_bee_%28Apis_mellifera_mellifera%29.jpg/180px-Birth_of_black_bee_%28Apis_mellifera_mellifera%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Birth_of_black_bee_%28Apis_mellifera_mellifera%29.jpg/240px-Birth_of_black_bee_%28Apis_mellifera_mellifera%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="1615" /></A></DIV>
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<P>Emergence of a black bee (<I>A. m. mellifera</I>)</P>
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<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Winter_survival">Winter survival</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Winter survival">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>In cold climates, honey bees stop flying when the temperature drops below about 10 °C (50 °F) and crowd into the central area of the hive to form a "winter cluster". The worker bees huddle around the queen bee at the center of the cluster, shivering to keep the center between 27 °C (81 °F) at the start of winter (during the broodless period) and 34 °C (93 °F) once the queen resumes laying. The worker bees rotate through the cluster from the outside to the inside so that no bee gets too cold. The outside edges of the cluster stay at about 8–9 °C (46–48 °F). The colder the weather is outside, the more compact the cluster becomes. During winter, they consume their stored honey to produce body heat. The amount of honey consumed during the winter is a function of winter length and severity, but ranges in temperate climates from 15 to 50 kilograms (33 to 110 lb).<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[18]</A></SUP> In addition, certain bees, including the <A href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</A> as well as <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana</A></I>, are known to engage in effective methods of nest thermoregulation during periods of varying temperature in both summer and winter. During the summer, however, this is achieved through fanning and water evaporation from water collected in various fields.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Pollination">Pollination</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pollination">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <A href="/wiki/Pollination_management" title="Pollination management">Pollination management</A> and <A href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">List of crop plants pollinated by bees</A></DIV>
<P>Species of <I>Apis</I> are generalist floral visitors, and pollinate a large variety of plants, but by no means all plants. Of all the honey bee species, only <I>A. mellifera</I> has been used extensively for commercial pollination of crops and other plants. The value of these pollination services is commonly measured in the billions of dollars. Bees collect 66 pounds (30 kg) of pollen per year per hive.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[20]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Nutrition">Nutrition</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nutrition">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Honey bees obtain all of their nutritional requirements from a diverse combination of pollen and nectar. Pollen is the only natural protein source for honey bees. Adult worker honey bees consume 3.4-4.3 mg of pollen per day to meet a dry matter requirement of 66-74% protein.<SUP id="cite_ref-Brodschneider_22-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Brodschneider-22">[21]</A></SUP> The rearing of one larva requires 125-187.5 mg pollen or 25-37.5 mg protein for proper development.<SUP id="cite_ref-Brodschneider_22-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Brodschneider-22">[21]</A></SUP> Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids, ten of which are considered essential to honey bees: methionine, tryptophan, arginine, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, threonine, leucine, and valine. Of these amino acids, honey bees require highest concentrations of leucine, isoleucine, and valine, however elevated concentrations of arginine and lysine are required for brood rearing.<SUP id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:1-23">[22]</A></SUP> In addition to these amino acids, some B vitamins including biotin, folic acid, nicotinamide, riboflavin, thiamine, pantothenate, and most importantly, pyridoxine are required to rear larvae. Pyridoxine is the most prevalent B vitamin found in royal jelly and concentrations vary throughout the foraging season with lowest concentrations found in May and highest concentrations found in July and August. Honey bees lacking dietary pyridoxine were unable to rear brood.<SUP id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:1-23">[22]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Bees_Collecting_Pollen_2004-08-14.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bees_Collecting_Pollen_2004-08-14.jpg/200px-Bees_Collecting_Pollen_2004-08-14.jpg" width="200" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bees_Collecting_Pollen_2004-08-14.jpg/300px-Bees_Collecting_Pollen_2004-08-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bees_Collecting_Pollen_2004-08-14.jpg/400px-Bees_Collecting_Pollen_2004-08-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></A>
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A forager collecting pollen</DIV>
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<P>Pollen is also a lipid source for honey bees ranging from 0.8% to 18.9%.<SUP id="cite_ref-Brodschneider_22-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Brodschneider-22">[21]</A></SUP> Lipids are metabolized during the brood stage for precursors required for future biosynthesis. Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are not considered essential but have shown to significantly improve the number of brood reared.<SUP id="cite_ref-Brodschneider_22-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Brodschneider-22">[21]</A></SUP> Honey bees ingest phytosterols from pollen to produce 24-methylenecholesterol and other sterols as they cannot directly synthesize cholesterol from phytosterols. Nurse bees have the ability to selectively transfer sterols to larvae through brood food.<SUP id="cite_ref-Brodschneider_22-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Brodschneider-22">[21]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Nectar is collected by foraging worker bees as a source of water and carbohydrates in the form of sucrose. The dominant monosaccharides in honey bee diets are fructose and glucose but the most common circulating sugar in hemolymph is trehalose which is a disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules.<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[23]</A></SUP> Adult worker honey bees require 4 mg of utilizable sugars per day and larvae require about 59.4 mg of carbohydrates for proper development.<SUP id="cite_ref-Brodschneider_22-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Brodschneider-22">[21]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Honey bees require water to maintain osmotic homeostasis, prepare liquid brood food, and to cool the hive through evaporation. A colony’s water needs can generally be met by nectar foraging as it has high water content. Occasionally on hot days or when nectar is limited, foragers will collect water from streams or ponds to meet the needs of the hive.<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[24]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Parasites">Parasites</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Parasites">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Galleria_mellonella"><A href="/wiki/Galleria_mellonella" title="Galleria mellonella">Galleria mellonella</A></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Galleria mellonella">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Larval stages of <I><A href="/wiki/Galleria_mellonella" title="Galleria mellonella">G. mellonella</A></I> parasitize both wild and cultivated honeybees.  Eggs are laid within the hive, and the larva that hatch tunnel through and destroy the honeycombs that contain honeybee larva and their honey stores. The tunnels they create are lined with silk, which entangles and starves emerging bees. Destruction of honeycombs also result in honey leaking and being wasted. Finally, both <I>G. mellonella</I> adults and larvae can be vectors for pathogens that can infect honeybees, including the <A href="/wiki/Israeli_acute_paralysis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli acute paralysis virus">Israeli acute paralysis virus</A> (IAPV) and the black queen cell virus (BQCV).<SUP id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:2-26">[25]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Management">Management</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Management">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Temperature treatments are possible, but also distorts wax of the honeycombs. Chemical fumigants, particularly CO<SUB>2</SUB>,are also used. <SUP id="cite_ref-:2_26-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:2-26">[25]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Beekeeping">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</A></DIV>
<P>Two species of honey bee, <I>A. mellifera</I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_cerana_indica" title="Apis cerana indica">A. cerana indica</A></I>, are often maintained, fed, and transported by beekeepers. Modern hives also enable beekeepers to transport bees, moving from field to field as the crop needs pollinating and allowing the beekeeper to charge for the pollination services they provide, revising the historical role of the self-employed beekeeper, and favoring large-scale commercial operations.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Colony_collapse_disorder">Colony collapse disorder</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Colony collapse disorder">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</A></DIV>
<P>Since 2007, abnormally high die-offs (30–70% of hives) of European honey bee colonies have occurred in North America. This has been dubbed "colony collapse disorder" (CCD) and was at first unexplained.<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[26]</A></SUP> It seems to be caused by a combination of factors rather than a single <A href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</A> or <A href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poison</A>, possibly including <A href="/wiki/Neonicotinoid" title="Neonicotinoid">neonicotinoid</A> pesticides<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[27]</A></SUP> or <A href="/wiki/Israeli_acute_paralysis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli acute paralysis virus">Israeli acute paralysis virus</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[28]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Bee_products">Bee products</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bee products">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Honey">Honey</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Honey">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</A></DIV>
<P>Honey is the complex substance made when bees ingest nectar, process it, and store the substance into honey combs.<SUP id="cite_ref-Crane1990_30-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Crane1990-30">[29]</A></SUP> All living species of <I>Apis</I> have had their honey gathered by indigenous peoples for consumption. <I>A. mellifera</I> and <I>A. cerana</I> are the only species that have had their honey harvested for commercial purposes.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Beeswax">Beeswax</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Beeswax">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</A></DIV>
<P>Worker bees of a certain age secrete <A href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</A> from a series of glands on their abdomens.<SUP id="cite_ref-Sanford_31-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Sanford-31">[30]</A></SUP> They use the wax to form the walls and caps of the comb. As with honey, beeswax is gathered by humans for various purposes.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Pollen">Pollen</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pollen">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</A></DIV>
<P>Bees collect <A href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</A> in their <A href="/wiki/Pollen_basket" title="Pollen basket">pollen baskets</A> and carry it back to the hive.<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[31]</A></SUP> In the hive, pollen is used as a <A href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</A> source necessary during brood-rearing. In certain environments, excess pollen can be collected from the hives of <I>A. mellifera</I> and <I>A. cerana</I>. It is often eaten as a health supplement. It also has been used with moderate success as a source of pollen for <A href="/wiki/Hand-pollination" title="Hand-pollination">hand pollination</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Bee_bread">Bee bread</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bee bread">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Worker bees combine pollen, honey and glandular secretions and allow it to ferment in the comb to make bee bread. The fermentation process releases additional nutrients from the pollen and can produce antibiotics and fatty acids which inhibit spoilage. Bee bread is eaten by <A href="/wiki/Worker_bee#Nurse_bee_(days_3–11)" title="Worker bee">nurse bees</A> (younger workers) who then produce the protein-rich royal jelly needed by the queen and developing larvae in their hypopharyngeal glands.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Propolis">Propolis</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Propolis">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</A></DIV>
<P>Propolis is a resinous mixture collected by honey bees from tree buds, sap flows or other botanical sources, which is used as a sealant for unwanted open spaces in the hive.<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[32]</A></SUP> Although propolis is alleged to have health benefits (tincture of Propolis is marketed as a cold and flu remedy), it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals.<SUP id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-34">[33]</A></SUP> Propolis is also used in wood finishes, and gives a <A href="/wiki/Stradivarius" title="Stradivarius">Stradivarius</A> violin its unique red color.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[34]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Royal_jelly">Royal jelly</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Royal jelly">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</A></DIV>
<P>Royal jelly is a honey-bee secretion used to nourish the larvae.<SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[35]</A></SUP> It is marketed for its alleged but unsupported claims of health benefits.<SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[36]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[37]</A></SUP> On the other hand, it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[38]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Sexes_and_castes">Sexes and castes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sexes and castes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Honey_Bees_-_Sexes_and_castes.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Honey_Bees_-_Sexes_and_castes.svg/220px-Honey_Bees_-_Sexes_and_castes.svg.png" width="220" height="181" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Honey_Bees_-_Sexes_and_castes.svg/330px-Honey_Bees_-_Sexes_and_castes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Honey_Bees_-_Sexes_and_castes.svg/440px-Honey_Bees_-_Sexes_and_castes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5905" data-file-height="4848" /></A>
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Sexes and roles in a colony of honey bees</DIV>
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<P>Honey bees have three <A href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</A>: <A href="/wiki/Drone_(bee)" title="Drone (bee)">drones</A>, workers, and <A href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">queens</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[39]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-uga_41-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-uga-41">[40]</A></SUP> Drones are male, while workers and queens are female.<SUP id="cite_ref-uga_41-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-uga-41">[40]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Drones">Drones</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Drones">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:442px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Haplodiploid_Sex_Determination_in_Honey_Bees.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Haplodiploid_Sex_Determination_in_Honey_Bees.svg/440px-Haplodiploid_Sex_Determination_in_Honey_Bees.svg.png" width="440" height="329" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Haplodiploid_Sex_Determination_in_Honey_Bees.svg/660px-Haplodiploid_Sex_Determination_in_Honey_Bees.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Haplodiploid_Sex_Determination_in_Honey_Bees.svg/880px-Haplodiploid_Sex_Determination_in_Honey_Bees.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="674" /></A>
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Honey bees have a <A href="/wiki/Haplodiploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplodiploid">haplodiploid</A> system of sex determination.</DIV>
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<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Drone_(bee)" title="Drone (bee)">Drone (bee)</A></DIV>
<P>Males, or drones, are typically <A href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</A>, having only one set of <A href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</A>, and primarily exist for the purpose of <A href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-uga_41-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-uga-41">[40]</A></SUP> They are produced by the queen if she chooses not to fertilize an egg or by an unfertilized laying worker. Diploid drones may be produced if an egg is fertilized but is <A href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygous</A> for the <A href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">sex-determination</A> <A href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</A>. Drones take 24 days to develop, and may be produced from summer through to autumn, numbering as many as 500 per hive.<SUP id="cite_ref-uga_41-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-uga-41">[40]</A></SUP> They are expelled from the hive during the winter months when the hive's primary focus is warmth and food conservation.<SUP id="cite_ref-uga_41-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-uga-41">[40]</A></SUP> Drones have large eyes used to locate queens during mating flights. They do not defend the hive or kill intruders, and do not have a <A href="/wiki/Stinger" title="Stinger">stinger</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-perfect_42-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-perfect-42">[41]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Workers">Workers</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Workers">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Worker_bee" title="Worker bee">Worker bee</A></DIV>
<P>Workers have two sets of chromosomes.<SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[42]</A></SUP> They are produced from an egg that the queen has selectively fertilized from stored sperm. Workers typically develop in 21 days. A typical colony may contain as many as 60,000 worker bees.<SUP id="cite_ref-uga_41-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-uga-41">[40]</A></SUP> Workers exhibit a wider range of behaviors than either queens or drones. Their duties change upon the age of the bee in the following order (beginning with cleaning out their own cell after eating through their capped brood cell): feed brood, receive nectar, clean hive, guard duty, and foraging.<SUP id="cite_ref-uga_41-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-uga-41">[40]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-perfect_42-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-perfect-42">[41]</A></SUP> Some workers engage in other specialized behaviors, such as "undertaking" (removing corpses of their nestmates from inside the hive).<SUP id="cite_ref-perfect_42-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-perfect-42">[41]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Workers have morphological specializations, including the <A href="/wiki/Pollen_basket" title="Pollen basket">pollen basket</A> <I>(corbicula)</I>,<SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[43]</A></SUP> abdominal glands that produce beeswax, brood-feeding glands, and barbs on the sting. Under certain conditions (for example, if the colony becomes queenless), a worker may develop ovaries.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Queens">Queens</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Queens">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">Queen bee</A></DIV>
<P>Queen honey bees are created when worker bees feed a single female larvae an exclusive diet of a food called "<A href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">royal jelly</A>".<SUP id="cite_ref-uga_41-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-uga-41">[40]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-perfect_42-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-perfect-42">[41]</A></SUP> Queens are produced in oversized cells and develop in only 16 days; they differ in physiology, morphology, and behavior from worker bees. In addition to the greater size of the queen, she has a functional set of ovaries, and a spermatheca, which stores and maintains sperm after she has mated. <I>Apis</I> queens practice <A href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry</A>, with one female mating with multiple males. The highest documented mating frequency for an <I>Apis</I> queen is in <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_nigrocincta" title="Apis nigrocincta">Apis nigrocincta</A></I>, where queens mate with an extremely high number of males with observed numbers of different matings ranging from 42 to 69 drones per queen.<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[44]</A></SUP> The sting of queens is not barbed like a worker's sting, and queens lack the glands that produce beeswax. Once mated, queens may lay up to 2,000 eggs per day.<SUP id="cite_ref-perfect_42-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-perfect-42">[41]</A></SUP> They produce a variety of pheromones that regulate behavior of workers, and helps swarms track the queen's location during the swarming.<SUP id="cite_ref-perfect_42-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-perfect-42">[41]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Defense">Defense</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Defense">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Bee_sting" title="Bee sting">Bee sting</A></DIV>
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<I><A href="/wiki/Apis_cerana_japonica" title="Apis cerana japonica">Apis cerana japonica</A></I> forming a ball around two <A href="/wiki/Asian_giant_hornet" title="Asian giant hornet">hornets</A>: The body heat trapped by the ball will overheat and kill the hornets.</DIV>
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<P>All honey bees live in colonies where the workers <A href="/wiki/Bee_sting" title="Bee sting">sting</A> intruders as a form of defense, and alarmed bees release a <A href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</A> that stimulates the attack response in other bees. The different species of honey bees are distinguished from all other bee species (and virtually all other <A href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</A>) by the possession of small barbs on the sting, but these barbs are found only in the worker bees. The sting and associated <A href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">venom</A> sac of honey bees are also modified so as to pull free of the body once lodged (<A href="/wiki/Autotomy" title="Autotomy">autotomy</A>), and the sting apparatus has its own musculature and <A href="/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglion</A>, which allows it to keep delivering venom once detached. The gland which produces the alarm pheromone is also associated with the sting apparatus. The embedded stinger continues to emit additional alarm pheromone after it has torn loose; other defensive workers are thereby attracted to the sting site. The worker dies after the sting becomes lodged and is subsequently torn loose from the bee's abdomen. The honey bee's venom, known as <A href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">apitoxin</A>, carries several active components, the most abundant of which is <A href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">melittin</A>, and the most destructive is <A href="/wiki/Phospholipase_A2" title="Phospholipase A2">phospholipase A2</A>.</P>
<P>This complex apparatus, including the barbs on the sting, is thought to have evolved specifically in response to predation by vertebrates, as the barbs do not usually function (and the sting apparatus does not detach) unless the sting is embedded in fleshy tissue. While the sting can also penetrate the membranes between joints in the exoskeleton of other insects (and is used in fights between queens), in the case of <I>Apis cerana japonica</I>, defense against larger insects such as predatory wasps (e.g. <A href="/wiki/Asian_giant_hornet" title="Asian giant hornet">Asian giant hornet</A>) is usually performed by surrounding the intruder with a mass of defending worker bees, which vibrate their muscles vigorously to raise the temperature of the intruder to a lethal level ("balling").<SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[45]</A></SUP> Previously, heat alone was thought to be responsible for killing intruding wasps, but recent experiments have demonstrated the increased temperature in combination with increased carbon dioxide levels within the ball produce the lethal effect.<SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[46]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[47]</A></SUP> This phenomenon is also used to kill a queen perceived as intruding or defective, an action known to beekeepers as 'balling the queen', named for the ball of bees formed.</P>
<P>Defense can vary based on the habitat of the bee. In the case of those honey bee species with open combs (e.g., <I>A. dorsata</I>), would-be predators are given a warning signal that takes the form of a "<A href="/wiki/Mexican_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican wave">Mexican wave</A>" that spreads as a ripple across a layer of bees densely packed on the surface of the comb when a threat is perceived, and consists of bees momentarily arching their bodies and flicking their wings.<SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[48]</A></SUP> In cavity dwelling species such as <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana</A></I>, <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera">Apis mellifera</A></I>, and <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_nigrocincta" title="Apis nigrocincta">Apis nigrocincta</A></I>, entrances to these cavities are guarded and checked for intruders in incoming traffic. Another act of defense against nest invaders, particularly wasps, is "body shaking," a violent and pendulum like swaying of the abdomen, performed by worker bees.<SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[49]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Competition">Competition</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Competition">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>With an increased number of honey bees in a specific area due to beekeeping, domesticated bees and native wild bees often have to compete for the limited habitat and food sources available.<SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[50]</A></SUP> European bees may become defensive in response to the seasonal arrival of competition from other colonies, particularly Africanized bees which may be on the offence and defense year round due to their tropical origin.<SUP id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-52">[51]</A></SUP> In the <A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</A>, honey bees are known to compete with <I><A href="/wiki/Bombus_hortorum" title="Bombus hortorum">Bombus hortorum</A></I>, a bumblebee species, because they forage at the same sites. To resolve the issue and maximize both their total consumption during foraging, bumblebees forage early in the morning, while honey bees forage during the afternoon.<SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[52]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Communication">Communication</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Communication">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication" title="Bee learning and communication">Bee learning and communication</A></DIV>
<P>Honey bees are known to communicate through many different chemicals and odors, as is common in insects. They also rely on a sophisticated dance language that conveys information about the distance and direction to a specific location (typically a nutritional source, e.g., flowers or water). The dance language is also used during the process of reproductive fission, or swarming, when scouts communicate the location and quality of nesting sites.<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[53]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The details of the signalling being used vary from species to species; for example, the two smallest species, <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_andreniformis" title="Apis andreniformis">Apis andreniformis</A></I> and <I>A. florea</I>, dance on the upper surface of the comb, which is horizontal (not vertical, as in other species), and worker bees orient the dance in the actual compass direction of the resource to which they are recruiting.</P>
<P><I><A href="/wiki/Apis_mellifera_carnica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apis mellifera carnica">Apis mellifera carnica</A></I> honey bees use their antennae asymmetrically for social interactions with a strong lateral preference to use their right antennae.<SUP id="cite_ref-sr2045_55-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-sr2045-55">[54]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-56">[55]</A></SUP></P>
<P>There has been speculation as to honeybee <A href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-57">[56]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Symbolism">Symbolism</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Symbolism">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Bee_(mythology)" title="Bee (mythology)">Bee (mythology)</A></DIV>
<P>The bee was revived as a symbol of government by <A href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Emperor Napoleon I</A> of France.<SUP id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-58">[57]</A></SUP> Both the <A href="/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</A> <I><A href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharva Veda">Atharva Veda</A></I><SUP id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-59">[58]</A></SUP> and the ancient Greeks associated lips anointed with honey with the gift of eloquence and even of prescience. The priestess at <A href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</A> was the "Delphic Bee". The <I><A href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</A></I> has a chapter titled "<A href="/wiki/An-Nahl" title="An-Nahl">The Bee</A>". A community of honey bees has often been employed by political theorists as a model of human society, from Aristotle and Plato to Virgil<SUP id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-60">[59]</A></SUP> and Seneca; in Erasmus and Shakespeare; in Marx and Tolstoy.<SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[60]</A></SUP> Honey bees, signifying immortality and resurrection, were royal emblems of the <A href="/wiki/Merovingians" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingians">Merovingians</A>. The bee also is the heraldic emblem of the <A href="/wiki/Barberini" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberini">Barberini</A>.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> The state of <A href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</A> is called the "Beehive State", the state emblem is the beehive, the state insect is the honey bee, and a beehive and the word "industry" appear on both the state flag and seal.<SUP id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-62">[61]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-63">[62]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-64">[63]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-65">[64]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<P>Foragers loaded with pollen on the hive landing board</P>
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<P><A href="/wiki/Eastern_honey_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern honey bee">Eastern honey bee</A> (<I>A. cerana</I>) in <A href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</A></P>
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<P><A href="/wiki/Apis_dorsata" title="Apis dorsata">Giant honey bee</A> (<I>A. dorsata</I>)</P>
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<DIV style="margin:34px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Pollinationn.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pollinationn.jpg/120px-Pollinationn.jpg" width="120" height="82" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pollinationn.jpg/180px-Pollinationn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pollinationn.jpg/240px-Pollinationn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1292" /></A></DIV>
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<P>Honey bee visiting flowers</P>
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<DIV style="margin:35px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Natural_Beehive_and_Honeycombs.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Natural_Beehive_and_Honeycombs.jpg/120px-Natural_Beehive_and_Honeycombs.jpg" width="120" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Natural_Beehive_and_Honeycombs.jpg/180px-Natural_Beehive_and_Honeycombs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Natural_Beehive_and_Honeycombs.jpg/240px-Natural_Beehive_and_Honeycombs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></A></DIV>
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<P>A colony of giant honey bees on their comb</P>
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<DIV id="mwe_player_0" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:120px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:854px"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm/854px--Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="32.047" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm/Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1007392" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm/Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="3012632" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Original WebM file, 1,280 × 720 (3.09 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="3087962" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm/Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="284" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="187584" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm/Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="299864" data-framerate="29.97"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm/Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="529784" data-framerate="29.97"/></video></div>"><IMG alt="File:Honey Bee Pollinating.webm" style="width:120px;height:68px" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm/120px--Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm.jpg" /><A href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Honey_Bee_Pollinating.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><SPAN class="play-btn-large"><SPAN class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</SPAN></SPAN></A></DIV>
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<P>Pollinating flowers</P>
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<DIV style="margin:35px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Bee-apis.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bee-apis.jpg/120px-Bee-apis.jpg" width="120" height="80" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bee-apis.jpg/180px-Bee-apis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bee-apis.jpg/240px-Bee-apis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="668" /></A></DIV>
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<P>Genus <I>Apis</I></P>
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</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bees_and_toxic_chemicals" title="Bees and toxic chemicals">Bees and toxic chemicals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Honey_bee_life_cycle" title="Honey bee life cycle">Honey bee life cycle</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/More_Than_Honey" class="mw-redirect" title="More Than Honey">More Than Honey</A></I> – a 2012 Swiss documentary film about honey bees</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Honeybee_Starvation" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeybee Starvation">Honeybee Starvation</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<DIV class="mw-references-wrap">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Work by Lechner in 2013 showed approximately 50 sex alleles in a population of <I>Apis mellifera</I> and estimated worldwide total number of sex alleles in <I>A. mellifera</I> between 116 and 145. There are likely more sex alleles in <I><A href="/wiki/Apis_cerana" title="Apis cerana">Apis cerana</A></I> given wider distribution and larger number of geographical races. Honeybees are highly sensitive to inbreeding in part because duplication of the sex allele causes significant numbers of diploid drone eggs to be laid and subsequently destroyed as they hatch.<SUP id="cite_ref-LechnerFerretti2014_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-LechnerFerretti2014-11">[11]</A></SUP></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-Engel99-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Engel99_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Engel99_1-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Engel99_1-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A href="/wiki/Michael_S._Engel" title="Michael S. Engel">Michael S. Engel</A> (1999). "The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: <I>Apis</I>)". <I><A href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hymenoptera_Research" title="Journal of Hymenoptera Research">Journal of Hymenoptera Research</A></I>. <B>8</B>: 165–196.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hymenoptera+Research&rft.atitle=The+taxonomy+of+recent+and+fossil+honey+bees+%28Hymenoptera%3A+Apidae%3A+Apis%29&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=165-196&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Michael+S.+Engel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pestworldforkids.org/pest-guide/bees/">"Bees - Facts About Bees - Types of Bees - PestWorldforKids.org"</A>. <I>pestworldforkids.org</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-04-26</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pestworldforkids.org&rft.atitle=Bees+-+Facts+About+Bees+-+Types+of+Bees+-+PestWorldforKids.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpestworldforkids.org%2Fpest-guide%2Fbees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Douglas Harper (2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Honeybee">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-02-27</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Douglas+Harper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3DHoneybee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Snodgrass1984-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass1984_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Robert E. Snodgrass (1984). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHGmkX1zDS8C"><I>Anatomy of the Honey Bee</I></A>. Cornell University Press. p. vii. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9302-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9302-1">0-8014-9302-1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+the+Honey+Bee&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8014-9302-1&rft.au=Robert+E.+Snodgrass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHGmkX1zDS8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=154396">"ITIS"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">February 26,</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ITIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D154396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ESA-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-ESA_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entsoc.org/common-names">"Entomological Society of America Common Names of Insects Database"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">February 21,</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entomological+Society+of+America+Common+Names+of+Insects+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentsoc.org%2Fcommon-names&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Apinae">"Tree of Life Web Project"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-02-25</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tree+of+Life+Web+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftolweb.org%2FApinae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Deborah R. Smith; Lynn Villafuerte; Gard Otisc; Michael R. Palmer (2000). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229201522/http://www.culturaapicola.com.ar/apuntes/revistaselectronicas/apidologie/31-2/m0209.pdf">"Biogeography of <I>Apis cerana</I> F. and <I>A. nigrocincta</I> Smith: insights from mtDNA studies"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I><A href="/w/index.php?title=Apidologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apidologie (page does not exist)">Apidologie</A></I>. <B>31</B> (2): 265–279. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1051%2Fapido%3A2000121">10.1051/apido:2000121</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturaapicola.com.ar/apuntes/revistaselectronicas/apidologie/31-2/m0209.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on February 29, 2012.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Apidologie&rft.atitle=Biogeography+of+Apis+cerana+F.+and+A.+nigrocincta+Smith%3A+insights+from+mtDNA+studies&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=265-279&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fapido%3A2000121&rft.au=Deborah+R.+Smith&rft.au=Lynn+Villafuerte&rft.au=Gard+Otisc&rft.au=Michael+R.+Palmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturaapicola.com.ar%2Fapuntes%2Frevistaselectronicas%2Fapidologie%2F31-2%2Fm0209.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Michael S. Engel; I. A. Hinojosa-Diaz; A. P. Rasnitsyn (2009). "A honey bee from the Miocene of Nevada and the biogeography of <I>Apis</I> (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apini)". <I><A href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_California_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences</A></I>. <B>60</B> (3): 23–38.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+California+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+honey+bee+from+the+Miocene+of+Nevada+and+the+biogeography+of+Apis+%28Hymenoptera%3A+Apidae%3A+Apini%29&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=23-38&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Michael+S.+Engel&rft.au=I.+A.+Hinojosa-Diaz&rft.au=A.+P.+Rasnitsyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Arias-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Arias_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Arias_10-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Arias_10-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Arias_10-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Arias_10-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Maria C. Arias; Walter S. Sheppard (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees (Hymenoptera:Apinae:Apini) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data". <I><A href="/wiki/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</A></I>. <B>37</B> (1): 25–35. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.02.017">10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.017</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16182149">16182149</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Phylogenetic+relationships+of+honey+bees+%28Hymenoptera%3AApinae%3AApini%29+inferred+from+nuclear+and+mitochondrial+DNA+sequence+data&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-35&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2005.02.017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16182149&rft.au=Maria+C.+Arias&rft.au=Walter+S.+Sheppard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><BR />
<CITE class="citation journal">Maria C. Arias; Walter S. Sheppard (2005). "Corrigendum to "Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees (Hymenoptera:Apinae:Apini) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</SPAN>". <I><A href="/wiki/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution">Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</A></I>. <B>40</B> (1): 315. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2006.02.002">10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.002</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Corrigendum+to+%22Phylogenetic+relationships+of+honey+bees+%28Hymenoptera%3AApinae%3AApini%29+inferred+from+nuclear+and+mitochondrial+DNA+sequence+data%22&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=315&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2006.02.002&rft.au=Maria+C.+Arias&rft.au=Walter+S.+Sheppard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-LechnerFerretti2014-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-LechnerFerretti2014_11-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Lechner, Sarah; Ferretti, Luca; Schöning, Caspar; Kinuthia, Wanja; Willemsen, David; Hasselmann, Martin (2014). "Nucleotide Variability at Its Limit? Insights into the Number and Evolutionary Dynamics of the Sex-Determining Specificities of the Honey Bee Apis mellifera". <I>Molecular Biology and Evolution</I>. <B>31</B> (2): 272–287. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmst207">10.1093/molbev/mst207</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Nucleotide+Variability+at+Its+Limit%3F+Insights+into+the+Number+and+Evolutionary+Dynamics+of+the+Sex-Determining+Specificities+of+the+Honey+Bee+Apis+mellifera&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=272-287&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmst207&rft.aulast=Lechner&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Ferretti%2C+Luca&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6ning%2C+Caspar&rft.au=Kinuthia%2C+Wanja&rft.au=Willemsen%2C+David&rft.au=Hasselmann%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-:0-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Wongsiri, S., et al. "Comparative biology of Apis andreniformis and Apis florea in Thailand." Bee World 78.1 (1997): 23-35.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Nathan Lo; Rosalyn S. Gloag; Denis L. Anderson; Benjamin P. Oldroyd (2009). "A molecular phylogeny of the genus <I>Apis</I> suggests that the Giant Honey Bee of the Philippines, <I>A. breviligula</I> Maa, and the Plains Honey Bee of southern India, <I>A. indica</I> Fabricius, are valid species". <I><A href="/wiki/Systematic_Entomology" title="Systematic Entomology">Systematic Entomology</A></I>. <B>35</B> (2): 226–233. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3113.2009.00504.x">10.1111/j.1365-3113.2009.00504.x</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Entomology&rft.atitle=A+molecular+phylogeny+of+the+genus+Apis+suggests+that+the+Giant+Honey+Bee+of+the+Philippines%2C+A.+breviligula+Maa%2C+and+the+Plains+Honey+Bee+of+southern+India%2C+A.+indica+Fabricius%2C+are+valid+species&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=226-233&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3113.2009.00504.x&rft.au=Nathan+Lo&rft.au=Rosalyn+S.+Gloag&rft.au=Denis+L.+Anderson&rft.au=Benjamin+P.+Oldroyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scientificbeekeeping.com/whats-happening-to-the-bees-part-5-is-there-a-difference-between-domesticated-and-feral-bees/">mostly domesticated or more accurately, "managed"</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Head RJ (2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/review/?vol=20&num=1&id=694#_ednref30">"A Brief Survey of Ancient Near Eastern Beekeeping; A Final Note"</A>. The FARMS Review.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Survey+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Beekeeping%3B+A+Final+Note&rft.pub=The+FARMS+Review&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Head+RJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaxwellinstitute.byu.edu%2Fpublications%2Freview%2F%3Fvol%3D20%26num%3D1%26id%3D694%23_ednref30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Michael S. Engel, Ismael A. Hinojosa-Díaz & Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn (2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://susquehannabeekeepers.com/pdfs/A_honey_bee_from_the_Miocene_of_Nevada_and_the_bio.pdf">"A honey bee from the Miocene of Nevada and the biogeography of <I>Apis</I> (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Apini)"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(<A href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</A>)</SPAN>. <I><A href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_California_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences</A></I>. 4. <B>60</B> (3): 23–38.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+California+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+honey+bee+from+the+Miocene+of+Nevada+and+the+biogeography+of+Apis+%28Hymenoptera%3A+Apidae%3A+Apini%29&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=23-38&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Michael+S.+Engel%2C+Ismael+A.+Hinojosa-D%C3%ADaz+%26+Alexandr+P.+Rasnitsyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsusquehannabeekeepers.com%2Fpdfs%2FA_honey_bee_from_the_Miocene_of_Nevada_and_the_bio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-gould-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-gould_18-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">James L. Gould; Carol Grant Gould (1995). <I>The Honey Bee</I>. Scientific American Library. p. 19. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-6010-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-6010-8">978-0-7167-6010-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Honey+Bee&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Scientific+American+Library&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-6010-8&rft.au=James+L.+Gould&rft.au=Carol+Grant+Gould&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bees-online.com/Winter.htm">"What do bees do in the winter?"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">12 March</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+do+bees+do+in+the+winter%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bees-online.com%2FWinter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Oldroyd, Benjamin P.; Wongsiri, Siriwat (2006). <I>Asian Honey Bees (Biology, Conservation, and Human Interactions)</I>. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: Harvard University Press.<A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674021940" title="Special:BookSources/0674021940">0674021940</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://backyardbeekeepers.com/wp/honeybee-facts/">"Facts about Honeybees"</A>. Back Yard Beekeepers Association. 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+about+Honeybees&rft.pub=Back+Yard+Beekeepers+Association&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbackyardbeekeepers.com%2Fwp%2Fhoneybee-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Brodschneider-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Brodschneider_22-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Brodschneider_22-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Brodschneider_22-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Brodschneider_22-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Brodschneider_22-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Brodschneider_22-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Brodschneider, Robert; Crailsheim, Karl (2010-05-01). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1051/apido/2010012">"Nutrition and health in honey bees"</A>. <I>Apidologie</I>. <B>41</B> (3): 278–294. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1051%2Fapido%2F2010012">10.1051/apido/2010012</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0044-8435">0044-8435</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Apidologie&rft.atitle=Nutrition+and+health+in+honey+bees&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=278-294&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fapido%2F2010012&rft.issn=0044-8435&rft.aulast=Brodschneider&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Crailsheim%2C+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1051%2Fapido%2F2010012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-:1-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:1_23-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Anderson, Leroy M; Dietz, A. (1976). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00890394/document">"Pyridoxine Requirement of the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) For Brood Rearing"</A>. <I>Apidologie</I>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1051%2Fapido%3A19760105">10.1051/apido:19760105</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Apidologie&rft.atitle=Pyridoxine+Requirement+of+the+Honey+Bee+%28Apis+mellifera%29+For+Brood+Rearing&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fapido%3A19760105&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Leroy+M&rft.au=Dietz%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00890394%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Karasov, William H.; Martinez del Rio, Carlos (2008). <I>Physiological Ecology: How Animals Process Energy, Nutrients, and Toxins</I>. Princeton. pp. 63–66.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physiological+Ecology%3A+How+Animals+Process+Energy%2C+Nutrients%2C+and+Toxins&rft.pages=63-66&rft.pub=Princeton&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Karasov&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Martinez+del+Rio%2C+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Kuhnholz, Susanne (1997). "The Control of Water Collection in Honey Bee Colonies". <I>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</I>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002650050402">10.1007/s002650050402</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.atitle=The+Control+of+Water+Collection+in+Honey+Bee+Colonies&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs002650050402&rft.aulast=Kuhnholz&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-:2-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:2_26-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:2_26-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Kwadha, Charles A.; Ong’amo, George O.; Ndegwa, Paul N.; Raina, Suresh K.; Fombong, Ayuka T. (2017-06-09). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/8/2/61">"The Biology and Control of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella"</A>. <I>Insects</I>. <B>8</B> (2): 61. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.3390%2Finsects8020061">10.3390/insects8020061</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insects&rft.atitle=The+Biology+and+Control+of+the+Greater+Wax+Moth%2C+Galleria+mellonella&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=61&rft.date=2017-06-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Finsects8020061&rft.aulast=Kwadha&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft.au=Ong%E2%80%99amo%2C+George+O.&rft.au=Ndegwa%2C+Paul+N.&rft.au=Raina%2C+Suresh+K.&rft.au=Fombong%2C+Ayuka+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2075-4450%2F8%2F2%2F61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Bryony, Bonning (11 November 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0022201109001815/1-s2.0-S0022201109001815-main.pdf?_tid=c4571568-5a0d-11e4-9150-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1413997770_07d4b36ea36d67bceac9ddb502adbdd6">"Honey Bee Disease Overview"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Journal of Invertebrate Pathology</I>. <B>103</B>: s2-s4. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jip.2009.07.015">10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.015</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 October</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Invertebrate+Pathology&rft.atitle=Honey+Bee+Disease+Overview&rft.volume=103&rft.pages=s2-s4&rft.date=2009-11-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jip.2009.07.015&rft.aulast=Bryony&rft.aufirst=Bonning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fac.els-cdn.com%2FS0022201109001815%2F1-s2.0-S0022201109001815-main.pdf%3F_tid%3Dc4571568-5a0d-11e4-9150-00000aab0f01%26acdnat%3D1413997770_07d4b36ea36d67bceac9ddb502adbdd6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">McDonald-Gibson, Charlotte. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/victory-for-bees-as-european-union-bans-neonicotinoid-pesticides-blamed-for-destroying-bee-population-8595408.html">"<SPAN style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</SPAN>Victory for bees' as European Union bans neonicotinoid pesticides blamed for destroying bee population"</A>. The Independent<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2 July</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Victory+for+bees%27+as+European+Union+bans+neonicotinoid+pesticides+blamed+for+destroying+bee+population&rft.pub=The+Independent&rft.aulast=McDonald-Gibson&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fnature%2Fvictory-for-bees-as-european-union-bans-neonicotinoid-pesticides-blamed-for-destroying-bee-population-8595408.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206024748/http://www.beeologics.com/colony-health/colony-collapse-disorder/">"Colony Collapse Disorder"</A>. <I>Beeologics</I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beeologics.com/colony-health/colony-collapse-disorder/">the original</A> on 6 February 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">23 October</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beeologics&rft.atitle=Colony+Collapse+Disorder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beeologics.com%2Fcolony-health%2Fcolony-collapse-disorder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Crane1990-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Crane1990_30-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A href="/wiki/Eva_Crane" title="Eva Crane">Crane E</A> (1990). "Honey from honeybees and other insects". <I>Ethology Ecology & Evolution</I>. <B>3</B> (sup1): 100–105. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1080%2F03949370.1991.10721919">10.1080/03949370.1991.10721919</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethology+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=Honey+from+honeybees+and+other+insects&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=sup1&rft.pages=100-105&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03949370.1991.10721919&rft.au=Crane+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Sanford-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Sanford_31-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Sanford, M.T.; Dietz, A. (1976). "The fine structure of the wax gland of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)". <I>Apidologie</I>. <B>7</B>: 197–207. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1051%2Fapido%3A19760301">10.1051/apido:19760301</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Apidologie&rft.atitle=The+fine+structure+of+the+wax+gland+of+the+honey+bee+%28Apis+mellifera+L.%29.&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=197-207&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fapido%3A19760301&rft.aulast=Sanford&rft.aufirst=M.T.&rft.au=Dietz%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Gillott, Cedric (1995). <I>Entomology</I>. Springer. p. 79.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entomology&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Gillott%2C+Cedric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Simone-Finstrom, Michael; Spivak, Marla (May–June 2010). "Propolis and bee health: The natural history and significance of resin use by honey bees". <I>Apidologie</I>. <B>41</B> (3): 295–311. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1051%2Fapido%2F2010016">10.1051/apido/2010016</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Apidologie&rft.atitle=Propolis+and+bee+health%3A+The+natural+history+and+significance+of+resin+use+by+honey+bees&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=295-311&rft.date=2010-05%2F2010-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fapido%2F2010016&rft.aulast=Simone-Finstrom&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Spivak%2C+Marla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-34"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/390.html">"Propolis:MedlinePlus Supplements"</A>. U.S. National Library of Medicine. January 19, 2012.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Propolis%3AMedlinePlus+Supplements&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.date=2012-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fdruginfo%2Fnatural%2F390.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Gambichler T; Boms S; Freitag M (April 2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-5945/4/3">"Contact dermatitis and other skin conditions in instrumental musicians"</A>. <I>BMC Dermatol</I>. <B>4</B>: 3. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-5945-4-3">10.1186/1471-5945-4-3</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC416484">416484</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15090069">15090069</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Dermatol.&rft.atitle=Contact+dermatitis+and+other+skin+conditions+in+instrumental+musicians&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC416484&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15090069&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-5945-4-3&rft.au=Gambichler+T&rft.au=Boms+S&rft.au=Freitag+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biomedcentral.com%2F1471-5945%2F4%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Jung-Hoffmann, L (1966). "Die Determination von Königin und Arbeiterin der Honigbiene". <I>Z Bienenforsch</I>. <B>8</B>: 296–322.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Z+Bienenforsch&rft.atitle=Die+Determination+von+K%C3%B6nigin+und+Arbeiterin+der+Honigbiene&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=296-322&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Jung-Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/2083.pdf">"Scientific Opinion"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>EFSA Journal</I>. <B>9</B> (4): 2083. 2011.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EFSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Scientific+Opinion&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2083&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efsa.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fefsajournal%2Fdoc%2F2083.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm207416.htm">"Federal Government Seizes Dozens of Misbranded Drug Products: FDA warned company about making medical claims for bee-derived products"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</A>. Apr 5, 2010.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Government+Seizes+Dozens+of+Misbranded+Drug+Products%3A++FDA+warned+company+about+making+medical+claims+for+bee-derived+products&rft.pub=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=2010-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FNewsEvents%2FNewsroom%2FPressAnnouncements%2Fucm207416.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Leung, R; Ho, A; Chan, J; Choy, D; Lai, CK (March 1997). "Royal jelly consumption and hypersensitivity in the community". <I>Clin. Exp. Allergy</I>. <B>27</B> (3): 333–6. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2222.1997.tb00712.x">10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00712.x</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9088660">9088660</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin.+Exp.+Allergy&rft.atitle=Royal+jelly+consumption+and+hypersensitivity+in+the+community&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-6&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2222.1997.tb00712.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9088660&rft.aulast=Leung&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Ho%2C+A&rft.au=Chan%2C+J&rft.au=Choy%2C+D&rft.au=Lai%2C+CK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikonet.com/en/visualdictionary/animal-kingdom/insects-and-arachnids/honeybee/castes.php">"Bee castes"</A>. Visual Dictionary, QA International. 2017<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 May</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bee+castes&rft.pub=Visual+Dictionary%2C+QA+International&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikonet.com%2Fen%2Fvisualdictionary%2Fanimal-kingdom%2Finsects-and-arachnids%2Fhoneybee%2Fcastes.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-uga-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-uga_41-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-uga_41-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-uga_41-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-uga_41-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-uga_41-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-uga_41-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-uga_41-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-uga_41-7"><SUP><I><B>h</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caes2.caes.uga.edu/bees/get-started/biology.html">"Getting Started: Honey Bee Biology"</A>. University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. 2017<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 May</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Getting+Started%3A+Honey+Bee+Biology&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+College+of+Agricultural+and+Environmental+Sciences&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaes2.caes.uga.edu%2Fbees%2Fget-started%2Fbiology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-perfect-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-perfect_42-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-perfect_42-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-perfect_42-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-perfect_42-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-perfect_42-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-perfect_42-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perfectbee.com/learn-about-bees/types-of-bees/">"Worker, drone and queen bees"</A>. PerfectBee LLC. 2017<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 May</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worker%2C+drone+and+queen+bees&rft.pub=PerfectBee+LLC&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perfectbee.com%2Flearn-about-bees%2Ftypes-of-bees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Harbo JR, Rinderer TE (1980). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beesource.com/resources/usda/breeding-and-genetics-of-honey-bees/">"Breeding and Genetics of Honey Bees"</A>. Beesource Beekeeping<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 May</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breeding+and+Genetics+of+Honey+Bees&rft.pub=Beesource+Beekeeping&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Harbo+JR%2C+Rinderer+TE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeesource.com%2Fresources%2Fusda%2Fbreeding-and-genetics-of-honey-bees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikonet.com/en/visualdictionary/animal-kingdom/insects-and-arachnids/honeybee/morphology-of-a-honeybee-worker.php">"Morphology of a honeybee: worker"</A>. Visual Dictionary, QA International. 2017<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 May</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morphology+of+a+honeybee%3A+worker&rft.pub=Visual+Dictionary%2C+QA+International&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikonet.com%2Fen%2Fvisualdictionary%2Fanimal-kingdom%2Finsects-and-arachnids%2Fhoneybee%2Fmorphology-of-a-honeybee-worker.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hadisoesilo, Soesilawati. "The Comparative Study of Two Species of Cavity-Nesting Honey Bees of Sulawesi, Indonesia" (PDF).</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">C. H. Thawley. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20131002163618/http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/midorcas/animalphysiology/websites/2001/Thawley/defense.htm">"Heat tolerance as a weapon"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Davidson_College" title="Davidson College">Davidson College</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/midorcas/animalphysiology/websites/2001/Thawley/defense.htm">the original</A> on October 2, 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">June 1,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heat+tolerance+as+a+weapon&rft.pub=Davidson+College&rft.au=C.+H.+Thawley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio.davidson.edu%2Fpeople%2Fmidorcas%2Fanimalphysiology%2Fwebsites%2F2001%2FThawley%2Fdefense.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Michio Sugahara; Fumio Sakamoto (2009). "Heat and carbon dioxide generated by honeybees jointly act to kill hornets". <I><A href="/wiki/Naturwissenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturwissenschaften">Naturwissenschaften</A></I>. <B>96</B> (9): 1133–6. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-009-0575-0">10.1007/s00114-009-0575-0</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19551367">19551367</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=Heat+and+carbon+dioxide+generated+by+honeybees+jointly+act+to+kill+hornets&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1133-6&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00114-009-0575-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19551367&rft.au=Michio+Sugahara&rft.au=Fumio+Sakamoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Victoria Gill (July 3, 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8129536.stm">"Honeybee mobs overpower hornets"</A>. BBC News<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">July 5,</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Honeybee+mobs+overpower+hornets&rft.date=2009-07-03&rft.au=Victoria+Gill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F8129536.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/09/080909204550.htm">Giant Honeybees Use Shimmering 'Mexican Waves' To Repel Predatory Wasps - ScienceDaily</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Radloff, Sara E.; Hepburn, H. Randall; Engel, Michael S. (2011). <I>Honeybees of Asia</I>. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3642164217" title="Special:BookSources/978-3642164217">978-3642164217</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Hudewenz, Anika; Klein, Alexandra-Maria (2013-12-01). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10841-013-9609-1">"Competition between honey bees and wild bees and the role of nesting resources in a nature reserve"</A>. <I>Journal of Insect Conservation</I>. <B>17</B> (6): 1275–1283. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10841-013-9609-1">10.1007/s10841-013-9609-1</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1366-638X">1366-638X</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Insect+Conservation&rft.atitle=Competition+between+honey+bees+and+wild+bees+and+the+role+of+nesting+resources+in+a+nature+reserve&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1275-1283&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10841-013-9609-1&rft.issn=1366-638X&rft.aulast=Hudewenz&rft.aufirst=Anika&rft.au=Klein%2C+Alexandra-Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10841-013-9609-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-52"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Johnson, Brian R.; Nieh, James C. (2010-11-01). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10905-010-9229-5">"Modeling the Adaptive Role of Negative Signaling in Honey Bee Intraspecific Competition"</A>. <I>Journal of Insect Behavior</I>. <B>23</B> (6): 459–471. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10905-010-9229-5">10.1007/s10905-010-9229-5</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0892-7553">0892-7553</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2955239">2955239</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21037953">21037953</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Insect+Behavior&rft.atitle=Modeling+the+Adaptive+Role+of+Negative+Signaling+in+Honey+Bee+Intraspecific+Competition&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=459-471&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2955239&rft.issn=0892-7553&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21037953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10905-010-9229-5&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Brian+R.&rft.au=Nieh%2C+James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10905-010-9229-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Thompson, Helen; Hunt, Lynn (1999). "Extrapolating from Honeybees to Bumblebees in Pesticide Risk Assessment". <I>Ecotoxicology</I>: 147–166.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecotoxicology&rft.atitle=Extrapolating+from+Honeybees+to+Bumblebees+in+Pesticide+Risk+Assessment&rft.pages=147-166&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</CODE> requires <CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</CODE> (<A href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Tarpy, David (2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/honey-bee-dance-language">"The Honey Bee Dance Language"</A>. <I>NC State Extension</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NC+State+Extension&rft.atitle=The+Honey+Bee+Dance+Language&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Tarpy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.ces.ncsu.edu%2Fhoney-bee-dance-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-sr2045-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-sr2045_55-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Rogers, Lesley J.; Elisa Rigosi; Elisa Frasnelli; Giorgio Vallortigara (27 June 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/130627/srep02045/full/srep02045.html">"A right antenna for social behaviour in honeybees"</A>. <I>Scientific Reports</I>. Macmillan Publishers. <B>3</B>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep02045">10.1038/srep02045</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=A+right+antenna+for+social+behaviour+in+honeybees&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2013-06-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep02045&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Lesley+J.&rft.au=Elisa+Rigosi&rft.au=Elisa+Frasnelli&rft.au=Giorgio+Vallortigara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fsrep%2F2013%2F130627%2Fsrep02045%2Ffull%2Fsrep02045.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-56"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Jessica Shugart. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/351355/description/Honeybees_use_right_antennae_to_tell_friend_from_foe">"Honeybees use right antennae to tell friend from foe"</A>. <I>Science News</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">12 March</SPAN> 2016</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=Honeybees+use+right+antennae+to+tell+friend+from+foe&rft.au=Jessica+Shugart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Fview%2Fgeneric%2Fid%2F351355%2Fdescription%2FHoneybees_use_right_antennae_to_tell_friend_from_foe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-57"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Gorman, James (18 April 2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/19/science/honeybees-insects-consciousness-brains.html">"Do Honeybees Feel? Scientists Are Entertaining the Idea"</A> – via NYTimes.com.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+Honeybees+Feel%3F+Scientists+Are+Entertaining+the+Idea&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F04%2F19%2Fscience%2Fhoneybees-insects-consciousness-brains.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-58"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon.org/en/essential_napoleon/symbols/index.asp">"The symbols of empire"</A>. Napoleon.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">June 1,</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+symbols+of+empire&rft.pub=Napoleon.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon.org%2Fen%2Fessential_napoleon%2Fsymbols%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-59"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">"O Asvins, lords of brightness, anoint me with the honey of the bee, that I may speak forceful speech among men! <I>Atharva Veda</I> 91-258, quoted in Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat (Anthea Bell, tr.) <I>The History of Food</I>, 2nd ed. 2009:14.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-60"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Virgil, <I><A href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</A></I>, book IV.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Bee Wilson (2004). <I>The Hive: The Story of the Honeybee</I>. London: <A href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publisher)" title="John Murray (publisher)">John Murray</A>. p. 14. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-6598-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-6598-7">0-7195-6598-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hive%3A+The+Story+of+the+Honeybee&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7195-6598-7&rft.au=Bee+Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-62"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.utah.gov/research/utah_symbols/motto.html">"Utah State Motto and Emblem"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-10-13</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Utah+State+Motto+and+Emblem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.utah.gov%2Fresearch%2Futah_symbols%2Fmotto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-63"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">"Section 1-601". <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title63G/Chapter1/63G-1-S601.html"><I>Utah Code 63G General Government</I></A>. 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+1-601&rft.btitle=Utah+Code+63G+General+Government&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fle.utah.gov%2Fxcode%2FTitle63G%2FChapter1%2F63G-1-S601.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-64"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">"Section 1-501". <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title63G/Chapter1/63G-1-S501.html"><I>Utah Code 63G General Government</I></A>. 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+1-501&rft.btitle=Utah+Code+63G+General+Government&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fle.utah.gov%2Fxcode%2FTitle63G%2FChapter1%2F63G-1-S501.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-65"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">"Section 1a-8". <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title67/Chapter1A/67-1a-S8.html?v=C67-1a-S8_1800010118000101"><I>Utah Code 67 State Officers and Employees</I></A>. 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+1a-8&rft.btitle=Utah+Code+67+State+Officers+and+Employees&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fle.utah.gov%2Fxcode%2FTitle67%2FChapter1A%2F67-1a-S8.html%3Fv%3DC67-1a-S8_1800010118000101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoney+bee" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI>Adam, Brother. <I>In Search of the Best Strains of Bees.</I> Hebden Bridge, W. Yorks: Northern Bee Books, 1983.</LI>
<LI>Adam, Brother. <I>Bee-keeping at Buckfast Abbey.</I> Geddington, Northants: British Bee Publications, 1975.</LI>
<LI>Aldersey-Williams, H. <I>Zoomorphic: New Animal Architecture.</I> London: Laurence King Publishing, 2003.</LI>
<LI>Alexander, P. <I>Rough Magic: A Biography of Sylvia Plath.</I> New York: Da Capo Press, 2003.</LI>
<LI>Allan, M. <I>Darwin and his flowers.</I> London: Faber & Faber, 1977.</LI>
<LI>Alston, F. <I>Skeps, their History, Making and Use.</I> Hebden Bridge, W. Yorks: Northern Bee Books, 1987.</LI>
<LI>Barrett, P. <I>The Immigrant Bees 1788 to 1898,</I> 1995.</LI>
<LI>Barrett, P. <I>William Cotton.</I></LI>
<LI>Beuys, J. <I>Honey is Flowing in All Directions.</I> Heidelberg: Edition Staeck, 1997.</LI>
<LI>Bevan, E. <I>The Honey-bee: Its Natural History, Physiology and Management.</I> London: Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, 1827.</LI>
<LI>Bill, L. <I>For the Love of Bees.</I> Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles, 1989.</LI>
<LI>Bodenheimer, F.S. <I>Insects as Human Food</I> The Hague: Dr. W. Junk, 1951.</LI>
<LI>Brothwell, D., Brothwell, P. <I>Food in Antiquity.</I> London: Thames & Hudson, 1969.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Michael_S._Engel" title="Michael S. Engel">Engel, Michael S.</A> & <A href="/wiki/David_Grimaldi_(entomologist)" title="David Grimaldi (entomologist)">Grimaldi, David</A> (2005): <I>Evolution of the Insects</I>. <A href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</A>.</LI>
<LI>Kak, Subhash C. (1991): The Honey Bee Dance Language Controversy. <I>The Mankind Quarterly</I> Summer 1991: 357–365. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228164018/http://www.beesource.com/pov/wenner/mankind1991.htm">HTML fulltext</A></LI>
<LI>Lanman, Connor H. <I>The Plight of the Bee: The Ballad of Man and Bee</I>. San Francisco, 2008.</LI>
<LI>Lindauer, Martin (1971): <I>Communication among social bees</I>. <A href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</A>.</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<TD class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <I><B><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apis_(insect)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Apis (insect)">Apis (insect)</A></B></I>.</TD>
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<TD class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <I><B><A href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/honey_bee" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/honey bee">honey bee</A></B></I> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</TD>
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<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beediseases.host-ed.me/">Beediseases</A> Dr. Guido Cordoni's Honey bee Diseases Website</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505020953/http://www.facts-about-bees.ml/2015/01/the-history-of-beekeeping.html">The history of beekeeping</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224085935/http://www.facts-about-bees.ml/2014/09/local-honey-for-allergies.html">Local Honey for Allergies</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://watch.opb.org/video/2365583178/">Could a Mushroom Save a Honeybee</A> Documentary produced by <A href="/wiki/Oregon_Field_Guide" title="Oregon Field Guide">Oregon Field Guide</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Queen_bee" title="Queen bee">Queen bee</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Worker_bee" title="Worker bee">Worker bee</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Laying_worker_bee" title="Laying worker bee">Laying worker bee</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Drone_(bee)" title="Drone (bee)">Drone</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Beehive_(beekeeping)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beehive (beekeeping)">Beehive</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Honey_bee_life_cycle" title="Honey bee life cycle">Honey bee life cycle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brood_(honey_bee)" title="Brood (honey bee)">Brood</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication" title="Bee learning and communication">Bee learning and communication</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swarming_(honey_bee)" title="Swarming (honey bee)">Swarming</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">Western honey bee</A><BR />
subspecies and breeds</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Buckfast_bee" title="Buckfast bee">Buckfast bee</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carniolan_honey_bee" title="Carniolan honey bee">Carniolan honey bee</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/European_dark_bee" title="European dark bee">European dark bee</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Italian_bee" title="Italian bee">Italian bee</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maltese_honey_bee" title="Maltese honey bee">Maltese honey bee</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Africanized_bee" title="Africanized bee">Africanized bee</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/African_bee" title="African bee">Apis mellifera scutellata</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Honey_bee_race" title="Honey bee race">Honey bee race</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Apiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Apiology">Apiology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Apiary" title="Apiary">Apiary</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Langstroth_hive" title="Langstroth hive">Langstroth hive</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Horizontal_top-bar_hive" title="Horizontal top-bar hive">Horizontal top-bar hive</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Honey_extraction" title="Honey extraction">Honey extraction</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Honey_extractor" title="Honey extractor">Honey extractor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_topics_in_beekeeping" class="mw-redirect" title="List of topics in beekeeping">Topics in beekeeping</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Diseases_of_the_honey_bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of the honey bee">Diseases of the honey bee</A></LI>
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by countries</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Honey_production_in_Hungary" title="Honey production in Hungary">Hungary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_India" title="Beekeeping in India">India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_Ireland" title="Beekeeping in Ireland">Ireland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_Nepal" title="Beekeeping in Nepal">Nepal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_New_Zealand" title="Beekeeping in New Zealand">New Zealand</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_Ukraine" title="Beekeeping in Ukraine">Ukraine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Beekeeping in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_the_United_States" title="Beekeeping in the United States">United States</A></LI>
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<LI class="nv-edit"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Insects_in_culture&action=edit"><ABBR title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">e</ABBR></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV id="Insects_in_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Insects_in_culture" title="Insects in culture">Insects in culture</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects<BR />
of <A href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</A><BR />
in culture</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Insects_in_art" title="Insects in art">Insects in art</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beetlewing" title="Beetlewing">Beetlewing</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Insects_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects in film">Insects in film</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Insects_in_literature" title="Insects in literature">Insects in literature</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_insect-inspired_songs" title="List of insect-inspired songs">List of insect-inspired songs</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Insects_on_stamps" title="Insects on stamps">Insects on stamps</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fishing</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial fly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">Fly tying</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maggot" title="Maggot">Maggot</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">Mayfly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Insects_in_medicine" title="Insects in medicine">In medicine</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maggot" title="Maggot">Maggot</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spanish_fly" title="Spanish fly">Spanish fly</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">In mythology</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bee_(mythology)" title="Bee (mythology)">Bee</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">Butterfly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cicada_(mythology)" title="Cicada (mythology)">Cicada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">Dragonfly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Praying_mantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Praying mantis">Praying mantis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Entomophagy" title="Entomophagy">Entomophagy</A><BR />
<I>(as food)</I></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adults</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">Ant</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Cricket</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshopper</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">Termite</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larvae</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bamboo_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo worm">Bamboo worm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Darkling_beetle" title="Darkling beetle">Darkling beetle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mopani_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Mopani worm">Mopani worm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinoceros beetle">Rhinoceros beetle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">Silkworm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Waxworm" title="Waxworm">Waxworm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Witchetty_grub" title="Witchetty grub">Witchetty grub</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other aspects</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Biomimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomimicry">Biomimicry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cricket_fighting" title="Cricket fighting">Cricket fighting</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Insects_in_religion" title="Insects in religion">Insects in religion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jingzhe" title="Jingzhe">Jingzhe</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
<TD class="navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px">
<DIV><A href="/wiki/File:Beekeeper.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Beekeeper.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Beekeeper.jpg/120px-Beekeeper.jpg" width="120" height="86" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Beekeeper.jpg/180px-Beekeeper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Beekeeper.jpg/240px-Beekeeper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1000" /></A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Economic_entomology" title="Economic entomology">Economic<BR />
entomology</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Beneficial_insects" title="Beneficial insects">Beneficial<BR />
insects</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Pest control</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Encarsia_formosa" title="Encarsia formosa">Encarsia formosa</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ichneumon_wasp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichneumon wasp">Ichneumon wasp</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ladybird" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladybird">Ladybird</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Entomophily" title="Entomophily">Pollination</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">Bees</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">crops pollinated</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee">Bumblebee</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Honey bee</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">western</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">Beetles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Flies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other insects</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine/Cochineal</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lac" title="Lac">Lac/Shellac</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</A></I></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)#Insects" title="Pest (organism)">Harmful<BR />
insects</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crop pests</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">Aphid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Boll_weevil" title="Boll weevil">Boll weevil</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Colorado_potato_beetle" title="Colorado potato beetle">Colorado potato beetle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cottony_cushion_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottony cushion scale">Cottony cushion scale</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Japanese_beetle" title="Japanese beetle">Japanese beetle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">Locust</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">Phylloxera</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_corn_rootworm" title="Western corn rootworm">Western corn rootworm</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Livestock pests</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Botfly" title="Botfly">Botfly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Horn_fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Horn fly">Horn fly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Horse-fly" title="Horse-fly">Horse-fly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cochliomyia" title="Cochliomyia">Screwworm fly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">Tsetse fly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Warble_fly" title="Warble fly">Warble fly</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biting/stinging</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bites and stings</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect sting allergy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">Bed bug</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bee_sting" title="Bee sting">Bee sting</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">Flea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Horse-fly#Relationship_with_humans" title="Horse-fly">Horse-fly</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Louse#Interaction_with_humans" title="Louse">Louse</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">Mosquito</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wasp#Relationship_with_humans" title="Wasp">Wasp</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Woodworm" title="Woodworm">Wood-eating</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Deathwatch_beetle" title="Deathwatch beetle">Deathwatch beetle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Furniture_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Furniture beetle">Furniture beetle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/House_longhorn_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="House longhorn beetle">House longhorn beetle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">Termite</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Woodworm" title="Woodworm">Woodworm</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other pests</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Home-stored_product_entomology" title="Home-stored product entomology">Home-stored product entomology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Clothes_moth" title="Clothes moth">Clothes moth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">Cockroach</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Housefly" title="Housefly">Housefly</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hans_Zinsser" title="Hans Zinsser">Hans Zinsser</A> (<I>Rats, Lice and History</I>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</A> (<I>Insect Literature</I>)</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Living_things_in_culture" title="Living things in culture">Living things in culture</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_culture" title="Arthropods in culture">Arthropods</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Birds_in_culture" title="Birds in culture">Birds</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fish_in_culture" title="Fish in culture">Fish</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fungi_in_human_culture" title="Fungi in human culture">Fungi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mammals_in_culture" title="Mammals in culture">Mammals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Microbes_in_human_culture" title="Microbes in human culture">Microbes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Molluscs_in_culture" title="Molluscs in culture">Molluscs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reptiles_in_culture" title="Reptiles in culture">Reptiles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plants_in_culture" title="Plants in culture">Plants</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
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<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Sociobiology:_The_New_Synthesis" title="Sociobiology: The New Synthesis">Sociobiology: The New Synthesis</A></I> 1975</LI>
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			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label">
			<H3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label">In other projects</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons"><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apis_(insect)" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</A></LI><LI class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species"><A href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Apis" hreflang="en">Wikispecies</A></LI>				</UL>
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			<DIV class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"><SPAN class="uls-settings-trigger" title="Language settings" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-haspopup="true"></SPAN>
			<H3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</H3>
			<DIV class="body">
								<UL>
					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang"><A href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunigb%C4%93o" title="Hunigbēo – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="نحل العسل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as"><A href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF" title="মৌ-মাখি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb"><A href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بال آریسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><A href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medonosna_p%C4%8Dela" title="Medonosna pčela – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(g%C3%A8nere)" title="Apis (gènere) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb"><A href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis" title="Apis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%8Dela" title="Včela – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><A href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa" title="Apa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwenynen_f%C3%AAl" title="Gwenynen fêl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honningbier" title="Honningbier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honigbienen" title="Honigbienen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv"><A href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%ADs%CA%BCn%C3%A1%C5%82b%C3%A1h%C3%AD" title="Tsísʼnáłbáhí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesilane" title="Mesilane – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(g%C3%A9nero)" title="Apis (género) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielabelo" title="Mielabelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(generoa)" title="Apis (generoa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="زنبور عسل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(genre)" title="Apis (genre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><A href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_meala" title="Beach meala – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%BF%80%EB%B2%8C" title="꿀벌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="मधुमक्खी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medonosna_p%C4%8Dela" title="Medonosna pčela – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebah_madu" title="Lebah madu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><A href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(taxon)" title="Apis (taxon) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis" title="Apis – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis" title="Apis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A9_(%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%92)" title="דבורת הדבש (סוג) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><A href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawon_undhuhan" title="Tawon undhuhan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><A href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Бал арасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw"><A href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruyuki" title="Uruyuki – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kinyarwanda</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><A href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyuki-asali" title="Nyuki-asali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(genus)" title="Apis (genus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medusbites" title="Medusbites – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln"><A href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nz%C3%B3i" title="Nzói – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis" title="Apis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A" title="തേനീച്ച – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><A href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="मधमाशी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><A href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="عسل ماز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebah_madu" title="Lebah madu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honingbijen" title="Honingbijen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr"><A href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amo_ka_wapisitc" title="Amo ka wapisitc – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><A href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="घरपालुवा मौरी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%84%E3%83%90%E3%83%81" title="ミツバチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honningbier" title="Honningbier – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honningbier" title="Honningbier – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><A href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%BBque_%C3%A0_myi" title="Moûque à myi – Norman" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><A href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਧੂ ਮੱਖੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><A href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%85%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="شہد دی مکھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><A href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%DA%86%DB%8D" title="گبين مچۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><A href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avija" title="Avija – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><A href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honnigimmen" title="Honnigimmen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pszczo%C5%82a" title="Pszczoła – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis" title="Apis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><A href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachiwa" title="Lachiwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%87%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Медоносные пчёлы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><A href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe" title="Abe – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skep-bee" title="Skep-bee – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><A href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapa_(nzettu)" title="Lapa (nzettu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%8Dela_(rod)" title="Včela (rod) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><A href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ھەنگی ھەنگوێنکەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Медоносна пчела – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medonosna_p%C4%8Dela" title="Medonosna pčela – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(suku)" title="Apis (suku) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honungsbin" title="Honungsbin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><A href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukyutan" title="Pukyutan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80" title="தேனீ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><A href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%97" title="తేనెటీగ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_ar%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Bal arısı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4)" title="Бджола (рід) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><A href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%AF_%D9%85%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="شہد مکھی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><A href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava" title="Ava – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_m%E1%BA%ADt" title="Ong mật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><A href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putyukan" title="Putyukan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><A href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%92_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F" title="האניג בין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E8%9C%82" title="蜜蜂 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E8%9C%82%E5%B1%AC" title="蜜蜂屬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				</UL>
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document_title: Honey bee

token: Honey

token: bee

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: For

token: other

token: uses

token: see

token: disambiguation

token: <Table>

token: <Tr>

token: <Th colspan="2">

token: bees

token: Temporal

token: range

token: Oligocene

token: Recent

token: PreЄ

token: Є

token: Pg

token: <Td colspan="2">

token: Western

token: honey

token: carrying

token: pollen

token: back

token: the

token: hive

token: Scientific

token: classification

token: <Td>

token: Kingdom

token: Animalia

token: Clade

token: Euarthropoda

token: Class

token: Insecta

token: Order

token: Hymenoptera

token: Family

token: Apidae

token: Subfamily

token: Apinae

token: Tribe

token: Apini

token: Latreille

token: Genus

token: Apis

token: Linnaeus

token: Species

token: <Ul>

token: <Li>

token: lithohermaea

token: nearctica

token: српскохрватски