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<TITLE>Address Resolution Protocol - Wikipedia</TITLE>

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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Address Resolution Protocol</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">NDP</A></LI>
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<P>The <B>Address Resolution Protocol</B> (<B>ARP</B>) is a <A href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">communication protocol</A> used for discovering the <A href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">link layer</A> address, such as a <A href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</A>, associated with a given <A href="/wiki/Network_layer" title="Network layer">network layer</A> address, typically an <A href="/wiki/IPv4_address" class="mw-redirect" title="IPv4 address">IPv4 address</A>. This mapping is a critical function in the <A href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</A>. ARP was defined in 1982 by <A href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Request for Comments (identifier)">RFC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc826">826</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> which is <A href="/wiki/Internet_Standard" title="Internet Standard">Internet Standard</A> STD 37.</P>
<P>ARP has been implemented with many combinations of network and data link layer technologies, such as <A href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</A>, <A href="/wiki/Chaosnet" title="Chaosnet">Chaosnet</A>, <A href="/wiki/DECnet" title="DECnet">DECnet</A> and Xerox <A href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</A> (PUP) using <A href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</A> standards, <A href="/wiki/FDDI" class="mw-redirect" title="FDDI">FDDI</A>, <A href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</A>, <A href="/wiki/Frame_Relay" title="Frame Relay">Frame Relay</A> and <A href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</A> (ATM). IPv4 over <A href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</A> and <A href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</A> is the most common usage.</P>
<P>In <A href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">Internet Protocol Version 6</A> (IPv6) networks, the functionality of ARP is provided by the <A href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">Neighbor Discovery Protocol</A> (NDP).</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Operating_scope"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Operating scope</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Packet_structure"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Packet structure</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Example"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Example</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#ARP_probe"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">ARP probe</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#ARP_announcements"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">ARP announcements</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#ARP_mediation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">ARP mediation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Inverse_ARP_and_Reverse_ARP"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Inverse ARP and Reverse ARP</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><A href="#ARP_spoofing_and_Proxy_ARP"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">ARP spoofing and Proxy ARP</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><A href="#Alternatives_to_ARP"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Alternatives to ARP</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#ARP_stuffing"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">ARP stuffing</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#Standards_documents"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Standards documents</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">14</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Operating_scope">Operating scope</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Address_Resolution_Protocol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operating scope">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The Address Resolution Protocol is a <A href="/wiki/Request-response" class="mw-redirect" title="Request-response">request-response</A> protocol whose messages are encapsulated by a link layer protocol. It is communicated within the boundaries of a single network, never routed across internetworking nodes. This property places ARP into the <A href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">link layer</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Packet_structure">Packet structure</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Address_Resolution_Protocol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Packet structure">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The Address Resolution Protocol uses a simple message format containing one address resolution request or response. The size of the ARP message depends on the upper layer and lower layer address sizes, which are given by the type of networking protocol (usually <A href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</A>) in use and the type of hardware or virtual link layer that the upper layer protocol is running on. The message <A href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</A> specifies these types, as well as the size of addresses of each. The message header is completed with the operation code for request (1) and reply (2). The payload of the packet consists of four addresses, the hardware and protocol address of the sender and receiver hosts.</P>
<P>The principal packet structure of ARP packets is shown in the following table which illustrates the case of IPv4 networks running on Ethernet. In this scenario, the packet has 48-bit fields for the sender hardware address (SHA) and target hardware address (THA), and 32-bit fields for the corresponding sender and target protocol addresses (SPA and TPA). Thus, the ARP packet size in this case is 28 bytes. The <A href="/wiki/EtherType" title="EtherType">EtherType</A> for ARP is 0x0806. (This appears in the Ethernet frame header when the payload is an ARP packet. Not to be confused with PTYPE below, which appears within this encapsulated ARP packet.)</P>
<TABLE class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align: center; width: 30em;" border="1">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH colspan="17">Internet Protocol (IPv4) over Ethernet ARP packet</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="1">octet offset</TH>
<TH colspan="8" width="50%">0</TH>
<TH colspan="8" width="50%">1</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>0</TH>
<TD colspan="16">Hardware type (HTYPE)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>2</TH>
<TD colspan="16">Protocol type (PTYPE)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>4</TH>
<TD colspan="8">Hardware address length (HLEN)</TD>
<TD colspan="8">Protocol address length (PLEN)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>6</TH>
<TD colspan="16">Operation (OPER)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>8</TH>
<TD colspan="16" style="background:#f0fff0">Sender hardware address (SHA) (first 2 bytes)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>10</TH>
<TD colspan="16" style="background:#f0fff0">(next 2 bytes)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>12</TH>
<TD colspan="16" style="background:#f0fff0">(last 2 bytes)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>14</TH>
<TD colspan="16" style="background:#d0ffd0">Sender protocol address (SPA) (first 2 bytes)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>16</TH>
<TD colspan="16" style="background:#d0ffd0">(last 2 bytes)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>18</TH>
<TD colspan="16" style="background:#f0f0ff">Target hardware address (THA) (first 2 bytes)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>20</TH>
<TD colspan="16" style="background:#f0f0ff">(next 2 bytes)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>22</TH>
<TD colspan="16" style="background:#f0f0ff">(last 2 bytes)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>24</TH>
<TD colspan="16" style="background:#d0d0ff">Target protocol address (TPA) (first 2 bytes)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>26</TH>
<TD colspan="16" style="background:#d0d0ff">(last 2 bytes)</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<DL>
<DT>Hardware type (HTYPE)</DT>
<DD>This field specifies the network protocol type. Example: Ethernet is 1.</DD>
<DT>Protocol type (PTYPE)</DT>
<DD>This field specifies the internetwork protocol for which the ARP request is intended. For IPv4, this has the value 0x0800. The permitted PTYPE values share a numbering space with those for <A href="/wiki/EtherType" title="EtherType">EtherType</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP></DD>
<DT>Hardware length (HLEN)</DT>
<DD>Length (in <A href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octets</A>) of a hardware address. Ethernet addresses size is 6.</DD>
<DT>Protocol length (PLEN)</DT>
<DD>Length (in octets) of addresses used in the upper layer protocol. (The upper layer protocol specified in PTYPE.) IPv4 address size is 4.</DD>
<DT>Operation </DT>
<DD>Specifies the operation that the sender is performing: 1 for request, 2 for reply.</DD>
<DT>Sender hardware address (SHA)</DT>
<DD>Media address of the sender. In an ARP request this field is used to indicate the address of the host sending the request. In an ARP reply this field is used to indicate the address of the host that the request was looking for. (Not necessarily address of the host replying as in the case of virtual media.) Switches do not pay attention to this field, particularly in learning MAC addresses. The ARP <A href="/wiki/Protocol_Data_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol Data Unit">PDU</A> is encapsulated in <A href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</A> frame, and that is what Layer 2 devices examine.</DD>
<DT>Sender protocol address (SPA)</DT>
<DD>Internetwork address of the sender.</DD>
<DT>Target hardware address (THA)</DT>
<DD>Media address of the intended receiver. In an ARP request this field is ignored. In an ARP reply this field is used to indicate the address of the host that originated the ARP request.</DD>
<DT>Target protocol address (TPA)</DT>
<DD>Internetwork address of the intended receiver.</DD>
</DL>
<P>ARP protocol parameter values have been standardized and are maintained by the <A href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</A> (IANA).<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Address_Resolution_Protocol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Example">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Two computers in an office (computer 1 and computer 2) are connected to each other in a <A href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</A> by <A href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</A> cables and <A href="/wiki/Network_switches" class="mw-redirect" title="Network switches">network switches</A>, with no intervening <A href="/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)" title="Gateway (telecommunications)">gateways</A> or <A href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</A>. Computer 1 has a packet to send to Computer 2. Through <A href="/wiki/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</A>, it determines that Computer 2 has the IP address 192.168.0.55. To send the message, it also requires Computer 2's <A href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</A>. First, Computer 1 uses a cached ARP table to look up 192.168.0.55 for any existing records of Computer 2's MAC address (00:eb:24:b2:05:ac). If the MAC address is found, it sends an Ethernet <A href="/wiki/Frame_(networking)" title="Frame (networking)">frame</A> with destination address 00:eb:24:b2:05:ac, containing the IP packet onto the link. If the cache did not produce a result for 192.168.0.55, Computer 1 has to send a broadcast ARP message (destination FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF MAC address), which is accepted by all computers, requesting an answer for 192.168.0.55. Computer 2 responds with its MAC and IP addresses. Computer 2 may insert an entry for Computer 1 into its ARP table for future use. Computer 1 caches the response information in its ARP table and can now send the packet.<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="ARP_probe">ARP probe</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Address_Resolution_Protocol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: ARP probe">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>An <B>ARP probe</B> is an ARP request constructed with an all-zero <I>sender IP address</I> (SPA). The term is used in the <I>IPv4 Address Conflict Detection</I> specification (<A href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Request for Comments (identifier)">RFC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5227">5227</A>). Before beginning to use an IPv4 address (whether received from manual configuration, DHCP, or some other means), a host implementing this specification must test to see if the address is already in use, by broadcasting ARP probe packets.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="ARP_announcements">ARP announcements</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Address_Resolution_Protocol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: ARP announcements">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>ARP may also be used as a simple announcement protocol. This is useful for updating other hosts' mappings of a hardware address when the sender's IP address or MAC address has changed. Such an announcement, also called a <I>gratuitous ARP</I> message, is usually broadcast as an ARP request containing the sender's protocol address (SPA) in the target field (TPA=SPA), with the target hardware address (THA) set to zero. An alternative way is to broadcast an ARP reply with the sender's hardware and protocol addresses (SHA and SPA) duplicated in the target fields (TPA=SPA, THA=SHA).</P>
<P>The gratuitous ARP request message and the gratuitous ARP reply messages are standards-based methods,<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP> but the "ARP Request" is preferred.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP> Some devices may be configured for the use of either of these two types of GARP.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<P>An ARP announcement is not intended to solicit a reply; instead it updates any cached entries in the ARP tables of other hosts that receive the packet. The operation code may indicate a request or a reply because the ARP standard specifies that the opcode is only processed after the ARP table has been updated from the address fields.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-14">[14]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Many operating systems perform gratuitous ARP during startup. That helps to resolve problems which would otherwise occur if, for example, a <A href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">network card</A> was recently changed (changing the IP-address-to-MAC-address mapping) and other hosts still have the old mapping in their ARP caches.</P>
<P>Gratuitous ARP is also used by some interface drivers to provide load balancing for incoming traffic. In a team of network cards, it is used to announce a different MAC address within the team that should receive incoming packets.</P>
<P>ARP announcements can be used to defend <A href="/wiki/Link-local_address" title="Link-local address">link-local IP addresses</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Zeroconf" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeroconf">Zeroconf</A> protocol (<A href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Request for Comments (identifier)">RFC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3927">3927</A>), and for IP address takeover within <A href="/wiki/High-availability_cluster" title="High-availability cluster">high-availability clusters</A>.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><SPAN title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2016)">clarification needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><SPAN title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE">example needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="ARP_mediation">ARP mediation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Address_Resolution_Protocol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: ARP mediation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P><B>ARP mediation</B> refers to the process of resolving Layer 2 addresses through a <A href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network#Virtual_private_wire_and_private_line_services_.28VPWS_and_VPLS.29" title="Virtual private network">Virtual Private Wire Service</A> (VPWS) when different resolution protocols are used on the connected circuits, e.g., <A href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</A> on one end and <A href="/wiki/Frame_Relay" title="Frame Relay">Frame Relay</A> on the other. In <A href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</A>, each <A href="/wiki/Provider_Edge" title="Provider Edge">Provider Edge</A> (PE) device discovers the IP address of the locally attached <A href="/wiki/Customer_edge" title="Customer edge">Customer Edge</A> (CE) device and distributes that IP address to the corresponding remote PE device. Then each PE device responds to local ARP requests using the IP address of the remote CE device and the hardware address of the local PE device. In <A href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</A>, each PE device discovers the IP address of both local and remote CE devices and then intercepts local <A href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">Neighbor Discovery</A> (ND) and Inverse Neighbor Discovery (IND) packets and forwards them to the remote PE device.<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<P><SPAN id="INARP"></SPAN></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Inverse_ARP_and_Reverse_ARP">Inverse ARP and Reverse ARP</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Address_Resolution_Protocol&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inverse ARP and Reverse ARP">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P><B>Inverse Address Resolution Protocol</B> (<B>Inverse ARP</B> or <B>InARP</B>) is used to obtain <A href="/wiki/Network_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Layer">Network Layer</A> addresses (for example, <A href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</A>) of other nodes from <A href="/wiki/Data_Link_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Link Layer">Data Link Layer</A> (Layer 2) addresses. It is primarily used in <A href="/wiki/Frame_Relay" title="Frame Relay">Frame Relay</A> (<A href="/wiki/DLCI" class="mw-redirect" title="DLCI">DLCI</A>) and ATM networks, in which Layer 2 addresses of <A href="/wiki/Virtual_circuit" title="Virtual circuit">virtual circuits</A> are sometimes obtained from Layer 2 signaling, and the corresponding Layer 3 addresses must be available before those virtual circuits can be used.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Since ARP translates Layer 3 addresses to Layer 2 addresses, InARP may be described as its inverse. In addition, InARP is implemented as a protocol extension to ARP: it uses the same packet format as ARP, but different operation codes.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Reverse_Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Reverse Address Resolution Protocol">Reverse Address Resolution Protocol</A> (Reverse ARP or RARP), like InARP, translates Layer 2 addresses to Layer 3 addresses. However, in ARP the requesting station queries the Layer 3 address of another node, whereas RARP is used to obtain the Layer 3 address of the requesting station itself for address configuration purposes. RARP is obsolete; it was replaced by <A href="/wiki/BOOTP" class="mw-redirect" title="BOOTP">BOOTP</A>, which was later superseded by the <A href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol</A> (DHCP).<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="ARP_spoofing_and_Proxy_ARP">ARP spoofing and Proxy ARP</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Address_Resolution_Protocol&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: ARP spoofing and Proxy ARP">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:ARP_Spoofing.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ARP_Spoofing.svg/200px-ARP_Spoofing.svg.png" width="200" height="153" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ARP_Spoofing.svg/300px-ARP_Spoofing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/ARP_Spoofing.svg/400px-ARP_Spoofing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="356" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:ARP_Spoofing.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
A successful <A href="/wiki/ARP_spoofing" title="ARP spoofing">ARP spoofing</A> attack allows an attacker to perform a <A href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attack</A>.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/ARP_spoofing" title="ARP spoofing">ARP spoofing</A></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Proxy_ARP" title="Proxy ARP">Proxy ARP</A></DIV>
<P>Because ARP does not provide methods for authenticating ARP replies on a network, ARP replies can come from systems other than the one with the required Layer 2 address. An ARP <I>proxy</I> is a system which answers the ARP request on behalf of another system for which it will forward traffic, normally as a part of the network's design, such as for a dialup internet service. By contrast, in ARP <I>spoofing</I> the answering system, or <I>spoofer</I>, replies to a request for another system's address with the aim of intercepting data bound for that system. A malicious user may use ARP spoofing to perform a <A href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle" class="mw-redirect" title="Man-in-the-middle">man-in-the-middle</A> or <A href="/wiki/Denial-of-service" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial-of-service">denial-of-service</A> attack on other users on the network. Various software exists to both detect and perform ARP spoofing attacks, though ARP itself does not provide any methods of protection from such attacks.<SUP id="cite_ref-grc_19-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-grc-19">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Alternatives_to_ARP">Alternatives to ARP</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Address_Resolution_Protocol&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alternatives to ARP">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Each computer maintains a database of the mapping of <A href="/wiki/Layer_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer 3">Layer 3</A> addresses (e.g., <A href="/wiki/IP_addresses" class="mw-redirect" title="IP addresses">IP addresses</A>) to <A href="/wiki/Layer_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer 2">Layer 2</A> addresses (e.g., <A href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</A> <A href="/wiki/MAC_addresses" class="mw-redirect" title="MAC addresses">MAC addresses</A>), which is maintained primarily by the reception of ARP packets form the local network link. Thus, it is often called the <I>ARP cache</I>. Traditionally, other methods were also used to maintain this table, such as static configuration files,<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP> or centrally maintained lists.</P>
<P>Since at least the 1980s,<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP> networked computers have a utility called 'arp' for interrogating or manipulating this table.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="ARP_stuffing">ARP stuffing</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Address_Resolution_Protocol&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ARP stuffing">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Embedded systems such as networked cameras<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP> and networked power distribution devices,<SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP> which lack a user interface, can use so-called <I>ARP stuffing</I> to make an initial network connection, although this is a misnomer, as ARP is not involved.</P>
<P>This is a solution to an issue in network management of consumer devices, specifically the allocation of IP addresses of ethernet devices where:</P>
<OL>
<LI>the user doesn't have the ability to control <A href="/wiki/DHCP" class="mw-redirect" title="DHCP">DHCP</A> or similar address allocation protocols</LI>
<LI>the device doesn't have a user interface to configure it with</LI>
<LI>the user's computer can't communicate with it because it has no suitable IP address.</LI>
</OL>
<P>The solution adopted is as follows:</P>
<UL>
<LI>The user's computer has an IP address <I>stuffed</I> manually into its address table (normally with the <I>arp</I> command with the MAC address taken from a label on the device)</LI>
<LI>The computer sends special packets to the device, typically a <A href="/wiki/Ping_(networking_utility)" title="Ping (networking utility)">ping</A> packet with a non-default size.</LI>
<LI>The device then adopts this IP address</LI>
<LI>The user then communicates with it by <A href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">telnet</A> or <A href="/wiki/Http" class="mw-redirect" title="Http">web</A> protocols to complete the configuration.</LI>
</UL>
<P>Such devices typically have a method to disable this process once the device is operating normally, as it is vulnerable to attack.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Standards_documents">Standards documents</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Address_Resolution_Protocol&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Standards documents">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Request for Comments (identifier)">RFC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc826">826</A> - Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol, Internet Standard STD 37.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Request for Comments (identifier)">RFC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc903">903</A> - Reverse Address Resolution Protocol, Internet Standard STD 38.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Request for Comments (identifier)">RFC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2390">2390</A> - Inverse Address Resolution Protocol, draft standard</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Request for Comments (identifier)">RFC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5227">5227</A> - IPv4 Address Conflict Detection, proposed standard</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Address_Resolution_Protocol&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/ARP_spoofing" title="ARP spoofing">ARP spoofing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arping" title="Arping">Arping</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arptables" title="Arptables">Arptables</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arpwatch" title="Arpwatch">Arpwatch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bonjour_Sleep_Proxy" title="Bonjour Sleep Proxy">Bonjour Sleep Proxy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cisco_HDLC" title="Cisco HDLC">Cisco HDLC</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">Neighbor Discovery Protocol</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Proxy_ARP" title="Proxy ARP">Proxy ARP</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Address_Resolution_Protocol&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">David C. Plummer (November 1982). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc826">"RFC 826, An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol -- or -- Converting Network Protocol Addresses to 48.bit Ethernet Address for Transmission on Ethernet Hardware"</A>. Internet Engineering Task Force, Network Working Group.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFC+826%2C+An+Ethernet+Address+Resolution+Protocol+--+or+--+Converting+Network+Protocol+Addresses+to+48.bit+Ethernet+Address+for+Transmission+on+Ethernet+Hardware&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force%2C+Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1982-11&rft.au=David+C.+Plummer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Braden, R. (October 1989). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1122">"RFC 1122 - Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers"</A>. Internet Engineering Task Force.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFC+1122+-+Requirements+for+Internet+Hosts+--+Communication+Layers&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=1989-10&rft.au=Braden%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc1122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.iana.org/assignments/arp-parameters/arp-parameters.xhtml">IANA ARP - "Protocol Type"</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/ethernet-numbers">IANA - Ethertype values</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Request for Comments (identifier)">RFC</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5342">5342</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/arp-parameters/">"IANA ARP parameter assignments"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</A>. 2009-04-24.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IANA+ARP+parameter+assignments&rft.pub=IANA&rft.date=2009-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Farp-parameters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Chappell, Laura A. and Tittel, Ed. <I>Guide to TCP/IP, Third Edition</I>. Thomson Course Technology, 2007, pp. 115-116.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Cheshire, S. (July 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5227">"RFC 5227 - IPv4 Address Conflict Detection"</A>. Internet Engineering Task Force.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFC+5227+-+IPv4+Address+Conflict+Detection&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2008-07&rft.au=Cheshire%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc5227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Perkins, C. (November 2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5944#section-4.6">"RFC 5944 - IP Mobility Support for IPv4, Revised"</A>. Internet Engineering Task Force. <Q>A gratuitous ARP MAY use either an ARP Request or an ARP Reply packet. [...] any node receiving any ARP packet (Request or Reply) MUST update its local ARP cache with the Sender Protocol and Hardware Addresses in the ARP packet [...]</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFC+5944+-+IP+Mobility+Support+for+IPv4%2C+Revised&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2010-11&rft.au=Perkins%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc5944%23section-4.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Perkins, C. (October 1996). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2002#section-4.6">"RFC 2002 - IP Mobility Support"</A>. Internet Engineering Task Force.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFC+2002+-+IP+Mobility+Support&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=1996-10&rft.au=Perkins%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc2002%23section-4.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Cheshire, S. (July 2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5227#section-3">"RFC 5227 - IPv4 Address Conflict Detection"</A>. Internet Engineering Task Force. <Q>Why Are ARP Announcements Performed Using ARP Request Packets and Not ARP Reply Packets?</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFC+5227+-+IPv4+Address+Conflict+Detection&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2008-07&rft.au=Cheshire%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc5227%23section-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.citrix.com/article/CTX112701">"FAQ: The Firewall Does not Update the Address Resolution Protocol Table"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Citrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrix">Citrix</A>. 2015-01-16. <Q>[...] garpReply enabled [...] generates ARP packets that [...] are of OPCODE type REPLY, rather than REQUEST.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ%3A+The+Firewall+Does+not+Update+the+Address+Resolution+Protocol+Table&rft.pub=Citrix&rft.date=2015-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.citrix.com%2Farticle%2FCTX112701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/dhcwg/current/msg03797.html">Gratuitous ARP in DHCP vs. IPv4 ACD Draft</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012093401/http://www1.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/dhcwg/current/msg03797.html">Archived</A> October 12, 2007, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-14"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2002#section-4.6">RFC 2002 Section 4.6</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2131#section-4.4.1">RFC 2131 DHCP – Last lines of Section 4.4.1</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Shah, H.; et al. (June 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6575">"RFC 6575 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Mediation for IP Interworking of Layer 2 VPNs"</A>. Internet Engineering Task Force.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFC+6575+Address+Resolution+Protocol+%28ARP%29+Mediation+for+IP+Interworking+of+Layer+2+VPNs&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=2012-06&rft.au=Shah%2C+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc6575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">T. Bradley; et al. (September 1998). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2390">"RFC 2390 - Inverse Address Resolution Protocol"</A>. Internet Engineering Task Force.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFC+2390+-+Inverse+Address+Resolution+Protocol&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=1998-09&rft.au=T.+Bradley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc2390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Finlayson, Mann, Mogul, Theimer (June 1984). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc903">"RFC 903 - A Reverse Address Resolution Protocol"</A>. Internet Engineering Task Force.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFC+903+-+A+Reverse+Address+Resolution+Protocol&rft.pub=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.date=1984-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftools.ietf.org%2Fhtml%2Frfc903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Uses_authors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-grc-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-grc_19-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Steve Gibson (2005-12-11). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grc.com/nat/arp.htm">"ARP Cache Poisoning"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Gibson_Research_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibson Research Corporation">GRC</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARP+Cache+Poisoning&rft.pub=GRC&rft.date=2005-12-11&rft.au=Steve+Gibson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.com%2Fnat%2Farp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Sun Microsystems. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ethers&sektion=5&apropos=0&manpath=SunOS+4.1.3">"SunOS manual page for ethers(5) file"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2011-09-28</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SunOS+manual+page+for+ethers%285%29+file&rft.au=Sun+Microsystems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebsd.org%2Fcgi%2Fman.cgi%3Fquery%3Dethers%26sektion%3D5%26apropos%3D0%26manpath%3DSunOS%2B4.1.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">University of California, Berkeley. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=arp&apropos=0&sektion=0&manpath=2.10+BSD&arch=default&format=html">"BSD manual page for arp(8C) command"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2011-09-28</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BSD+manual+page+for+arp%288C%29+command&rft.au=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebsd.org%2Fcgi%2Fman.cgi%3Fquery%3Darp%26apropos%3D0%26sektion%3D0%26manpath%3D2.10%2BBSD%26arch%3Ddefault%26format%3Dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Canonical. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316213518/http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man8/arp.8.html">"Ubuntu manual page for arp(8) command"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/lucid/man8/arp.8.html">the original</A> on 2012-03-16<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2011-09-28</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ubuntu+manual+page+for+arp%288%29+command&rft.au=Canonical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmanpages.ubuntu.com%2Fmanpages%2Flucid%2Fman8%2Farp.8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Apple Computer. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man8/arp.8.html">"Mac OS X manual page for arp(8) command"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2011-09-28</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mac+OS+X+manual+page+for+arp%288%29+command&rft.au=Apple+Computer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Flibrary%2Fmac%2F%23documentation%2FDarwin%2FReference%2FManPages%2Fman8%2Farp.8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Microsoft. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc786759%28WS.10%29.aspx">"Windows help for arp command"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2011-09-28</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Windows+help+for+arp+command&rft.au=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnet.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fcc786759%2528WS.10%2529.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Axis Communication. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.axis.com/files/manuals/ig_p13Series_38731_en_1006.pdf">"Axis P13 Network Camera Series Installation Guide"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2011-09-28</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Axis+P13+Network+Camera+Series+Installation+Guide&rft.au=Axis+Communication&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.axis.com%2Ffiles%2Fmanuals%2Fig_p13Series_38731_en_1006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">American Power Corporation. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apcmedia.com/salestools/ASTE-6Z6K56_R0_EN.pdf">"Switched Rack Power Distribution Unit Installation and Quick Start Manual"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2011-09-28</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Switched+Rack+Power+Distribution+Unit+Installation+and+Quick+Start+Manual&rft.au=American+Power+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apcmedia.com%2Fsalestools%2FASTE-6Z6K56_R0_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAddress+Resolution+Protocol" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<P><SPAN class="citation foldoc"><SMALL>This article is based on material taken from the <A href="/wiki/Free_On-line_Dictionary_of_Computing" title="Free On-line Dictionary of Computing">Free On-line Dictionary of Computing</A> prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the <A href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</A>, version 1.3 or later.</SMALL></SPAN></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Address_Resolution_Protocol&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/40px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png" width="40" height="32" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/60px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/80px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <I><B><A href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" class="extiw" title="v:Address Resolution Protocol">Address Resolution Protocol</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eventhelix.com/RealtimeMantra/Networking/Arp.pdf">ARP Sequence Diagram (pdf)</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.wireshark.org/Gratuitous_ARP">Gratuitous ARP</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sid.rstack.org/arp-sk/">ARP-SK ARP traffic generation tools</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.wireshark.org/SampleCaptures#head-2fb4a82886c1d8c722134b44461e22e5f7f54b32">Sample Capture file from WireSharkWiki</A></LI>
</UL>
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<DIV id="Windows_command-line_programs_and_shell_builtins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</A> <A href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line</A> programs and <A href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">shell builtins</A></DIV>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Command_Prompt" class="mw-redirect" title="Command Prompt">Command Prompt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">Windows PowerShell</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Recovery_Console" title="Recovery Console">Recovery Console</A></LI>
</UL>
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<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File system navigation</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">cd</A> (chdir)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dir_(command)" title="Dir (command)">dir</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pushd_and_popd" title="Pushd and popd">popd</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pushd_and_popd" title="Pushd and popd">pushd</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tree_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree (command)">tree</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File management</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/ATTRIB" title="ATTRIB">attrib</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cacls" title="Cacls">cacls</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">cipher</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Compact_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact (computing)">compact</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Copy_(command)" title="Copy (command)">copy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Del_(command)" title="Del (command)">del</A> (erase)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Deltree" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltree">deltree</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">expand</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cacls#icacls" title="Cacls">icacls</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">makecab</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mkdir" title="Mkdir">md</A> (mkdir)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Move_(command)" title="Move (command)">move</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rd</A> (rmdir)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Recover_(command)" title="Recover (command)">recover</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ren_(command)" title="Ren (command)">ren</A> (rename)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Replace_(command)" title="Replace (command)">replace</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rmdir</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Robocopy" title="Robocopy">robocopy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/XCOPY" title="XCOPY">xcopy</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk management</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/CHKDSK" title="CHKDSK">chkdsk</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Convert_(command)" title="Convert (command)">convert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Disk_Defragmenter_(Windows)" title="Disk Defragmenter (Windows)">defrag</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Diskcomp" title="Diskcomp">diskcomp</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Diskcopy" title="Diskcopy">diskcopy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Diskpart" title="Diskpart">diskpart</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fdisk" title="Fdisk">fdisk</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Format_(command)" title="Format (command)">format</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Label_(command)" title="Label (command)">label</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/SUBST" title="SUBST">subst</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Microsoft_ScanDisk" title="Microsoft ScanDisk">scandisk</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/SYS_(command)" title="SYS (command)">sys</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vol_(command)" title="Vol (command)">vol</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">vssadmin</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Exit_(command)" title="Exit (command)">exit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kill_(command)" title="Kill (command)">kill</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Powercfg" title="Powercfg">powercfg</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Runas" title="Runas">runas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Windows_service" title="Windows service">sc</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shutdown_(computing)" title="Shutdown (computing)">shutdown</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Start_(command)" title="Start (command)">start</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Taskkill" class="mw-redirect" title="Taskkill">taskkill</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tasklist" title="Tasklist">tasklist</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Registry</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/File_association" title="File association">assoc</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ftype" title="Ftype">ftype</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Windows_Registry#Command_line_editing" title="Windows Registry">reg</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Windows_Registry#Command_line_editing" title="Windows Registry">regini</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Regsvr32" title="Regsvr32">regsvr32</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">User environment</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/DATE_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="DATE (command)">date</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mode_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mode (command)">mode</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/PATH_(variable)" title="PATH (variable)">path</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Environment_variable#DOS,_OS/2_and_Windows_(Command_Prompt)" title="Environment variable">set</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Environment_variable#DOS,_OS/2_and_Windows_(Command_Prompt)" title="Environment variable">setx</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/TIME_(command)" title="TIME (command)">time</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Title_(command)" title="Title (command)">title</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ver_(command)" title="Ver (command)">ver</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Whoami" title="Whoami">whoami</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File contents</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Comp_(command)" title="Comp (command)">comp</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/MS-DOS_Editor" title="MS-DOS Editor">edit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Edlin" title="Edlin">edlin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Microsoft_File_Compare" title="Microsoft File Compare">fc</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Find_(Windows)" title="Find (Windows)">find</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Findstr_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Findstr (computing)">findstr</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/PRINT_(command)" title="PRINT (command)">print</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/TYPE_(DOS_command)" title="TYPE (DOS command)">type</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">Scripting</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Choice_(command)" title="Choice (command)">choice</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Clipboard_(computing)" title="Clipboard (computing)">clip</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">cscript</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/DOSKEY" title="DOSKEY">doskey</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Echo_(command)" title="Echo (command)">echo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/For_loop" title="For loop">for</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Goto_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goto (command)">goto</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Conditional_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditional (programming)">if</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/More_(command)" title="More (command)">more</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pause_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pause (DOS command)">pause</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Command-line_interface#Command_prompt" title="Command-line interface">prompt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Comment_(computer_programming)" title="Comment (computer programming)">rem</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Networking</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">arp</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">getmac</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hostname" title="Hostname">hostname</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ipconfig" title="Ipconfig">ipconfig</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Net_use" title="Net use">net use</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Netsh" title="Netsh">netsh</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Netstat" title="Netstat">netstat</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nslookup" title="Nslookup">nslookup</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/PathPing" title="PathPing">PathPing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ping_(networking_utility)" title="Ping (networking utility)">ping</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Route_(command)" title="Route (command)">route</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traceroute" title="Traceroute">tracert</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maintenance and care</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Driverquery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Driverquery (page does not exist)">driverquery</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">msiexec</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/NTBackup" title="NTBackup">ntbackup</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/System_File_Checker" title="System File Checker">sfc</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Systeminfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Systeminfo">systeminfo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/W32tm" title="W32tm">w32tm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/WBAdmin" title="WBAdmin">WBAdmin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Windows_System_Assessment_Tool" title="Windows System Assessment Tool">winsat</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Windows_Management_Instrumentation_Command-line" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Management Instrumentation Command-line">wmic</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boot management</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bcdedit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bcdedit">bcdedit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bootcfg" title="Bootcfg">bootcfg</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fixboot" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixboot">fixboot</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fixmbr" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixmbr">fixmbr</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Debug_(command)" title="Debug (command)">debug</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Exe2bin" title="Exe2bin">exe2bin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/QBasic" title="QBasic">QBasic</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cls_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cls (command)">cls</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Help_(command)" title="Help (command)">help</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_DOS_commands" title="List of DOS commands">List of DOS commands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Environment_variable" title="Environment variable">Environment variables</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>

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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AD%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بروتوكول حل العناوين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an" style="display: none;"><A href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da" style="display: none;"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_resolution_protocol" title="Address resolution protocol – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et" style="display: none;"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aadressiteisenduse_protokoll" title="Aadressiteisenduse protokoll – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el" style="display: none;"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_resoluci%C3%B3n_de_direcciones" title="Protocolo de resolución de direcciones – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP" title="ARP – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%81%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پروتکل تفکیک آدرس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%86%8C_%EA%B2%B0%EC%A0%95_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%86%A0%EC%BD%9C" title="주소 결정 프로토콜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="पता रिज़ॉल्यूशन प्रोटोकॉल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP" title="ARP – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_Resolusi_Alamat" title="Protokol Resolusi Alamat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it" style="display: none;"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he" style="display: none;"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP" title="ARP – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP" title="ARP – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE" title="അഡ്രെസ്സ് റസലുഷൻ പ്രോട്ടോക്കോൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="display: none;"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP" title="ARP – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="display: none;"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protokol_rozli%C5%A1ovania_adries" title="Protokol rozlišovania adries – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP" title="ARP – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_(protokolla)" title="ARP (protokolla) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adres_%C3%87%C3%B6z%C3%BCmleme_Protokol%C3%BC" title="Adres Çözümleme Protokolü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP" title="ARP – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" title="地址解析协议 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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document_title: Address Resolution Protocol

token: Address

token: Resolution

token: protocol

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: <Table>

token: <Tr>

token: <Th>

token: Internet

token: suite

token: Application

token: layer

token: <Td>

token: <Ul>

token: <Li>

token: BGP

token: DHCP

token: DNS

token: FTP

token: HTTP

token: IMAP

token: LDAP

token: MGCP

token: MQTT

token: NNTP

token: NTP

token: POP

token: ONC

token: RPC

token: RTP

token: RTSP

token: RIP

token: SIP

token: SMTP

token: SNMP

token: SSH

token: Telnet

token: TLS

token: SSL

token: XMPP

token: more

token: Transport

token: TCP

token: UDP

token: DCCP

token: SCTP

token: RSVP

question_text: the arp request is sent to which of the following layer 2 destination addresses