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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Speed limit</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about road speed limits. For speed of light, see <A href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</A>. For road speed limits in specific countries, see <A href="/wiki/Speed_limits_by_country" title="Speed limits by country">Speed limits by country</A>. For rail speed limits, see <A href="/wiki/Slow_zone" title="Slow zone">Slow zone</A>.</DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Australian_60kmh_speed_limit_sign.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Australian_60kmh_speed_limit_sign.jpg/170px-Australian_60kmh_speed_limit_sign.jpg" width="170" height="216" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Australian_60kmh_speed_limit_sign.jpg/255px-Australian_60kmh_speed_limit_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Australian_60kmh_speed_limit_sign.jpg/340px-Australian_60kmh_speed_limit_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1500" /></A>
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A typical 60 km/h speed limit sign used in Australia</DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_R2-1.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MUTCD_R2-1.svg/170px-MUTCD_R2-1.svg.png" width="170" height="204" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MUTCD_R2-1.svg/255px-MUTCD_R2-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MUTCD_R2-1.svg/340px-MUTCD_R2-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="3250" /></A>
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A typical 50 mph speed limit sign in the United States</DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:UK_traffic_sign_670V50.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/UK_traffic_sign_670V50.svg/170px-UK_traffic_sign_670V50.svg.png" width="170" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/UK_traffic_sign_670V50.svg/255px-UK_traffic_sign_670V50.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/UK_traffic_sign_670V50.svg/340px-UK_traffic_sign_670V50.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="341" /></A>
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A typical 50 mph speed limit sign in the United Kingdom and 50 km/h speed limit sign in Hong Kong</DIV>
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<P>Road <B>speed limits</B> are used in most countries to set the maximum (or minimum in some cases) speed at which road <A href="/wiki/Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicles">vehicles</A> may legally travel on particular stretches of road. Speed limits may be variable and in some places speed is unlimited (e.g. on some <A href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</A> sections in Germany). Speed limits are normally indicated on a <A href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">traffic sign</A>. Speed limits are commonly set by the legislative bodies of nations or provincial governments and enforced by national or regional <A href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</A> or judicial bodies.</P>
<P>The first maximum speed limit was the 10 mph (16 km/h) limit introduced in the <A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</A> in 1861. The highest posted speed limit in the world is 140 km/h (87 mph), which applies to some motorways in <A href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</A><SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP> and <A href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</A>;<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> similarly <A href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</A> posts 85 mph (137 km/h) on one 40-mile (64 km) long toll road.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP> However, some roads have no speed limit for certain classes of vehicles. Best known are <A href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</A>'s less congested <A href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahns</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP> where automobile drivers have no mandated maximum speed. Measurements from the German state of <A href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</A> in 2006 showed average speeds of 142 km/h (88 mph) on a 6-lane section of autobahn in free-flowing conditions.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Isle_of_Man#Roads" title="Transport in the Isle of Man">Rural roads on the Isle of Man</A><SUP id="cite_ref-iomguide_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-iomguide-6">[6]</A></SUP> and the Indian states of <A href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP> and <A href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP> also lack speed limits.</P>
<P>Speed limits are usually set to attempt to cap road traffic speed; there are several reasons for wanting to do this. It is often done with an intention to improve <A href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">road traffic safety</A> and reduce the number of <A href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_motor_vehicle_collisions" title="Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions">road traffic casualties</A> from <A href="/wiki/Traffic_collisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic collisions">traffic collisions</A>. In their <I>World report on road traffic injury prevention</I> report, the <A href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization (WHO)</A> identify speed control as one of various interventions likely to contribute to a reduction in road casualties. (The WHO estimated that some 1.2 million people were killed and 50 million injured on the roads around the world in 2004.)<SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[n 1]</A></SUP> Speed limits may also be set in an attempt to reduce the <A href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impacts of roads">environmental impact of road traffic</A> (vehicle noise, vibration, emissions) and to satisfy local community wishes for streets usable by people out of cars. Some cities have reduced limits to as little as 30 km/h (19 mph) for both safety and efficiency reasons.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[10]</A></SUP> However, it has also been shown that in some circumstances changing a speed limit has little effect on the average speed of cars.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[11]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In situations where the natural road speed is considered too high by governments, notably in urban areas where speed limits below 50 km/h (31 mph) are used then <A href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">traffic calming</A> is often also used. For some classes of vehicle, <A href="/wiki/Speed_limiter" title="Speed limiter">speed limiters</A> may be mandated to enforce compliance.</P>
<P>Since their introduction, speed limits have been opposed by some motoring <A href="/wiki/Advocacy_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocacy groups">advocacy groups</A>.</P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Regulations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Regulations</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Basic_rule"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Basic rule</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><A href="#Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Vienna Convention on Road Traffic</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><A href="#Reasonable_speed"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Reasonable speed</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><A href="#Excessive_speed"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Excessive speed</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Maximum_speed_limits"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Maximum speed limits</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Minimum_speed_limits"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Minimum speed limits</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Variable_speed_limits"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Variable speed limits</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#Roads_without_speed_limits"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Roads without speed limits</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><A href="#Roads_formerly_without_speed_limits"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Roads formerly without speed limits</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><A href="#Method"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Method</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><A href="#Enforcement"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Enforcement</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#Effectiveness"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Effectiveness</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="#Justification"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Justification</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><A href="#Road_traffic_safety"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Road traffic safety</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><A href="#Fuel_efficiency"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Fuel efficiency</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><A href="#Environmental_considerations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Environmental considerations</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><A href="#Advocacy"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Advocacy</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><A href="#Opposition"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Opposition</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><A href="#Support"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Support</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><A href="#Signage"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Signage</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><A href="#Maximum_speed_limit"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Maximum speed limit</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><A href="#Minimum_speed_limit"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Minimum speed limit</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><A href="#Special_speed_limits"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Special speed limits</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><A href="#Speed_limit_derestriction"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Speed limit derestriction</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><A href="#Advisory_speed_limit"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Advisory speed limit</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><A href="#Law_Review"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Law Review</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <B>may not represent a <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</A> of the subject</B>. <SPAN class="hide-when-compact">You may <A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit">improve this article</A>, discuss the issue on the <A href="/wiki/Talk:Speed_limit" title="Talk:Speed limit">talk page</A>, or <A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</A>, as appropriate.</SPAN> <SMALL><I>(August 2015)</I></SMALL> <SMALL class="hide-when-compact"><I>(<A href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</A>)</I></SMALL></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Antique_New_Hampshire_speed_limit_sign.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Antique_New_Hampshire_speed_limit_sign.jpg/220px-Antique_New_Hampshire_speed_limit_sign.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Antique_New_Hampshire_speed_limit_sign.jpg/330px-Antique_New_Hampshire_speed_limit_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Antique_New_Hampshire_speed_limit_sign.jpg/440px-Antique_New_Hampshire_speed_limit_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></A>
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Historic <A href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</A> speed limit sign</DIV>
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<P>The United Kingdom Stage Carriage Act 1832 first introduced the offense of endangering the safety of a passenger or person by 'furious driving'.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[12]</A></SUP> The first numeric speed limits were created in the UK by a series of <A href="/wiki/Locomotive_Acts" title="Locomotive Acts">Locomotive Acts</A> (1861, 1865 and 1878); the 1861 Act introduced a <A href="/wiki/Road_speed_limits_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Road speed limits in the United Kingdom">UK speed limit</A> of 10 mph (16 km/h) on open roads in town, reduced to 2 mph (3 km/h) in towns and 4 mph (6 km/h) in rural areas by the 1865 'red flag act'. The <A href="/wiki/Locomotives_on_Highways_Act_1896" title="Locomotives on Highways Act 1896">Locomotives on Highways Act 1896</A>, which raised the speed limit to 14 mph (23 km/h) (being the estimated speed of a horse being driven 'furiously') is celebrated to this day by the annual <A href="/wiki/London_to_Brighton_Veteran_Car_Run" title="London to Brighton Veteran Car Run">London to Brighton Veteran Car Run</A>.</P>
<P>The first person to be convicted of speeding is believed to be Walter Arnold of <A href="/wiki/East_Peckham" title="East Peckham">East Peckham</A>, Kent, who on 28 January 1896 was fined for speeding at 8 mph (13 km/h). He was fined 1 <A href="/wiki/%C2%A3sd" title="£sd">shilling</A> plus costs.<SUP id="cite_ref-NatMotMuseum_14-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NatMotMuseum-14">[13]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-BBC_R4_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BBC_R4-15">[14]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-AllExp_16-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-AllExp-16">[15]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the UK 20 mph speed was allowed in 1903.<SUP id="cite_ref-racfoundation_17-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-racfoundation-17">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In Australia, during the early 20th century, there were people reported for "furious driving" offences. One conviction in 1905 cited furiously driving 20 mph (32 km/h) when passing a <A href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</A> traveling at half that speed.<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the 1960s, in continental Europe, some speed limit were established based on the V85 speed, (so that 85% of drivers respect this speed).<SUP id="cite_ref-racfoundation_17-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-racfoundation-17">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Later Sweden defined the <I><A href="/wiki/Vision_Zero" title="Vision Zero">Vision Zero</A></I> program.<SUP id="cite_ref-racfoundation_17-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-racfoundation-17">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Regulations">Regulations</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regulations">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Zeichen_274-60_-_Zul%C3%A4ssige_H%C3%B6chstgeschwindigkeit,_StVO_2017.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Zeichen_274-60_-_Zul%C3%A4ssige_H%C3%B6chstgeschwindigkeit%2C_StVO_2017.svg/170px-Zeichen_274-60_-_Zul%C3%A4ssige_H%C3%B6chstgeschwindigkeit%2C_StVO_2017.svg.png" width="170" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Zeichen_274-60_-_Zul%C3%A4ssige_H%C3%B6chstgeschwindigkeit%2C_StVO_2017.svg/255px-Zeichen_274-60_-_Zul%C3%A4ssige_H%C3%B6chstgeschwindigkeit%2C_StVO_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Zeichen_274-60_-_Zul%C3%A4ssige_H%C3%B6chstgeschwindigkeit%2C_StVO_2017.svg/340px-Zeichen_274-60_-_Zul%C3%A4ssige_H%C3%B6chstgeschwindigkeit%2C_StVO_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></A>
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Speed limit sign in <A href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</A>, showing a 60 km/h restriction. Signs in other European countries are similar but make use of different fonts and sizes</DIV>
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<P>Most jurisdictions use the <A href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric</A> speed unit of <A href="/wiki/Kilometers_per_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilometers per hour">kilometers per hour</A> for speed limits, while some, primarily the <A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A> and the <A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</A>, use speed limits given in <A href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">miles per hour</A>. There is an ongoing discussion as to whether they should follow the lead of other countries and <A href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">switch</A> to using metric units (see <A href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Metrication in the United Kingdom">Metrication in the United Kingdom</A> and <A href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_States" title="Metrication in the United States">Metrication in the United States</A>).</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Basic_rule">Basic rule</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basic rule">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>See also main article on the <A href="/wiki/Assured_Clear_Distance_Ahead#ACDA_Rule_specific_case_generalized_to_the_Basic_Speed_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Assured Clear Distance Ahead">Basic Speed Law or Rule</A>.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic">Vienna Convention on Road Traffic</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vienna Convention on Road Traffic">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>In countries bounded by <A href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Vienna Convention on Road Traffic">Vienna Convention on Road Traffic</A> (1968 & 1977), article 13 defines a basic rule for <I>Speed and distance between vehicles</I>:<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[18]</A></SUP> "Every driver of a vehicle shall in all circumstances have his vehicle under control so as to be able to exercise due and proper care and to be at all times in a position to perform all manœuvres required of him. He shall, when adjusting the speed of his vehicle, pay constant regard to the circumstances, in particular the lie of the land, the state of the road, the condition and load of his vehicle, the weather conditions and the density of traffic, so as to be able to stop his vehicle within his range of forward vision and short of any foreseeable obstruction. He shall slow down and if necessary stop whenever circumstances so require, and particularly when visibility is not good. "</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Reasonable_speed">Reasonable speed</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reasonable speed">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;"><A href="/wiki/File:World_Speed_Limits.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/World_Speed_Limits.svg/290px-World_Speed_Limits.svg.png" width="290" height="166" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/World_Speed_Limits.svg/435px-World_Speed_Limits.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/World_Speed_Limits.svg/580px-World_Speed_Limits.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1580" /></A>
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Map of highest-posted speed limits around the world. Click to zoom in</DIV>
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<P>Drivers are required to drive at a safe speed for conditions. In the United States, this requirement is referred to as the <B>basic rule</B>,<SUP id="cite_ref-www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov_20-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov-20">[19]</A></SUP> but more generally in Britain and elsewhere in <A href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</A> as the <A href="/wiki/Reasonable_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasonable man">reasonable man</A> requirement.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[20]</A></SUP> The German Highway Code (<I>Straßenverkehrs-Ordnung</I>) section on speed begins with a statement<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[21]</A></SUP> which may be rendered in English:</P>
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<P>Any person driving a vehicle may only drive so fast that the car is under control. Speeds must be adapted to the road, traffic, visibility and weather conditions as well as the personal skills and characteristics of the vehicle and load.</P>
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<P>In France the law clarifies that even if speed is limited by law and by local authority, the driver assumes the responsibility to control his vehicle’s speed, and to reduce speed in various circumstances, such as overtaking a pedestrian, or bicycles, individually or in a group, when overtaking a stopped convoy, when passing a transportation vehicle loading or unloading people or children, in any case where road does not appear clear, or risky, when visibility is low (rain, fog, ...), in turns, when the road goes rapidly down, in road sections that are small, busy, or with homes, near the top of the road, near a crossing when visibility is not sure, when specific lights are used, when overtaking animals.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[22]</A></SUP> According to the same article, the fact for a driver to not keep master of its speed or to not reduce it in such cases is penalized.</P>
<P>The US federal government has a similar law—49 CFR 392.14<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[23]</A></SUP>—which applies in all states as permitted under by the <A href="/wiki/Commerce_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce clause">commerce clause</A> and <A href="/wiki/Due_process_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Due process clause">due process clause</A>.;<SUP id="cite_ref-Stanko_25-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Stanko-25">[24]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CDLM_26-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CDLM-26">[25]</A></SUP> for example California Vehicle Code section 22350 which states that "No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable ... and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property".<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[26]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The basic speed law is almost always supplemented by specific maximum or minimum limits, but applies regardless. The reasonable speed may be different than the posted speed limit in conditions such as fog, heavy rain, ice, snow, gravel,<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[27]</A></SUP> sharp corners, blinding glare,<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[28]</A></SUP> darkness, crossing traffic,<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[29]</A></SUP> or when there is an obstructed view of orthogonal traffic—such as by road curvature, parked cars, vegetation, or snow banks—thus limiting the <A href="/wiki/Assured_Clear_Distance_Ahead" class="mw-redirect" title="Assured Clear Distance Ahead">Assured Clear Distance Ahead (ACDA)</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[30]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[31]</A></SUP> Basic speed laws are statutized reinforcements of the centuries-old <A href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</A> <A href="/wiki/Negligence" title="Negligence">negligence</A> doctrine as specifically applied to vehicular speed.<SUP id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-33">[32]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Excessive_speed">Excessive speed</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Excessive speed">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Consequential results of basic law violations are often categorized as <I>excessive speed</I> crashes; for example, the leading cause of <A href="/wiki/German_autobahns#Safety" class="mw-redirect" title="German autobahns">crashes on German autobahns</A> in 2012 was that category: 6,587 so-called "speed related" crashes claimed the lives of 179 people, which represented almost half (46.3%) of 387 autobahn fatalities in 2012.<SUP id="cite_ref-www.destatis.de_2012_34-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-www.destatis.de_2012-34">[33]</A></SUP> However, "excessive speed" does not necessarily mean that the speed limit has been exceeded (if one even exists), rather that police determined at least one party traveled too fast for existing road<SUP id="cite_ref-Starnberg_Fatality_2013_35-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Starnberg_Fatality_2013-35">[34]</A></SUP> or weather<SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[35]</A></SUP> conditions.<SUP id="cite_ref-www.destatis.de_2012_34-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-www.destatis.de_2012-34">[33]</A></SUP> Examples of conditions<SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[36]</A></SUP> where drivers may find themselves driving too fast include: wet roadways (rain, snow, or ice), reduced visibility (fog<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[37]</A></SUP> or "white out" snow<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[38]</A></SUP>), uneven roads, construction zones,<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[39]</A></SUP> curves,<SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[40]</A></SUP> intersections, gravel roads,<SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[41]</A></SUP> and heavy traffic. Per distance traveled, consequences of inappropriate speed are more frequent on lower speed, lower quality roads;<SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[42]</A></SUP> in the United States, for example, the "speeding fatality rate for local roads is three times that for Interstates"<SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[43]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Citations for violations of the basic speed law without a crash<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[44]</A></SUP> have sometimes been ruled unfairly vague or arbitrary, hence a violation the <A href="/wiki/Due_process_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Due process clause">due process of law</A>, at least in the State of Montana.<SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[45]</A></SUP> Even within states, differing jurisdictions (counties and cities) choose to prosecute similar cases with differing approaches.<SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[46]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Maximum_speed_limits">Maximum speed limits</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maximum speed limits">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:SpeedLimitSignOntario.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SpeedLimitSignOntario.jpg/220px-SpeedLimitSignOntario.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SpeedLimitSignOntario.jpg/330px-SpeedLimitSignOntario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SpeedLimitSignOntario.jpg/440px-SpeedLimitSignOntario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></A>
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A speed limit sign in <A href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A9pron-les-Vall%C3%A9es_(Ardennes)_city_limit_sign.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/L%C3%A9pron-les-Vall%C3%A9es_%28Ardennes%29_city_limit_sign.JPG/220px-L%C3%A9pron-les-Vall%C3%A9es_%28Ardennes%29_city_limit_sign.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/L%C3%A9pron-les-Vall%C3%A9es_%28Ardennes%29_city_limit_sign.JPG/330px-L%C3%A9pron-les-Vall%C3%A9es_%28Ardennes%29_city_limit_sign.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/L%C3%A9pron-les-Vall%C3%A9es_%28Ardennes%29_city_limit_sign.JPG/440px-L%C3%A9pron-les-Vall%C3%A9es_%28Ardennes%29_city_limit_sign.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></A>
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In France city sign has value of speed limit</DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:D984_03_-_D%C3%A9but_de_limitation_%C3%A0_30_km_par_heure.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/D984_03_-_D%C3%A9but_de_limitation_%C3%A0_30_km_par_heure.jpg/220px-D984_03_-_D%C3%A9but_de_limitation_%C3%A0_30_km_par_heure.jpg" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/D984_03_-_D%C3%A9but_de_limitation_%C3%A0_30_km_par_heure.jpg/330px-D984_03_-_D%C3%A9but_de_limitation_%C3%A0_30_km_par_heure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/D984_03_-_D%C3%A9but_de_limitation_%C3%A0_30_km_par_heure.jpg/440px-D984_03_-_D%C3%A9but_de_limitation_%C3%A0_30_km_par_heure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></A>
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A street limited at 30 km/h</DIV>
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End of speed limit, previous speed limit applies</DIV>
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<P>Most public roads in most countries have a legally assigned numerical maximum speed limit which applies on all roads unless otherwise stated; lower speed limits are often shown on a sign at the start of the restricted section, although the presence of streetlights or the physical arrangement of the road may sometimes also be used instead. A posted speed limit may only apply to that road or to all roads beyond the sign that defines them depending on local laws. In the <A href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</A>, large signposts showing the national (default) speed limits of the respective country are usually erected immediately after <A href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">border crossings</A>, with a repeater sign some 200 to 500 m (660 to 1,640 ft) after the first sign. Some places provide an additional "speed zone ahead" ahead of the restriction and speed limit reminder signs may appear at regular intervals which may be painted on the road surface.</P>
<P>Signs are normally placed on both sides of the road and in some places there are small (less than 1/4 the size of the sign) rectangular orange reflector flags attached to both upper right corners of both signs. The speed limit sign marking the new speed zone may also have the orange flags; this practice can be observed in <A href="/wiki/New_York_state" class="mw-redirect" title="New York state">New York</A> on highways where the speed limit varies such as <A href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_17" title="New York State Route 17">New York State Route 17</A>.</P>
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Speed limits on European Motorways in km/h</DIV>
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<P>Signage in many countries, especially in Europe, conforms to the <A href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals</A> using black text with a red circle on a white background.</P>
<P>In the <A href="/wiki/Speed_limits_in_the_United_States" title="Speed limits in the United States">United States</A>, the signs are usually rectangular with the words "SPEED LIMIT" and the values in black on a white background. The U.S. Federal Highway Administration's <A href="/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices" title="Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices">Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices</A> provides guidelines for the appearance of speed limit signs. In Alaska and California, speed limits are often labeled "MAXIMUM SPEED" instead. In Oregon, most speed limit signs just say "SPEED" and the number. Canada has similar signs bearing the legend "MAXIMUM" and in km/h instead of mph. "Maximum" is used instead of "Speed Limit" because it has similar meanings in English and French. <A href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</A> signs are rectangular but have a red circle like the Vienna Convention signs.<SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[47]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The speed limit is commonly set at or below the 85th <A href="/wiki/Percentile" title="Percentile">percentile</A> <A href="/wiki/Operating_speed" title="Operating speed">operating speed</A> (being the speed which no more than 15% of traffic is exceeding)<SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[48]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[49]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[50]</A></SUP> and in the US is frequently set 4 to 8 mph (6 to 13 km/h) below that speed.<SUP id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-52">[51]</A></SUP> Thus, if the 85th percentile <A href="/wiki/Operating_speed" title="Operating speed">operating speed</A> as measured by a <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/vctop/d01/vc627.htm">Traffic and Engineering Survey</A> exceeds the <A href="/wiki/Design_speed" title="Design speed">design speed</A>, legal protection is given to motorists traveling at such speeds (design speed is "based on conservative assumptions about driver, vehicle and roadway characteristics").<SUP id="cite_ref-tti.tamu.edu_53-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tti.tamu.edu-53">[52]</A></SUP> The theory behind the 85th percentile rules is, that as a policy, most citizens should be deemed reasonable and prudent, and limits must be practical to enforce.<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[53]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-55">[54]</A></SUP> However, there are some circumstances where motorists do not tend to process all the risks involved, and as a mass choose a poor 85th percentile speed<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>. This rule in substance is a process for voting the speed limit by driving; and in contrast to delegating the speed limit to an engineering expert.<SUP id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-56">[55]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-57">[56]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The maximum speed permitted by statute, as posted, is normally based on ideal driving conditions, and the basic speed rule always applies.<SUP id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-58">[57]</A></SUP> Violation of the statute generally raises a rebuttable <A href="/wiki/Negligence_per_se" title="Negligence per se">presumption of negligence</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-59">[58]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In international European roads, speed should be taken into account at design stage<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP>.</P>
<TABLE class="wikitable">
<CAPTION>Maximum speed recommended by international European road design standard</CAPTION>
<TBODY><TR>
<TH>Road classification</TH>
<TH>60 km/h</TH>
<TH>80 km/h (50 mph)</TH>
<TH>100 km/h (60 mph)</TH>
<TH>120 km/h (75 mph)</TH>
<TH>140 km/h (85 mph)</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Motorway</TD>
<TD>x</TD>
<TD>80</TD>
<TD>100</TD>
<TD>120</TD>
<TD>140</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Express road</TD>
<TD>60</TD>
<TD>80</TD>
<TD>100</TD>
<TD>120</TD>
<TD>x</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Road</TD>
<TD>60</TD>
<TD>80</TD>
<TD>100</TD>
<TD>x</TD>
<TD>x</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Minimum_speed_limits">Minimum speed limits</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Minimum speed limits">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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UK minimum speed limit sign</DIV>
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<P>Some roads also have "minimum speed limits", where slow speeds can impede traffic flow or be dangerous.<SUP id="cite_ref-Journal_of_Transportation_and_Statistics_Volume_7_Number_2/3,_2004,_ISSN_1094-8848_60-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Journal_of_Transportation_and_Statistics_Volume_7_Number_2/3,_2004,_ISSN_1094-8848-60">[59]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Signs often use blue circles based on the obligatory signs of the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals. A Japanese minimum speed sign has the same design as a maximum speed sign, but with a horizontal line below the number. In the United States of America, they are also identical to their respective maximum speed limit signs with the exception of the text "MINIMUM SPEED".</P>
<P>This minimum speed is not so common, as the risk usually raise with higher speed and not with lower speed.<SUP id="cite_ref-racfoundation_17-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-racfoundation-17">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Variable_speed_limits">Variable speed limits</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Variable speed limits">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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Example variable speed limit sign in the United States</DIV>
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Digital speed limit sign for variable speed limits</DIV>
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<P>In 1965, the first known experiments with variable speed limit signs took place on a 30 km stretch of German motorway <A href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_8" title="Bundesautobahn 8">A8</A> between <A href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</A> and the border city of <A href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</A>, Austria. Mechanically variable message signs could display speeds of 60, 80 and 100 km/h, "danger zone" or "accident". Personnel monitored traffic using video technology, and manually controlled the signage.<SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[60]</A></SUP> Beginning in the 1970s, additional advanced traffic control systems were put into service. Modern motorway control systems can work without human intervention using various types of sensors to measure traffic flow and weather conditions. In 2009, 1,300 km (810 mi) of German motorways were equipped with such systems.<SUP id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-62">[61]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the late 1960s, heavily traveled portions of the <A href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike" title="New Jersey Turnpike">New Jersey Turnpike</A> began using variable speed limit signs, in combination with <A href="/wiki/Variable_message_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable message signs">variable message signs</A>. Officials can adjust the speed limit according to weather, traffic conditions, and construction.<SUP id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-63">[62]</A></SUP> More typically, variable speed limits are used on remote stretches of highway in the United States in areas with extreme changes in driving conditions.<SUP id="cite_ref-ntl.bts.gov_64-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ntl.bts.gov-64">[63]</A></SUP> For example, variable limits were introduced in October 2010 on a 52-mile (84 km) stretch of <A href="/wiki/Interstate_80" title="Interstate 80">Interstate 80</A> in <A href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</A>, replacing the winter season speed reduction from 75 to 65 mph (121 to 105 km/h) that had been in place since 2008.<SUP id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-65">[64]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-66">[65]</A></SUP> This Variable Speed Limit system has been proved to be effective in terms of reducing crash frequency and road closures.<SUP id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-67">[66]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-68">[67]</A></SUP> Similarly, <A href="/wiki/Interstate_90" title="Interstate 90">Interstate 90</A> at <A href="/wiki/Snoqualmie_Pass" title="Snoqualmie Pass">Snoqualmie Pass</A> and other mountain passes in Washington State variable speed limits are used to slow traffic in severe winter weather.<SUP id="cite_ref-ntl.bts.gov_64-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ntl.bts.gov-64">[63]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-69">[68]</A></SUP> As a response to fog-induced chain-reaction collisions involving 99 vehicles in 1990, a variable speed limit system covering 19 miles (31 km) of <A href="/wiki/Interstate_75" title="Interstate 75">Interstate 75</A> in <A href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</A> was implemented in fog-prone areas around the <A href="/wiki/Hiwassee_River" title="Hiwassee River">Hiwassee River</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-70">[69]</A></SUP></P>
<P>A variable speed limit was introduced on part of Britain's <A href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25 motorway</A> in 1995 (on the busiest 14-mile (23 km) section from junction 10 to 16). Initial results suggested savings in journey times, smoother-flowing traffic, as well as a fall in the number of crashes, and the scheme was made permanent in 1997.<SUP id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-71">[70]</A></SUP> However a 2004 National Audit Organization report noted that the business case was unproved; conditions at the site of the Variable Speed Limits trial were not stable before or during the trial, and the study was deemed neither properly controlled nor reliable. Since December 2008 the <A href="/wiki/M1_motorway#Widening_from_Junction_6a_to_10" title="M1 motorway">upgraded section of the M1</A> between the M25 and <A href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</A> has had the facility for variable speed limits.<SUP id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-72">[71]</A></SUP> In January 2010 temporary variable speed cameras on the M1 between J25 and J28 were made permanent.<SUP id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-73">[72]</A></SUP></P>
<P>New Zealand introduced variable speed limits in February 2001. The first installation was on the <A href="/wiki/Ngauranga_Gorge" title="Ngauranga Gorge">Ngauranga Gorge</A> section of dual carriageway on <A href="/wiki/New_Zealand_State_Highway_1" title="New Zealand State Highway 1">State Highway 1</A> with steep terrain, numerous bends, high traffic volumes, and higher than average accident rate. The speed limit is normally 80 km/h (50 mph).<SUP id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-74">[73]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2006, <A href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</A> undertook a short-term experiment with a variable limit configuration that could increase statutory limits under the most favorable conditions, as well as reduce them. In June, a stretch of motorway was configured with variable speed limits that could increase the general Austrian motorway limit of 130 to 160 km/h (81 to 99 mph).<SUP id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-75">[74]</A></SUP> Then Austrian Transport Minister <A href="/wiki/Hubert_Gorbach" title="Hubert Gorbach">Hubert Gorbach</A> called the experiment "a milestone in European transport policy-despite all predictions to the contrary"; however, the experiment was discontinued.</P>
<P>In 2014, the <A href="/wiki/Georgia_Department_of_Transportation" title="Georgia Department of Transportation">Georgia Department of Transportation</A> installed variable speed limits on part of <A href="/wiki/Interstate_285" title="Interstate 285">Interstate 285</A> around <A href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</A>. These speeds can be as low as 35 mph but are generally set to 65 mph.<SUP id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-76">[75]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2016 the <A href="/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Transportation" title="Oregon Department of Transportation">Oregon Department of Transportation</A> has installed a variable speed zone on a 30-mile stretch of <A href="/wiki/Interstate_84_in_Oregon" title="Interstate 84 in Oregon">Interstate 84</A> between <A href="/wiki/Baker_City,_Oregon" title="Baker City, Oregon">Baker City</A> and Ladd Canyon. The new electronic signs collect data regarding temperature, skid resistance, and average motorist speed to determine the most effective speed limit for the area before presenting the limit on the sign. This speed zone is scheduled to be activated November 2016.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Roads_without_speed_limits">Roads without speed limits</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Roads without speed limits">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Zeichen_393_b_-_Informationstafel_an_Grenz%C3%BCberg%C3%A4ngen_(an_sonstigen_Stra%C3%9Fen_au%C3%9Ferhalb_der_Autobahn),_StVO_1981.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Zeichen_393_b_-_Informationstafel_an_Grenz%C3%BCberg%C3%A4ngen_%28an_sonstigen_Stra%C3%9Fen_au%C3%9Ferhalb_der_Autobahn%29%2C_StVO_1981.svg/170px-Zeichen_393_b_-_Informationstafel_an_Grenz%C3%BCberg%C3%A4ngen_%28an_sonstigen_Stra%C3%9Fen_au%C3%9Ferhalb_der_Autobahn%29%2C_StVO_1981.svg.png" width="170" height="247" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Zeichen_393_b_-_Informationstafel_an_Grenz%C3%BCberg%C3%A4ngen_%28an_sonstigen_Stra%C3%9Fen_au%C3%9Ferhalb_der_Autobahn%29%2C_StVO_1981.svg/255px-Zeichen_393_b_-_Informationstafel_an_Grenz%C3%BCberg%C3%A4ngen_%28an_sonstigen_Stra%C3%9Fen_au%C3%9Ferhalb_der_Autobahn%29%2C_StVO_1981.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Zeichen_393_b_-_Informationstafel_an_Grenz%C3%BCberg%C3%A4ngen_%28an_sonstigen_Stra%C3%9Fen_au%C3%9Ferhalb_der_Autobahn%29%2C_StVO_1981.svg/340px-Zeichen_393_b_-_Informationstafel_an_Grenz%C3%BCberg%C3%A4ngen_%28an_sonstigen_Stra%C3%9Fen_au%C3%9Ferhalb_der_Autobahn%29%2C_StVO_1981.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1653" data-file-height="2403" /></A>
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German border crossing sign showing 50 km/h (31 mph) limit in built-up areas, 100 km/h (62 mph) in rural areas, but a legal <B><A href="/wiki/Advisory_speed_limit" title="Advisory speed limit">advisory</A> 130 km/h (81 mph) limit</B> for the <A href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</A> (motorway), increasing <A href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</A> in the case of an accident from driving faster <SUP id="cite_ref-Autobahnrichtgeschwindigkeitsverordnung_77-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Autobahnrichtgeschwindigkeitsverordnung-77">[76]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<P>Just over half of the <A href="/wiki/German_Autobahnen" class="mw-redirect" title="German Autobahnen">German autobahns</A> have only an advisory speed limit (called in German <I><A href="/wiki/Richtgeschwindigkeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Richtgeschwindigkeit">Richtgeschwindigkeit</A></I>), 15% have temporary speed limits due to weather or traffic conditions and 33% have permanent speed limits, according to 2008 estimates.<SUP id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-78">[77]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe" title="Bundesstraße">German federal highways</A> and any road outside of towns which is either a dual carriageway or features at least two lanes per direction do have a general speed limit of 100 km/h. Usually it is reduced to 80 km/h at Allée-streets (federal highways bordered by trees or bushes on one or both sites).<SUP id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-79">[78]</A></SUP> Travel speeds are not regularly monitored in Germany; however, a 2008 report noted that on the autobahn in <A href="/wiki/Niemegk" title="Niemegk">Niemegk</A> (between Leipzig and Berlin) "significantly more than 60% of road users exceed 130 km/h (81 mph). More than 30% of motorists exceed 150 km/h (93 mph)".<SUP id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-80">[79]</A></SUP> Prior to <A href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</A> in 1990, accident reduction programs in <A href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">eastern German states</A> were primarily focused on restrictive traffic regulation. Within two years after the opening, availability of high-powered vehicles and a 54% increase in motorized traffic led to a doubling of annual traffic deaths,<SUP id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-81">[80]</A></SUP> despite "interim arrangements [which] involved the continuation of the speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph) on autobahns and of 80 km/h (50 mph) outside cities. An extensive program of the four <I>E</I>s (enforcement, education, engineering, and <A href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">emergency response</A>) brought the number of traffic deaths back to pre-unification levels after a decade of effort while traffic regulations were conformed to western standards (e.g., 130 km/h (81 mph) freeway advisory limit, 100 km/h (62 mph) on other rural roads, and <A href="/wiki/Blood_Alcohol_Content#Limits_by_country_.28BAC:_Blood_Alcohol_Content.29" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood Alcohol Content">0.05 milligrams BAC</A>).<SUP id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-82">[81]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</A> has no speed limit on many rural roads; a 2004 proposal to introduce a general speed limits 60 mph and of 70 mph on <A href="/wiki/A18_road_(Isle_of_Man)" class="mw-redirect" title="A18 road (Isle of Man)">Mountain Road</A> for safety reasons were not progressed following consultation. <SUP id="cite_ref-iomguide_6-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-iomguide-6">[6]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Transport_on_the_Isle_of_Man#Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport on the Isle of Man">Measured travel speeds on the island</A> are relatively low.<SUP id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-83">[82]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Roads_formerly_without_speed_limits">Roads formerly without speed limits</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Roads formerly without speed limits">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>Many roads without a maximum limit became permanently limited following the <A href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</A>. For example, <A href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</A> and <A href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</A> had no maximum restriction prior to 1973 on motorways and rural roads, but imposed a temporary 100 km/h (62 mph) maximum limit in quick response to higher fuel prices; the limit on motorways was increased to 130 km/h (81 mph) later in 1974.<SUP id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-84">[83]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-85">[84]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-86">[85]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</A> and <A href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</A> were the last remaining U.S. states relying exclusively on the basic rule, without a specific, numeric rural speed limit prior to the <A href="/wiki/National_Maximum_Speed_Law" title="National Maximum Speed Law">National Maximum Speed Law</A> of 1974.<SUP id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-87">[86]</A></SUP> After repeal of Federal speed mandates in 1996, Montana was the only state to revert to the Basic Rule for daylight rural speed regulation. The Montana Supreme Court ruled that the Basic Rule was too vague to allow citation, prosecution, and conviction of a driver; in other words, enforcement was a violation of the <A href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</A> requirement of the <A href="/wiki/Montana_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana Constitution">Montana Constitution</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-88">[87]</A></SUP> In response, Montana's legislature imposed a 75 mph (121 km/h) limit on rural freeways in 1999.</P>
<P>In Australia's <A href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</A>, after the removal of open limits in 2007, sections of the Stuart Highway had no limits as part of an <A href="/wiki/Speed_limits_in_Australia#NT_open_speed_limits" title="Speed limits in Australia">open speed limit trial</A> from 2014 to 2016.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Method">Method</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Method">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Several methods exist to set up a speed limit:<SUP id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-89">[88]</A></SUP></P>
<UL>
<LI>Engineering</LI>
<LI>Harm minimization,</LI>
<LI>Economic optimization</LI>
<LI>Expert system</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Enforcement">Enforcement</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Enforcement">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Gatso_Camera.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gatso_Camera.jpg/170px-Gatso_Camera.jpg" width="170" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gatso_Camera.jpg/255px-Gatso_Camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gatso_Camera.jpg/340px-Gatso_Camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1182" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Gatso_Camera.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Gatso" title="Gatso">Gatso</A> speed camera</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Speed_limit_enforcement" title="Speed limit enforcement">Speed limit enforcement</A></DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Speed_limit_enforcement" title="Speed limit enforcement">Speed limit enforcement</A> is the action taken by appropriately empowered authorities to check that <A href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">road vehicles</A> are complying with the speed limit. Methods used include roadside speed traps set up and operated by the police and automated roadside speed camera systems, which may incorporate the use of an <A href="/wiki/Automatic_number_plate_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic number plate recognition">automatic number plate recognition</A> system.</P>
<P>In 2012, in UK, 30% of drivers did not comply with speed limits.<SUP id="cite_ref-racfoundation_17-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-racfoundation-17">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In Europe, between 2009 and 2012, 20% of European drivers have been fined for excessive speed.<SUP id="cite_ref-racfoundation_17-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-racfoundation-17">[16]</A></SUP> In 2012 in Europe, 62% of people supported the idea to set up speed-limiting devices.<SUP id="cite_ref-racfoundation_17-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-racfoundation-17">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The tolerance level needs to be adequate to not add confusion to the driver. One efficient scheme consist in penalty points and charges for speeding just a few over the speed limit.<SUP id="cite_ref-racfoundation_17-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-racfoundation-17">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Another possibility is to make the necessary work to change the road so that the driver can consider the speed limit is legitimate in regard to the road. This can be achieved by implementing traffic calming measure, vehicle activated signs, or safety cameras.<SUP id="cite_ref-niassembly_90-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-niassembly-90">[89]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The city of Munich has adopted Self-explaining roads: roadway widths, intersection controls and crossing types have been harmonized in regard to speed limit, so that the driver can guess the speed limit even with no sign.<SUP id="cite_ref-niassembly_90-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-niassembly-90">[89]</A></SUP> A Self-Explaining Road is a Self-Regulating Road.<SUP id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-91">[90]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Effectiveness">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>To be effective and applied by drivers, the speed limits need to be perceived as credible.<SUP id="cite_ref-racfoundation_17-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-racfoundation-17">[16]</A></SUP> This mean that the speed limit should be adequate in regard to some factors such as, for instance, the view ahead and the view to the right.<SUP id="cite_ref-racfoundation_17-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-racfoundation-17">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<P>To be effective, speed limit needs to be set up with road infrastructure, education or enforcement activity.<SUP id="cite_ref-racfoundation_17-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-racfoundation-17">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<P>A 1998 US Federal Highway administration report cited a number of studies regarding the effects of reductions in speed limits and the observed changes in speeding, fatalities, injuries and property damage which followed:<SUP id="cite_ref-BCMT26_92-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BCMT26-92">[n 2]</A></SUP></P>
<TABLE class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter">
<CAPTION>Results from lowering speed limits.<SUP id="cite_ref-BCMT26_92-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BCMT26-92">[n 2]</A></SUP></CAPTION>
<THEAD><TR>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Country (year of research publication)</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Speed limit reduction</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Reported change</TH>
</TR></THEAD><TBODY>
<TR>
<TD>Australia (1992)</TD>
<TD>110 km/h to 100 km/h</TD>
<TD>Injury crashes declined by 19%</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Australia (1996)</TD>
<TD>5–20 km/h decreases</TD>
<TD>No significant change (4% increase relative to sites not changed)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Denmark (1990)</TD>
<TD>60 km/h to 50 km/h</TD>
<TD>Fatal crashes declined by 24%<BR />
Injury crashes declined by 9%</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Germany (1994)</TD>
<TD>60 km/h to 50 km/h</TD>
<TD>Crashes declined by 20%</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Sweden (1990)</TD>
<TD>110 km/h to 90 km/h</TD>
<TD>Speeds declined by 14 km/h<BR />
Fatal crashes declined by 21%</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Switzerland (1994)</TD>
<TD>130 km/h to 120 km/h</TD>
<TD>Speeds declined by 5 km/h<BR />
Fatal crashes declined by 12%</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>UK (1991)</TD>
<TD>60 mph to 40 mph /100 km/h to 65 km/h</TD>
<TD>Speeds declined by 6 km/h (4 mph)<BR />
Crashes declined by 14%</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>US (22 states) (1992)</TD>
<TD>5 mph to 15 mph (8 km/h to 24 km/h) decreases</TD>
<TD>No significant changes</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY><TFOOT></TFOOT></TABLE>
<TABLE class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter">
<CAPTION>Results from increasing speed limits:<SUP id="cite_ref-BCMT26_92-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BCMT26-92">[n 2]</A></SUP></CAPTION>
<THEAD><TR>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Country</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Speed limit increase</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Reported change</TH>
</TR></THEAD><TBODY>
<TR>
<TD>Australia (1992)</TD>
<TD>100 km/h to 110 km/h</TD>
<TD>Injury crashes increased by 25%</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Australia (Victoria) (1996)</TD>
<TD>5–20 km/h increases</TD>
<TD>Crashes increased overall by 8%, 35% decline in zones raised from 60 km/h to 80 km/h</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Netherlands (2012)</TD>
<TD>120 km/h to 130 km/h</TD>
<TD>Effect as of yet unclear, more research needed</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>US (1989)</TD>
<TD>55 mph to 65 mph (89 km/h to 105 km/h)</TD>
<TD>Fatal crashes increased by 21%</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>US (1990)</TD>
<TD>55 mph to 65 mph (89 km/h to 105 km/h)</TD>
<TD>Fatal crashes increased by 22%<BR />
Speeding increased by 48%</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>US (40 states) (1990)</TD>
<TD>55 mph to 65 mph (89 km/h to 105 km/h)</TD>
<TD>Fatalities increased by 15%<BR />
Decrease or no effect in 12 States</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>US (Iowa) (1996)</TD>
<TD>55 mph to 65 mph (89 km/h to 105 km/h)</TD>
<TD>Fatal crashes increased by 36%</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>US (Michigan) (1991)</TD>
<TD>55 mph to 65 mph (89 km/h to 105 km/h)</TD>
<TD>Fatal and injury crashes increased significantly on rural freeways</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>US (Michigan) (1992)</TD>
<TD>Various</TD>
<TD>No significant changes</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>US (Ohio) (1992)</TD>
<TD>55 mph to 65 mph (89 km/h to 105 km/h)</TD>
<TD>Injury and property damage increased but not fatal crashes.<SUP id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-93">[91]</A></SUP></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>US (40 states) (1994)</TD>
<TD>55 mph to 65 mph (89 km/h to 105 km/h)</TD>
<TD>Statewide fatality rates decreased 3-5% (Significant in 14 of 40 states)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>US (22 states) (1997)</TD>
<TD>5 mph to 15 mph (8 km/h to 24 km/h) increase</TD>
<TD>No significant changes</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY><TFOOT></TFOOT></TABLE>
<P>Annual surveys of speed on <A href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</A> Interstate roads show that from 2000 to 2011, the average speed rose from 71 to 74 mph; South Dakota increased its maximum speed limit from 65 to 75 mph (120 km/h) in 1996.<SUP id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-94">[92]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <I>Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Limits</I> report sponsored by the <A href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</A> published in 1998 found that changing speed limits on low and moderate speed roads appeared to have no significant effect on traffic speed or the number of crashes, whilst on high-speed roads such as freeways, increased speed limits generally resulted in higher traffic speeds and more crashes. It states that limited evidence suggests that speed limits have a positive effect on a system wide basis.<SUP id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-95">[n 3]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Research in 1998 showed that the reduction of some 30 mph (48 km/h) United Kingdom speed limits to 20 mph (32 km/h) had achieved only a 1 mph drop in speeds and no discernible reduction in accidents; '20 mph speed limit zones' which use self enforcing <A href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">traffic calming</A> achieved average speed reductions of 10 mph, child pedestrian accidents were reduced by 70% and child cyclist accidents by 48%.<SUP id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-96">[93]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Zones where speeds are set at <A href="/wiki/20_mph_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="20 mph zone">30 km/h</A> (or 20 mph) are gaining popularity<SUP id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-97">[94]</A></SUP> as they are found to be effective at reducing crashes and increasing community cohesion.<SUP id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-98">[95]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Studies undertaken in conjunction with Australia's move from 60 km/h (37 mph) speed limits to 50 km/h (31 mph) in built-up areas and found that the measure was effective in reducing speed and also the frequency and severity of crashes.<SUP id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-99">[96]</A></SUP></P>
<P>A study of the impact of the replacement of 60 km/h (37 mph) with 50 km/h (31 mph) speed limits in <A href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</A>, Australia, showed only a 0.5 km/h drop in urban areas and a 0.7 km/h drop in rural areas. The report noted that widespread community compliance would require a combination of strategies including traffic calming treatments.<SUP id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-100">[97]</A></SUP></P>
<P>A 1999 study found that the U.S. states that increased speed limits in the wake of the repeal of federally mandated speed limits had a 15% increase in fatalities.<SUP id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-101">[98]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Information campaigns are also used by authorities to support speed limits, for example the <A href="/wiki/Speeding._No_one_thinks_big_of_you." title="Speeding. No one thinks big of you.">Speeding. No one thinks big of you.</A> campaign in Australia 2007.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Justification">Justification</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Justification">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Speed limits are set primarily to balance <A href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">road traffic safety</A> concerns with the effect on travel time and mobility. Speed limits are also sometimes used to reduce consumption of fuel or in response to environmental concerns.<SUP id="cite_ref-ec_speed_102-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ec_speed-102">[99]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Some speed limit have also been initiated to avoid import too much gas-oil during <A href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Road_traffic_safety">Road traffic safety</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Road traffic safety">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road traffic safety</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Ruta_Panamericana_Buenos_Aires_Florida.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ruta_Panamericana_Buenos_Aires_Florida.jpg/220px-Ruta_Panamericana_Buenos_Aires_Florida.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ruta_Panamericana_Buenos_Aires_Florida.jpg/330px-Ruta_Panamericana_Buenos_Aires_Florida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ruta_Panamericana_Buenos_Aires_Florida.jpg/440px-Ruta_Panamericana_Buenos_Aires_Florida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Ruta_Panamericana_Buenos_Aires_Florida.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The <A href="/wiki/Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American Highway</A> with central median and no freestanding obstructions increasing level of safety at high speed</DIV>
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</DIV>
<P>According to a 2004 report from the <A href="/wiki/World_Health_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organisation">World Health Organisation</A> a total of 22% of all 'injury mortality' worldwide were from road traffic injuries in 2002<SUP id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-103">[n 4]</A></SUP> and without 'increased efforts and new initiatives' casualty rates would increase by 65% between 2000 and 2020.<SUP id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-104">[n 5]</A></SUP> The report identified that the speed of vehicles was 'at the core of the problem<SUP id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-105">[n 6]</A></SUP> and said that speed limits should be set appropriately for the road function and design along with physical measures related to the road and the vehicle and effective enforcement by the police.<SUP id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-106">[n 7]</A></SUP> Road incidents are said to be the leading cause of <A href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">deaths among children</A> 10 – 19 years of age (260,000 children die a year, 10 million are injured).<SUP id="cite_ref-bbc_107-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-bbc-107">[100]</A></SUP> They are also occasionally set to reduce vehicle emissions or fuel use.</P>
<P>Maximum speed limits place an upper limit on speed choice and if obeyed can reduce the differences in vehicle speeds by drivers using the same road at the same time.<SUP id="cite_ref-tfhrc_p._2_group=n_108-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tfhrc_p._2_group=n-108">[101]</A></SUP> Traffic engineers observe that the likelihood of a crash happening is significantly higher if vehicles are traveling at speeds faster or slower than the mean speed of traffic;<SUP id="cite_ref-BCMTv_group=n_109-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-BCMTv_group=n-109">[102]</A></SUP> when severity is taken into account the risk is lowest for those traveling at or below the <A href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</A> speed and "increases exponentially for motorists travelling much faster".<SUP id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-110">[n 8]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:One-lane_chicane_1.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/One-lane_chicane_1.jpg/220px-One-lane_chicane_1.jpg" width="220" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/One-lane_chicane_1.jpg/330px-One-lane_chicane_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/One-lane_chicane_1.jpg/440px-One-lane_chicane_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:One-lane_chicane_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</A> can be effective on lower speed roads</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>It is desirable to attempt to reduce the speed of road vehicles in some circumstances because the <A href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</A> involved in a <A href="/wiki/Motor-vehicle_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor-vehicle collision">motor vehicle collision</A> is proportional to the square of the speed at <A href="/wiki/Collision" title="Collision">impact</A>. The probability of a fatality is, for typical collision speeds, empirically correlated to the fourth power of the speed <I>difference</I> (depending on the type of collision, not necessarily the same as <I>travel</I> speed) at impact,<SUP id="cite_ref-tfhrc_1998_111-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tfhrc_1998-111">[103]</A></SUP> rising much faster than kinetic energy.</P>
<P>Typically <A href="/wiki/Motorways" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorways">motorways</A> have higher speed limits than conventional roads because motorways have features which decrease the likelihood of collisions and severity of impacts. For example, motorways separate opposing traffic and crossing traffic, employ <A href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">traffic barriers</A>, and prohibit the most vulnerable users such as pedestrians and bicyclists. Germany's crash experience illustrates the relative effectiveness of these strategies on crash severity: on autobahns 22 people died per 1000 injury crashes, a lower rate than the 29 deaths per 1,000 injury accidents on conventional rural roads; however, the rural risk is five times higher than on urban roads – speeds are higher on rural roads and autobahns than urban roads, increasing the severity potential of a crash.<SUP id="cite_ref-German_Road_Crashes_2012_112-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-German_Road_Crashes_2012-112">[104]</A></SUP> The net effect of speeds, crash probability, and impact mitigation strategies may be measured by the rate of deaths per billion-travel-kilometers: the autobahn fatality rate is 2 deaths per billion-travel-kilometers, lower than either the 8.7 rate on rural roads or the 5.3 rate in urban areas; the overall national fatality rate was 5.6, slightly higher than urban rate and more than twice that of autobahns.<SUP id="cite_ref-http://www.bast.de_2011_113-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-http://www.bast.de_2011-113">[105]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The 2009 technical report <I>An Analysis of Speeding-Related Crashes:Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments</I> by the <A href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</A> showed that about 55 percent of all speeding-related crashes in fatal crashes had "exceeding posted speed limits" among their crash factors, and 45 percent had "driving too fast for conditions" among their crash factors. However, the authors of the report did not attempt to determine whether the factors were actually a crash cause, contributor, or an unrelated factor.<SUP id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-114">[106]</A></SUP> Furthermore, separate research finds that only 1.6% of crashes are "caused" by drivers that exceed the posted speed limit.<SUP id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-115">[107]</A></SUP> Finally, exceeding the posted limit may not be a remarkable factor in crash analysis as there exist roadways where virtually all motorists are in technical violation of the law.<SUP id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-116">[108]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The speed limit will also take note of the speed at which the road was designed to be driven (the <A href="/wiki/Design_speed" title="Design speed">design speed</A>) which is defined in the US as "a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the roadway"<SUP id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-117">[109]</A></SUP> However traffic engineers recognize that "operating speeds and even posted speed limits can be higher than design speeds without necessarily compromising safety"<SUP id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-118">[110]</A></SUP> since design speed is "based on conservative assumptions about driver, vehicle and roadway characteristics".<SUP id="cite_ref-tti.tamu.edu_53-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-tti.tamu.edu-53">[52]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Vision_Zero" title="Vision Zero">Vision Zero</A>, which envision reducing road fatalities and serious injuries to zero by 2020, suggests the following "possible long term maximum travel speeds related to the infrastructure, given best practice in vehicle design and 100% restraint use":<SUP id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-119">[111]</A></SUP></P>
<TABLE class="wikitable">
<CAPTION>Possible Maximum Travel Speeds</CAPTION>
<TBODY><TR>
<TH>Type of infrastructure and traffic</TH>
<TH>Possible travel speed (km/h)</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Locations with possible conflicts between pedestrians and cars</TD>
<TD>30 km/h (19 mph)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Intersections with possible side impacts between cars</TD>
<TD>50 km/h (31 mph)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Roads with possible frontal impacts between cars, including rural roads<SUP id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-120">[112]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>70 km/h (43 mph)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Roads with no possibility of a side impact or frontal impact (only impact with the infrastructure)</TD>
<TD>100 km/h (62 mph)+</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Speed_sign_stack.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Speed_sign_stack.jpg/220px-Speed_sign_stack.jpg" width="220" height="113" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Speed_sign_stack.jpg/330px-Speed_sign_stack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Speed_sign_stack.jpg/440px-Speed_sign_stack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="999" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Speed_sign_stack.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
A stack of speed limit signs</DIV>
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<P>"Roads with no possibility of a side impact or frontal impact" are sometimes designated as Type 1 (<A href="/wiki/Motorways" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorways">motorways</A>/<A href="/wiki/Freeways" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeways">freeways</A>/<A href="/wiki/Autobahns" class="mw-redirect" title="Autobahns">Autobahns</A>), Type 2 ("<A href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 roads</A>") or Type 3 ("<A href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 roads</A>").<SUP id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-121">[113]</A></SUP> These roadways have <A href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">crash barriers</A> separating opposing traffic, <A href="/wiki/Limited_access_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited access road">limited access</A>, <A href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade separation</A> and prohibitions on slower and more vulnerable road users. Undivided rural roads can be quite dangerous even with speed limits that appear low by comparison. For example, in 2011, Germany's 100 km/h (62 mph)-limited rural roads had a fatality rate of 8.7 deaths per billion travel-km, over four times higher than the autobahn rate of 2 deaths.<SUP id="cite_ref-http://www.bast.de_2011_113-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-http://www.bast.de_2011-113">[105]</A></SUP> Autobahns accounted for 31% of German road travel in 2011,<SUP id="cite_ref-http://www.bast.de_2011_113-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-http://www.bast.de_2011-113">[105]</A></SUP> but just 11% (453 of 4,009) of traffic deaths.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Fuel_efficiency">Fuel efficiency</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fuel efficiency">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Fuel efficiency sometimes affects speed limit selection. The United States instituted a <A href="/wiki/National_Maximum_Speed_Law" title="National Maximum Speed Law">National Maximum Speed Law</A> of 55 mph (89 km/h) as part of the <A href="/wiki/Emergency_Highway_Energy_Conservation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act">Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act</A> in response to the <A href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</A> to reduce fuel consumption.<SUP id="cite_ref-usdoj1_122-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-usdoj1-122">[114]</A></SUP> According to a report published in 1986 by <A href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</A>, a <A href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservative</A> advocacy group, the law was widely disregarded by motorists and hardly reduced consumption at all.<SUP id="cite_ref-heritage1_123-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-heritage1-123">[115]</A></SUP> In 2009 The <A href="/wiki/American_Trucking_Associations" title="American Trucking Associations">American Trucking Associations</A> called for a 65 mph speed limit and also national fuel economy standards claiming that the lower speed limit was not effective at saving fuel.<SUP id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-124">[116]</A></SUP> European studies have claimed that, whereas the effects of specific speed reduction schemes on particulate emissions from trucks are ambiguous, lower maximums speed for trucks consistently result in lower emissions of <A href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<SUB>2</SUB></A> and better <A href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Int_Panis_125-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Int_Panis-125">[117]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_considerations">Environmental considerations</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Environmental considerations">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Speed limits can also be used to improve local air quality issues or other factors affecting <A href="/wiki/Environmental_quality" title="Environmental quality">environmental quality</A><SUP id="cite_ref-Int_Panis_125-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Int_Panis-125">[117]</A></SUP> for example the "<A href="/wiki/Speed_limits_in_the_United_States#Environmental_speed_limits" title="Speed limits in the United States">environmental speed limits</A>" in the United States including one in an area of <A href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-126">[118]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</A> is also increasingly using speed limits as in response to environmental concerns.<SUP id="cite_ref-ec_speed_102-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ec_speed-102">[99]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Advocacy">Advocacy</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Advocacy">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Speed limits, and especially some of the methods used to attempt to enforce them, have always been controversial. There are a variety of notable organisations and individuals who, for a variety of often passionately held views, oppose or support the use of speed limits or the way they are enforced.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Opposition">Opposition</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Speed limits, and their enforcement have been opposed by various groups and for various reasons since their inception. Historically, the <A href="/wiki/The_Automobile_Association" title="The Automobile Association">AA</A> was formed in 1905, initially to warn members about <A href="/wiki/Speed_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed trap">speed traps</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-127">[119]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In more recent times some advocacy groups seek to have certain speed limits as well as other measures removed. For example, automated <A href="/wiki/Speed_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed camera">camera</A> enforcement has been criticised by motoring advocacy groups the <A href="/wiki/Association_of_British_Drivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of British Drivers">Association of British Drivers</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-128">[120]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-129">[121]</A></SUP> the North American <A href="/wiki/National_Motorists_Association" title="National Motorists Association">National Motorists Association</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-130">[122]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-131">[123]</A></SUP> and the <A href="/wiki/ADAC" title="ADAC">German Auto Club</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Autobahn-Temporegelung_132-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Autobahn-Temporegelung-132">[124]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Arguments used by those advocating a relaxation of speed limits or their removal include:</P>
<UL>
<LI>A 1994 peer-reviewed paper by Charles A. Lave et al. titled <I>Did the 65 mph Speed Limit Save Lives?</I> stated that evidence that a higher speed limit may be positive on a system wide in the United States by shifting more traffic to these safer roads.<SUP id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-133">[125]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>A 1998 report in the <I><A href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</A></I> title 'Highways are safe at any speed' stated that when speed limits are set artificially low, tailgating, weaving and speed variance (the problem of some cars traveling significantly faster than others) make roads less safe.<SUP id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-134">[126]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>In 2010, <A href="/wiki/ADAC" title="ADAC">German Auto Club</A> (a major motoring organisation) argued that an autobahn speed limit was unnecessary because numerous countries with a general highway speed limit had worse safety records than Germany, for example Denmark, Belgium, Austria, and the United States.<SUP id="cite_ref-Autobahn-Temporegelung_132-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Autobahn-Temporegelung-132">[124]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI>In 2008, the <A href="/wiki/Verband_der_Automobilindustrie" title="Verband der Automobilindustrie">German Automobile Manufacturer's Association</A> called general limits "patronizing",<SUP id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-135">[127]</A></SUP> arguing instead for variable speed limits. The Association also stated that "raising the speed limits in Denmark (in 2004 from 110 km/h to 130 km/h)<SUP id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-136">[128]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-137">[129]</A></SUP> and Italy (2003 increase on six-lane highways from 130 km/h to 150 km/h) had no negative impact on traffic safety. The number of accidental deaths even declined".<SUP id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-138">[130]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Safe_Speed" title="Safe Speed">Safe Speed</A>, a UK advocacy organisation campaigns for higher speed limits<SUP id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-139">[131]</A></SUP> and to scrap speed cameras on the basis that the benefits were exaggerated and that they may actually increase casualty levels;<SUP id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-140">[132]</A></SUP> their ePetition to the UK government in 2007 calling for speed cameras to be scrapped received over 25,000 signatures.<SUP id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-141">[133]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Support">Support</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Support">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Various other advocacy groups press for stricter limits and better enforcement. The <A href="/wiki/Pedestrians_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrians Association">Pedestrians Association</A> was formed in the <A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</A> in 1929 to protect the interests of the pedestrian. Their president published a critique of motoring legislation and the influence of motoring groups in 1947 title 'Murder most foul' which laid out in an emotional but detailed way the situation as they saw it and called for tighter speed limits.<SUP id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-142">[134]</A></SUP> Historically, the Pedestrians' Association and the Automobile Association were described as "bitterly opposed" in the early years of United Kingdom motoring legislation.<SUP id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-143">[135]</A></SUP> More recently organisations such as <A href="/wiki/RoadPeace" title="RoadPeace">RoadPeace</A>, <A href="/wiki/Twenty_is_Plenty" title="Twenty is Plenty">Twenty is Plenty</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Vision_Zero" title="Vision Zero">Vision Zero</A> have campaigned for lower speed limits in residential areas.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Signage">Signage</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Signage">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>In most of the world speed limit signs display the limitation within a red circle. This design follows the style set out by the <A href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals</A>, with the exception of United States and Canada.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> All countries globally worldwide (except the United Kingdom and United States) use metric speed limits in <A href="/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour" title="Kilometres per hour">kilometres per hour</A>.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><SPAN title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> Metric signs are optional in the United States though less commonly seen, while <A href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</A> uses both units. In Ontario, Canada, the type, location, and frequency of speed limit signs is covered by regulation 615 of the Ontario Highway Traffic Act.<SUP id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-144">[136]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Maximum_speed_limit">Maximum speed limit</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Maximum speed limit">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<UL class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
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<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Hungary_road_sign_C-033-50.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungary_road_sign_C-033-50.svg/120px-Hungary_road_sign_C-033-50.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungary_road_sign_C-033-50.svg/180px-Hungary_road_sign_C-033-50.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungary_road_sign_C-033-50.svg/240px-Hungary_road_sign_C-033-50.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="791" /></A></DIV>
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<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>Speed limit sign for 50 km/h (<A href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Vienna Convention</A> Sign C14, most of the world follows this pattern)</P>
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<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:UK_traffic_sign_670V50.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/UK_traffic_sign_670V50.svg/120px-UK_traffic_sign_670V50.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/UK_traffic_sign_670V50.svg/180px-UK_traffic_sign_670V50.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/UK_traffic_sign_670V50.svg/240px-UK_traffic_sign_670V50.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="341" /></A></DIV>
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<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>UK sign for 50 <A href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">mph</A></P>
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<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Australia_road_sign_R4-1_(50).svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Australia_road_sign_R4-1_%2850%29.svg/90px-Australia_road_sign_R4-1_%2850%29.svg.png" width="90" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Australia_road_sign_R4-1_%2850%29.svg/135px-Australia_road_sign_R4-1_%2850%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Australia_road_sign_R4-1_%2850%29.svg/181px-Australia_road_sign_R4-1_%2850%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="809" /></A></DIV>
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<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>Standard speed limit sign used in <A href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</A> showing 50 <A href="/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour" title="Kilometres per hour">km/h</A></P>
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<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Sweden_road_sign_C31-5.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sweden_road_sign_C31-5.svg/120px-Sweden_road_sign_C31-5.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sweden_road_sign_C31-5.svg/180px-Sweden_road_sign_C31-5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sweden_road_sign_C31-5.svg/240px-Sweden_road_sign_C31-5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></A></DIV>
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<P>Alternative Vienna Convention sign with a yellow background used in some countries, such as Sweden, Finland and Iceland</P>
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<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Ireland_road_sign_RUS_043.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ireland_road_sign_RUS_043.svg/120px-Ireland_road_sign_RUS_043.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ireland_road_sign_RUS_043.svg/180px-Ireland_road_sign_RUS_043.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ireland_road_sign_RUS_043.svg/240px-Ireland_road_sign_RUS_043.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></A></DIV>
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<P><A href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</A> includes the symbol "km/h" since going metric in 2005</P>
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<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Japan_road_sign_323_(50).svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Japan_road_sign_323_%2850%29.svg/120px-Japan_road_sign_323_%2850%29.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Japan_road_sign_323_%2850%29.svg/180px-Japan_road_sign_323_%2850%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Japan_road_sign_323_%2850%29.svg/240px-Japan_road_sign_323_%2850%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="1005" /></A></DIV>
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<P><A href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</A> uses blue numerals</P>
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<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Samoa_-_Speed_Limit.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Samoa_-_Speed_Limit.svg/120px-Samoa_-_Speed_Limit.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Samoa_-_Speed_Limit.svg/180px-Samoa_-_Speed_Limit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Samoa_-_Speed_Limit.svg/240px-Samoa_-_Speed_Limit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="572" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</A> uses both <A href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">miles per hour</A> and <A href="/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour" title="Kilometres per hour">kilometres per hour</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:UAE_Speed_Limit_-_60_kmh.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/UAE_Speed_Limit_-_60_kmh.svg/120px-UAE_Speed_Limit_-_60_kmh.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/UAE_Speed_Limit_-_60_kmh.svg/180px-UAE_Speed_Limit_-_60_kmh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/UAE_Speed_Limit_-_60_kmh.svg/240px-UAE_Speed_Limit_-_60_kmh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="341" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>The <A href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</A> uses both <A href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Western Arabic</A> and <A href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic</A> numerals</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Ontario_Rb-1.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ontario_Rb-1.svg/96px-Ontario_Rb-1.svg.png" width="96" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ontario_Rb-1.svg/144px-Ontario_Rb-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ontario_Rb-1.svg/192px-Ontario_Rb-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="469" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</A> (displayed in km/h)</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Ontario_Rb-1A.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ontario_Rb-1A.svg/80px-Ontario_Rb-1A.svg.png" width="80" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ontario_Rb-1A.svg/120px-Ontario_Rb-1A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ontario_Rb-1A.svg/159px-Ontario_Rb-1A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="561" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>Canada (<A href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</A>)</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:British_Columbia_R-4.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/British_Columbia_R-4.svg/96px-British_Columbia_R-4.svg.png" width="96" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/British_Columbia_R-4.svg/144px-British_Columbia_R-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/British_Columbia_R-4.svg/192px-British_Columbia_R-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="276" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>Canada (<A href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</A> and <A href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</A>)</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_R2-1.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MUTCD_R2-1.svg/100px-MUTCD_R2-1.svg.png" width="100" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MUTCD_R2-1.svg/150px-MUTCD_R2-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/MUTCD_R2-1.svg/200px-MUTCD_R2-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="3250" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A> (in mph)</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Oregon-speed.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Oregon-speed.svg/96px-Oregon-speed.svg.png" width="96" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Oregon-speed.svg/144px-Oregon-speed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Oregon-speed.svg/192px-Oregon-speed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="751" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>United States (<A href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</A> variant)</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_R2-1_METRIC.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/MUTCD_R2-1_METRIC.svg/80px-MUTCD_R2-1_METRIC.svg.png" width="80" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/MUTCD_R2-1_METRIC.svg/120px-MUTCD_R2-1_METRIC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/MUTCD_R2-1_METRIC.svg/160px-MUTCD_R2-1_METRIC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="416" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>United States (metric)</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Minimum_speed_limit">Minimum speed limit</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Minimum speed limit">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Minimum speed limit signs are usually a blue circle with a white border and the limit in white. Some South American countries (e.g.: Argentina), use a red border. Japan and South Korea use their normal speed limit sign, with a line below the limit.</P>
<UL class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Zeichen_275_-_Vorgeschriebene_Mindestgeschwindigkeit,_StVO_1992.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Zeichen_275_-_Vorgeschriebene_Mindestgeschwindigkeit%2C_StVO_1992.svg/120px-Zeichen_275_-_Vorgeschriebene_Mindestgeschwindigkeit%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Zeichen_275_-_Vorgeschriebene_Mindestgeschwindigkeit%2C_StVO_1992.svg/180px-Zeichen_275_-_Vorgeschriebene_Mindestgeschwindigkeit%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Zeichen_275_-_Vorgeschriebene_Mindestgeschwindigkeit%2C_StVO_1992.svg/240px-Zeichen_275_-_Vorgeschriebene_Mindestgeschwindigkeit%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>Common minimum speed limit sign</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:UAE_Minimum_Speed_Limit_-_60_kmh.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UAE_Minimum_Speed_Limit_-_60_kmh.svg/120px-UAE_Minimum_Speed_Limit_-_60_kmh.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UAE_Minimum_Speed_Limit_-_60_kmh.svg/180px-UAE_Minimum_Speed_Limit_-_60_kmh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UAE_Minimum_Speed_Limit_-_60_kmh.svg/240px-UAE_Minimum_Speed_Limit_-_60_kmh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>The <A href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</A> uses both <A href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Western Arabic</A> and <A href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic</A> numerals</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Argentina_road_sign_R16.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Argentina_road_sign_R16.svg/120px-Argentina_road_sign_R16.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Argentina_road_sign_R16.svg/180px-Argentina_road_sign_R16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Argentina_road_sign_R16.svg/240px-Argentina_road_sign_R16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="35" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Qu%C3%A9bec_P-070-1-60.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Qu%C3%A9bec_P-070-1-60.svg/90px-Qu%C3%A9bec_P-070-1-60.svg.png" width="90" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Qu%C3%A9bec_P-070-1-60.svg/135px-Qu%C3%A9bec_P-070-1-60.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Qu%C3%A9bec_P-070-1-60.svg/179px-Qu%C3%A9bec_P-070-1-60.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="113" data-file-height="151" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Chile_road_sign_RR-2_(40).svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chile_road_sign_RR-2_%2840%29.svg/83px-Chile_road_sign_RR-2_%2840%29.svg.png" width="83" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chile_road_sign_RR-2_%2840%29.svg/124px-Chile_road_sign_RR-2_%2840%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chile_road_sign_RR-2_%2840%29.svg/166px-Chile_road_sign_RR-2_%2840%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="475" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Colombia_road_sign_SR-30A.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Colombia_road_sign_SR-30A.svg/120px-Colombia_road_sign_SR-30A.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Colombia_road_sign_SR-30A.svg/180px-Colombia_road_sign_SR-30A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Colombia_road_sign_SR-30A.svg/240px-Colombia_road_sign_SR-30A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3203" data-file-height="3203" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Japan_road_sign_324_(30).svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Japan_road_sign_324_%2830%29.svg/120px-Japan_road_sign_324_%2830%29.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Japan_road_sign_324_%2830%29.svg/180px-Japan_road_sign_324_%2830%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Japan_road_sign_324_%2830%29.svg/240px-Japan_road_sign_324_%2830%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="1005" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Philippines_road_sign_R4-3_(40).svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Philippines_road_sign_R4-3_%2840%29.svg/120px-Philippines_road_sign_R4-3_%2840%29.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Philippines_road_sign_R4-3_%2840%29.svg/180px-Philippines_road_sign_R4-3_%2840%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Philippines_road_sign_R4-3_%2840%29.svg/240px-Philippines_road_sign_R4-3_%2840%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:South_Korea_road_sign_225.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/South_Korea_road_sign_225.svg/120px-South_Korea_road_sign_225.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/South_Korea_road_sign_225.svg/180px-South_Korea_road_sign_225.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/South_Korea_road_sign_225.svg/240px-South_Korea_road_sign_225.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="1006" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_R2-4.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/MUTCD_R2-4.svg/96px-MUTCD_R2-4.svg.png" width="96" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/MUTCD_R2-4.svg/144px-MUTCD_R2-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/MUTCD_R2-4.svg/192px-MUTCD_R2-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="226" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_R2-4a.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MUTCD_R2-4a.svg/60px-MUTCD_R2-4a.svg.png" width="60" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MUTCD_R2-4a.svg/90px-MUTCD_R2-4a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MUTCD_R2-4a.svg/120px-MUTCD_R2-4a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="91" data-file-height="181" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>United States (dual maximum and minimum speeds)</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_R2-4_METRIC.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MUTCD_R2-4_METRIC.svg/80px-MUTCD_R2-4_METRIC.svg.png" width="80" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MUTCD_R2-4_METRIC.svg/120px-MUTCD_R2-4_METRIC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MUTCD_R2-4_METRIC.svg/160px-MUTCD_R2-4_METRIC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="454" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>United States (metric)</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_R2-4a_METRIC.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MUTCD_R2-4a_METRIC.svg/53px-MUTCD_R2-4a_METRIC.svg.png" width="53" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MUTCD_R2-4a_METRIC.svg/80px-MUTCD_R2-4a_METRIC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MUTCD_R2-4a_METRIC.svg/107px-MUTCD_R2-4a_METRIC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="849" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>United States (metric, dual maximum and minimum speeds)</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Special_speed_limits">Special speed limits</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Special speed limits">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>In some countries, speed limits may apply to certain classes of vehicles, or special conditions such as night-time. Usually these speed limits will be reduced from the normal limit for safety reasons.</P>
<UL class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Au.speedlimit.40_at_times.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Au.speedlimit.40_at_times.svg/53px-Au.speedlimit.40_at_times.svg.png" width="53" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Au.speedlimit.40_at_times.svg/80px-Au.speedlimit.40_at_times.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Au.speedlimit.40_at_times.svg/107px-Au.speedlimit.40_at_times.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="300" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</A> - Speed limit during certain times</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Queensland_R4-Q05.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Queensland_R4-Q05.svg/49px-Queensland_R4-Q05.svg.png" width="49" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Queensland_R4-Q05.svg/74px-Queensland_R4-Q05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Queensland_R4-Q05.svg/99px-Queensland_R4-Q05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="230" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>Australia - Road Train speed limit</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_RG-3.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/New_Zealand_RG-3.svg/120px-New_Zealand_RG-3.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/New_Zealand_RG-3.svg/180px-New_Zealand_RG-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/New_Zealand_RG-3.svg/240px-New_Zealand_RG-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>New Zealand - Limited Speed Zone (Maximum speed limit is 100 km/h, reduces to 50 km/h if dangerous conditions exist such as bad weather)</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:RomanianTrafficSign_C30-SpeedLimitPerVehicleCategory-130-100_2011.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/RomanianTrafficSign_C30-SpeedLimitPerVehicleCategory-130-100_2011.svg/120px-RomanianTrafficSign_C30-SpeedLimitPerVehicleCategory-130-100_2011.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/RomanianTrafficSign_C30-SpeedLimitPerVehicleCategory-130-100_2011.svg/180px-RomanianTrafficSign_C30-SpeedLimitPerVehicleCategory-130-100_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/RomanianTrafficSign_C30-SpeedLimitPerVehicleCategory-130-100_2011.svg/240px-RomanianTrafficSign_C30-SpeedLimitPerVehicleCategory-130-100_2011.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="2126" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</A> - Trucks speed limit</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_Sign_Assembly_-_R2-1_with_G20-5aP.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/MUTCD_Sign_Assembly_-_R2-1_with_G20-5aP.svg/60px-MUTCD_Sign_Assembly_-_R2-1_with_G20-5aP.svg.png" width="60" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/MUTCD_Sign_Assembly_-_R2-1_with_G20-5aP.svg/90px-MUTCD_Sign_Assembly_-_R2-1_with_G20-5aP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/MUTCD_Sign_Assembly_-_R2-1_with_G20-5aP.svg/121px-MUTCD_Sign_Assembly_-_R2-1_with_G20-5aP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="73" data-file-height="145" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A> - Roadworks zone speed limit</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_R2-2.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MUTCD_R2-2.svg/120px-MUTCD_R2-2.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MUTCD_R2-2.svg/180px-MUTCD_R2-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MUTCD_R2-2.svg/240px-MUTCD_R2-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="166" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>United States - Trucks speed limit</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Virginia_R2-VP1.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Virginia_R2-VP1.svg/91px-Virginia_R2-VP1.svg.png" width="91" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Virginia_R2-VP1.svg/136px-Virginia_R2-VP1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Virginia_R2-VP1.svg/181px-Virginia_R2-VP1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="365" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>United States - Towed vehicles speed limit</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_R2-3.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MUTCD_R2-3.svg/120px-MUTCD_R2-3.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MUTCD_R2-3.svg/180px-MUTCD_R2-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MUTCD_R2-3.svg/240px-MUTCD_R2-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="166" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>United States - Night time speed limit</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_EM-4.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MUTCD_EM-4.svg/96px-MUTCD_EM-4.svg.png" width="96" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MUTCD_EM-4.svg/144px-MUTCD_EM-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/MUTCD_EM-4.svg/192px-MUTCD_EM-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="619" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>Unique speed limit sign in the United States on <A href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">evacuation routes</A> requiring drivers to maintain the maximum safe speed</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Korean_Traffic_sign_(Safe_Speed_30kph).svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Korean_Traffic_sign_%28Safe_Speed_30kph%29.svg/120px-Korean_Traffic_sign_%28Safe_Speed_30kph%29.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Korean_Traffic_sign_%28Safe_Speed_30kph%29.svg/180px-Korean_Traffic_sign_%28Safe_Speed_30kph%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Korean_Traffic_sign_%28Safe_Speed_30kph%29.svg/240px-Korean_Traffic_sign_%28Safe_Speed_30kph%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="394" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>Safe speed sign in <A href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Speed_limit_derestriction">Speed limit derestriction</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Speed limit derestriction">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>In some countries, derestriction signs are used to mark where a speed zone ends. The speed limit beyond the sign is the prevailing limit for the general area, for example the sign might be used to show the end of an urban area. In the United Kingdom, the sign means that the national speed limit applies (60 mph on open roads, 70 mph on dual carriageways and motorways). In New Zealand it means you are on an open road, but the maximum legal speed of 100 km/h still applies<SUP id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-145">[137]</A></SUP> On roads without a general speed limits, such as German <A href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</A>, a portion of <A href="/wiki/Stuart_Highway" title="Stuart Highway">Stuart Highway</A>, and rural areas on the Isle of Man, it really means end of all quantitative speed limits.</P>
<UL class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Spain_traffic_signal_r501.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Spain_traffic_signal_r501.svg/120px-Spain_traffic_signal_r501.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Spain_traffic_signal_r501.svg/180px-Spain_traffic_signal_r501.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Spain_traffic_signal_r501.svg/240px-Spain_traffic_signal_r501.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>Common <I>maximum speed limit</I> derestriction sign</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Italian_traffic_signs_-_fine_limite_minimo_di_velocit%C3%A0_30.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Italian_traffic_signs_-_fine_limite_minimo_di_velocit%C3%A0_30.svg/120px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_fine_limite_minimo_di_velocit%C3%A0_30.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Italian_traffic_signs_-_fine_limite_minimo_di_velocit%C3%A0_30.svg/180px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_fine_limite_minimo_di_velocit%C3%A0_30.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Italian_traffic_signs_-_fine_limite_minimo_di_velocit%C3%A0_30.svg/240px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_fine_limite_minimo_di_velocit%C3%A0_30.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>Common <I>minimum speed limit</I> derestriction sign</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Italian_traffic_signs_-_fine_velocit%C3%A0_consigliata_60.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Italian_traffic_signs_-_fine_velocit%C3%A0_consigliata_60.svg/120px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_fine_velocit%C3%A0_consigliata_60.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Italian_traffic_signs_-_fine_velocit%C3%A0_consigliata_60.svg/180px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_fine_velocit%C3%A0_consigliata_60.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Italian_traffic_signs_-_fine_velocit%C3%A0_consigliata_60.svg/240px-Italian_traffic_signs_-_fine_velocit%C3%A0_consigliata_60.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>Common <I>advisory speed limit</I> derestriction sign</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Australia_R4-2.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Australia_R4-2.svg/90px-Australia_R4-2.svg.png" width="90" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Australia_R4-2.svg/135px-Australia_R4-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Australia_R4-2.svg/181px-Australia_R4-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="809" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</A> <SUP id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-146">[138]</A></SUP></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Australia_R4-12.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Australia_R4-12.svg/72px-Australia_R4-12.svg.png" width="72" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Australia_R4-12.svg/108px-Australia_R4-12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Australia_R4-12.svg/145px-Australia_R4-12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="1009" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>Australia</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_road_sign_R1-2.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/New_Zealand_road_sign_R1-2.svg/120px-New_Zealand_road_sign_R1-2.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/New_Zealand_road_sign_R1-2.svg/180px-New_Zealand_road_sign_R1-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/New_Zealand_road_sign_R1-2.svg/240px-New_Zealand_road_sign_R1-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="606" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</A>, <A href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</A>, <A href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</A> pre-2005, <A href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</A>, <A href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</A>, <A href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</A> and <A href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Japan_road_sign_323_(40)_and_507-C.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Japan_road_sign_323_%2840%29_and_507-C.svg/72px-Japan_road_sign_323_%2840%29_and_507-C.svg.png" width="72" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Japan_road_sign_323_%2840%29_and_507-C.svg/108px-Japan_road_sign_323_%2840%29_and_507-C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Japan_road_sign_323_%2840%29_and_507-C.svg/143px-Japan_road_sign_323_%2840%29_and_507-C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="785" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Japan_road_sign_323_(40)_and_507-A.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Japan_road_sign_323_%2840%29_and_507-A.svg/91px-Japan_road_sign_323_%2840%29_and_507-A.svg.png" width="91" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Japan_road_sign_323_%2840%29_and_507-A.svg/136px-Japan_road_sign_323_%2840%29_and_507-A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Japan_road_sign_323_%2840%29_and_507-A.svg/182px-Japan_road_sign_323_%2840%29_and_507-A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="620" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>In Japan, additional sign of "←" or "ここまで" is also derestriction sign. But "→" and "ここから" is "from here".</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Philippines_road_sign_R4-2.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Philippines_road_sign_R4-2.svg/120px-Philippines_road_sign_R4-2.svg.png" width="120" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Philippines_road_sign_R4-2.svg/180px-Philippines_road_sign_R4-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Philippines_road_sign_R4-2.svg/240px-Philippines_road_sign_R4-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="609" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P><A href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Philippines_road_sign_R4-2P_(60).svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Philippines_road_sign_R4-2P_%2860%29.svg/81px-Philippines_road_sign_R4-2P_%2860%29.svg.png" width="81" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Philippines_road_sign_R4-2P_%2860%29.svg/121px-Philippines_road_sign_R4-2P_%2860%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Philippines_road_sign_R4-2P_%2860%29.svg/161px-Philippines_road_sign_R4-2P_%2860%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="917" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>Philippines</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:NYSDOT_NYR2-11.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NYSDOT_NYR2-11.svg/97px-NYSDOT_NYR2-11.svg.png" width="97" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NYSDOT_NYR2-11.svg/146px-NYSDOT_NYR2-11.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/NYSDOT_NYR2-11.svg/194px-NYSDOT_NYR2-11.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="288" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>End speed limit 35 mph <A href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</A></P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
<LI class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<DIV style="width: 155px">
<DIV class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<DIV style="margin:15px auto;"><A href="/wiki/File:Virginia_R2-V2.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Virginia_R2-V2.svg/100px-Virginia_R2-V2.svg.png" width="100" height="120" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Virginia_R2-V2.svg/150px-Virginia_R2-V2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Virginia_R2-V2.svg/200px-Virginia_R2-V2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="369" /></A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="gallerytext">
<P>End speed limit (custom) United States (archaic)</P>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Advisory_speed_limit">Advisory speed limit</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Advisory speed limit">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Advisory_speed_limit" title="Advisory speed limit">Advisory speed limit</A></DIV>
<P>Advisory speed limits may provide a safe suggested speed in an area, or warn of the safe maximum speed for dangerous curves.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Advisory_speed_limit" title="Advisory speed limit">Advisory speed limit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Assured_Clear_Distance_Ahead" class="mw-redirect" title="Assured Clear Distance Ahead">Assured Clear Distance Ahead (ACDA)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Design_speed" title="Design speed">Design speed</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Functional_classification" title="Functional classification">Functional classification</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Negligence_per_se" title="Negligence per se">Negligence per se</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Operating_speed" title="Operating speed">Operating speed</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Radar_speed_sign" title="Radar speed sign">Radar speed sign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Solomon_curve" title="Solomon curve">Solomon curve</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Speed_limits_by_country" title="Speed limits by country">Speed limits by country</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stopping_sight_distance" title="Stopping sight distance">Stopping sight distance</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traffic_violations_reciprocity" title="Traffic violations reciprocity">Traffic violations reciprocity</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic psychology</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#who2004">World Health Organisation (2004)</A> p. foreword, "In high-income countries, an established set of interventions have contributed to significant reductions in the incidence and impact of road traffic injuries. These include the enforcement of legislation to control speed and alcohol consumption, mandating the use of seat-belts and crash helmets, and the safer design and use of roads and vehicles."</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BCMT26-92"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-BCMT26_92-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BCMT26_92-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-BCMT26_92-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Table 3, J. Stuster and Z. Coffman, Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Management, FHWA-RD-98-154, July 1998</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-95"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-95"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#tfhrc1998">Federal Highway Administration (1998)</A> p. 2 'In general, changing speed limits on low and moderate speed roads appears to have little or no effect on speed and thus little or no effect on crashes, thereby suggesting that drivers travel at speeds they feel are reasonable and safe for the road and traffic regardless of the posted limit. However, on freeways and other high-speed roads, speed limit increases generally lead to higher speeds and crashes. The change in speed is roughly one-fourth the change in speed limit. Results from international studies suggest that for every 1 mi/h change in speed, injury accidents will change by 5 percent (3 percent for every 1 km/h). However limited evidence suggests the net effect of speed limits may be positive on a system wide basis.'</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-103"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-103"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#who2004">World Health Organisation (2004)</A> p. 34 fig 2.1</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-104"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-104"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#who2004">World Health Organisation (2004)</A> p. 3</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-105"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-105"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#who2004">World Health Organisation (2004)</A> p. 76</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-106"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-106"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#who2004">World Health Organisation (2004)</A> p. 127</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-110"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-110"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#tfhrc1998">Federal Highway Administration (1998)</A> p. 2 'When the consequences of crashes are taken into account, the risk of being involved in an injury crash is lowest for vehicles that travel near the median speed or slower and increases exponentially for motorists traveling much faster'</SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DL>
<DT>Documents referenced from 'Notes' section</DT>
</DL>
<DIV class="refbegin" style="">
<UL>
<LI><SPAN id="tfhrc1998"></SPAN> <CITE class="citation web">Federal Highway Administration (1998). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/ref_mats/fhwasa09028/resources/Synthesis%20of%20Safety%20Researc...pdf">"Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Limits"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-09-23</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synthesis+of+Safety+Research+Related+to+Speed+and+Speed+Limits&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsafety.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fspeedmgt%2Fref_mats%2Ffhwasa09028%2Fresources%2FSynthesis%2520of%2520Safety%2520Researc...pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><SPAN id="BCMT2003"></SPAN> <CITE class="citation web">British Columbia Ministry of Transportation (2003). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/publications/eng_publications/speed_review/Speed_Review_Report.pdf">"Review and Analysis of Posted Speed Limits and Speed Limit Setting Practices in British Columbia"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2009-09-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+and+Analysis+of+Posted+Speed+Limits+and+Speed+Limit+Setting+Practices+in+British+Columbia&rft.date=2003&rft.au=British+Columbia+Ministry+of+Transportation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.th.gov.bc.ca%2Fpublications%2Feng_publications%2Fspeed_review%2FSpeed_Review_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<UL>
<LI><SPAN id="who2004"></SPAN><CITE class="citation web">World Health Organisation (2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/publications/road_traffic/world_report/en/index.html">"World report on road traffic injury prevention"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-13</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+report+on+road+traffic+injury+prevention&rft.date=2004&rft.au=World+Health+Organisation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fviolence_injury_prevention%2Fpublications%2Froad_traffic%2Fworld_report%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN id="Dft2008a"></SPAN> <CITE class="citation web">Department for Transport (2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/adobepdf/162469/221412/221549/227755/rrcgb2008.pdf">"Reported Road Casualties Great Britain: 2008 Annual Report"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-01-09</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reported+Road+Casualties+Great+Britain%3A+2008+Annual+Report&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Department+for+Transport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dft.gov.uk%2Fadobepdf%2F162469%2F221412%2F221549%2F227755%2Frrcgb2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<DL>
<DT>Other references for article</DT>
</DL>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Samochodowy, Przeglad. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://przeglad-samochodowy.pl/porady/232-jak-dobrze-jezdzic-samochodem-prawidlowe-i-pomocne-nawyki">"Jak dobrze jeździć samochodem. Porady. Prawidłowe i pomocne nawyki (m.in. manewry, hamowanie, kultura, parkowanie, podróż)"</A>. <I>przeglad-samochodowy.pl</I> (in Polish)<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2017-04-06</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=przeglad-samochodowy.pl&rft.atitle=Jak+dobrze+je%C5%BAdzi%C4%87+samochodem.+Porady.+Prawid%C5%82owe+i+pomocne+nawyki+%28m.in.+manewry%2C+hamowanie%2C+kultura%2C+parkowanie%2C+podr%C3%B3%C5%BC%29&rft.aulast=Samochodowy&rft.aufirst=Przeglad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprzeglad-samochodowy.pl%2Fporady%2F232-jak-dobrze-jezdzic-samochodem-prawidlowe-i-pomocne-nawyki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=140674">http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=140674</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/speeding-texas-85-mph-highway-opens/story?id=17549839">http://abcnews.go.com/US/speeding-texas-85-mph-highway-opens/story?id=17549839</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/specialist/knowledge/speed/speed_limits/current_speed_limit_policies.htm">"Current speed limit policies"</A>. <A href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-23</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+speed+limit+policies&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftransport%2Froad_safety%2Fspecialist%2Fknowledge%2Fspeed%2Fspeed_limits%2Fcurrent_speed_limit_policies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mil.brandenburg.de/cms/media.php/lbm1.a.2239.de/studie_tempolimit.pdf">"Auswirkungen eines allgemeinen Tempolimits auf Autobahnen im Land Brandenburg"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</A>. October 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-12-04</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>(German)Auf einer 6-streifigen Autobahn ergibt sich für den Pkw-Verkehr im Mittel eine Geschwindigkeit von 142 km/h. (English)On clear stretches of 6-lane highway, cars average a speed of 142 km / h</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Auswirkungen+eines+allgemeinen+Tempolimits+auf+Autobahnen+im+Land+Brandenburg&rft.pub=Brandenburg&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mil.brandenburg.de%2Fcms%2Fmedia.php%2Flbm1.a.2239.de%2Fstudie_tempolimit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-iomguide-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-iomguide_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-iomguide_6-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iomguide.com/news/general-news.php?story=697">"No All-Island Speed Limit"</A>. Isle of Man Guide. 6 November 2004<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2009-09-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+All-Island+Speed+Limit&rft.pub=Isle+of+Man+Guide&rft.date=2004-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iomguide.com%2Fnews%2Fgeneral-news.php%3Fstory%3D697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aptransport.org/html/acts-rules/the_table_of_maximum_speed_limit_at_a_glance.pdf">"The Table of Maximum Speed Limits at a Glance"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Table+of+Maximum+Speed+Limits+at+a+Glance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faptransport.org%2Fhtml%2Facts-rules%2Fthe_table_of_maximum_speed_limit_at_a_glance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mahatranscom.in/faq.aspx">http://www.mahatranscom.in/faq.aspx</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.transport.telangana.gov.in">http://www.transport.telangana.gov.in</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monash.edu.au/miri/research/reports/muarc276.pdf">"The impact of lowered speed limits in urban and metropolitan areas"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+impact+of+lowered+speed+limits+in+urban+and+metropolitan+areas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monash.edu.au%2Fmiri%2Fresearch%2Freports%2Fmuarc276.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Parker, M. R. Jr. (1997). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/97084/97084.pdf"><I>Effects of Raising and Lowering Speed Limitson Selected Roadway Sections, FHWA-RD-9 7-084</I></A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Washington DC: Federal Highway Commission. pp. 85–87<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">5 February</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Effects+of+Raising+and+Lowering+Speed+Limitson+Selected+Roadway+Sections%2C+FHWA-RD-9+7-084&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=85-87&rft.pub=Federal+Highway+Commission&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=M.+R.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fpublications%2Fresearch%2Fsafety%2F97084%2F97084.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><I>Criminal on the Road:A Study of Serious Motoring Offences and Those Who Commit Them</I>. Routledge. 1964. p. 64. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415264162" title="Special:BookSources/0415264162">0415264162</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+on+the+Road%3AA+Study+of+Serious+Motoring+Offences+and+Those+Who+Commit+Them&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0415264162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-NatMotMuseum-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-NatMotMuseum_14-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalmotormuseum.org.uk/motoring_firsts">"Motoring firsts"</A>. National Motoring Museum.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motoring+firsts&rft.pub=National+Motoring+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmotormuseum.org.uk%2Fmotoring_firsts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BBC_R4-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-BBC_R4_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Adam Hart Davis. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00cmb4q">"The Eureka Years"</A>. <I>BBC Radio 4</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Radio+4&rft.atitle=The+Eureka+Years&rft.au=Adam+Hart+Davis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00cmb4q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-AllExp-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-AllExp_16-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.allexperts.com/q/U-S-History-672/criminal-justice-history.htm">"US History, Criminal Justice, The first speeding ticket"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+History%2C+Criminal+Justice%2C+The+first+speeding+ticket&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.allexperts.com%2Fq%2FU-S-History-672%2Fcriminal-justice-history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-racfoundation-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-racfoundation_17-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-racfoundation_17-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-racfoundation_17-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-racfoundation_17-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-racfoundation_17-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-racfoundation_17-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-racfoundation_17-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-racfoundation_17-7"><SUP><I><B>h</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-racfoundation_17-8"><SUP><I><B>i</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-racfoundation_17-9"><SUP><I><B>j</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-racfoundation_17-10"><SUP><I><B>k</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.racfoundation.org/assets/rac_foundation/content/downloadables/speed_limits-box_bayliss-aug2012.pdf">http://www.racfoundation.org/assets/rac_foundation/content/downloadables/speed_limits-box_bayliss-aug2012.pdf</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prov.vic.gov.au/publications/provenance/provenance2004/keeping-order#sthash.6erps9hJ.dpuf">"Keeping Order: Motor-Car Regulation and the Defeat of Victoria's 1905 Motor-Car Bill"</A>. <Q>On 7 April 1905, E Norton Grimwade ...appeared in the District Court [charged with] ‘furious’ driving [because] he passed a tram ... Several people ... [estimated] the car’s speed at 20 mph ... It was going twice as fast as the tram.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keeping+Order%3A+Motor-Car+Regulation+and+the+Defeat+of+Victoria%27s+1905+Motor-Car+Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprov.vic.gov.au%2Fpublications%2Fprovenance%2Fprovenance2004%2Fkeeping-order%23sthash.6erps9hJ.dpuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Vienna Convention on Road Traffic">Vienna Convention on Road Traffic</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov_20-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811090.PDF">"An Analysis of Speeding-Related Crashes:Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. February 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-25</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>Appendix: The basic rules governing speed of vehicles in Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Montana, North Carolina, and Wisconsin.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Analysis+of+Speeding-Related+Crashes%3ADefinitions+and+the+Effects+of+Road+Environments&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Transportation%2C+National+Highway+Traffic+Safety+Administration&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov%2FPubs%2F811090.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1991/ukpga_19910040_en_2#pt1-pb4-l1g6">"Road Traffic Act 1991"</A>. Office of Public Sector Information<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-05-03</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>A person is guilty of an offence if he intentionally and without lawful authority or reasonable cause— (a) causes anything to be on or over a road, or (b) interferes with a motor vehicle, trailer or cycle, or (c) interferes (directly or indirectly) with traffic equipment, in such circumstances that it would be obvious to a reasonable person that to do so would be dangerous. (2) In subsection (1) above "dangerous" refers to danger either of injury to any person while on or near a road, or of serious damage to property on or near a road; and in determining for the purposes of that subsection what would be obvious to a reasonable person in a particular case, regard shall be had not only to the circumstances of which he could be expected to be aware but also to any circumstances shown to have been within the knowledge of the accused.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Road+Traffic+Act+1991&rft.pub=Office+of+Public+Sector+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2Facts%2Facts1991%2Fukpga_19910040_en_2%23pt1-pb4-l1g6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvo_2013/__3.html">http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvo_2013/__3.html</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006842207&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006074228">https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006842207&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006074228</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/49/392.14">49 CFR 392.14</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Stanko-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Stanko_25-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.findlaw.com/mt-supreme-court/1110919.html">"<I>State v. Stanko</I>"</A>. Supreme Court of Montana. 1998.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+v.+Stanko&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+Montana&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.findlaw.com%2Fmt-supreme-court%2F1110919.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CDLM-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CDLM_26-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/sites/fmcsa.dot.gov/files/docs/2005%20CDL%20Driver%20Manual%20-July%202014%20-%20FINAL.pdf">"Section 2 – Driving Safely"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/registration/commercial-drivers-license/commercial-drivers-license-manual"><I>Commercial Driver License Manual 2005</I></A>. United States Department of Transportation. July 2014. pp. 2–15, 2–19, 2–26, 13–1. <Q>[pg 2-15] <B><I>2.6.4 – Speed and Distance Ahead:</I></B> <B>You should always be able to stop within the distance you can see ahead.</B> Fog, rain, or other conditions may require that you slowdown to be able to stop in the distance you can see. ... [pg 2-19] <B><I>2.8.3 – Drivers Who Are Hazards: Vehicles may be partly hidden by blind intersections or alleys.</I></B> If you only can see the rear or front end of a vehicle but not the driver, then he or she can't see you. Be alert because he/she may back out or enter into your lane. <B>Always be prepared to stop.</B> ... [pg 2-26] <B><I>2.11.4 – Vehicle Factors: Headlights.</I></B> At night your headlights will usually be the main source of light for you to see by and for others to see you. You can't see nearly as much with your headlights as you see in the daytime. With low beams you can see ahead about 250 feet and with high beams about 350-500 feet. <B>You must adjust your speed to keep your stopping distance within your sight distance.</B> This means going slowly enough to be able to stop within the range of your headlights. ... [pg 13-1] <B><I>13.1.2 – Intersections</I></B> As you approach an intersection: Check traffic thoroughly in all directions. <B>Decelerate gently. Brake smoothly</B> and, if necessary, change gears. If necessary, come to a complete stop (no coasting) behind any stop signs, signals, sidewalks, or stop lines maintaining a safe gap behind any vehicle in front of you. Your vehicle must not roll forward or backward. When driving through an intersection: Check traffic thoroughly in all directions. <B>Decelerate <I>and</I> yield to any pedestrians and traffic in the intersection.</B> Do not change lanes while proceeding through the intersection. Keep your hands on the wheel.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+2+%E2%80%93+Driving+Safely&rft.btitle=Commercial+Driver+License+Manual+2005&rft.pages=2-15%2C+2-19%2C+2-26%2C+13-1&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmcsa.dot.gov%2Fsites%2Ffmcsa.dot.gov%2Ffiles%2Fdocs%2F2005%2520CDL%2520Driver%2520Manual%2520-July%25202014%2520-%2520FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/vctop/d11/vc22350.htm">"California Vehicle Code section 22350: Basic Speed Law"</A>. California Department of Motor Vehicles. September 20, 1963<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-25</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable or prudent having due regard for weather, visibility, the traffic on, and the surface and width of, the highway, and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Vehicle+Code+section+22350%3A+Basic+Speed+Law&rft.pub=California+Department+of+Motor+Vehicles&rft.date=1963-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmv.ca.gov%2Fpubs%2Fvctop%2Fd11%2Fvc22350.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090410123455.htm">"On Gravel Roads, People Drive At Speed They Are Comfortable With, Regardless Of Posted Limit"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-10-13</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>"We found that people are driving at speeds based on their perceptions and existing conditions – regardless of the speed limit," said Dissanayake, who also is a faculty member with <A href="/wiki/Kansas_State_University" title="Kansas State University">K-State</A>'s University Transportation Center...when it came to speed limits and the actual speeds driven, the difference was not significant between 35 mph and 55 mph roads. An example is the gravel roadways in Johnson County and Miami County. The study found that though two speed limits exist, the driving characteristics were the same. While Johnson County's speed limit is 35 mph and posted, the average actual speed of 37.5 mph was higher than the average actual speed of 35.8 mph in Miami County, where the speed limit is 55 mph and not posted.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+Gravel+Roads%2C+People+Drive+At+Speed+They+Are+Comfortable+With%2C+Regardless+Of+Posted+Limit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2009%2F04%2F090410123455.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/">"Hatzakorzian v. Rucker-Fuller Desk Co., 197 Cal. 82"</A>. Official California Reports, Vol. 197, p. 82 (California Supreme Court reporter). September 21, 1925. <Q>Under the circumstances of the present case -- the narrowness of the unpaved portion of the highway, the darkness of the night and the <B>blinding</B> of Kennell by the <B>glare of the lights</B> reflected from the headlights of the approaching machine -- the highway over which Kennell was traveling was beset by danger of an extraordinary character from the time his vision became so obscured as to make it impossible for him to see plainly the road before him to the time that he struck the deceased. Thus the ordinary care with which Kennell was charged in driving his car over the highway required such an amount of such care as was commensurate with the exactions of the extraordinary dangerous circumstances under which he was then operating his car. The respective rights and duties of drivers of automobiles and other vehicles and of pedestrians have repeatedly been by the courts of this state clearly pointed out..</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hatzakorzian+v.+Rucker-Fuller+Desk+Co.%2C+197+Cal.+82&rft.pub=Official+California+Reports%2C+Vol.+197%2C+p.+82+%28California+Supreme+Court+reporter%29&rft.date=1925-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexisnexis.com%2Fclients%2FCACourts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/cases/california/calapp2d/100/411.html">"Allin v. Snavely, 100 Cal. App. 2d 411"</A>. Official California Appellate Reports (2nd Series Vol. 100, p. 411). November 14, 1950<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-07-27</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>"A driver by insisting on his lawful right of way may violate the basic speed law as provided by Veh. Code, § 22350, and thus become guilty of negligence."(CA Reports Headnote #[2])</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Allin+v.+Snavely%2C+100+Cal.+App.+2d+411&rft.date=1950-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcases%2Fcalifornia%2Fcalapp2d%2F100%2F411.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/cases/california/calapp2d/22/636.html">"Riggs v. Gasser Motors, 22 Cal. App. 2d 636"</A>. Official California AppellateReports (2nd Series Vol. 22, p. 636). September 25, 1937<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-07-27</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>It is common knowledge that intersecting streets in cities present a continuing hazard, the degree of hazard depending upon the extent of the use of the intersecting streets and the surrounding circumstances or conditions of each intersection. Under such circumstances the basic [speed] law...is always governing.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Riggs+v.+Gasser+Motors%2C+22+Cal.+App.+2d+636&rft.pub=Official+California+AppellateReports+%282nd+Series+Vol.+22%2C+p.+636%29&rft.date=1937-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcases%2Fcalifornia%2Fcalapp2d%2F22%2F636.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> See <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courts.ca.gov/opinions-slip.htm">Official Reports Opinions Online</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/cases/california/calapp2d/139/65.html">"Leeper v. Nelson, 139 Cal. App. 2d 65"</A>. Official California Appellate Reports (2nd Series Vol. 139, p. 65). Feb 6, 1956<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-07-27</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>The operator of an automobile is bound to anticipate that he may meet persons or vehicles at any point of the street, and he must in order to avoid a charge of negligence, keep a proper lookout for them and keep his machine under such control as will enable him to avoid a collision with another automobile driven with care and caution as a reasonably prudent person would do under similar conditions.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leeper+v.+Nelson%2C+139+Cal.+App.+2d+65&rft.pub=Official+California+Appellate+Reports+%282nd+Series+Vol.+139%2C+p.+65%29&rft.date=1956-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcases%2Fcalifornia%2Fcalapp2d%2F139%2F65.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> See <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/cases/california/calapp2d/91/142.html">Huetter v. Andrews, 91 Cal. App. 2d 142</A>, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/">Berlin v. Violett, 129 Cal.App. 337</A>, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/">Reaugh v. Cudahy Packing Co., 189 Cal. 335</A> , and <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courts.ca.gov/opinions-slip.htm">Official Reports Opinions Online</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-33"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/">"Reaugh v. Cudahy Packing Co., 189 Cal. 335"</A>. Official California Reports, Vol. 189, p. 335, (California Supreme Court reporter). July 27, 1922<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-07-27</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>This is but a reiteration of the rule, in statutory form, which has always been in force without regard to a statutory promulgation to the effect that drivers or operators of vehicles, and more particularly motor vehicles, must be specially watchful in anticipation of the presence of others at places where other vehicles are constantly passing, and where men, women, and children are liable to be crossing, such as corners at the intersections of streets or other similar places or situations where people are likely to fail to observe an approaching automobile.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reaugh+v.+Cudahy+Packing+Co.%2C+189+Cal.+335&rft.pub=Official+California+Reports%2C+Vol.+189%2C+p.+335%2C+%28California+Supreme+Court+reporter%29&rft.date=1922-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexisnexis.com%2Fclients%2FCACourts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-www.destatis.de_2012-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-www.destatis.de_2012_34-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-www.destatis.de_2012_34-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">www.destatis.de (10 July 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/TransportVerkehr/Verkehrsunfaelle/PK_Unfallentwicklung_PDF.pdf?__blob=publicationFile">"Unfallentwicklung auf deutschen Straßen 2012 (Crashes on German Roads 2012)"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistics Office)</I>. Statistisches Bundesamt<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-09-23</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>(Seite 19) Mit 29 Getöteten je 1 000 Unfälle mit Personenschaden ist das Todesrisiko auf Landstraßen fünfmal höher als auf Innerortsstraßen und auch höher als auf Autobahnen, auf denen 22 Personen je 1000 Unfälle starben. Ein Grund für das wesentlich höhere Risiko auf Landstraßen und Autobahnen ist, dass hier wesentlich schneller gefahren wird als auf Innerortsstraßen und dadurch die Unfallschwere steigt.. (Seite 20) Hauptunfallursache auf Autobahnen ist die "nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit". Im Jahr 2012 waren mehr als ein Drittel aller Unfälle mit Personenschaden auf Autobahnen Unfälle, bei denen mindestens einem Beteiligten dieses Fehlverhalten zur Last gelegt wurde. Bei insgesamt 6 587 sogenannten Geschwindigkeitsunfällen kamen 179 Menschen zu Tode, das heißt nahezu die Hälfte (46,3 %) aller Getöteten auf Autobahnen... (Seite 20) Hierbei ist allerdings zu berücksichtigen, dass die Unfallursache "nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit" häufig nicht bedeutet, dass die zulässige Höchstgeschwindigkeit überschritten worden ist. "Nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit" wird von der Polizei bei einem Unfall auch dann als Ursache erfasst, wenn ein Beteiligter für die vorliegenden Straßen- oder Witterungsverhältnisse zu schnell gefahren ist.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistisches+Bundesamt+%28Federal+Statistics+Office%29&rft.atitle=Unfallentwicklung+auf+deutschen+Stra%C3%9Fen+2012+%28Crashes+on+German+Roads+2012%29&rft.date=2013-07-10&rft.au=www.destatis.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FPublikationen%2FThematisch%2FTransportVerkehr%2FVerkehrsunfaelle%2FPK_Unfallentwicklung_PDF.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Check date values in: <CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|year= / |date= mismatch</CODE> (<A href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Starnberg_Fatality_2013-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Starnberg_Fatality_2013_35-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merkur-online.de/lokales/starnberg/landkreis/autobahn-gesperrt-schwerer-unfall-starnberg-mm-3040140.html">"A 95: Polizei geschockt über "immenses Tempo" [Translation: A 95: Police Shocked At High Speed]"</A>. Merkur Online [The Mercury online version]. Aug 5, 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>den stellvertretenden Kommandanten der Feuerwehr aus Hohenschäftlarn (Kreis München), Daniel Buck... war mit seinen Kollegen einer der ersten an der Unfallstelle, an der ein Porschefahrer (51) so schnell in den Toyota einer 67-jährigen Weilheimerin bretterte, dass sich ihr Auto mehrmals überschlug. Die Frau musste noch vor Ort reanimiert werden, starb jedoch später im Krankenhaus. Die beiden Männer im Porsche kamen mit leichten Verletzungen davon... Auf Höhe des Dreiecks Starnberg verlor er auf der linken Spur die Kontrolle über sein Auto. Er kam ins Schleudern, schoss rechts über einen Grünstreifen und kam auf dem Zubringer aus Starnberg wieder auf die Fahrbahn. Dort rammte er die 67-jährige Weilheimerin in ihrem Toyota... Zeugen vor Ort schätzen, dass der Sportwagen mit rund 300 Kilometer pro Stunde unterwegs war... Ein Zeuge hatte seinen Tempomat auf 140 Stundenkilometer eingestellt und war von dem Sportwagen überholt worden. "Er schätzt, der Porsche war doppelt so schnell", sagt Buck. Und: "...Schneller wie 160 Kilometer pro Stunde ist hier absolut unangemessen.". [Translation: deputy commander of the fire brigade from Hohenschaeftlarn county (Munich), Daniel Buck...was one of the first with his colleagues at the accident site where a Porsche driver (age 51) bashed into the Toyota driven by a 67-year-old <A href="/wiki/Weilheim_in_Oberbayern" title="Weilheim in Oberbayern">Weilheim in Oberbayern</A> resident, rolling her car over several times. The woman had to be resuscitated on site, but died later in hospital. The two men in the Porsche escaped with minor injuries... At the peak of the Starnberg interchange in the left lane he lost control of his car. He went into a skid, shot right through a grass strip to ram the 67-year-old Weilheimer resident in her Toyota... Witnesses on site estimated that the sports car was traveling about 300 kilometers per hour... One witness had his cruise control set at 140 kilometers per hour and was overtaken by the sports car. "He estimates the Porsche was twice as fast," says Buck. And: "This is simply irresponsible; even as fast as 160 kilometers per hour is absolutely inappropriate. "]</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+95%3A+Polizei+geschockt+%C3%BCber+%22immenses+Tempo%22+%5BTranslation%3A+A+95%3A+Police+Shocked+At+High+Speed%5D&rft.pub=Merkur+Online+%5BThe+Mercury+online+version%5D&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merkur-online.de%2Flokales%2Fstarnberg%2Flandkreis%2Fautobahn-gesperrt-schwerer-unfall-starnberg-mm-3040140.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/19/autobahn-pileup-52-car-pileup_n_1102820.html">"Autobahn Pileup: 52-Car German Crash Kills 3 (VIDEO)"</A>. Huffington Post. 2011-11-19.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Autobahn+Pileup%3A+52-Car+German+Crash+Kills+3+%28VIDEO%29&rft.date=2011-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F11%2F19%2Fautobahn-pileup-52-car-pileup_n_1102820.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/about/outreach/education/driverTips/Too-Fast-for-Conditions-all.htm">https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/about/outreach/education/driverTips/Too-Fast-for-Conditions-all.htm</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Kennedy, Maev (6 September 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/sep/05/car-pileup-sheppey-bridge-kent">"<SPAN style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</SPAN>All you could hear was cars crashing': 120-car pile-up on Sheppey bridge"</A>. <I>The Guardian</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27All+you+could+hear+was+cars+crashing%27%3A+120-car+pile-up+on+Sheppey+bridge&rft.date=2013-09-06&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Maev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2013%2Fsep%2F05%2Fcar-pileup-sheppey-bridge-kent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fox19.com/story/20639696/girl-12-killed-in-86-car-pileup-on-i-275">http://www.fox19.com/story/20639696/girl-12-killed-in-86-car-pileup-on-i-275</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sanatogapost.com/2013/07/10/detectives-excessive-speed-factor-in-422-crash-death/">http://sanatogapost.com/2013/07/10/detectives-excessive-speed-factor-in-422-crash-death/</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/kyle-stein-charged-in-colerain-twp-crash-that-killed-rachel-mcgrath-and-eric-moormann">"Kyle Stein charged in Colerain Twp. crash that killed Rachel McGrath and Eric Moormann]]"</A>. <Q>[The teenage driver] lost control of the vehicle on a "curvy portion" of Sheed Road in Colerain Township and struck a parked Ford Titanium. The crash killed both .. passengers [, the driver] was traveling in excess of the posted 35 mph speed limit in order to "catch up to a new model Audi R8 to get a better look at this very expensive vehicle"</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kyle+Stein+charged+in+Colerain+Twp.+crash+that+killed+Rachel+McGrath+and+Eric+Moormann%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcpo.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fkyle-stein-charged-in-colerain-twp-crash-that-killed-rachel-mcgrath-and-eric-moormann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.freep.com/article/20131013/NEWS06/310130122/">http://www.freep.com/article/20131013/NEWS06/310130122/</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omaha.com/news/no-sign-of-alcohol-for-teens-killed-in-oh-crash/article_62561445-eb6d-593e-9100-68330df9ddc9.html">"No sign of alcohol for 6 teens killed in OH crash"</A>. <Q>the SUV was traveling between 62 mph and 70 mph on a 35-mph road before it flipped into a pond in a dark, unlit area in Warren on March 10 [, 2013], killing the 19-year-old driver and five of the seven boys riding with her</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+sign+of+alcohol+for+6+teens+killed+in+OH+crash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omaha.com%2Fnews%2Fno-sign-of-alcohol-for-teens-killed-in-oh-crash%2Farticle_62561445-eb6d-593e-9100-68330df9ddc9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/23000/23100/23121/12SpeedCountsNumbers.pdf">"Speeding Counts on All Roads"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. FHWA Safety (November 2000). <Q>almost 50 percent of speeding-related fatalities occur on lower speed collector and local roads, which carry only 28.1 percent of the total vehicle miles traveled in the United States... the deadly consequences of speeding on local and collector roads becomes even more dramatic. The speeding fatality rate for local roads is three times that for Interstates</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speeding+Counts+on+All+Roads&rft.pub=FHWA+Safety+%28November+2000%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntl.bts.gov%2Flib%2F23000%2F23100%2F23121%2F12SpeedCountsNumbers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pe.com/articles/speed-776756-survey-limit.html">http://www.pe.com/articles/speed-776756-survey-limit.html</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://caselaw.findlaw.com/mt-supreme-court/1110919.html">http://caselaw.findlaw.com/mt-supreme-court/1110919.html</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://vincenzeslaw.com/4-ways-virginia-reckless-driving-charges-handled-differently-fairfax-county-arlington-alexandria-stafford/">http://vincenzeslaw.com/4-ways-virginia-reckless-driving-charges-handled-differently-fairfax-county-arlington-alexandria-stafford/</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/transport_network/traffic_ops/road_signs.asp">"Traffic Operations : Road Signs"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia" title="Government of South Australia">Government of South Australia</A>. 2002-08-23 (last update date)<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-09-26</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>Most regulatory signs are rectangular with a black legend on a white background...[exceptions include] speed restriction signs (symbol enclosed in a red circle)"</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traffic+Operations+%3A+Road+Signs&rft.pub=Government+of+South+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transport.sa.gov.au%2Ftransport_network%2Ftraffic_ops%2Froad_signs.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Check date values in: <CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</CODE> (<A href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ite.org/standards/speed_zoning.pdf">"Speed Zoning Information"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/Institute_of_Transportation_Engineers" title="Institute of Transportation Engineers">Institute of Transportation Engineers</A>. 22 March 2004<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2009-09-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Speed+Zoning+Information&rft.date=2004-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ite.org%2Fstandards%2Fspeed_zoning.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/htm/2009r1r2/part2/part2b.htm#section2B13">MUTCD Sections 2B.13-16</A> #12</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmv.ca.gov/pubs/vctop/d11/vc21400.htm">"California Vehicle Code § 21400(b)"</A>. The State of California. January 1, 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-07-28</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Vehicle+Code+%C2%A7+21400%28b%29&rft.pub=The+State+of+California&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmv.ca.gov%2Fpubs%2Fvctop%2Fd11%2Fvc21400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-52"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Transportation Research Board of the National Academies; Kay Fitzpatrick; Paul Carlson; Marcus A. Brewer; Mark D. Wooldridge; Shaw-Pin Miaou; Texas Transportation Institute (October 6, 2003). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_504.pdf"><I>NCHRP Report 504 – Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Practices</I></A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>onlinepubs.trb.org</I>. <A href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</A>: <A href="/wiki/National_Academies_Press" title="National Academies Press">National Academies Press</A>. p. 88. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-08767-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-309-08767-8">0-309-08767-8</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0077-5614">0077-5614</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinepubs.trb.org%2Fonlinepubs%2Fnchrp%2Fnchrp_rpt_504.pdf&date=2014-04-12">Archived</A> from the original on April 12, 2014<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2009-09-16</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NCHRP+Report+504+%E2%80%93+Design+Speed%2C+Operating+Speed%2C+and+Posted+Speed+Practices&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2003-10-06&rft.issn=0077-5614&rft.isbn=0-309-08767-8&rft.au=Transportation+Research+Board+of+the+National+Academies&rft.au=Kay+Fitzpatrick&rft.au=Paul+Carlson&rft.au=Marcus+A.+Brewer&rft.au=Mark+D.+Wooldridge&rft.au=Shaw-Pin+Miaou&rft.au=Texas+Transportation+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinepubs.trb.org%2Fonlinepubs%2Fnchrp%2Fnchrp_rpt_504.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tti.tamu.edu-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-tti.tamu.edu_53-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-tti.tamu.edu_53-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/1465-1.pdf">http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/1465-1.pdf</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://azdot.gov/business/engineering-and-construction/traffic/faq/establishing-speed-limits">http://azdot.gov/business/engineering-and-construction/traffic/faq/establishing-speed-limits</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-55"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ksdot.org/bureaus/burTrafficSaf/brochures/establishingspeedlimits.asp">http://www.ksdot.org/bureaus/burTrafficSaf/brochures/establishingspeedlimits.asp</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-56"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Public opposition to speed limits being set by an authority, often arise because such agency has been viewed as abusing its power--such as by arbitrary indiscretion or by creating "speed traps." Because an expert can theoretically calculate a safer speed limit, than the populace's vote by driving, it is beneficial that local governments preserve strong public trust with their integrity in speed regulation. See <I>A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets,</I> <A href="/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials" title="American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials">AASHTO</A>, 4th Ed., 2001; <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56051-156-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56051-156-7">1-56051-156-7</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-57"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/uslimits/">USLIMITS2: A Tool to Aid Practitioners in Determining Appropriate Speed Limit Recommendations</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-58"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/cases/california/calapp2d/22/636.html">"Riggs v. Gasser Motors, 22 Cal. App. 2d 636"</A>. Official California Appellate Reports (2nd Series, Vol. 22, p. 22). September 25, 1937.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Riggs+v.+Gasser+Motors%2C+22+Cal.+App.+2d+636&rft.pub=Official+California+Appellate+Reports+%282nd+Series%2C+Vol.+22%2C+p.+22%29&rft.date=1937-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcases%2Fcalifornia%2Fcalapp2d%2F22%2F636.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-59"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/alarid-v-vanier-26881">"<I>Alarid v. Vanier,</I> 50 Cal.2d 617"</A>. Official California Reports, 2nd Series Vol. 50, p. 617 (California Supreme Court reporter). July 17, 1958.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alarid+v.+Vanier%2C+50+Cal.2d+617&rft.pub=Official+California+Reports%2C+2nd+Series+Vol.+50%2C+p.+617+%28California+Supreme+Court+reporter%29&rft.date=1958-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscocal.stanford.edu%2Fopinion%2Falarid-v-vanier-26881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> See <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/CACourts/">Official California Reports online</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Journal_of_Transportation_and_Statistics_Volume_7_Number_2/3,_2004,_ISSN_1094-8848-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Journal_of_Transportation_and_Statistics_Volume_7_Number_2/3,_2004,_ISSN_1094-8848_60-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bts.gov/publications/journal_of_transportation_and_statistics/volume_07_number_23/html/paper_06/index.html">"Speeds on Rural Interstate Highways Relative to Posting the 40 mph Minimum Speed Limit"</A>. U.S. <A href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Transportation_Statistics" title="Bureau of Transportation Statistics">Bureau of Transportation Statistics</A> (BTS). 2004<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>The relevance of posting the 40 mile per hour (mph) minimum speed limit on the Interstate Highway System has been increasingly called into question since the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 repealed the federally sanctioned maximum speed limit. In this study, data were collected on major interstate highways in Florida to evaluate speed distribution relative to the 40 mph posted minimum speed limit. The data revealed that the 15th percentile speed at all sites was 60 mph or above on both four-lane and six-lane highway sections. The analysis showed that the average speed at all sites was approximately 5 standard deviations above the 40 mph minimum.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speeds+on+Rural+Interstate+Highways+Relative+to+Posting+the+40+mph+Minimum+Speed+Limit&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+Transportation+Statistics+%28BTS%29&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bts.gov%2Fpublications%2Fjournal_of_transportation_and_statistics%2Fvolume_07_number_23%2Fhtml%2Fpaper_06%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="CITEREFPeter_Schick2003" class="citation">Peter Schick (June 2003), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2003/1468/pdf/Dissertation_Schick.pdf"><I>(translation) "Influence of Traffic Control Systems on Freeway Capacity and Stability of Traffic Flow"; Original Title "Einfluss von Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen auf de Kapazitaet von Autobahnabschnitten sowie die Stabilitaet des Verkehrsflusses"</I></A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>, <A href="/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart" title="University of Stuttgart">University of Stuttgart</A>, p. 20<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-10-16</SPAN></SPAN>, <Q>(translation) "The first experiment was carried out in 1965 on a 30 km section of the A8 from Salzburg to Munich. The system consisted of mechanically variable message signs at a distance of 2 km, which could display speeds of 60, 80 and 100 km/h, and "danger zone" and "accident". Personnel monitored traffic using video technology, and manually controlled the signage. Studies reported a decrease in traffic disruptions and breakdowns, harmonization of the velocity distribution and an increase in performance (Zackor 1972, see also Chapter 3.2.2)." German text: "Die erste linienhafte Beeinflussung des Verkehrs erfolgte im Jahr 1965 durch die Errichtung einer Wechselverkehrszeichenanlage auf einem 30 km langen Abschnitt der A8 auf der Richtungsfahrbahn Salzburg – München. Die Anlage bestand aus neben der Fahrbahn angebrachten mechanischen Wechselverkehrszeichen im Abstand von 2 km, die StVO-gerechte Zeichen für die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzungen 60, 80 und 100 km/h sowie "Gefahrstelle" und "Unfall" anzeigen konnten (Abb. 2-1). Diese Zeichen wurden vom Betreiberpersonal, das mittels Videotechnologie eine Übersicht über das Verkehrsgeschehen hatte, manuell geschaltet. Somit konnte erstmals auf einer Autobahn die Geschwindigkeit des Verkehrs beeinflusst sowie eine Unfallwarnung vorgenommen werden. Die ersten Erfahrungen und wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen berichten von einer Abnahme der Störungen und Verkehrszusammenbrüche, einer Harmonisierung der Geschwindigkeitsverteilung sowie einer Steigerung der Leistungsfähigkeit (ZACKOR 1972, siehe auch Kapitel 3.2.2).</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28translation%29+%22Influence+of+Traffic+Control+Systems+on+Freeway+Capacity+and+Stability+of+Traffic+Flow%22%3B+Original+Title+%22Einfluss+von+Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen+auf+de+Kapazitaet+von+Autobahnabschnitten+sowie+die+Stabilitaet+des+Verkehrsflusses%22&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=University+of+Stuttgart&rft.date=2003-06&rft.au=Peter+Schick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felib.uni-stuttgart.de%2Fopus%2Fvolltexte%2F2003%2F1468%2Fpdf%2FDissertation_Schick.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-62"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="CITEREFRalf_Schmahld2009" class="citation">Ralf Schmahld (6 August 2009), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turus.net/reise/4297-20-jahre-im-stau-gestanden.html?fontstyle=f-larger"><I>(translation) "20 years waiting in traffic jams"; Original Title "20 Jahre im Stau gestanden"</I></A>, Reise (Travel) magazine<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-10-16</SPAN></SPAN>, <Q>(translation) "A total of 1,300 kilometers of motorways now have traffic control systems for the harmonization of traffic flow by speed limits and traffic warning, and the government expects to expand their use: 2500 km stretch of motorway could be controlled by these dynamic control systems." German text: "An insgesamt 1.300 Kilometern der Bundesautobahnen seien inzwischen Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen zur Harmonisierung des Verkehrsablaufs durch Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkungen und Gefahrenwarnung installiert worden, teilt die Regierung weiter mit. 2.500 Kilometer Autobahnstrecke könnten mittels dynamischer Netzbeeinflussungsanlagen gesteuert werden"</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28translation%29+%2220+years+waiting+in+traffic+jams%22%3B+Original+Title+%2220+Jahre+im+Stau+gestanden%22&rft.pub=Reise+%28Travel%29+magazine&rft.date=2009-08-06&rft.au=Ralf+Schmahld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turus.net%2Freise%2F4297-20-jahre-im-stau-gestanden.html%3Ffontstyle%3Df-larger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-63"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="CITEREFMark_Robinson,_P.E.2000" class="citation">Mark Robinson, P.E. (January 9, 2000), <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/briefing/12164.pdf"><I>Examples of Variable Speed Limit Applications. Speed Management Workshop</I></A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>, <A href="/wiki/Transportation_Research_Board" title="Transportation Research Board">Transportation Research Board</A>. 79th Annual Meeting<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-10-17</SPAN></SPAN>, <Q>"New Jersey. Status: Active (installed in the late 1960s). Objective: to provide early warning to motorists of slow traffic or hazardous road conditions. Setting: Urban/Rural - New Jersey Turnpike.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Examples+of+Variable+Speed+Limit+Applications.++Speed+Management+Workshop&rft.pub=Transportation+Research+Board.++79th+Annual+Meeting&rft.date=2000-01-09&rft.au=Mark+Robinson%2C+P.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntl.bts.gov%2Flib%2Fjpodocs%2Fbriefing%2F12164.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ntl.bts.gov-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ntl.bts.gov_64-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ntl.bts.gov_64-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/briefing/12164.pdf">http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/briefing/12164.pdf</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-65"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=4399274">"WYDOT proposes to lower I-80 speed limit"</A>. <A href="/wiki/KSL-TV" title="KSL-TV">KSL-TV</A>. September 29, 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-10-16</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>The Wyoming Department of Transportation says it plans to impose a speed limit of 65 mph on a 52-mile stretch of the interstate between Laramie and Rawlins. The reduction from the existing speed limit of 75 mph will take effect Oct. 15 and continue for six months. In addition, WYDOT intends to install variable speed-limit signs on the same stretch of highway so the limit can be lowered further because of bad weather. The section is between the Quealy Dome Interchange, 20 miles west of Laramie, and the Peterson Interchange, 22 miles east of Rawlins, the agency said.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WYDOT+proposes+to+lower+I-80+speed+limit&rft.pub=KSL-TV&rft.date=2008-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksl.com%2F%3Fnid%3D148%26sid%3D4399274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-66"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-66"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landlinemag.com/todays_news/Daily/2010/Oct10/101110/101510-04.htm">"Wyoming seasonal speed limit will vary with conditions"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Land_Line_Magazine" title="Land Line Magazine">Land Line Magazine</A>. October 15, 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-10-16</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>"When it’s all horizontal and drifts, it kills the visibility, and we have a horrible time trying to keep people on the road," Wyoming DOT engineer Tim McGary told Land Line Now on Sirius XM. McGary says this winter, truckers on I-80 will no longer see that 65 mph seasonal speed limit between Laramie and Rawlins. Instead, the whole 52-mile stretch will have the electronic, variable speed limit signs that the DOT started installing last year. The variable signs allow the DOT to lower or raise the speed limit in 5 mph increments depending on the weather conditions. And McGary says they work. The statistics are kind of showing that if we’re on top of things with our plow operators and troopers out there, and we get the speed limits reduced appropriately to the weather conditions, people are complying pretty well with that," McGary said. "Our crash rates have gone down and we’re hoping to continue that trend."</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wyoming+seasonal+speed+limit+will+vary+with+conditions&rft.pub=Land+Line+Magazine&rft.date=2010-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landlinemag.com%2Ftodays_news%2FDaily%2F2010%2FOct10%2F101110%2F101510-04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-67"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-67"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">'Saha, P., and Young, R. (2014). 'Weather-Based Safety Analysis for the Effectiveness of Rural Variable Speed Limit (VSL) Corridors ' In Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting (No. 14-2293), <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://docs.trb.org/prp/15-1916.pdf">http://docs.trb.org/prp/15-1916.pdf</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-68"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-68"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">'R. Young, V. Sabawat, P. Saha, Y. Sui (2014). 'Rural Variable Speed Limits: Phase II'</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-69"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-69"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/03jan/10.htm">"Managing Speed"</A>. <I>Public Roads</I>. www.tfhrc.gov. January–February 2003<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2008-07-06</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Roads&rft.atitle=Managing+Speed&rft.date=2003-01%2F2003-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfhrc.gov%2Fpubrds%2F03jan%2F10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-70"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-70"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/weather/best_practices/casestudies/022.pdf">"Tennessee Low Visibility Warning System"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Federal Highway Administration<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-10-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Low+Visibility+Warning+System&rft.pub=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fops.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fweather%2Fbest_practices%2Fcasestudies%2F022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-71"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-71"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/nao_reports/04-05/040515.pdf"><I>Report (HC 15, 2004-05): Tackling congestion by making better use of England's motorways and trunk roads (Full Report)</I></A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>, <A href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Audit Office (United Kingdom)">National Audit Office</A>, 26 November 2004, p. 21<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2009-09-17</SPAN></SPAN>, <Q>The initial results of the one year trial of Variable Speed Limits indicated savings in journey times, smoother flowing traffic and a fall in the number of accidents. On the basis of these findings, the Agency converted the trial into a permanent facility in 1997. Variable Speed Limits have generally been popular with road users who have reported perceived benefits, including less congestion and less stressful journeys. Yet the Agency could not prove a business case to use the measure elsewhere. Conditions at the site of the Variable Speed Limits trial were not stable before or during the trial, or in the period of extended monitoring that followed it. Traffic volumes changed and the Agency introduced new technology and new lighting and widened the motorway at both ends of the trial site, preventing it from establishing properly controlled and reliable "before and after" data to assess the measure’s impact. Without reliable data, the Agency could not prove a business case to use the measure elsewhere. As a result, in 2002 the Agency extended the Variable Speed Limits trial, at a further budgeted cost of £3.9 million, to cover an additional eight kilometres of the M25, where conditions were expected to be more stable, in order to collect sufficient before and after data to prepare a business case.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+%28HC+15%2C+2004-05%29%3A+Tackling+congestion+by+making+better+use+of+England%27s+motorways+and+trunk+roads+%28Full+Report%29&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=National+Audit+Office&rft.date=2004-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nao.org.uk%2Fpublications%2Fnao_reports%2F04-05%2F040515.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-72"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-72"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/documents/M1_Official_Completion_Ceremony.pdf">"M1 Junctions 6A to 10 Official Completion Ceremony"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Highways Agency.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M1+Junctions+6A+to+10+Official+Completion+Ceremony&rft.pub=Highways+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highways.gov.uk%2Froads%2Fdocuments%2FM1_Official_Completion_Ceremony.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-73"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-73"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/nottinghamshire/8438375.stm">"M1 works speed cameras will stay"</A>. <I>BBC News</I>. 2010-01-03<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-13</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=M1+works+speed+cameras+will+stay&rft.date=2010-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fnottinghamshire%2F8438375.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-74"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-74"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Andrew W Fergus and David J Turner (MWH NZ Ltd.) (22–25 September 2002). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipenz.org.nz/ipenztg/papers/2002_pdf/31_Fergus_Turner.PDF">"Monitoring Incident and Travel Behaviour Through the Use of ATMS Architecture"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-10-21</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>initial results of a Transfund Research project being undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of Variable Message Speed Signs (VMSS) within the Ngauranga Active Traffic Management System ( NATMS). NATMS is an incident based system whose objective is to facilitate the passage of traffic through a very demanding section of state highway just north of Wellington...A unique feature of the NATMS is the use of VMSS which display a mandatory speed imposed by controllers in response to an incident or prevailing traffic conditions...In February 2001 Transit New Zealand (TNZ) commissioned the operation of the Ngauranga Active Traffic Management System (NATMS) on State Highway 1, north of Wellington, New Zealand. The NATMS covers a 4 km stretch of State Highway between Johnsonville and the SH1 / SH2 Interchange. The NATMS is the first system in New Zealand to use Automatic Incident Detection (AID) and was chosen because of the challenging driving conditions which are compounded by steep terrain, numerous bends and a high degree of weaving between lanes. This in conjunction with a volume in excess of 60,000 vehicles per day and an accident rate higher than the national average were contributing factors in the introduction of the NATMS.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monitoring+Incident+and+Travel+Behaviour+Through+the+Use+of+ATMS+Architecture&rft.date=2002-09-22%2F2002-09-25&rft.au=Andrew+W+Fergus+and+David+J+Turner+%28MWH+NZ+Ltd.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipenz.org.nz%2Fipenztg%2Fpapers%2F2002_pdf%2F31_Fergus_Turner.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-75"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-75"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oesterreich.orf.at/kaernten/stories/114065/">"German: Ein Monat 'Tempo 160' auf der A10. English: A month of 'Tempo 160' on the A10"</A>. <Q>"German: Den 'Tempo 160-Test' auf der A10 bezeichnete Gorbach "allen Unkenrufen zum Trotz" als 'Meilenstein in der europäischen Verkehrspolitik'. Er betonte im Rahmen einer Pressekonferenz in Wien, dass mit Tempo 160 'nicht die Raser gefördert, sondern die Geschwindigkeit flexibilisiert' werden soll. English: '[The then Austrian Minister for Transportation Hubert] Gorbach said the 'Test Speed 160' on the A10 [motorway] was 'a milestone in European transport policy-despite all predictions to the contrary'. He said at a press conference in Vienna that a 160 limit 'does not promote speeding, but more flexible travel speeds'.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German%3A+Ein+Monat+%27Tempo+160%27+auf+der+A10.+English%3A+A+month+of+%27Tempo+160%27+on+the+A10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foesterreich.orf.at%2Fkaernten%2Fstories%2F114065%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-76"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-76"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlantaforward.blog.ajc.com/2014/09/29/moving-speed-limits-on-i-285/">"Moving speed limits on I-285"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Journal-Constitution">Atlanta Journal-Constitution</A>. September 29, 2014<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-08-22</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moving+speed+limits+on+I-285&rft.pub=Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlantaforward.blog.ajc.com%2F2014%2F09%2F29%2Fmoving-speed-limits-on-i-285%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Autobahnrichtgeschwindigkeitsverordnung-77"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Autobahnrichtgeschwindigkeitsverordnung_77-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transportrecht.de/transportrecht_content/1084451547.pdf">"Autobahnrichtgeschwindigkeitsverordnung"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> (in German). <A href="/wiki/German_Federal_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="German Federal Government">German Federal Government</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929222609/http://www.transportrecht.de/transportrecht_content/1084451547.pdf">Archived</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> from the original on 29 September 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2007-10-28</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autobahnrichtgeschwindigkeitsverordnung&rft.pub=German+Federal+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transportrecht.de%2Ftransportrecht_content%2F1084451547.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-78"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-78"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etsc.eu/documents/Speed_Fact_Sheet_1.pdf">"SPEED Fact Sheet. German Autobahn: The Speed Limit Debate"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. European Transport Safety Council. Feb 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-10-16</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>Currently, 52% of the German motorways do not have a speed limit, 15% have temporary speed limits due to weather or traffic conditions and 33% have permanent speed limits. On unlimited sections there is a 130 km/h recommendation.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SPEED+Fact+Sheet.++German+Autobahn%3A+The+Speed+Limit+Debate&rft.pub=European+Transport+Safety+Council&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etsc.eu%2Fdocuments%2FSpeed_Fact_Sheet_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-79"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-79"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvo_2013/__3.html">"§ 3 StVO: Speed"</A>. Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2014-04-29</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>Diese Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung gilt nicht [...] auf anderen Straßen mit Fahrbahnen für eine Richtung, die durch Mittelstreifen oder sonstige bauliche Einrichtungen getrennt sind. Sie gilt ferner nicht auf Straßen, die mindestens zwei durch Fahrstreifenbegrenzung (Zeichen 295) oder durch Leitlinien (Zeichen 340) markierte Fahrstreifen für jede Richtung haben.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A7+3+StVO%3A+Speed&rft.pub=Bundesministerium+der+Justiz+und+f%C3%BCr+Verbraucherschutz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fstvo_2013%2F__3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-80"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-80"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gera.de/fm/sixcms/193/09-04-30%20Gera%20LAP%20-%20Bericht.75277.pdf">"Lärmaktionsplan 2008 der Stadt Gera"</A> [Noise Action Plan of Gera 2008] <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <Q>Die Berechnung basiert dabei auf der in Deutschland gültigen Richtgeschwindigkeit von 130 km/h. Die real gefahrene Geschwindigkeit auf "freigegebenen" Autobahnabschnitten liegt jedoch deutlich höher, wie das in Abb. 54 dargestellte Beispiel von der <A href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_9" title="Bundesautobahn 9">A9</A> im Bereich <A href="/wiki/Niemegk" title="Niemegk">Niemegk</A> zeigt. Die V85 liegt teilweise bei über 170 km/h. Im Schnitt fahren deutlich über 60 % der Verkehrsteilnehmer schneller als 130 km/h. Mehr als 30 % der Verkehrsteilnehmer fahren im Schnitt schneller als 150 km/h<BR />
(English translation) Calculations are based on the German recommended speed of 130 km/h. Actual driving speeds on motorway sections is much higher, as shown in Figure 54, for example the <A href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_9" title="Bundesautobahn 9">A9</A> in <A href="/wiki/Niemegk" title="Niemegk">Niemegk</A>. The V85 [85th percentile speed] exceeds 170 km/h. On average, significantly more than 60% of road users exceed 130 km/h. More than 30% of motorists exceed 150 km/h.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%C3%A4rmaktionsplan+2008+der+Stadt+Gera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gera.de%2Ffm%2Fsixcms%2F193%2F09-04-30%2520Gera%2520LAP%2520-%2520Bericht.75277.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-81"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-81"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/06/990616165539.htm">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/06/990616165539.htm</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-82"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-82"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giz.de/expertise/downloads/Fachexpertise/giz2006-en-traffic-safety-reunification.pdf">"Traffic Safety - The German Experience after Reunification"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/Deutsche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Technische_Zusammenarbeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit">German Society for Technical Cooperation</A>. 2004-11-06<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2009-09-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traffic+Safety+-+The+German+Experience+after+Reunification&rft.pub=German+Society+for+Technical+Cooperation&rft.date=2004-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giz.de%2Fexpertise%2Fdownloads%2FFachexpertise%2Fgiz2006-en-traffic-safety-reunification.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-83"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-83"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/transport/planning/publications/transportimplicationsofthestrate.pdf">"Transport Implications of the Isle of Man Strategic Plan: Report"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. JMP Consulting. 2007-04-27<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-09-26</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transport+Implications+of+the+Isle+of+Man+Strategic+Plan%3A+Report&rft.pub=JMP+Consulting&rft.date=2007-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.im%2Flib%2Fdocs%2Ftransport%2Fplanning%2Fpublications%2Ftransportimplicationsofthestrate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-84"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-84"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astra.admin.ch/dokumentation/00119/00214/index.html?lang=en&download=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ad1IZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCDeX94hGym162epYbg2c_JjKbNoKSn6A--">"The duties of the Swiss Federal Roads Office - ASTRA - Bundesamt"</A>. 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-10-26</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>Outside of built-up areas: Prior to 1973: no restriction 1973: 100 km/h (provisional) 1977: 100 km/h (definitive) 1985: 80 km/h (trial) 1989: 80 km/h (definitive), national referendum on 26 November 1989 Motorways: Prior to 1973: no restriction 1973: 100 km/h (temporary), due to oil crisis 1974: 130 km/h (provisional) 1977: 130 km/h (definitive) 1985: 120 km/h (trial) 1989: 120 km/h (definitive), national referendum on 26 November 1989</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+duties+of+the+Swiss+Federal+Roads+Office+-+ASTRA+-+Bundesamt&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astra.admin.ch%2Fdokumentation%2F00119%2F00214%2Findex.html%3Flang%3Den%26download%3DNHzLpZeg7t%2Clnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ad1IZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCDeX94hGym162epYbg2c_JjKbNoKSn6A--&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-85"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-85"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://oesv1.orf.at/stories/358361">http://oesv1.orf.at/stories/358361</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-86"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-86"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oeamtc.at/?id=2500%2C1136024%2C%2C">http://www.oeamtc.at/?id=2500%2C1136024%2C%2C</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-87"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-87"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Darren L. Jorgenson, Kumares C. Sinha (Joint Transportation Research Program, Purdue University) (April 2000). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1812&context=jtrp">"The Development of a Speed Monitoring Program for Indiana (FHWA/IN/JTRP-98/19)"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Indiana_Department_of_Transportation" title="Indiana Department of Transportation">Indiana Department of Transportation</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-09-26</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION : 1.1 Background Information "Prior to 1974, Interstate highways through various states had different speed limits, with the exception of Montana and Nevada, which had none."</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+a+Speed+Monitoring+Program+for+Indiana+%28FHWA%2FIN%2FJTRP-98%2F19%29&rft.pub=Indiana+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2000-04&rft.au=Darren+L.+Jorgenson%2C+Kumares+C.+Sinha+%28Joint+Transportation+Research+Program%2C+Purdue+University%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.lib.purdue.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1812%26context%3Djtrp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-88"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-88"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=MT&vol=97&invol=486">FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-89"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-89"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Transport Infrastructure and Systems: Proceedings of the AIIT International Congress on Transport Infrastructure and Systems (Rome, Italy, 10–12 April 2017) Couverture Gianluca Dell'Acqua, Fred Wegman CRC Press, 16 mars 2017 - 1154 pages <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RpdDgAAQBAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=-RpdDgAAQBAJ</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-niassembly-90"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-niassembly_90-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-niassembly_90-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/publications/2015/regdev/1415.pdf">http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/publications/2015/regdev/1415.pdf</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-91"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-91"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dttas.ie/sites/default/files/upload/general/Guide_Speed_Limits_Mar_2015.pdf">http://www.dttas.ie/sites/default/files/upload/general/Guide_Speed_Limits_Mar_2015.pdf</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-93"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-93"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubsindex.trb.org/view.aspx?id=371649">"EFFECTS OF THE 65-MPH SPEED LIMIT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN OHIO"</A>. <A href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati" title="University of Cincinnati">University of Cincinnati</A>. 1992<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-07-10</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>fatal accident rates on rural Interstate highways posted at 65 mph or rural non-Interstate highways posted at 55 mph had not significantly changed after the implementation of the 65-mph speed limit.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EFFECTS+OF+THE+65-MPH+SPEED+LIMIT+ON+TRAFFIC+ACCIDENTS+IN+OHIO&rft.date=1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubsindex.trb.org%2Fview.aspx%3Fid%3D371649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-94"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-94"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sddot.com/transportation/highways/traffic/docs/speed.pdf">"South Dakota Speed Monitoring"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Department_of_Transportation" title="South Dakota Department of Transportation">South Dakota Department of Transportation</A>. 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2014-12-19</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Dakota+Speed+Monitoring&rft.pub=South+Dakota+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sddot.com%2Ftransportation%2Fhighways%2Ftraffic%2Fdocs%2Fspeed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-96"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-96"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo020131/text/20131w01.htm">"Written Answers to Questions: Road Accidents"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</A></I>. House of Commons. 2003-01-31<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-23</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>TRL research on urban speed management methods published in 1998 (TRL Report 363) found only an average 1 mph drop in speeds and no discernible accident reduction in accidents in 20 mph limits using only signs. Advisory speed limits are not normally approved in England and Wales. However, the more successful 20 mph zones that use self enforcing traffic calming features achieved average speed reductions of around 10 mph which produced a 70 per cent. reduction in child pedestrian accidents and a 48 per cent. reduction in child cyclist accidents.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hansard&rft.atitle=Written+Answers+to+Questions%3A+Road+Accidents&rft.date=2003-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200102%2Fcmhansrd%2Fvo020131%2Ftext%2F20131w01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-97"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-97"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.streetfilms.org/no-need-for-speed-20s-plenty-for-us/">http://www.streetfilms.org/no-need-for-speed-20s-plenty-for-us/</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-98"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-98"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.walk21.com/papers/Josua_Hart.pdf">http://www.walk21.com/papers/Josua_Hart.pdf</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-99"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-99"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monash.edu.au/cemo/roadsafety/abstracts_and_papers/125/hawcor.pdf">"A 50 km/h default urban speed limit for Australia?"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Monash University Accident Research Centre<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-26</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>After Norway reduced its urban speed limit from 60 km/h to 50 km/h, the average speed fell by 3.5-4 km/h and the number of fatal accidents was reduced by 45 per cent (Norwegian Traffic Safety Handbook, cited in 9)... The bulk of the casualty crash benefit relates to implementation of 50 km/h default speed limits on urban arterials currently zoned 60 km/h. Extending the default 50 km/h urban speed limit to all residential streets across Australia contributes about 6% of the total saving in casualty crashes.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+50+km%2Fh+default+urban+speed+limit+for+Australia%3F&rft.pub=Monash+University+Accident+Research+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monash.edu.au%2Fcemo%2Froadsafety%2Fabstracts_and_papers%2F125%2Fhawcor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-100"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-100"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monash.edu.au/miri/research/reports/other/nrtcspeed.html">"Evaluation of a 50 km/h Default Urban Speed Limit for Australia"</A>. Monash University Accident Research Centre. November 2001<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-09-15</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>The trial achieved reductions in average speeds of 1.5 to 2 km/h in some councils and a 7% reduction in the number of casualties and casualty crashes in the trial LGAs compared to the rest of the State.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evaluation+of+a+50+km%2Fh+Default+Urban+Speed+Limit+for+Australia&rft.pub=Monash+University+Accident+Research+Centre&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monash.edu.au%2Fmiri%2Fresearch%2Freports%2Fother%2Fnrtcspeed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-101"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-101"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Farmer, Charles M; Retting, Richard A; Lund, Adrian K (1999-09-01). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000145759900010X">"Changes in motor vehicle occupant fatalities after repeal of the national maximum speed limit"</A>. <I>Accident Analysis & Prevention</I>. <B>31</B> (5): 537–543. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0001-4575%2899%2900010-X">10.1016/S0001-4575(99)00010-X</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accident+Analysis+%26+Prevention&rft.atitle=Changes+in+motor+vehicle+occupant+fatalities+after+repeal+of+the+national+maximum+speed+limit&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=537-543&rft.date=1999-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0001-4575%2899%2900010-X&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Charles+M&rft.au=Retting%2C+Richard+A&rft.au=Lund%2C+Adrian+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS000145759900010X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ec_speed-102"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ec_speed_102-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ec_speed_102-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/specialist/knowledge/speed/speed_limits/current_speed_limit_policies.htm">"Current speed limit policies"</A>. European Commission<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-23</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>A speed limit is based on both safety and mobility considerations and increasingly also on environmental considerations.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+speed+limit+policies&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftransport%2Froad_safety%2Fspecialist%2Fknowledge%2Fspeed%2Fspeed_limits%2Fcurrent_speed_limit_policies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-bbc-107"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-bbc_107-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/7776127.stm">"UN raises child accidents alarm"</A>. <I>BBC News</I>. 2008-12-10.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UN+raises+child+accidents+alarm&rft.date=2008-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fin_depth%2F7776127.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tfhrc_p._2_group=n-108"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tfhrc_p._2_group=n_108-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#tfhrc1998">Federal Highway Administration (1998)</A> p. 2</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-BCMTv_group=n-109"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-BCMTv_group=n_109-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#BCMT2003">British Columbia Ministry of Transportation (2003)</A>, p. v 'The likelihood of a crash occurring is significantly greater for motorists traveling at speed slower and faster than the mean speed of traffic'</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-tfhrc_1998-111"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-tfhrc_1998_111-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/ref_mats/fhwasa09028/resources/Synthesis%20of%20Safety%20Researc...pdf">"Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Limits"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</A>. 1998<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2009-09-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+Safety+Research+Related+to+Speed+and+Speed+Limits&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsafety.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fspeedmgt%2Fref_mats%2Ffhwasa09028%2Fresources%2FSynthesis%2520of%2520Safety%2520Researc...pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-German_Road_Crashes_2012-112"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-German_Road_Crashes_2012_112-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">www.destatis.de (10 July 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/TransportVerkehr/Verkehrsunfaelle/PK_Unfallentwicklung_PDF.pdf?__blob=publicationFile">"Unfallentwicklung auf deutschen Straßen 2012 (Crash Development on German Roads 2012)"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistics Office)</I>. Statistisches Bundesamt<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-09-23</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>(Seite 19) Mit 29 Getöteten je 1 000 Unfälle mit Personenschaden ist das Todesrisiko auf Landstraßen fünfmal höher als auf Innerortsstraßen und auch höher als auf Autobahnen, auf denen 22 Personen je 1000 Unfälle starben. Ein Grund für das wesentlich höhere Risiko auf Landstraßen und Autobahnen ist, dass hier wesentlich schneller gefahren wird als auf Innerortsstraßen und dadurch die Unfallschwere steigt.. (Seite 20) Hauptunfallursache auf Autobahnen ist die "nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit". Im Jahr 2012 waren mehr als ein Drittel aller Unfälle mit Personenschaden auf Autobahnen Unfälle, bei denen mindestens einem Beteiligten dieses Fehlverhalten zur Last gelegt wurde. Bei insgesamt 6 587 sogenannten Geschwindigkeitsunfällen kamen 179 Menschen zu Tode, das heißt nahezu die Hälfte (46,3 %) aller Getöteten auf Autobahnen... (Seite 20) Hierbei ist allerdings zu berücksichtigen, dass die Unfallursache "nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit" häufig nicht bedeutet, dass die zulässige Höchstgeschwindigkeit überschritten worden ist. "Nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit" wird von der Polizei bei einem Unfall auch dann als Ursache erfasst, wenn ein Beteiligter für die vorliegenden Straßen- oder Witterungsverhältnisse zu schnell gefahren ist.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistisches+Bundesamt+%28Federal+Statistics+Office%29&rft.atitle=Unfallentwicklung+auf+deutschen+Stra%C3%9Fen+2012+%28Crash+Development+on+German+Roads+2012%29&rft.date=2013-07-10&rft.au=www.destatis.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FPublikationen%2FThematisch%2FTransportVerkehr%2FVerkehrsunfaelle%2FPK_Unfallentwicklung_PDF.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Check date values in: <CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|year= / |date= mismatch</CODE> (<A href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-http://www.bast.de_2011-113"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-http://www.bast.de_2011_113-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-http://www.bast.de_2011_113-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-http://www.bast.de_2011_113-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bast.de">http://www.bast.de</A> (December 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bast.de/nn_76784/DE/Publikationen/Broschueren/Dokumente/infokarten-national-englisch,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/infokarten-national-englisch.pdf">"Traffic and Accident Data: Summary Statistics - Germany"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (Federal Highway Research Institute)</I>. Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-09-10</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesanstalt+f%C3%BCr+Stra%C3%9Fenwesen+%28Federal+Highway+Research+Institute%29&rft.atitle=Traffic+and+Accident+Data%3A+Summary+Statistics+-+Germany&rft.date=2012-12&rft.au=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bast.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bast.de%2Fnn_76784%2FDE%2FPublikationen%2FBroschueren%2FDokumente%2Finfokarten-national-englisch%2CtemplateId%3Draw%2Cproperty%3DpublicationFile.pdf%2Finfokarten-national-englisch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Check date values in: <CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|year= / |date= mismatch</CODE> (<A href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-114"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-114"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Liu, Cejun; Chen, Chou-Lin (2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811090.PDF">"An Analysis of Speeding-Related Crashes:Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+Analysis+of+Speeding-Related+Crashes%3ADefinitions+and+the+Effects+of+Road+Environments&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Cejun&rft.au=Chen%2C+Chou-Lin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov%2FPubs%2F811090.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-115"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-115"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.thenewspaper.com/news/38/3801.asp">http://www.thenewspaper.com/news/38/3801.asp</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-116"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-116"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nbcdfw.com/investigations/Dallas-Freeways-Where-Almost-Everyone-Speeds-138851784.html">http://www.nbcdfw.com/investigations/Dallas-Freeways-Where-Almost-Everyone-Speeds-138851784.html</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-117"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-117"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_504.pdf">"Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Practices (Report 504)"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. National Cooperative Highway Research Program.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Design+Speed%2C+Operating+Speed%2C+and+Posted+Speed+Practices+%28Report+504%29&rft.pub=National+Cooperative+Highway+Research+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinepubs.trb.org%2Fonlinepubs%2Fnchrp%2Fnchrp_rpt_504.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-118"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-118"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_504.pdf">"Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Practices (Report 504)"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. <Q>A significant concern with the 1954 design speed concept was the language of the definition and its relationship with operational speed measures. The term "maximum safe speed" is used in the definition, and it was recognized that operating speeds and even posted speed limits can be higher than design speeds without necessarily compromising safety. In 1997, Fambro et al. (15) recommended a revised definition of design speed for the Green Book while maintaining the five provisions noted above. The definition recommended was, "The design speed is a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the roadway." The term "safe" was removed in order to avoid the perception that speeds greater than the design speed were "unsafe." The AASHTO Task Force on Geometric Design voted in November 1998 to adopt this definition and it was included in the 2001 Green Book (17).</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Design+Speed%2C+Operating+Speed%2C+and+Posted+Speed+Practices+%28Report+504%29&rft.pub=National+Cooperative+Highway+Research+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinepubs.trb.org%2Fonlinepubs%2Fnchrp%2Fnchrp_rpt_504.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-119"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-119"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Claes Tingvall & Narelle Haworth. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monash.edu.au/muarc/reports/papers/visionzero.html">"Vision Zero - An ethical approach to safety and mobility"</A>. <Q>Table 1. Possible long term maximum travel speeds related to the infrastructure, given best practice in vehicle design and 100% restraint use...</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vision+Zero+-+An+ethical+approach+to+safety+and+mobility&rft.au=Claes+Tingvall&rft.au=Narelle+Haworth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monash.edu.au%2Fmuarc%2Freports%2Fpapers%2Fvisionzero.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-120"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-120"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/national-news/eu-wants-to-slash-rural-speed-limit-2376195.html">"EU wants to slash rural speed limit"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Irish_Independent" title="Irish Independent">Irish Independent</A> newspaper. 2010-10-13<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-11-10</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>Europe's top road safety agency warned yesterday that the speed limit on our killer rural roads is too high and should be slashed by a third...The general speed limit of 100 kmh on main rural roads which do not have dividing crash barriers should be cut to 70kmh or less, an official report recommended yesterday.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+wants+to+slash+rural+speed+limit&rft.date=2010-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fnational-news%2Feu-wants-to-slash-rural-speed-limit-2376195.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-121"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-121"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nra.ie/Publications/DownloadableDocumentation/RoadDesignConstruction/file,11236,en.pdf">"NRA New Divided Road Types: Type 2 and Type 3 Dual-carriageways"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. (Ireland) National Road Authority<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-11-22</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>Type 2 Dual Carriageway: A divided all-purpose road with two lanes in each direction Type 3 Dual Carriageway: A divided all purpose road with two lanes in one direction of travel and one lane in the other direction. the two-lane section, which provides the overtaking opportunity, alternates with a one-lane section at intervals</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NRA+New+Divided+Road+Types%3A+Type+2+and+Type+3+Dual-carriageways&rft.pub=%28Ireland%29+National+Road+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nra.ie%2FPublications%2FDownloadableDocumentation%2FRoadDesignConstruction%2Ffile%2C11236%2Cen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-usdoj1-122"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-usdoj1_122-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/briefs/1989/sg890328.txt">Nevada brief</A> in <I>Nevada v. Skinner</I></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-heritage1-123"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-heritage1_123-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Copulos, Milton R. (1986-09-09). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/Research/SmartGrowth/bg532.cfm">"The High Cost of the 55 MPH Speed Limit"</A>. <A href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2007-04-19</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+High+Cost+of+the+55+MPH+Speed+Limit&rft.date=1986-09-09&rft.aulast=Copulos&rft.aufirst=Milton+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2FResearch%2FSmartGrowth%2Fbg532.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-124"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-124"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2009/2009-01-27-093.asp">"Trucking Industry Asks Congress for National 65 mph Speed Limit"</A>. Environment News Service. January 27, 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2009-02-08</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trucking+Industry+Asks+Congress+for+National+65+mph+Speed+Limit&rft.pub=Environment+News+Service&rft.date=2009-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ens-newswire.com%2Fens%2Fjan2009%2F2009-01-27-093.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Int_Panis-125"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Int_Panis_125-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Int_Panis_125-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Int Panis L, et al. (2011). "PM, NOX and CO2 emission reductions from speed management policies in Europe". <I>Transport Policy</I>. <B>18</B> (1): 32–37. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tranpol.2010.05.005">10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.05.005</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transport+Policy&rft.atitle=PM%2C+NOX+and+CO2+emission+reductions+from+speed+management+policies+in+Europe&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-37&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tranpol.2010.05.005&rft.aulast=Int+Panis&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-126"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-126"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/implementation/air/sip/speedlimit.html">"Vehicular Speed-Limit Reduction"</A>. <I>Texas Commission on Environmental Quality</I>. 2002<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-13</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Commission+on+Environmental+Quality&rft.atitle=Vehicular+Speed-Limit+Reduction&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tceq.state.tx.us%2Fimplementation%2Fair%2Fsip%2Fspeedlimit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-127"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-127"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaa.com/aboutaa/history.html">"AA History, The story of the AA since 1905"</A>. <A href="/wiki/The_Automobile_Association" title="The Automobile Association">The Automobile Association</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2008-10-26</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>A group of motoring enthusiasts met at the Trocadero restaurant in London's West End on 29 June to form the Automobile Association (the AA) – a body initially intended to help motorists avoid police speed traps.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AA+History%2C+The+story+of+the+AA+since+1905&rft.pub=The+Automobile+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaa.com%2Faboutaa%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-128"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-128"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abd.org.uk/speedobj.htm">"Speed Limits — How they are set and your Right to Object"</A>. Association of British Drivers<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speed+Limits+%E2%80%94+How+they+are+set+and+your+Right+to+Object&rft.pub=Association+of+British+Drivers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abd.org.uk%2Fspeedobj.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-129"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-129"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abd.org.uk/speed_cameras.htm">"Speed Cameras"</A>. Association of British Drivers<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-17</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>Thousands of motorists are losing their jobs, freedom and ability to earn a living. 82% of speed camera victims thought they were driving safely at the time of their conviction and were just unfortunate to be doing a few miles over the limit. 65% thought their speeding ticket was totally unjustified and felt cheated.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speed+Cameras&rft.pub=Association+of+British+Drivers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abd.org.uk%2Fspeed_cameras.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-130"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-130"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorists.org/aboutus/">"About us"</A>. National Motorists Association<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-18</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>We work for more reasonable speed limits</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us&rft.pub=National+Motorists+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorists.org%2Faboutus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-131"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-131"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorists.org/photoenforce/">"NMA Objections To Photo Enforcement"</A>. National Motorists Association<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-18</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NMA+Objections+To+Photo+Enforcement&rft.pub=National+Motorists+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorists.org%2Fphotoenforce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Autobahn-Temporegelung-132"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Autobahn-Temporegelung_132-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Autobahn-Temporegelung_132-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presse.adac.de/standpunkte/Verkehr/Autobahn_Temporegelung.asp?active1=tcm:11-18784-4">"Autobahn-Temporegelung"</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-11-22</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>German:Der ADAC hält ein allgemeines Tempolimit auf Autobahnen für nicht erforderlich... Ein Zusammenhang zwischen generellem Tempolimit und dem Sicherheitsniveau auf Autobahnen ist nicht feststellbar. Die Zahl der Getöteten auf Autobahnen pro einer Milliarde Fahrzeugkilometer liegt in Deutschland bei 2,2, mit fallender Tendenz. Zahlreiche Länder mit genereller Geschwindigkeitsbeschränkung schneiden schlechter ab, z.B. Dänemark, Belgien, Österreich, USA. In Österreich, wo ein generelles Tempolimit von 130 km/h gilt, ist die Getötetenrate auf Autobahnen etwa 1,5-mal höher als in Deutschland. English: ADAC holds a general speed limit on motorways to be unnecessary... A connection between general speed limit on highways and safety is undectable. The number of deaths on motorways per 1 billion vehicle-kilometers in Germany is 2.2 with a falling trend. Many countries fare worse with a general speed limit than Germany (e.g. Denmark, Belgium, Austria, USA). In Austria, where speed is generally 130, the death rate on motorways is about 1.5 times higher</Q></CITE> <SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Autobahn-Temporegelung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presse.adac.de%2Fstandpunkte%2FVerkehr%2FAutobahn_Temporegelung.asp%3Factive1%3Dtcm%3A11-18784-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>, Press Release, June 2010.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-133"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-133"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Lave, Charles; Elias, Patrick (February 1994). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512173343/http://www.uctc.net/papers/069.pdf">"Did the 65 mph speed limit save lives?"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I><A href="/wiki/Accident_Analysis_%26_Prevention" title="Accident Analysis & Prevention">Accident Analysis & Prevention</A></I>. Elsevier. <B>26</B> (1): 49–62. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2F0001-4575%2894%2990068-X">10.1016/0001-4575(94)90068-X</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uctc.net/papers/069.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 2011-05-12<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 Apr</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>. <Q>This study analyzes the statewide consequences of raising the speed limit, treating highways and enforcement as a total system. We find that the 65 mph speed limit reduced the statewide fatality rate by 3.4%-5.1%, compared to those states that did not raise their speed limit.on rural interstate highways [p.49] VMT grew 1.62 times faster in the 65 mph states than it did in the 55 mph states...These numbers are consistent with the expected pattern of traffic shifts [p.53]</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accident+Analysis+%26+Prevention&rft.atitle=Did+the+65+mph+speed+limit+save+lives%3F&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-62&rft.date=1994-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0001-4575%2894%2990068-X&rft.aulast=Lave&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Elias%2C+Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uctc.net%2Fpapers%2F069.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-134"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-134"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Peters, Eric (24 November 1998). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saferoads.org/press/press2006/WSJ%20Editorial%20July%207%20Safe%20At%20Any%20Speed.pdf">"Highways Are Safe at Any Speed"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I><A href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2012-02-17</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>When speed limits are set arbitrarily low--as under the old system--tailgating, weaving and "speed variance" (the problem of some cars traveling significantly faster than others) make roads less safe</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Highways+Are+Safe+at+Any+Speed&rft.date=1998-11-24&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaferoads.org%2Fpress%2Fpress2006%2FWSJ%2520Editorial%2520July%25207%2520Safe%2520At%2520Any%2520Speed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-135"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-135"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vda.de/en/meldungen/archiv/2008/03/26/2028/">"VDA opposes using speed limit to patronize the public: General Speed Limit Will Not Help with Climate Protection or Safety"</A>. Verband der Automobilindustrie. March 2008. <Q>A general speed limit on Germany's autobahns will not offer additional benefits in terms of climate protection or driving safety," said VDA Managing Director Dr. Kunibert Schmidt.. "Much more important than the mantra-like repetition of old demands are measures designed to prevent motorists from driving at speeds that are not in line with weather conditions and the flow of the surrounding traffic - the leading cause of motor vehicle accidents</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VDA+opposes+using+speed+limit+to+patronize+the+public%3A+General+Speed+Limit+Will+Not+Help+with+Climate+Protection+or+Safety&rft.pub=Verband+der+Automobilindustrie&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vda.de%2Fen%2Fmeldungen%2Farchiv%2F2008%2F03%2F26%2F2028%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-136"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-136"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cphpost.dk/news/higher-speed-limits-reducing-accidents-on-rural-roads.8662.html">"Higher speed limits reducing accidents on rural roads: Few accidents stem from cars overtaking"</A>. <Q>Nine years ago the speed limit on certain motorways was increased from 110 km/h to 130 km/h and this resulted in fewer traffic fatalities on those stretches of road.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Higher+speed+limits+reducing+accidents+on+rural+roads%3A+Few+accidents+stem+from+cars+overtaking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcphpost.dk%2Fnews%2Fhigher-speed-limits-reducing-accidents-on-rural-roads.8662.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-137"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-137"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Carsten Thomsen (11 Jul 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Indland/2012/07/11/214016.htm">"Socialists open up several highways to 130 km / h (S åbner for flere motorveje med 130 km/t)"</A>. <Q>Socialists are now open to raising the speed limit to 130 km/h on several of the country's motorways. Previously, the party was strongly opposed when the Liberal government in 2005 raised the speed limit from 110 to 130 on several stretches. However, it has not resulted in increased fatalities. Which it has convinced the Socialists, says Transport Coordinator Rasmus Prehn. 'There might be places where you can raise the limit from 110 km/h to 130 km/h. There should be a detailed assessment about that. What is important is that people get a feeling that there is a correlation between how things are and how fast you can drive, says Rasmus Prehn. The number of fatalities last year was 220, which is the lowest since World War II. Only 12 were killed on motorways. (ORIGINAL DANISH: Socialdemokraterne åbner nu for at hæve fartgrænsen til 130 kilometer i timen på flere af landets motorvejsstrækninger. Partiet var ellers stærkt imod, da VK-regeringen i 2005 hævede fartgrænsen fra 110 til 130 på en lang række strækninger. Men det har ikke betydet flere dræbte i trafikken. Og det har overbevist Socialdemokraterne. trafikordfører Rasmus Prehn. Der kan godt være steder, hvor man kan hæve grænsen fra 110 km/t til 130 km/t. Det skal der en nærmere vurdering til. Men det, der er vigtigt, er, at folk får en oplevelse af, at der er en sammenhæng mellem hvordan forholdene er, og hvor hurtigt man må køre, siger Rasmus Prehn. Antallet af trafikdræbte var sidste år 220. Det er det laveste siden Anden Verdenskrig. Kun 12 omkom på motorveje.)</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Socialists+open+up+several+highways+to+130+km+%2F+h+%28S+%C3%A5bner+for+flere+motorveje+med+130+km%2Ft%29&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft.au=Carsten+Thomsen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dr.dk%2FNyheder%2FIndland%2F2012%2F07%2F11%2F214016.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-138"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-138"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vda.de/de/publikationen/publikationen_downloads/detail.php?id=919">"Fakten gegen ein generelles Tempolimit ("Facts Against A General Speed Limit")"</A>. Mar 31, 2007. <Q>Thus, Denmark in April 2004 increased its speed limit 110 km/h to 130 km / h on all highways. Italy enacted its 2003 speed limit on six-lane highways of 130 km/h to 150 km/h...Raising the speed limits in Denmark and Italy had no negative impact on traffic safety. The number of accidental deaths even declined over the year before the increase the limit of -10% (Italy) or -15% (Denmark).(German) So hat Dänemark im April 2004 sein Tempolimit von 110 km/h auf 130 km/h auf allen Autobahnen heraufgesetzt. Italien setzte 2003 sein Tempolimit auf sechsspurigen Autobahnen von 130 km/h auf 150 km/h herauf. Auch die schwedische Regierung hat jetzt eine Anhebung des Tempolimits auf ausgewählten Streckenabschnitten wie auch auf vierspurigen Landstraßen beschlossen. ...Die Anhebung der Tempolimits in Dänemark und Italien hatten keinerlei negative Auswirkungen auf die Verkehrssicherheit. Die Zahl der Unfalltoten sank sogar gegenüber dem Jahr vor der Anhebung des Limits um –10 % (Italien) bzw. –15 %(Dänemark).</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fakten+gegen+ein+generelles+Tempolimit+%28%22Facts+Against+A+General+Speed+Limit%22%29&rft.date=2007-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vda.de%2Fde%2Fpublikationen%2Fpublikationen_downloads%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-139"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-139"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safespeed.org.uk/speedlimits.html">"Speed limits"</A>. <I>Safe Speed</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-17</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>Note that the "average" driver at the 50% percentile has a greater crash risk than the 85th percentile driver. Below the 30th percentile crash risk is significantly increased and these speeds tend to be used by less skilled and competent drivers ... Doddery old fool at 30 mph / 50 km/h on a UK "A" road suitable for 60 mph / 100 km/h. Of course he has an elevated crash risk. He does not know what he is doing ... A single vehicle in lane 3 of a busy motorway. It's obvious that as the speed is reduced below 55 mph / 90 km/h the crash risk will increase</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Safe+Speed&rft.atitle=Speed+limits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safespeed.org.uk%2Fspeedlimits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-140"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-140"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.safespeed.org.uk/">"Welcome to Safe Speed"</A>. <I>Safe Speed</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-18</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>In March we learned via Freedom of Information request that the speed camera side effects research (announced in May 2005) had been axed. It is inconceivable that the side effects DON'T cost more than 25 lives per year, meaning that speed cameras are making road safety worse. But DfT doesn't want to hear this, which is the only possible reason for axing the most important research. So here's the truth. Speed camera policy has failed catastrophically. Department for Transport KNOWS that it has failed but won't admit their deadly mistake and pull the plug.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Safe+Speed&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Safe+Speed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.safespeed.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-141"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-141"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Smith, Paul (2007-06-23). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/road-safety/2747604/Scrap-speed-cameras-now.html">"<SPAN style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</SPAN>Scrap speed cameras now<SPAN style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</SPAN>"</A>. London: The Telegraph<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Scrap+speed+cameras+now%27&rft.date=2007-06-23&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fmotoring%2Froad-safety%2F2747604%2FScrap-speed-cameras-now.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-142"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-142"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">J.S.Dean. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://issuu.com/carltonreid/docs/murder-most-foul">"Murder most foul"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Murder+most+foul&rft.au=J.S.Dean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fcarltonreid%2Fdocs%2Fmurder-most-foul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-143"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-143"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=kjyua9Ood38C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Criminal+on+the+Road++By+T.+C.+Willett#v=onepage&q=automobile%20association&f=true"><I>Criminal on the road</I></A>. Tavistock Publications. 1964. p. 102. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26416-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26416-7">978-0-415-26416-7</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2010-04-27</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>Moreover it has been the result of continued compromise between two bitterly opposed factions: those who are against the motorist and will do all they can to constrain him, and those who oppose constraints unless they are relatively minor in their effects. Examples of both sides are, respectively, the Pedestrians' Association and the Automobile Association. The survey shows also that motoring law in 1903 and 1930 wa framed by legislators who knew little of the motor vehicle.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+on+the+road&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Tavistock+Publications&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26416-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dkjyua9Ood38C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DCriminal%2Bon%2Bthe%2BRoad%2B%2BBy%2BT.%2BC.%2BWillett%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dautomobile%2520association%26f%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-144"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-144"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/english/elaws_regs_900615_e.htm">"Regulation 615 of the H.T.A"</A>. <I>E-laws Government Website</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">28 March</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E-laws+Government+Website&rft.atitle=Regulation+615+of+the+H.T.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-laws.gov.on.ca%2Fhtml%2Fregs%2Fenglish%2Felaws_regs_900615_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-145"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-145"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/roadcode/about-limits/speed-limits.html">"About limits - Speed limits"</A>. <I>The official New Zealand Road Code</I>. New Zealand Transport Agency<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 August</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>. <Q>Open road speed limits - The signs below mean that the maximum speed that you can travel at is 100 km/h.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+official+New+Zealand+Road+Code&rft.atitle=About+limits+-+Speed+limits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzta.govt.nz%2Fresources%2Froadcode%2Fabout-limits%2Fspeed-limits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-146"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-146"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Rule 21 <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/lz/c/r/australian%20road%20rules/current/1999.219.un.pdf">http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/lz/c/r/australian%20road%20rules/current/1999.219.un.pdf</A></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azdot.gov/TPD/ATRC/publications/project_reports/PDF/AZ551.PDF">Actual Speeds on the Roads Compared to the Posted Limits</A>, Final Report 551, Arizona Dept of Transportation, October 2004.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dot.state.oh.us/dist1/planning/TrafficStudies/2hj01!.pdf">Effects of Raising and Lowering Speed Limits on Selected Roadway Sections</A>, United States Publication No. FHWA-RD-97-084, January 1997.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b4469.full">Effect of 20 mph traffic speed zones on road injuries in London, 1986-2006: controlled interrupted time series analysis</A> <A href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</A> 2009.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/eng_spd_lmts/">Engineering Speed Limits - FHWA Safety Program</A> United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration, Office of Safety, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE, Washington DC 20590</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trb.org/publications/sr/sr254.pdf">Special Report 254: Managing Speed</A>, Transportation Research Board, 1998.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/1465-1.pdf">Speed: Understanding Design, Operating, and Posted Speed</A> Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Research Report 1465-1. March 1996. R.A. Krammes, K. Fitzpatrick, J.D. Blaschke, D.B. Fambro.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library5/finance/tsdw-00.asp">The Speeding Driver: Who, How and Why?</A> A research report by the Scottish government into the psychology of the speeding driver.</LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmtlgr/557/55702.htm">Transport, Local Government and the Regions - Ninth Report</A> A comprehensive UK report into the effects of speeding.</LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation journal">Elvik, R. (2012). "Speed Limits, Enforcement, and Health Consequences". <I>Annual Review of Public Health</I>. <B>33</B>: 225–238. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-publhealth-031811-124634">10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124634</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22224882">22224882</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Speed+Limits%2C+Enforcement%2C+and+Health+Consequences&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=225-238&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-publhealth-031811-124634&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22224882&rft.aulast=Elvik&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">"3.11 Fartsgrenser". <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tsh.toi.no/index.html?22141"><I>Trafikksikkerhetshåndboken</I></A> (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway: Transportøkonomisk Institutt. 2000<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 August</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.11+Fartsgrenser&rft.btitle=Trafikksikkerhetsh%C3%A5ndboken&rft.place=Oslo%2C+Norway&rft.pub=Transport%C3%B8konomisk+Institutt&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftsh.toi.no%2Findex.html%3F22141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Law_Review">Law Review</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Law Review">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<UL>
<LI><SPAN id="6_ALR3d_1326"></SPAN><CITE class="citation book">R. A. Vinluan (2008). "Indefiniteness of automobile speed regulations as affecting validity". <I>American Law Reports--Annotated, 3rd Series</I>. <B>6</B>. The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company. p. 1326.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indefiniteness+of+automobile+speed+regulations+as+affecting+validity&rft.btitle=American+Law+Reports--Annotated%2C+3rd+Series&rft.pages=1326&rft.pub=The+Lawyers+Co-operative+Publishing+Company%3B+Bancroft-Whitney%3B+West+Group+Annotation+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.au=R.+A.+Vinluan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><SPAN id="50_ALR2d_343"></SPAN><CITE class="citation book">C. C. Marvel (2010). "Meaning of "residence district," "business district," "school area," and the like, in statutes and ordinances regulating speed of motor vehicles". <I>American Law Reports--Annotated, 2nd Series</I>. <B>50</B>. The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company; Bancroft-Whitney; West Group Annotation Company. p. 343.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+%22residence+district%2C%22+%22business+district%2C%22+%22school+area%2C%22+and+the+like%2C+in+statutes+and+ordinances+regulating+speed+of+motor+vehicles&rft.btitle=American+Law+Reports--Annotated%2C+2nd+Series&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=The+Lawyers+Co-operative+Publishing+Company%3B+Bancroft-Whitney%3B+West+Group+Annotation+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.au=C.+C.+Marvel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+limit" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<TD class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <WBR /><I><B><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Speed_limit_signs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Speed limit signs">Speed limit signs</A></B></I> and <WBR /><I><B><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Driver_speed_and_relative_risk_of_an_accident" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Driver speed and relative risk of an accident">Driver speed and relative risk of an accident</A></B></I>.</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikispeedia.org/index.html">Global map of speed limits from Wikispeedia</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roadtrafficsigns.com/speed-limit-signs-history">A Walk Through The History of Speed Limit Signs in The US</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mit.edu/~jfc/laws.html">John F. Carr's State Traffic and Speed Laws</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itoworld.com/map/124">Global map of speed limits from OpenStreetMap</A></LI>
</UL>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traffic_signs" style="padding:3px">
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<DIV id="Traffic_signs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signs</TH>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Warning_sign" title="Warning sign">Warning sign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Regulatory_sign" title="Regulatory sign">Regulatory sign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prohibitory_traffic_sign" title="Prohibitory traffic sign">Prohibitory traffic sign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mandatory_sign" title="Mandatory sign">Mandatory sign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Special_regulation_sign" title="Special regulation sign">Special regulation sign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stop_sign" title="Stop sign">Stop sign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yield_sign" title="Yield sign">Yield sign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crossbuck" title="Crossbuck">Crossbuck</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dead_end_(street)#Signage" title="Dead end (street)">Dead End sign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/One-way_traffic" title="One-way traffic">One-way traffic</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Speed limit</A> (<A href="/wiki/Speed_limits_by_country" title="Speed limits by country">by country</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Advisory_speed_limit" title="Advisory speed limit">Advisory speed limit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Information_sign" title="Information sign">Information sign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Direction,_position,_or_indication_sign" title="Direction, position, or indication sign">Direction, position, or indication sign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Variable-message_sign" title="Variable-message sign">Variable-message sign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bilingual_sign" title="Bilingual sign">Bilingual sign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Driver_location_sign" title="Driver location sign">Driver location signs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Logo_sign" title="Logo sign">Logo sign</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Priority_to_the_right" title="Priority to the right">Priority to the right</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By comparison</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Comparison_of_European_road_signs" title="Comparison of European road signs">Comparison of European road signs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MUTCD-influenced_traffic_signs" title="Comparison of MUTCD-influenced traffic signs">Comparison of MUTCD-influenced traffic signs</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Comparison_of_traffic_signs_in_English-speaking_countries" title="Comparison of traffic signs in English-speaking countries">Comparison of traffic signs in English-speaking countries</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Botswana" title="Road signs in Botswana">Botswana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Mauritius" title="Road signs in Mauritius">Mauritius</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_South_Africa" title="Road signs in South Africa">South Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Zimbabwe" title="Road signs in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Azerbaijan" title="Road signs in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Bangladesh" title="Road signs in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Brunei" title="Road signs in Brunei">Brunei</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Cambodia" title="Road signs in Cambodia">Cambodia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_China" title="Road signs in China">China</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Hong_Kong" title="Road signs in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_India" title="Road signs in India">India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Indonesia" title="Road signs in Indonesia">Indonesia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Iran" title="Road signs in Iran">Iran</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Israel" title="Road signs in Israel">Israel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Japan" title="Road signs in Japan">Japan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Laos" title="Road signs in Laos">Laos</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Malaysia" title="Road signs in Malaysia">Malaysia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Nepal" title="Road signs in Nepal">Nepal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Pakistan" title="Road signs in Pakistan">Pakistan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Singapore" title="Road signs in Singapore">Singapore</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_South_Korea" title="Road signs in South Korea">South Korea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Road signs in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Thailand" title="Road signs in Thailand">Thailand</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Turkey" title="Road signs in Turkey">Turkey</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Road signs in United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Vietnam" title="Road signs in Vietnam">Vietnam</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Austria" title="Road signs in Austria">Austria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Road signs in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Road signs in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Denmark" title="Road signs in Denmark">Denmark</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Estonia" title="Road signs in Estonia">Estonia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Finland" title="Road signs in Finland">Finland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_France" title="Road signs in France">France</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Germany" title="Road signs in Germany">Germany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Greece" title="Road signs in Greece">Greece</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Iceland" title="Road signs in Iceland">Iceland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Ireland" title="Road signs in Ireland">Ireland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Italy" title="Road signs in Italy">Italy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Road signs in Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_Netherlands" title="Road signs in the Netherlands">Netherlands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Norway" title="Road signs in Norway">Norway</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Poland" title="Road signs in Poland">Poland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Sweden" title="Road signs in Sweden">Sweden</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Road signs in Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Ukraine" title="Road signs in Ukraine">Ukraine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Road signs in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gaelic_road_signs_in_Scotland" title="Gaelic road signs in Scotland">Scotland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Wales" title="Road signs in Wales">Wales</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Canada" title="Road signs in Canada">Canada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Mexico" title="Road signs in Mexico">Mexico</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_United_States" title="Road signs in the United States">United States</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Australia" title="Road signs in Australia">Australia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_New_Zealand" title="Road signs in New Zealand">New Zealand</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Argentina" title="Road signs in Argentina">Argentina</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Brazil" title="Road signs in Brazil">Brazil</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Chile" title="Road signs in Chile">Chile</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Colombia" title="Road signs in Colombia">Colombia</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lights</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traffic-light_signalling_and_operation" title="Traffic-light signalling and operation">Traffic-light signalling and operation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traffic_light_control_and_coordination" title="Traffic light control and coordination">Traffic light control and coordination</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typefaces</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeto_Normale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabeto Normale (page does not exist)">Alfabeto Normale</A> (<A href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">IT</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austria_(typeface)" title="Austria (typeface)">Austria</A> (<A href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">AT</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8res" title="Caractères">Caractères</A> (<A href="/wiki/France" title="France">FR</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Clarendon_(typeface)" title="Clarendon (typeface)">Clarendon</A> (US)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Clearview_(typeface)" title="Clearview (typeface)">Clearview</A> (US / <A href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">CA</A> / <A href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">ID</A> / <A href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">PH</A> / <A href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">LK</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/DIN_1451" title="DIN 1451">DIN 1451</A> (<A href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</A> / <A href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">SADC</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Drogowskaz" title="Drogowskaz">Drogowskaz</A> (<A href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">PL</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Enigmatic_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enigmatic (typeface) (page does not exist)">Enigmatic</A> (<A href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">JP</A> / <A href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">KR</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Highway_Gothic" title="Highway Gothic">Highway Gothic</A> (Global)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bitstream_Vera_Sans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitstream Vera Sans">Bitstream Vera Sans</A> (<A href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">TW</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frutiger_(typeface)" title="Frutiger (typeface)">Frutiger</A> (Europe)</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=GOST_10807-78&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GOST 10807-78 (page does not exist)">GOST 10807-78</A> (<A href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=GOST_R_52290-2004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GOST R 52290-2004 (page does not exist)">GOST R 52290-2004</A> (<A href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">RU</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Hangil_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hangil (typeface) (page does not exist)">Hangil</A> (<A href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">KR</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/LLM_Lettering" title="LLM Lettering">LLM Lettering</A> (<A href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">MY</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Motorway_(typeface)" title="Motorway (typeface)">Motorway</A> (Europe)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/NPS_Rawlinson_Roadway" title="NPS Rawlinson Roadway">NPS Rawlinson Roadway</A> (US)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Panno_(typeface)" title="Panno (typeface)">Panno</A> (<A href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">KR</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/SNV_(typeface)" title="SNV (typeface)">SNV</A> (<A href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">CH</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Tern_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tern (typeface) (page does not exist)">Tern</A> (Europe)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Trafikkalfabetet" title="Trafikkalfabetet">Trafikkalfabetet</A> (<A href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">NO</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transport_(typeface)" title="Transport (typeface)">Transport</A> (UK)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tratex" title="Tratex">Tratex</A> (<A href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">SE</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Vialog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vialog (page does not exist)">Vialog</A> (<A href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">JP</A>)</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conventions</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention on Road Traffic">Geneva Convention on Road Traffic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Vienna Convention on Road Traffic">Vienna Convention on Road Traffic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices" title="Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices">Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices</A> (US)</LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=SADC_Road_Traffic_Signs_Manual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SADC Road Traffic Signs Manual (page does not exist)">SADC Road Traffic Signs Manual</A> (<A href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">SADC</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traffic_Signs_Regulations_and_General_Directions" title="Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions">Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions</A> (UK)</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traffic_law_and_safety" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit" id="collapsibleTable1">
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<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Traffic_law" title="Template:Traffic law"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
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</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV id="Traffic_law_and_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Traffic" title="Traffic">Traffic law</A> and <A href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">safety</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Category:Rules_of_the_road" title="Category:Rules of the road">Rules of the road</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/All-way_stop" title="All-way stop">All-way stop</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Assured_Clear_Distance_Ahead" class="mw-redirect" title="Assured Clear Distance Ahead">Assured Clear Distance Ahead</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Australian_Road_Rules" title="Australian Road Rules">Australian Road Rules</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Boulevard_rule" title="Boulevard rule">Boulevard rule</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Green_Cross_Code" title="Green Cross Code">Green Cross Code</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Move_over_law" title="Move over law">Move over law</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Road_Code" title="New Zealand Road Code">New Zealand Road Code</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Overtaking" title="Overtaking">Overtaking</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">Right- and left-hand traffic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traffic#Priority_.28right_of_way.29" title="Traffic">Right-of-way</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/School_bus_traffic_stop_laws" title="School bus traffic stop laws">School bus traffic stop laws</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traffic_code" title="Traffic code">Traffic code</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Turn_on_red" title="Turn on red">Turn on red</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Vienna Convention on Road Traffic">Vienna Convention on Road Traffic</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Category:Road_user_guides" title="Category:Road user guides">Road user guides</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Driver%27s_manual" title="Driver's manual">Driver's manual</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Highway_Code" title="The Highway Code">The Highway Code</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Highway_Code_(Malta)" title="The Highway Code (Malta)">The Highway Code (Malta)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_Users%27_Code" title="Road Users' Code">Road Users' Code</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rules_of_the_Road_(Ireland)" title="Rules of the Road (Ireland)">Rules of the Road (Ireland)</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enforcement</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Breathalyzer" title="Breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traffic_camera" title="Traffic camera">Camera</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traffic_enforcement_camera" title="Traffic enforcement camera">Enforcement</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Red_light_camera" title="Red light camera">Red light</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Highway_patrol" title="Highway patrol">Highway patrol</A>/<A href="/wiki/State_police" title="State police">State police</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bylaw_enforcement_officer" title="Bylaw enforcement officer">Parking enforcement</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Road_traffic_control" title="Road traffic control">Road traffic control</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Textalyzer" title="Textalyzer">Textalyzer</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traffic_court" title="Traffic court">Traffic court</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traffic_guard" title="Traffic guard">Traffic guard</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traffic_stop" title="Traffic stop">Traffic stop</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Traffic_ticket" title="Traffic ticket">Traffic ticket</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Warning_(traffic_stop)" title="Warning (traffic stop)">Warning</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Speed limit</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Advisory_speed_limit" title="Advisory speed limit">Advisory speed limit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Assured_Clear_Distance_Ahead" class="mw-redirect" title="Assured Clear Distance Ahead">Assured Clear Distance Ahead</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/National_Maximum_Speed_Law" title="National Maximum Speed Law">National Maximum Speed Law</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/School_zone" title="School zone">School zone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Speed_limit_enforcement" title="Speed limit enforcement">Speed limit enforcement</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Speed_limits_by_country" title="Speed limits by country">Speed limits by country</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Speed_limits_by_country" title="Category:Speed limits by country">Category: Speed limits by country</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Moving_violation" title="Moving violation">Moving violations</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Impaired_driving_in_Canada" title="Impaired driving in Canada">Canada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Drunk_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Drunk driving in the United States">United States</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">Distracted driving</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">Mobile phones and driving</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Reckless_driving" title="Reckless driving">Reckless driving</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Street_racing" title="Street racing">Street racing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tailgating" title="Tailgating">Tailgating</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vehicular_homicide" title="Vehicular homicide">Vehicular homicide</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wrong-way_driving" title="Wrong-way driving">Wrong-way driving</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Driver%27s_license" title="Driver's license">Driver licensing</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Commercial_driver%27s_license" title="Commercial driver's license">Commercial driver's license</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">European driving licence</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Graduated_driver_licensing" title="Graduated driver licensing">Graduated driver licensing</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Inter-American_Driving_Permit" title="Inter-American Driving Permit">Inter-American Driving Permit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_Driving_Permit" title="International Driving Permit">International Driving Permit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Learner%27s_permit" title="Learner's permit">Learner's permit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Point_system_(driving)" title="Point system (driving)">Point system</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Category:Driving_licences_by_country" title="Category:Driving licences by country">Driving licences by country</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_minimum_driving_age" title="List of countries by minimum driving age">List of countries by minimum driving age</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Traffic_violations_reciprocity" title="Traffic violations reciprocity">Traffic violations reciprocity</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Commercial_Driver%27s_License_Information_System" title="Commercial Driver's License Information System">Commercial Driver's License Information System</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Driver_License_Agreement" title="Driver License Agreement">Driver License Agreement</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Driver_License_Compact" title="Driver License Compact">Driver License Compact</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Non-Resident_Violator_Compact" title="Non-Resident Violator Compact">Non-Resident Violator Compact</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">Parking</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alternate-side_parking" title="Alternate-side parking">Alternate-side parking</A></LI>
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document_title: Speed limit

token: Speed

token: limit

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: This

token: article

token: is

token: about

token: road

token: speed

token: limits

token: For

token: of

token: light

token: see

token: special

token: relativity

token: in

token: specific

token: countries

token: by

token: country

token: rail

token: Slow

token: zone

token: A

token: typical

token: km

token: h

token: sign

token: used

token: Australia

token: mph

token: the

token: United

token: States

token: Kingdom

token: and

token: Hong

token: Kong

token: Road

token: are

token: most

token: set

token: maximum

token: or

token: minimum

token: some

token: cases

question_text: how often does a speed limit sign need to be posted