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<TITLE>Daisy wheel printing - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Daisy wheel printing</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Xerox_Roman_PS_Daisywheel_-_mono.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Xerox_Roman_PS_Daisywheel_-_mono.jpg/220px-Xerox_Roman_PS_Daisywheel_-_mono.jpg" width="220" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Xerox_Roman_PS_Daisywheel_-_mono.jpg/330px-Xerox_Roman_PS_Daisywheel_-_mono.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Xerox_Roman_PS_Daisywheel_-_mono.jpg/440px-Xerox_Roman_PS_Daisywheel_-_mono.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="800" /></A>
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Metal Daisy Wheel for Xerox & Diablo printers</DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:DaisyWheel.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DaisyWheel.jpg/220px-DaisyWheel.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/DaisyWheel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="188" /></A>
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Plastic Daisy Wheel for Qume printers</DIV>
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Samples of daisy wheel printer output. Actual print is much crisper than these images</DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Royal_LetterMaster.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Royal_LetterMaster.jpg/220px-Royal_LetterMaster.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Royal_LetterMaster.jpg/330px-Royal_LetterMaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Royal_LetterMaster.jpg/440px-Royal_LetterMaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></A>
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The <A href="/wiki/Royal_Typewriter_Company" title="Royal Typewriter Company">Royal</A> LetterMaster, a budget daisy-wheel printer from the 1980s</DIV>
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<P><B>Daisy wheel printing</B> is an <A href="/wiki/Impact_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact printing">impact printing</A> technology invented in 1969 by <A href="/wiki/David_S._Lee" title="David S. Lee">David S. Lee</A> at <A href="/wiki/Diablo_Data_Systems" title="Diablo Data Systems">Diablo Data Systems</A>. It uses interchangeable pre-formed type elements, each with typically 96 <A href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</A>, to generate high-quality output comparable to premium <A href="/wiki/Typewriter" title="Typewriter">typewriters</A> such as the <A href="/wiki/IBM_Selectric" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Selectric">IBM Selectric</A>, but two to three times faster. Daisy wheel printing was used in <A href="/wiki/Electronic_typewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic typewriter">electronic typewriters</A>, <A href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processors</A> and <A href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</A> from 1972. The daisy wheel is considered to be so named because of its resemblance to the <A href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">daisy flower</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP></P>
<P>By 1980 daisy wheel printers had become the dominant technology for high-quality text printing. <A href="/wiki/Dot-matrix_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot-matrix printer">Dot-matrix impact</A>, <A href="/wiki/Thermal_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal printer">thermal</A>, or <A href="/wiki/Line_printer" title="Line printer">line printers</A> were used where higher speed or image printing were required and poor print quality was acceptable. Both technologies were rapidly superseded for most purposes when dot-based printers—in particular <A href="/wiki/Laser_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser printer">laser printers</A>—that could print any characters or graphics, rather than being restricted to a limited character set, became able to produce output of comparable quality. Daisy wheel technology is now found only in some electronic typewriters.</P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
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<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Design"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Design</SPAN></A>
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<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Bi-directional_printing"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Bi-directional printing</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Graphics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Graphics</SPAN></A></LI>
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<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Variants"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Variants</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Daisy_wheel_printing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>In 1889 Arthur Irving Jacobs patented a daisy wheel design (<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/patents/US409289">U.S. Patent 409,289</A>) that was used on the Victor index typewriter.</P>
<P>A. H. Reiber of Teletype Corporation received <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2146380A/en">U.S. Patent 2,146,380</A> in 1939 for a daisy wheel printer.</P>
<P>In 1972 a team at Diablo Systems led by engineer <A href="/wiki/David_S._Lee_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="David S. Lee (business)">David S. Lee</A> developed the first commercially successful daisy wheel printer, a device that was faster and more flexible than IBM's golf-ball devices, being capable of 30 cps (characters per second), whereas IBM's Selectric operated at 13.4 cps.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Xerox acquired Diablo that same year, following which Lee departed to set up <A href="/wiki/Qume" title="Qume">Qume Corporation</A> in 1973. Xerox's Office Product Division had already been buying Diablo printers for its <A href="/w/index.php?title=Redactron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redactron (page does not exist)">Redactron</A> text editors. After 7 years trying to make Diablo profitable, the OPD focused on developing and selling the <A href="/wiki/Diablo_630" title="Diablo 630">Diablo 630</A> which was mostly bought by companies such as <A href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</A>.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> The Diablo 630 could produce letter quality output as good as that produced by an IBM Selectric or Selectric-based printer, but at a lower cost. A further advantage was that it supported the entire <A href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</A> printing character set. Its servo-controlled carriage also permitted the use of <A href="/wiki/Typeface#Proportion" title="Typeface">proportional spaced</A> fonts, where characters occupy a different amount of horizontal space according to their width.</P>
<P>The Diablo 630 was so successful that virtually all later daisy wheel printers, as well as many dot matrix printers and even the original <A href="/wiki/Apple_Laserwriter" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Laserwriter">Apple Laserwriter</A> either copied its command set or could emulate one. Daisy wheel printers from Diablo and Lee's 1973 company <A href="/wiki/Qume" title="Qume">Qume</A> were the dominant high-end output technology for computer and office automation applications by 1980, though high speed non-impact techniques were already entering the market (e.g. IBM 6640 inkjet, Xerox 2700 and IBM 6670 laser). From 1981 onwards the <A href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</A>'s introduction of "<A href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">Code page 437</A>" with 254 printable glyphs (including 40 shapes specifically for drawing forms), and development of <A href="/wiki/Xerox_Star" title="Xerox Star">Xerox Star</A>-influenced environments such as the <A href="/wiki/Macintosh" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</A>, <A href="/wiki/Graphics_Environment_Manager" title="Graphics Environment Manager">GEM</A> and <A href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</A> made bit-mapped approaches more desirable, driving cost reductions for laser printing and higher resolution for impact dot matrix printing.</P>
<P>Xerox later adapted Diablo's daisy wheel technology into a typewriter that sold for less than $50. An automated factory was built near <A href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</A> that took less than 30 minutes to assemble a Xerox typewriter. The Xerox typewriter was well received but never achieved the projected sales numbers due to the advent of the PC and word processing software. The typewriter was later modified to be compatible with PCs but the engineering which made it a low cost device reduced its flexibility.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> By the mid-1980s daisy wheel technology was rapidly becoming obsolete due to the growing spread of affordable laser and inkjet machines, and daisy wheel machines soon disappeared except for the small remaining typewriter market.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Design">Design</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Daisy_wheel_printing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Diablo_D-25_print-head.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Diablo_D-25_print-head.jpg/220px-Diablo_D-25_print-head.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Diablo_D-25_print-head.jpg/330px-Diablo_D-25_print-head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Diablo_D-25_print-head.jpg/440px-Diablo_D-25_print-head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3687" data-file-height="2458" /></A>
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The print-head and daisy wheel on a Xerox/Diablo D-25 printer.</DIV>
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<P>The heart of the system is an interchangeable metal or plastic "daisy wheel" holding an entire character set as raised characters moulded on each "petal". In use a <A href="/wiki/Servo_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Servo motor">servo motor</A> rotates the daisy wheel to position the required character between the hammer and the ribbon. The <A href="/wiki/Solenoid" title="Solenoid">solenoid</A>-operated hammer then fires, driving the character type onto the ribbon and paper to print the character on the paper. The daisy wheel and hammer are mounted on a sliding carriage similar to that used by <A href="/wiki/Dot_matrix_printer" title="Dot matrix printer">dot matrix printers</A>.</P>
<P>Different typefaces and sizes can be used by replacing the daisy wheel. It is possible to use multiple fonts within a document: font changing is facilitated by printer <A href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</A> which can position the carriage to the center of the platen and prompt the user to change the wheel before continuing printing. However, printing a document with frequent font changes and thus requiring frequent wheel changes was a tedious task.</P>
<P>Many daisy wheel machines offer a bold type facility, accomplished by double- or triple-striking the specified character(s); <A href="/wiki/Servomechanism" title="Servomechanism">servo</A>-based printers advance the carriage fractionally for a wider (and therefore blacker) character, while cheaper machines perform a carriage return without a line feed to return to the beginning of the line, space through all non-bold text, and restrike each bolded character. The inherent imprecision in attempting to restrike on exactly the same spot after a carriage return provides the same effect as the more expensive servo-based printers, with the unique side effect that as the printer ages and wears, bold text becomes bolder.</P>
<P>Like all other impact printers, daisy wheel printers are noisy.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Bi-directional_printing">Bi-directional printing</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Daisy_wheel_printing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bi-directional printing">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Most daisy-wheel printers could print a line and then, using built-in memory, print the following line backwards, from right to left. This saved the time that otherwise would have been needed to return the print head to its starting point.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Graphics">Graphics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Daisy_wheel_printing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Graphics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Although the daisy wheel principle is basically inappropriate for printing <A href="/wiki/Bitmap_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitmap graphics">bitmap graphics</A>, there were attempts to enable them to do so. Most daisy wheel printers supported a relatively coarse and extremely slow graphics mode by printing the image entirely out of dots (formed by the "period" character). This required a mechanism capable of pixel by pixel movement, both horizontally and vertically, and low-end printers were incapable of it.<SUP id="cite_ref-letterhead_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-letterhead-4">[4]</A></SUP> Given the slow speed and the coarse resolution this was not a feasible technique for printing large images, but could usefully print a small logo onto a letterhead and then the following letter, all in a single unattended print run without changing the print element.</P>
<P>Daisy wheel printers are capable of producing simplified graphics in the form of <A href="/wiki/ASCII_art" title="ASCII art">ASCII art</A>.</P>
<P>As daisy wheel elements are made of plastic to keep mass and manufacturing costs low, using the period character for graphics would cause unacceptably rapid wear, so plastic elements are offered with a metal insert in this position that lasts much longer.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<P>Consideration was also given to optimising graphic printing by changing the glyphs on the daisy wheel to a set that would be able to print all the required bitmap combinations more quickly, without requiring an impact for every single dot. This would have the advantage that vertical dot combinations could be printed in a single impact, without requiring fine rotation control of the platen roller. However it would require a specialised daisy wheel so printing of a letter and letterhead would require a two-step process with a manual wheel change in-between.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kostopoulos,_IEEE_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kostopoulos,_IEEE-5">[5]</A></SUP> As the development of this technique post-dated the widespread availability of 24-pin dot matrix printers and coincided with the arrival of affordable <A href="/wiki/Laser_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser printer">laser printers</A> in offices, it was never a popular approach.</P>
<P><SPAN id="Twinriter"></SPAN><A href="/wiki/Brother_Industries" title="Brother Industries">Brother Industries</A> manufactured the <I>Twinriter 5</I> (1985) and <I>6</I> (1987) printers which tried to overcome the limitation of the missing graphics capabilities of daisy wheel printers by adding a dot matrix print head to the existing daisy wheel print head, with the former being used for letter quality printing and the latter for drafts and for printing symbols which were not present in the daisy wheel character set.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Variants">Variants<SPAN id="Thimble"></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Daisy_wheel_printing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P><B>Thimble printers</B> are closely related to daisy wheel printers, but instead of a flat wheel the petals were bent to form a cup-shaped "thimble" print element. Introduced by <A href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</A> in 1977 as their "Spinwriter" series, the replaceable thimbles each held 128 characters.<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Daisy_wheel_printing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Apple_Daisy_Wheel_Printer" title="Apple Daisy Wheel Printer">Apple Daisy Wheel Printer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Daisy_Systems_Holland" title="Daisy Systems Holland">Daisy Systems Holland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Diablo_630" title="Diablo 630">Diablo 630</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/IBM_Wheelwriter" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Wheelwriter">IBM Wheelwriter</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Daisy_wheel_printing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/daisy%20wheel">"Merriam Webster On-line"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster+On-line&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdaisy%2520wheel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaisy+wheel+printing" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Hirahara, Naomi (2002). <I>Distinguished Asian American Business Leaders</I>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 120. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57356-344-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57356-344-7">1-57356-344-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distinguished+Asian+American+Business+Leaders&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57356-344-7&rft.aulast=Hirahara&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaisy+wheel+printing" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Strassman, Paul A. (June 5, 2008). <I>The Computers Nobody Wanted; My Years with Xerox</I>. Strassmann, Inc. pp. 96–97. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4276-3270-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4276-3270-7">1-4276-3270-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Computers+Nobody+Wanted%3B+My+Years+with+Xerox&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Strassmann%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft.isbn=1-4276-3270-7&rft.aulast=Strassman&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaisy+wheel+printing" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-letterhead-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-letterhead_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Hogan, Thom (March 1984). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n3/202_Creating_a_letterhead_wit.php">"Creating a letterhead with your daisywheel printer"</A>. <I>Creative Computing Magazine</I>. <B>10</B> (3): 202.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creative+Computing+Magazine&rft.atitle=Creating+a+letterhead+with+your+daisywheel+printer&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=202&rft.date=1984-03&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atarimagazines.com%2Fcreative%2Fv10n3%2F202_Creating_a_letterhead_wit.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaisy+wheel+printing" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Kostopoulos,_IEEE-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Kostopoulos,_IEEE_5-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Kostopoulos, G. K. (February 1989). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=24649">"Quality graphics for daisy-wheel word processing"</A>. <I>Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on</I>. <A href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</A>. <B>35</B> (1): 16–23. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1109%2F30.24649">10.1109/30.24649</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-3063">0098-3063</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Consumer+Electronics%2C+IEEE+Transactions+on&rft.atitle=Quality+graphics+for+daisy-wheel+word+processing&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-23&rft.date=1989-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F30.24649&rft.issn=0098-3063&rft.aulast=Kostopoulos&rft.aufirst=G.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D24649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaisy+wheel+printing" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Linzmayer, Owen W. (November 1985). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v11n11/72_Double_duty_printers.php">"Double duty printers"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Creative_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Computing">Creative Computing</A></I>. <B>11</B> (11): 72. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031175010/http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v11n11/72_Double_duty_printers.php">Archived</A> from the original on 2016-10-31<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-10-31</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creative+Computing&rft.atitle=Double+duty+printers&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1985-11&rft.aulast=Linzmayer&rft.aufirst=Owen+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atarimagazines.com%2Fcreative%2Fv11n11%2F72_Double_duty_printers.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaisy+wheel+printing" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">King, Steve (1987-11-23). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BT8EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA57">"Brother Twinriter 6 - Daisy Wheel Drives Us Dotty - A Little Slowly - Dual-Format Printer Saves Spaces, Sacrifies Draft Print Quality"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Infoworld" class="mw-redirect" title="Infoworld">Infoworld</A></I>: 57–60<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-10-31</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infoworld&rft.atitle=Brother+Twinriter+6+-+Daisy+Wheel+Drives+Us+Dotty+-+A+Little+Slowly+-+Dual-Format+Printer+Saves+Spaces%2C+Sacrifies+Draft+Print+Quality&rft.pages=57-60&rft.date=1987-11-23&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBT8EAAAAMBAJ%26lpg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaisy+wheel+printing" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Shannon, L. R. (1987-08-25). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/25/science/peripherals-finally-the-right-stuff.html">"Peripherals; Finally, the Right Stuff"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</A></I>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031175948/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/25/science/peripherals-finally-the-right-stuff.html">Archived</A> from the original on 2016-10-31<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-10-31</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Peripherals%3B+Finally%2C+the+Right+Stuff&rft.date=1987-08-25&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=L.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F08%2F25%2Fscience%2Fperipherals-finally-the-right-stuff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaisy+wheel+printing" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maben.homeip.net/static/S100/cromemco/camera%20disks%20terminal%20printer/Cromemco%203355A%20Printer%20Operators%20Guide%20023-6006%20198003.PDF"><I>Cromemco 3355A Printer Operator's Guide</I></A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Cromemco, Inc. March 1980.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cromemco+3355A+Printer+Operator%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Cromemco%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1980-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaben.homeip.net%2Fstatic%2FS100%2Fcromemco%2Fcamera%2520disks%2520terminal%2520printer%2FCromemco%25203355A%2520Printer%2520Operators%2520Guide%2520023-6006%2520198003.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaisy+wheel+printing" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> (Rebadged Model 550 Series Spinwriter)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://printers.necam.com/products.cfm">"NEC Printer Model Information"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">18 February</SPAN> 2009</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEC+Printer+Model+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprinters.necam.com%2Fproducts.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADaisy+wheel+printing" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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question_text: differentiate between dot matrix printer and daisy wheel printer