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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Eighth Crusade</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<TBODY><TR>
<TD>
<TABLE class="infobox vevent" style="border-spacing:2px;;width:315px">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Eighth Crusade</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <A href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><A href="/wiki/File:SmrtLudvika91270.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="SmrtLudvika91270.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SmrtLudvika91270.jpg/250px-SmrtLudvika91270.jpg" width="250" height="264" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SmrtLudvika91270.jpg/375px-SmrtLudvika91270.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SmrtLudvika91270.jpg/500px-SmrtLudvika91270.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="596" /></A><BR />
Death of Louis IX during the siege of Tunis</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD colspan="2">
<TABLE style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH style="padding-right:1em">Date</TH>
<TD>1270</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding-right:1em">Location</TH>
<TD><SPAN class="location"><A href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding-right:1em">Result</TH>
<TD>Muslim victory<BR />
Treaty of Tunis<BR />
Death of Louis IX<BR />
Opening of trade with <A href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<BR />
changes</TH>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">Status quo ante bellum</A></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"><A href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France_(XII-XIII).svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Flag of France (XII-XIII).svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg.png" width="15" height="15" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></A> <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/File:Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Bandiera del Regno di Sicilia 4.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/15px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png" width="15" height="10" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/23px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg/30px-Bandiera_del_Regno_di_Sicilia_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="612" /></A> <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/File:Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Bandera de Reino de Navarra.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg/15px-Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg.png" width="15" height="10" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg/23px-Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg/30px-Bandera_de_Reino_de_Navarra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></A> <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</A></TD>
<TD style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"><A href="/wiki/File:Hafsid_Flag_-_Tunisia.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Hafsid Flag - Tunisia.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hafsid_Flag_-_Tunisia.svg/15px-Hafsid_Flag_-_Tunisia.svg.png" width="15" height="10" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hafsid_Flag_-_Tunisia.svg/23px-Hafsid_Flag_-_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Hafsid_Flag_-_Tunisia.svg/30px-Hafsid_Flag_-_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></A> <A href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid dynasty</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"><A href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_(France_Ancien).svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Arms of the Kings of France (France Ancien).svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg/15px-Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg.png" width="15" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg/23px-Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Kings_of_France_%28France_Ancien%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></A> <A href="/wiki/Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis IX">Louis IX</A> <A href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" title="Death by natural causes">#</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Jean_dAnjou.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Arms of Jean dAnjou.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Arms_of_Jean_dAnjou.svg/15px-Arms_of_Jean_dAnjou.svg.png" width="15" height="17" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Arms_of_Jean_dAnjou.svg/23px-Arms_of_Jean_dAnjou.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Arms_of_Jean_dAnjou.svg/30px-Arms_of_Jean_dAnjou.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></A> <A href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Naples">Charles I of Sicily</A><BR />
<A href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre_(1234_1259-1284).svg" class="image"><IMG alt="Royal Coat of Arms of Navarre (1234 1259-1284).svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre_%281234_1259-1284%29.svg/15px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre_%281234_1259-1284%29.svg.png" width="15" height="18" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre_%281234_1259-1284%29.svg/23px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre_%281234_1259-1284%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre_%281234_1259-1284%29.svg/30px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_Navarre_%281234_1259-1284%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="922" /></A> <A href="/wiki/Theobald_II_of_Navarre" title="Theobald II of Navarre">Theobald II of Navarre</A></TD>
<TD style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"><A href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_al-Mustansir" title="Muhammad I al-Mustansir">Muhammad I al-Mustansir</A></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
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<DIV id="Crusades" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><SPAN style="line-height:1.6em"><A href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</A></SPAN></DIV>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"><B>In the Holy Land (1095–1291)</B>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1101" title="Crusade of 1101">1101</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Norwegian_Crusade" title="Norwegian Crusade">Norwegian</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Venetian_Crusade" title="Venetian Crusade">Venetian</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1197" title="Crusade of 1197">1197</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade" title="Children's Crusade">Children's</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sixth_Crusade" title="Sixth Crusade">Sixth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Barons%27_Crusade" title="Barons' Crusade">Barons'</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1251)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1251)">Shepherds' 1251</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Eighth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ninth_Crusade" title="Ninth Crusade">Ninth</A></LI>
</UL>
<P><B>After 1291</B></P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crusade_of_the_Poor" title="Crusade of the Poor">Poor 1309</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1320)">Shepherds' 1320</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Smyrniote_crusades" title="Smyrniote crusades">Smyrniote 1343–1351</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Crusade" title="Alexandrian Crusade">Alexandrian 1365</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Savoyard_crusade" title="Savoyard crusade">Savoyard 1366</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Barbary_Crusade" title="Barbary Crusade">Barbary 1390</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Nicopolis 1396</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Varna 1443</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portuguese_expedition_to_Otranto" title="Portuguese expedition to Otranto">Portuguese 1481</A></LI>
</UL>
<P><B><A href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</A> (1147–1410)</B></P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wendish_Crusade" title="Wendish Crusade">Wendish 1147</A></LI>
<LI>Swedish
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/First_Swedish_Crusade" title="First Swedish Crusade">1150</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Second_Swedish_Crusade" title="Second Swedish Crusade">1249</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Third_Swedish_Crusade" title="Third Swedish Crusade">1293</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian 1198–1290</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prussian_Crusade" title="Prussian Crusade">Prussian 1217–1274</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade" title="Lithuanian Crusade">Lithuanian 1283–1410</A></LI>
</UL>
<P><B>Against Christians</B></P>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crusade" title="Bosnian Crusade">Bosnian 1235–1241</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian 1209–1229</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aragonese_Crusade" title="Aragonese Crusade">Aragonese 1284/5</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Despenser%27s_Crusade" title="Despenser's Crusade">Despenser's 1382/3</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite 1419–1434</A></LI>
</UL>
<P><B><A href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</A> (718–1492)</B></P>
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<LI><B><SPAN class="nowrap"><IMG alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <A href="/wiki/Book:The_Crusades" title="Book:The Crusades">Book:The Crusades</A></SPAN></B></LI>
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<P>The <B>Eighth Crusade</B> was a <A href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</A> launched by <A href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</A> against the city of <A href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</A> in 1270. The Eighth Crusade is sometimes counted as the Seventh, if the <A href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth</A> and <A href="/wiki/Sixth_Crusade" title="Sixth Crusade">Sixth Crusades</A> of <A href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</A> are counted as a single crusade. The <A href="/wiki/Ninth_Crusade" title="Ninth Crusade">Ninth Crusade</A> is sometimes also counted as part of the Eighth. The crusade is considered a failure after Louis died shortly after arriving on the shores of <A href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</A>, with his disease-ridden army dispersing back to <A href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</A> shortly afterwards.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP></P>
<P></P>
<DIV id="toc" class="toc">
<DIV class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Background"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Background</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Preparation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Preparation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Campaign_and_siege"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Campaign and siege</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#Literary_response"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Literary response</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Crusade&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Despite the failure of the <A href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</A>, which ended in the capture of King Louis by the <A href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</A>, the King did not lose interest in crusading. He continued to send financial aid and military support to the settlements in Outremer from 1254 to 1266.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005207–208_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005207–208-2">[2]</A></SUP> While the "crusade" of the King's brother <A href="/wiki/Charles_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Anjou">Charles of Anjou</A> against the <A href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</A> <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</A> occupied Papal attention for some years,<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005209_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005209-3">[3]</A></SUP> the advance of <A href="/wiki/Baibars" title="Baibars">Baibars</A> in <A href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</A> during the early 1260s became increasingly alarming to Christendom. The <A href="/wiki/War_of_Saint_Sabas" title="War of Saint Sabas">War of Saint Sabas</A> between <A href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</A> and <A href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</A> had drawn in the Crusader States and depleted their resources and manpower. The exhausted settlements were systematically overrun by the methodical campaigns of <A href="/wiki/Baibars" title="Baibars">Baibars</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005239–240_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005239–240-4">[4]</A></SUP> By 1265, he had raided <A href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</A> and destroyed the cathedral of <A href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</A>, captured <A href="/wiki/Caesarea" title="Caesarea">Caesarea</A> and <A href="/wiki/Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsuf">Arsuf</A> and temporarily took <A href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005240_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005240-5">[5]</A></SUP> In late 1266, Louis informed <A href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Pope Clement IV</A> that he intended to go on crusade again.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005241_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005241-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Preparation">Preparation</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Crusade&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparation">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Louis formally took the cross on 24 March 1267 at an assembly of his nobles. A second ceremony took place on 5 June 1267 before a papal legate in <A href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</A>. Louis's son-in-law, King <A href="/wiki/Theobald_II_of_Navarre" title="Theobald II of Navarre">Theobald II of Navarre</A>, who had also taken the cross, was also present.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarbaitz2007256–57_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarbaitz2007256–57-7">[7]</A></SUP> The response was less enthusiastic than to his calling of the Seventh Crusade in 1248, although its unpopularity may have been exaggerated by his chronicler <A href="/wiki/Jean_de_Joinville" title="Jean de Joinville">Jean de Joinville</A>, who was personally opposed to the venture. The crusade was set to sail from <A href="/wiki/Aigues-Mortes" title="Aigues-Mortes">Aigues-Mortes</A> in early summer 1270 in Genoese and Marseillois shipping. An <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragonese</A> contingent under <A href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I of Aragon</A> sailed from <A href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</A> in September 1269, but was caught in a storm and badly damaged; most of the survivors returned home, while one squadron under the King's natural sons Pedro Fernández and Fernán Sánchez reached <A href="/wiki/Akko" class="mw-redirect" title="Akko">Acre</A>. Too weak to engage Baibars, they soon returned to Aragon as well.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005209–210_8-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005209–210-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Louis' initial plan was to descend on the coast of Outremer by way of <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</A>. However, a new plan was developed in 1269, wherein the fleet would first descend on <A href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</A>. This change has often been attributed to the King's brother Charles of Anjou, whose newly-conquered Kingdom of Sicily would benefit from a renewal of its traditional influence on Tunis. However, the details of Charles' preparations suggest that he was not initially aware of the change of plans, which originated at the French court. Louis may have thought that Tunis was an important base of supplies for Egypt; <A href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Beaulieu" title="Geoffrey of Beaulieu">Geoffrey of Beaulieu</A> stated that the King thought that the <A href="/wiki/Khalif" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalif">Khalif</A> of Tunis, <A href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_al-Mustansir" title="Muhammad I al-Mustansir">Muhammad I al-Mustansir</A>, might be persuaded to convert to Christianity, if given military support.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005210_9-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005210-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Pope Clement ceded a tenth of the church's income in Navarre to King Theobald for the financing the crusade. The prior of <A href="/wiki/Roncesvalles" title="Roncesvalles">Roncesvalles</A> and the dean of <A href="/wiki/Tudela,_Navarre" title="Tudela, Navarre">Tudela</A> were to oversee the collection of the tenth. The preaching of the crusade in Navarre was primarily undertaken by the <A href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</A> and <A href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</A> of <A href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarbaitz2007256–57_7-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarbaitz2007256–57-7">[7]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Campaign_and_siege">Campaign and siege</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Crusade&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Campaign and siege">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>A large and well-organized fleet under Louis IX sailed from Aigues-Mortes about a month late, on 1 July 1270. The following day a second fleet under the King of Navarre sailed from <A href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</A>. The two fleets joined up at <A href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</A> on the southern coast of Sardinia.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarbaitz2007256–57_7-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarbaitz2007256–57-7">[7]</A></SUP> They landed on the Tunisian coast on 18 July. The crusaders built a fortified camp on the ruins of <A href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</A> and awaited the arrival of the Sicilian contingent under Charles of Anjou. The North African summer bred pestilence, and an epidemic of <A href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</A> swept through the crusading ranks. Louis' <A href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</A>-born son <A href="/wiki/John_Tristan" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tristan">John Tristan</A> died of the disease on 3 August. Soon Louis, too, fell sick, and died, in penitence, on a bed of ashes on 25 August. His brother Charles arrived just after his death.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005210–211_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005210–211-10">[10]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Because of further diseases the siege of Tunis was abandoned on 30 October by an agreement with the sultan. In this agreement the Christians gained free trade with Tunis, and residence for monks and priests in the city was guaranteed. After hearing of the death of Louis and the evacuation of the crusaders from Tunis, Sultan <A href="/wiki/Baibars" title="Baibars">Baibars</A> of Egypt cancelled his plan to send Egyptian troops to fight Louis in Tunis.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP> The treaty was quite beneficial to Charles of Anjou, who received one-third of a war <A href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">indemnity</A> from the Tunisians, and was promised that Hohenstaufen refugees in the sultanate would be expelled.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005211_12-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005211-12">[12]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Prince Edward of England</A> arrived with an English fleet the day before the crusaders left Tunis. The English returned to Sicily with the rest of the crusaders; the combined fleet was badly damaged in a storm off <A href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</A>. At the end of April 1271, the English continued to Acre to carry on the <A href="/wiki/Ninth_Crusade" title="Ninth Crusade">Ninth Crusade</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Literary_response">Literary response</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Crusade&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Literary response">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<P><A href="/wiki/Bertran_d%27Alamanon" title="Bertran d'Alamanon">Bertran d'Alamanon</A>, a diplomat in the service of Charles of Anjou, and <A href="/w/index.php?title=Ricaut_Bono&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ricaut Bono (page does not exist)">Ricaut Bono</A> criticised the de Papal policy of pursuing wars in Italy with money that should have gone overseas.</P>
<P>The failure of the Eighth Crusade, like those of its predecessors, caused a response to be crafted in <A href="/wiki/Occitan_literature" title="Occitan literature">Occitan poetry</A> by the <A href="/wiki/Troubadours" class="mw-redirect" title="Troubadours">troubadours</A>. The death of Louis of France especially sparked their creative output, notable considering the hostility which the troubadours had previously shown towards the French monarchy during the <A href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</A>. Three <I><A href="/wiki/Planh" title="Planh">planhs</A></I>, songs of lament, were composed for the death of Louis IX.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Guilhem_d%27Autpol" title="Guilhem d'Autpol">Guilhem d'Autpol</A> composed <I>Fortz tristors es e salvaj'a retraire</I> for Louis. <A href="/wiki/Raimon_Gaucelm_de_Bezers" title="Raimon Gaucelm de Bezers">Raimon Gaucelm de Bezers</A> composed <I>Qui vol aver complida amistansa</I> to celebrate the preparations of the Crusade in 1268, but in 1270 he had to compose <I>Ab grans trebalhs et ab grans marrimens</I> in commemoration of the French king. <A href="/wiki/Austorc_de_Segret" title="Austorc de Segret">Austorc de Segret</A> composed <I>No sai quim so, tan sui desconoissens</I>, a more general <A href="/wiki/Crusading_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusading song">Crusading song</A>, that laments Louis but also that either God or Satan is misleading Christians. He also attacks Louis' brother Charles, whom he calls the <I>caps e guitz</I> (head and guide) of the infidels, because he convinced Louis to attack Tunis and not the <A href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</A>, and he immediately negotiated a peace with the Muslims after Louis' death.</P>
<P>After the Crusade, the aged troubadour <A href="/wiki/Peire_Cardenal" title="Peire Cardenal">Peire Cardenal</A> wrote a song, <I>Totz lo mons es vestitiz et abrazatz</I> (more or less: the entire world is besieged and surrounded [by falsehood]), encouraging Louis' heir, Philip III, to go to the Holy Land to aid Edward Longshanks.</P>
<P>Satiric verses were composed in Tunis about Louis' new plan to invade Tunis: "O Louis, Tunis is the sister of Egypt! thus expect your ordeal! you will find your tomb here instead of the house of Ibn Lokman; and the eunuch Sobih will be here replaced by Munkir and Nakir.".<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Crusade&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
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<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/144695/Crusades/235540/The-Crusades-of-St-Louis#ref1184386">"The Crusades of St. Louis"</A>. Britannica<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">28 May</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Crusades+of+St.+Louis&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F144695%2FCrusades%2F235540%2FThe-Crusades-of-St-Louis%23ref1184386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighth+Crusade" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005207–208-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005207–208_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFRiley-Smith2005">Riley-Smith 2005</A>, pp. 207–208.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005209-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005209_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFRiley-Smith2005">Riley-Smith 2005</A>, p. 209.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005239–240-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005239–240_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFRiley-Smith2005">Riley-Smith 2005</A>, pp. 239–240.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005240-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005240_5-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFRiley-Smith2005">Riley-Smith 2005</A>, p. 240.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005241-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005241_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFRiley-Smith2005">Riley-Smith 2005</A>, p. 241.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarbaitz2007256–57-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarbaitz2007256–57_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarbaitz2007256–57_7-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarbaitz2007256–57_7-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFNarbaitz2007">Narbaitz 2007</A>, pp. 256–57.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005209–210-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005209–210_8-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFRiley-Smith2005">Riley-Smith 2005</A>, pp. 209–210.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005210-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005210_9-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFRiley-Smith2005">Riley-Smith 2005</A>, p. 210.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005210–211-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005210–211_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFRiley-Smith2005">Riley-Smith 2005</A>, pp. 210–211.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Al-Maqrizi, p. 69/vol.2</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005211-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith2005211_12-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFRiley-Smith2005">Riley-Smith 2005</A>, p. 211.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Verses by a contemporary Tunesian named Ahmad Ismail Alzayat (Al-Maqrizi, p.462/vol.1) – House of Ibn Lokman was the house in Al-Mansurah where Louis was imprisoned in chains after he was captured in Fariskur during the 7th Crusade and where he was under the guard of a eunuch named Sobih. According to Muslim creed Munkir and Nakir are two angels who interrogate the dead.</SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Crusade&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="refbegin" style="">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">Al-Maqrizi</A>, <I>Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk</I>, Dar al-kotob, Cairo 1997. English translation by Bohn, Henry G., <I>The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades</I>, AMS Press, 1969.</LI>
<LI>Beebe, Bruce, "The English Baronage and the Crusade of 1270," in <I>Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research</I>, vol. xlviii (118), November 1975, pp. 127–148.</LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFNarbaitz2007" class="citation book">Narbaitz, Pierre (2007). <I>Navarra o cuando los vascos tenían reyes</I>. Tafalla: Editorial Txalaparta.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navarra+o+cuando+los+vascos+ten%C3%ADan+reyes&rft.place=Tafalla&rft.pub=Editorial+Txalaparta&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Narbaitz&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighth+Crusade" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI>Paterson, Linda (2003). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.examenapium.it/meri/trovato/Paterson2003.pdf">"Lyric allusions to the crusades and the Holy Land."</A> Colston Symposium.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jean_Richard_(historian)" title="Jean Richard (historian)">Richard, Jean</A>. <I>The Crusades, C.1071-c.1291</I>, Cambridge University Press, 1999. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62566-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62566-1">0-521-62566-1</A></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFRiley-Smith2005" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith" title="Jonathan Riley-Smith">Riley-Smith, Jonathan</A> (2005) [1987]. <I>The Crusades: A History</I> (2nd ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-7270-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-7270-2">0-8264-7270-2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8264-7270-2&rft.aulast=Riley-Smith&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighth+Crusade" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE id="CITEREFStrayer1969" class="citation book"><A href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Strayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph R. Strayer">Strayer, Joseph R.</A> (1969). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=turn&entity=History.CrusTwo.p0515&id=History.CrusTwo&isize=M">"The Crusades of Louis IX"</A>. In R. L. Wolff; H. W. Hazard. <I>A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades (1189–1311)</I>. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 486–518.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Crusades+of+Louis+IX&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+II%3A+The+Later+Crusades+%281189%E2%80%931311%29&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=486-518&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Strayer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FHistory%2FHistory-idx%3Ftype%3Dturn%26entity%3DHistory.CrusTwo.p0515%26id%3DHistory.CrusTwo%26isize%3DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEighth+Crusade" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI>Throop, Palmer A., "<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2849662">Criticism of Papal Crusade Policy in Old French and Provençal</A>." <I><A href="/wiki/Speculum_(journal)" title="Speculum (journal)">Speculum</A></I>, Vol. 13, No. 4. (October, 1938), pp. 379–412.</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>

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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huiti%C3%A8me_croisade" title="Huitième croisade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Խաչակրաց ութերորդ արշավանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmi_kri%C5%BEarski_rat" title="Osmi križarski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Salib_Kedelapan" title="Perang Salib Kedelapan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI 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href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Осма крстоносна војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><A href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87" title="الحمله الصليبيه التامنه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Salib_Kelapan" title="Perang Salib Kelapan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achtste_Kruistocht" title="Achtste Kruistocht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC8%E5%9B%9E%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D" title="第8回十字軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_%C3%A5ttende_korstog" title="Det åttende korstog – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_wyprawa_krzy%C5%BCowa" title="VII wyprawa krzyżowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oitava_Cruzada" title="Oitava Cruzada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><A 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmi_kri%C5%BEarski_rat" title="Osmi križarski rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahdeksas_ristiretki" title="Kahdeksas ristiretki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><A href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikawalong_Krusada" title="Ikawalong Krusada – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_8" title="สงครามครูเสดครั้งที่ 8 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekizinci_Ha%C3%A7l%C4%B1_Seferi" title="Sekizinci Haçlı Seferi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Восьмий хрестовий похід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_t%E1%BB%B1_chinh_th%E1%BB%A9_t%C3%A1m" title="Thập tự chinh thứ tám – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81" title="第八次十字军东征 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				</UL>
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document_title: Eighth Crusade

token: Eighth

token: Crusade

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: <Table>

token: <Tr>

token: <Td>

token: <Th colspan="2">

token: <Td colspan="2">

token: Part

token: of

token: the

token: Crusades

token: Death

token: Louis

token: IX

token: during

token: siege

token: Tunis

token: <Th>

token: Date

token: Location

token: Tunisia

token: Result

token: Muslim

token: victory

token: Treaty

token: Opening

token: trade

token: with

token: Territorial

token: changes

token: Status

token: quo

token: ante

token: bellum

token: </Table>

token: Belligerents

token: Kingdom

token: France

token: Sicily

token: Navarre

token: Hafsid

token: dynasty

token: Commanders

token: and

token: leaders

token: српскохрватски

question_text: who occupied the holy land after the 8th crusade