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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Menstruation</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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				<DIV id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><DIV class="mw-parser-output"><DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about humans. For other mammals, see <A href="/wiki/Menstruation_(mammal)" title="Menstruation (mammal)">Menstruation (mammal)</A>.</DIV>
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Figure showing the progression of the menstrual cycle and the different hormones contributing to it.</DIV>
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<P><B>Menstruation</B>, also known as a <B>period</B> or <B>monthly</B>,<SUP id="cite_ref-Jones2011_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Jones2011-1">[1]</A></SUP> is the regular discharge of blood and <A href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucosal tissue</A> (known as menses) from the <A href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">inner lining of the uterus</A> through the <A href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014Men-2">[2]</A></SUP> The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age, a point in time known as <A href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">menarche</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Jones2011_1-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Jones2011-1">[1]</A></SUP> However, periods may occasionally start as young as eight years old and still be considered normal.<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014Men-2">[2]</A></SUP> The average age of the first period is generally later in the <A href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</A>, and earlier in the <A href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Diaz2006_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Diaz2006-3">[3]</A></SUP> The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women, and 21 to 31 days in adults (an average of 28 days).<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014Men-2">[2]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Diaz2006_3-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Diaz2006-3">[3]</A></SUP> Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days.<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014Men-2">[2]</A></SUP> Menstruation stops occurring after <A href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</A>, which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age.<SUP id="cite_ref-NIH2013Def_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NIH2013Def-4">[4]</A></SUP> Periods also stop during <A href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</A> and typically do not resume during the initial months of <A href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014Men-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Up to 80% of women report having some symptoms prior to menstruation.<SUP id="cite_ref-AFP2011_5-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-AFP2011-5">[5]</A></SUP> Common signs and symptoms include <A href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">acne</A>, tender breasts, bloating, feeling tired, irritability, and mood changes.<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014PMS_6-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014PMS-6">[6]</A></SUP> These may interfere with normal life, therefore qualifying as <A href="/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome" title="Premenstrual syndrome">premenstrual syndrome</A>, in 20 to 30% of women.<SUP id="cite_ref-AFP2011_5-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-AFP2011-5">[5]</A></SUP> In 3 to 8%, symptoms are severe.<SUP id="cite_ref-AFP2011_5-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-AFP2011-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P>A lack of periods, known as <A href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">amenorrhea</A>, is when periods do not occur by age 15 or have not occurred in 90 days.<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014Men-2">[2]</A></SUP> Other problems with the menstrual cycle include <A href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">painful periods</A> and <A href="/wiki/Abnormal_uterine_bleeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Abnormal uterine bleeding">abnormal bleeding</A> such as bleeding between periods or heavy bleeding.<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014Men-2">[2]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Menstruation_(mammal)" title="Menstruation (mammal)">Menstruation in other animals</A> occurs in <A href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</A>, such as <A href="/wiki/Apes" class="mw-redirect" title="Apes">apes</A> and <A href="/wiki/Monkeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkeys">monkeys</A>, as well as <A href="/wiki/Bats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bats">bats</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Elephant_shrew" title="Elephant shrew">elephant shrew</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Kris2013_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Kris2013-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycle</A> occurs due to the rise and fall of <A href="/wiki/Hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormones">hormones</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014Men-2">[2]</A></SUP> This cycle results in the thickening of the lining of the uterus, and the growth of an <A href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">egg</A>, (which is required for <A href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</A>).<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014Men-2">[2]</A></SUP> The egg is released from an ovary around day fourteen in the cycle; the thickened lining of the uterus provides <A href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</A> to an embryo after <A href="/wiki/Implantation_(human_embryo)" title="Implantation (human embryo)">implantation</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014Men-2">[2]</A></SUP> If pregnancy does not occur, the lining is released in what is known as menstruation.<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014Men-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Onset_and_frequency"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Onset and frequency</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Health_effects"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Health effects</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><A href="#Cramps"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Cramps</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Mood_and_behavior"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Mood and behavior</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Bleeding"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Bleeding</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Menstrual_disorders"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Menstrual disorders</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#Ovulation_suppression"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Ovulation suppression</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Birth_control"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Birth control</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Breastfeeding"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Breastfeeding</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><A href="#Menstrual_management"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Menstrual management</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><A href="#Disposable_products"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Disposable products</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#Reusable_products"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Reusable products</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Non-commercial_items"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Non-commercial items</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="#Society_and_culture"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Society and culture</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><A href="#Traditions_and_taboos"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Traditions and taboos</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><A href="#Islam"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Islam</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><A href="#Judaism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Judaism</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><A href="#Hinduism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Hinduism</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><A href="#Christianity"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Christianity</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><A href="#Secular_culture"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Secular culture</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><A href="#Other"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Other</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><A href="#Sexual_activity"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Sexual activity</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><A href="#Education"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Education</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><A href="#Cost"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Cost</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><A href="#Evolution"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Evolution</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Onset_and_frequency">Onset and frequency</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Lining_of_Uterine_Wall.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lining_of_Uterine_Wall.jpg/220px-Lining_of_Uterine_Wall.jpg" width="220" height="155" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lining_of_Uterine_Wall.jpg/330px-Lining_of_Uterine_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Lining_of_Uterine_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="269" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Lining_of_Uterine_Wall.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Diagram illustrating how the <A href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">uterus lining</A> builds up and breaks down during the menstrual cycle.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>The first menstrual period occurs after the onset of pubertal growth, and is called <A href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">menarche</A>. The average age of menarche is 12 to 15.<SUP id="cite_ref-Jones2011_1-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Jones2011-1">[1]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP> However, it may start as early as eight.<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014Men-2">[2]</A></SUP> The average age of the first period is generally later in the <A href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</A>, and earlier in the <A href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Diaz2006_3-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Diaz2006-3">[3]</A></SUP> The average age of menarche has changed little in the United States since the 1950s.<SUP id="cite_ref-Diaz2006_3-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Diaz2006-3">[3]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Menstruation is the most visible phase of the menstrual cycle and its beginning is used as the marker between cycles. The first day of menstrual bleeding is the date used for the last menstrual period (LMP). The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women, and 21 to 31 days in adults (an average of 28 days).<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014Men-2">[2]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Diaz2006_3-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Diaz2006-3">[3]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Perimenopause" class="mw-redirect" title="Perimenopause">Perimenopause</A> is when fertility in a female declines, and menstruation occurs less regularly in the years leading up to the final menstrual period, when a female stops menstruating completely and is no longer fertile. The medical definition of <A href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</A> is one year without a period and typically occurs between 45 and 55 in Western countries.<SUP id="cite_ref-NIH2013Def_4-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-NIH2013Def-4">[4]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-isbn_0674013433_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-isbn_0674013433-10">[10]</A></SUP><SUP class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<SPAN>p. 381</SPAN></SUP></P>
<P>During pregnancy and for some time after childbirth, menstruation does not occur; this state is known as <A href="/wiki/Amenorrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenorrhoea">amenorrhoea</A>. If menstruation has not resumed, fertility is low during <A href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</A>. The average length of postpartum amenorrhoea is longer when certain <A href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</A> practices are followed; this may be done intentionally as <A href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Health_effects">Health effects</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome" title="Premenstrual syndrome">Premenstrual syndrome</A></DIV>
<P>In most women, various physical changes are brought about by fluctuations in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle. This includes muscle contractions of the uterus (menstrual cramping) that can precede or accompany menstruation. Some may notice water retention, changes in sex drive, fatigue, breast tenderness, or nausea. <A href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</A> swelling and discomfort may be caused by water retention during menstruation.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP> Usually, such sensations are mild, and some females notice very few physical changes associated with menstruation. A healthy diet, reduced consumption of salt, caffeine and alcohol, and regular exercise may be effective for women in controlling some symptoms.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-12">[12]</A></SUP> Severe symptoms that disrupt daily activities and functioning may be diagnosed as <A href="/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder" title="Premenstrual dysphoric disorder">premenstrual dysphoric disorder</A>. Symptoms before menstruation are known as premenstrual molimina.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Cramps">Cramps</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</A></DIV>
<P>Many women experience painful cramps, also known as <A href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">dysmenorrhea</A>, during menstruation.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP> Pain results from <A href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemia</A> and muscle contractions. Spiral arteries in the secretory endometrium constrict, resulting in ischemia to the secretory endometrium. This allows the uterine lining to slough off. The myometrium contracts spasmodically in order to push the menstrual fluid through the cervix and out of the vagina. The contractions are mediated by a release of <A href="/wiki/Prostaglandins" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandins">prostaglandins</A>.</P>
<P>Painful menstrual cramps that result from an excess of prostaglandin release are referred to as primary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea usually begins within a year or two of menarche, typically with the onset of ovulatory cycles.<SUP id="cite_ref-merckmanuals.com_14-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-merckmanuals.com-14">[14]</A></SUP> Treatments that target the mechanism of pain include <A href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs">non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</A> (NSAIDs) and hormonal contraceptives. NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin production. With long-term treatment, hormonal birth control reduces the amount of uterine fluid/tissue expelled from the uterus. Thus resulting in shorter, less painful menstruation.<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP> These drugs are typically more effective than treatments that do not target the source of the pain (e.g. acetaminophen).<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-16">[16]</A></SUP> Risk factors for primary dysmenorrhea include: early age at menarche, long or heavy menstrual periods, smoking, and a family history of dysmenorrhea.<SUP id="cite_ref-merckmanuals.com_14-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-merckmanuals.com-14">[14]</A></SUP> Regular physical activity may limit the severity of uterine cramps.<SUP id="cite_ref-merckmanuals.com_14-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-merckmanuals.com-14">[14]</A></SUP></P>
<P>For many women, primary dysmenorrhea gradually subsides in late second generation. Pregnancy has also been demonstrated to lessen the severity of dysmenorrhea, when menstruation resumes. However, dysmenorrhea can continue until <A href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</A>. 5–15% of women with dysmenorrhea experience symptoms severe enough to interfere with daily activities.<SUP id="cite_ref-merckmanuals.com_14-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-merckmanuals.com-14">[14]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Secondary_dysmenorrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary dysmenorrhea">Secondary dysmenorrhea</A> is the diagnosis given when menstruation pain is a secondary cause to another disorder. Conditions causing secondary dysmenorrhea include <A href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</A>, <A href="/wiki/Uterine_fibroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine fibroids">uterine fibroids</A>, and uterine adenomyosis. Rarely, congenital malformations, <A href="/wiki/Intrauterine_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrauterine devices">intrauterine devices</A>, certain cancers, and pelvic infections cause secondary dysmenorrhea.<SUP id="cite_ref-merckmanuals.com_14-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-merckmanuals.com-14">[14]</A></SUP> Symptoms include pain spreading to hips, lower back and thighs, nausea, and frequent diarrhea or constipation.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP> If the pain occurs between menstrual periods, lasts longer than the first few days of the period, or is not adequately relieved by the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or hormonal contraceptives, women should be evaluated for secondary causes of dysmenorrhea.<SUP id="cite_ref-isbn_0674013433_10-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-isbn_0674013433-10">[10]</A></SUP><SUP class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<SPAN>p. 379</SPAN></SUP></P>
<P>When severe pelvic pain and bleeding suddenly occur or worsen during a cycle, the woman or girl should be evaluated for <A href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic pregnancy</A> and <A href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">spontaneous abortion</A>. This evaluation begins with a pregnancy test and should be done as soon as unusual pain begins, because ectopic pregnancies can be life‑threatening.<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In some cases, stronger physical and emotional or psychological sensations may interfere with normal activities, and include menstrual <A href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</A> (<A href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">dysmenorrhea</A>), <A href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</A> headaches, and depression. <A href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</A>, or severe uterine pain, is particularly common for young females (one study found that 67.2% of girls aged 13–19 have it).<SUP id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-19">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The medications in the <A href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</A> (NSAIDs) class are commonly used to relieve menstrual cramps. Some herbs are also claimed to help.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-20">[20]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Mood_and_behavior">Mood and behavior</SPAN></H3>
<P>Some women experience emotional disturbances starting one or two weeks before their period, and stopping soon after the period has started.<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014PMS_6-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014PMS-6">[6]</A></SUP> Symptoms may include mental tension, <A href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">irritability</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mood_swings" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood swings">mood swings</A>, and crying spells. Problems with concentration and memory may occur.<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014PMS_6-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014PMS-6">[6]</A></SUP> There may also be <A href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</A> or <A href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Women2014PMS_6-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Women2014PMS-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P>This is part of <A href="/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome" title="Premenstrual syndrome">premenstrual syndrome</A> (PMS) and is estimated to occur in 20 to 30% of women. In 3 to 8% it is severe.<SUP id="cite_ref-AFP2011_5-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-AFP2011-5">[5]</A></SUP></P>
<P>More severe symptoms of anxiety or depression may be signs of <A href="/wiki/Premenstrual_dysphoric_disorder" title="Premenstrual dysphoric disorder">premenstrual dysphoric disorder</A> (PMDD). Rarely, in individuals who are susceptible, menstruation may be a trigger for <A href="/wiki/Menstrual_psychosis" title="Menstrual psychosis">menstrual psychosis</A>.</P>
<P>Extreme psychological stress can also result in periods stopping.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Bleeding">Bleeding</SPAN></H3>
<P>The average volume of menstrual fluid during a monthly menstrual period is 35 milliliters (2.4 tablespoons of menstrual fluid) with 10–80 milliliters (1–6 tablespoons of menstrual fluid) considered typical. Menstrual fluid is the correct name for the flow, although many people prefer to refer to it as menstrual blood. Menstrual fluid contains some blood, as well as cervical mucus, vaginal secretions, and endometrial tissue. Menstrual fluid is reddish-brown, a slightly darker color than venous blood.<SUP id="cite_ref-isbn_0674013433_10-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-isbn_0674013433-10">[10]</A></SUP><SUP class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<SPAN>p. 381</SPAN></SUP></P>
<P>About half of menstrual fluid is blood. This blood contains sodium, calcium, phosphate, iron, and chloride, the extent of which depends on the woman. As well as blood, the fluid consists of cervical mucus, vaginal secretions, and endometrial tissue. Vaginal fluids in menses mainly contribute water, common electrolytes, organ moieties, and at least 14 proteins, including glycoproteins.<SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Many mature females notice blood clots during menstruation. These appear as clumps of blood that may look like tissue. If there are questions (for example, was there a miscarriage?), examination under a microscope can confirm if it was endometrial tissue or pregnancy tissue (products of conception) that was shed.<SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP> Sometimes menstrual clots or shed endometrial tissue is incorrectly thought to indicate an early-term miscarriage of an embryo. An <A href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</A> called <A href="/wiki/Plasmin" title="Plasmin">plasmin</A> – contained in the endometrium – tends to inhibit the blood from <A href="/wiki/Blood_clotting" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood clotting">clotting</A>.</P>
<P>The amount of iron lost in menstrual fluid is relatively small for most women.<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP> In one study, premenopausal women who exhibited symptoms of <A href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron deficiency (medicine)">iron deficiency</A> were given endoscopies. 86% of them actually had <A href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">gastrointestinal disease</A> and were at risk of being misdiagnosed simply because they were menstruating.<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP> Heavy menstrual bleeding, occurring monthly, can result in anemia.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Menstrual_disorders">Menstrual disorders</SPAN></H3>
<P>There is a wide spectrum of differences in how women experience menstruation. There are several ways that someone's menstrual cycle can differ from the norm, any of which should be discussed with a doctor to identify the underlying cause:</P>
<TABLE class="wikitable">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH>Symptom</TH>
<TH>See article</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Infrequent periods</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Oligomenorrhea" title="Oligomenorrhea">Oligomenorrhea</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Short or extremely light periods</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hypomenorrhea" title="Hypomenorrhea">Hypomenorrhea</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Too-frequent periods (defined as more frequently than every 21 days)</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Polymenorrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymenorrhea">Polymenorrhea</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Extremely heavy or long periods (one guideline is soaking a <A href="/wiki/Sanitary_napkin" title="Sanitary napkin">sanitary napkin</A> or <A href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">tampon</A> every hour or so, or menstruating for longer than 7 days)</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Hypermenorrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypermenorrhea">Hypermenorrhea</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Extremely painful periods</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Breakthrough bleeding (also called spotting) between periods; normal in many females</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Metrorrhagia" title="Metrorrhagia">Metrorrhagia</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Absent periods</TD>
<TD><A href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">Amenorrhea</A></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P>There is a movement among gynecologists to discard the terms noted above, which although they are widely used, do not have precise definitions. Many now argue to describe menstruation in simple terminology, including:</P>
<UL>
<LI>Cycle regularity (irregular, regular, or absent)</LI>
<LI>Frequency of menstruation (frequent, normal, or infrequent)</LI>
<LI>Duration of menstrual flow (prolonged, normal, or shortened)</LI>
<LI>Volume of menstrual flow (heavy, normal, or light)<SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
<P><A href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_uterine_bleeding" title="Dysfunctional uterine bleeding">Dysfunctional uterine bleeding</A> is a hormonally caused bleeding abnormality. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding typically occurs in premenopausal women who do not ovulate normally (i.e. are <A href="/wiki/Anovulatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Anovulatory">anovulatory</A>). All these bleeding abnormalities need medical attention; they may indicate hormone imbalances, uterine fibroids, or other problems. As pregnant women may bleed, a <A href="/wiki/Pregnancy_test" title="Pregnancy test">pregnancy test</A> forms part of the evaluation of abnormal bleeding.</P>
<P>Women who had undergone <A href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</A> (particularly type III- <A href="/wiki/Infibulation" title="Infibulation">infibulation</A>) a practice common in parts of <A href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</A>, may experience menstrual problems, such as slow and painful menstruation, that is caused by the near-complete sealing off of the vagina.<SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Premature or delayed menarche should be investigated if menarche begins before 9 years, if menarche has not begun by age 15, if there is no breast development by age 13, or if there is no period by 3 years after the onset of breast development.<SUP id="cite_ref-Diaz2006_3-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Diaz2006-3">[3]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Ovulation_suppression">Ovulation suppression</SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Birth_control">Birth control</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Pillpacketopen.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pillpacketopen.jpg/220px-Pillpacketopen.jpg" width="220" height="156" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Pillpacketopen.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="170" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Pillpacketopen.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Half-used blister pack of a combined oral contraceptive. The white pills are <A href="/wiki/Placebos" class="mw-redirect" title="Placebos">placebos</A>, mainly for the purpose of reminding the woman to continue taking the pills.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Since the late 1960s, many women have chosen to control the frequency of menstruation with <A href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">hormonal birth control pills</A>. They are most often combined hormone pills containing <A href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</A> and are taken in 28-day cycles, 21 hormonal pills with either a 7-day break from pills, or 7 placebo pills during which the woman menstruates. Hormonal birth control acts by using low doses of hormones to prevent ovulation, and thus prevent pregnancy in sexually active women. But by using placebo pills for a 7-day span during the month, a regular bleeding period is still experienced.</P>
<P>Injections such as <A href="/wiki/Depo-provera" class="mw-redirect" title="Depo-provera">depo-provera</A> became available in the 1960s. Progestogen implants such as <A href="/wiki/Norplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Norplant">Norplant</A> in the 1980s and <A href="/wiki/Extended_cycle_combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended cycle combined oral contraceptive pill">extended cycle combined oral contraceptive pills</A> in the early 2000s.</P>
<P>Using synthetic hormones, it is possible for a woman to completely eliminate menstrual periods.<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP> When using progestogen implants, menstruation may be reduced to 3 or 4 menstrual periods per year. By taking progestogen-only contraceptive pills (sometimes called the 'mini-pill') continuously without a 7-day span of using placebo pills, menstrual periods do not occur. Some women do this simply for convenience in the short-term,<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP> while others prefer to eliminate periods altogether when possible.</P>
<P>Some women use hormonal contraception in this way to eliminate their periods for months or years at a time, a practice called menstrual suppression. When the first birth control pill was being developed, the researchers were aware that they could use the contraceptive to space menstrual periods up to 90 days apart, but they settled on a 28-day cycle that would mimic a natural menstrual cycle and produce monthly periods. The intention behind this decision was the hope of the inventor, John Rock, to win approval for his invention from the Roman Catholic Church. That attempt failed, but the 28-day cycle remained the standard when the pill became available to the public.<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP> There is debate among medical researchers about the potential long-term impacts of these practices upon female health. Some researchers point to the fact that historically, females have had far fewer menstrual periods throughout their lifetimes, a result of shorter life expectancies, as well as a greater length of time spent pregnant or breast-feeding, which reduced the number of periods experienced by females.<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP> These researchers believe that the higher number of menstrual periods by females in modern societies may have a negative impact upon their health. On the other hand, some researchers believe there is a greater potential for negative impacts from exposing females perhaps unnecessarily to regular low doses of synthetic hormones over their reproductive years.<SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Lactational_amenorrhea_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactational amenorrhea method">Lactational amenorrhea method</A></DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</A> causes negative feedback to occur on pulse secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Depending on the strength of the negative feedback, breastfeeding women may experience complete suppression of follicular development, follicular development but no ovulation, or normal menstrual cycles may resume.<SUP id="cite_ref-mcneilly_33-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-mcneilly-33">[33]</A></SUP> Suppression of ovulation is more likely when suckling occurs more frequently.<SUP id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_34-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-34">[34]</A></SUP> The production of <A href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</A> in response to suckling is important to maintaining lactational amenorrhea.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP> On average, women who are fully breastfeeding whose infants suckle frequently experience a return of menstruation at fourteen and a half months postpartum. There is a wide range of response among individual breastfeeding women, however, with some experiencing return of menstruation at two months and others remaining amenorrheic for up to 42 months postpartum.<SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[36]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Menstrual_management">Menstrual management</SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">Feminine hygiene</A></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Menstrual_hygiene_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual hygiene day">Menstrual hygiene day</A></DIV>
<P>Menstruation is managed by menstruating women to avoid damage to clothing or to accord with norms of public life. Menstrual management practices range from medical suppression of menstruation, through wearing special garments or other items, washing or avoidance of washing, disposal and laundry of stained materials, to separation of menstruators to particular places or activities.</P>
<P>Menstrual products (also called "<A href="/wiki/Feminine_hygiene" title="Feminine hygiene">feminine hygiene</A>" products) are made to absorb or catch menstrual blood. A number of different products are available - some are disposable, some are reusable. Where women can afford it, items used to absorb or catch menses are usually commercially manufactured products.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Disposable_products">Disposable products</SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tmulti tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:386px;max-width:386px">
<DIV class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:191px;max-width:191px">
<DIV class="thumbimage"><A href="/wiki/File:Sanitary_towel_1.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Disposable sanitary napkin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sanitary_towel_1.jpg/189px-Sanitary_towel_1.jpg" width="189" height="142" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sanitary_towel_1.jpg/284px-Sanitary_towel_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sanitary_towel_1.jpg/378px-Sanitary_towel_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">Disposable <A href="/wiki/Sanitary_napkin" title="Sanitary napkin">sanitary napkin</A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:191px;max-width:191px">
<DIV class="thumbimage"><A href="/wiki/File:Tampon_with_plastic_applicator.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Tampon in plastic applicator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tampon_with_plastic_applicator.jpg/189px-Tampon_with_plastic_applicator.jpg" width="189" height="142" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tampon_with_plastic_applicator.jpg/284px-Tampon_with_plastic_applicator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tampon_with_plastic_applicator.jpg/378px-Tampon_with_plastic_applicator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><A href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">Tampon</A> in plastic applicator</DIV>
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<DIV style="clear:left"></DIV>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sanitary_napkin" title="Sanitary napkin">Sanitary napkins</A> (also called sanitary towels or pads) – Rectangular pieces of material worn attached to the underwear to absorb menstrual flow, often with an adhesive backing to hold the pad in place. Disposable pads may contain <A href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</A> or <A href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</A> products, usually with a plastic lining and bleached.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tampon" title="Tampon">Tampons</A> – Disposable cylinders of treated <A href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</A>/cotton blends or all-cotton fleece, usually bleached, that are inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual flow.</LI>
<LI>Disposable <A href="/wiki/Menstrual_cups" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual cups">menstrual cups</A> made of soft plastic – A firm, flexible cup-shaped device worn inside the vagina to collect menstrual flow.</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Reusable_products">Reusable products</SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:354px;max-width:354px">
<DIV class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:126px;max-width:126px">
<DIV class="thumbimage"><A href="/wiki/File:Coupe-menstruelle.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Menstrual cup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coupe-menstruelle.jpg/124px-Coupe-menstruelle.jpg" width="124" height="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coupe-menstruelle.jpg/186px-Coupe-menstruelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Coupe-menstruelle.jpg/248px-Coupe-menstruelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="713" /></A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><A href="/wiki/Menstrual_cup" title="Menstrual cup">Menstrual cup</A></DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:224px;max-width:224px">
<DIV class="thumbimage"><A href="/wiki/File:Clothpad.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Cloth menstrual pad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Clothpad.jpg/222px-Clothpad.jpg" width="222" height="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Clothpad.jpg/333px-Clothpad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Clothpad.jpg/444px-Clothpad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1049" /></A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><A href="/wiki/Cloth_menstrual_pad" title="Cloth menstrual pad">Cloth menstrual pad</A></DIV>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Menstrual_cup" title="Menstrual cup">Menstrual cups</A> – A firm, flexible bell-shaped device worn inside the vagina to collect menstrual flow. Menstrual cups are usually made of silicone and can last 5 years or longer.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cloth_menstrual_pad" title="Cloth menstrual pad">Reusable cloth pads</A> – Pads that are made of cotton (often <A href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic</A>), <A href="/wiki/Terrycloth" title="Terrycloth">terrycloth</A>, or <A href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">flannel</A>, and may be handsewn (from material or reused old clothes and towels) or storebought.</LI>
<LI>Padded panties or period-proof underwear – Reusable cloth (usually cotton) <A href="/wiki/Undergarment" title="Undergarment">underwear</A> with extra absorbent layers sewn in to absorb flow. Some also use patented technology to be leak resistant, such as the brand <A href="/wiki/THINX" class="mw-redirect" title="THINX">THINX</A>.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_sponge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea sponge">Sea sponges</A> – Natural sponges, worn internally like a tampon to absorb menstrual flow.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Blanket" title="Blanket">Blanket</A>, <A href="/wiki/Towel" title="Towel">towel</A> – (also known as a <A href="/wiki/Draw_sheet" title="Draw sheet">draw sheet</A>) – large reusable piece of cloth, most often used at night, placed between legs to absorb menstrual flow.</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Non-commercial_items">Non-commercial items</SPAN></H3>
<P>In developing countries, many poor women cannot afford commercial feminine hygiene products. Instead, they use materials found in the environment or other improvised materials. Absorption materials that may be used by women who cannot afford anything else include: sand, ash, small hole in earth,<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_37-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-37">[37]</A></SUP> cloth, whole leaf, leaf fibre (such as water hyacinth, banana, papyrus, cotton fibre), paper (toilet paper, re-used newspaper, pulped and dried paper),<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP> animal pelt e.g. goat skin,<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_37-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-37">[37]</A></SUP> double layer of underwear, skirt or <A href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Amra_Padatik_India.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Amra_Padatik_India.jpg/220px-Amra_Padatik_India.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Amra_Padatik_India.jpg/330px-Amra_Padatik_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Amra_Padatik_India.jpg/440px-Amra_Padatik_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Amra_Padatik_India.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Amra Padatik India, celebration of <A href="/wiki/Menstrual_Hygiene_Day" title="Menstrual Hygiene Day">Menstrual Hygiene Day</A> in India</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Traditions_and_taboos">Traditions and taboos</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</A></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Menstrual_taboo" title="Menstrual taboo">Menstrual taboo</A></DIV>
<P>Many religions have menstruation-related traditions.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Islam">Islam</SPAN></H4>
<P>Islam prohibits sexual contact with women during menstruation in the 2nd chapter of the Quran. Women are exempted from <A href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</A> (prayer). They are also prohibited from fasting and obligatory fasts of <A href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</A> are to be performed during other days. During menses pilgrimages are allowed; however, circumambulation of the <A href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</A> is prohibited and is to be performed during other times.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Judaism">Judaism</SPAN></H4>
<P>The laws of <A href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</A> in <A href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</A> may ban certain actions during menstruation (such as sexual intercourse in some movements of Judaism) or rituals performed at the end of each menses (such as the <I><A href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">mikvah</A></I>). Some traditional societies sequester women in residences called "menstrual huts" that are reserved for that exclusive purpose.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Hinduism">Hinduism</SPAN></H4>
<P>In <A href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</A>, it is also frowned upon to go to a temple and do <I><A href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">pooja</A></I> (i.e., pray) or do <I>pooja</I> at religious events if one is menstruating. <A href="/wiki/Metaformic_Theory" title="Metaformic Theory">Metaformic Theory</A>, as proposed by cultural theorist <A href="/wiki/Judy_Grahn" title="Judy Grahn">Judy Grahn</A> and others, places menstruation as a central organizing idea in the creation of culture<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP> and the formation of humans' earliest rituals.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Christianity">Christianity</SPAN></H4>
<P>Although most Christian denominations do not follow any specific or prescribed rites for menstruation, Western civilization, which has been predominantly Christian, has a history of menstrual <A href="/wiki/Taboos" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboos">taboos</A>, with menstruating women having been believed to be dangerous.<SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[41]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Secular_culture">Secular culture</SPAN></H4>
<P><A href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">Anthropologists</A>, Lock and Nguyen (2010), have noted that the heavy medicalization of the reproductive life-stages of women in the West, mimic power structures that are deemed, in other cultural practices, to function as a form of "<A href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">social control</A>".<SUP id="cite_ref-Lock_42-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Lock-42">[42]</A></SUP> Medicalization of the stages of women's lives, such as birth and menstruation, has enlivened a feminist perspective that investigates the social implications of <A href="/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">biomedicine</A>’s practice. "[C]ultural analysis of reproduction…attempts to show how women…exhibit resistance and create dominant alternative meanings about the body and reproduction to those dominant among the medical profession."<SUP id="cite_ref-Lock_42-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Lock-42">[42]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Other">Other</SPAN></H4>
<P>In some parts of South Asia, women are isolated during menstruation. In 2005, in <A href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme Court</A> abolished the practice of <A href="/wiki/Chhaupadi" title="Chhaupadi">chhaupadi</A>, keeping women in cow-sheds during menstruation.<SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[43]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Sexual_activity">Sexual activity</SPAN></H3>
<P><A href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</A> during menstruation does not cause damage in and of itself, but the woman's body is more vulnerable during this time. Vaginal pH is higher and thus less acidic than normal,<SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[44]</A></SUP> the cervix is lower in its position, the cervical opening is more dilated, and the uterine endometrial lining is absent, thus allowing organisms direct access to the bloodstream through the numerous blood vessels that nourish the uterus. All these conditions increase the chance of infection during menstruation.<SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[45]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</SPAN></H3>
<P>Menstruation education is frequently taught in combination with sex education in the US, although one study suggests that girls would prefer their mothers to be the primary source of information about menstruation and puberty.<SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[46]</A></SUP> A Nigerian study showed the following breakdown in menstruation education: “parents of 56.1%, friends of 53.18%, books of 45.56%, teachers of 44.15%, internet of 45.19%, and health centers of 54.14%” held the most influence in terms of menstruation education.<SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[47]</A></SUP> Information about menstruation is often shared among friends and peers, which may promote a more positive outlook on puberty.<SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[48]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The quality of menstrual education in a society determines the accuracy of people's understanding of the process.<SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[49]</A></SUP> This is in part due to the segregation of male and female peers during educational sessions. Failure to teach an accurate understanding of menstruation to students of all genders has social implications for gendered relationships and the objectification of women’s bodies. Discomfort arises when students do not have access to the same information, reinforcing the belief “that menstruation is gross and should be kept hidden”.<SUP id="cite_ref-:02_50-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:02-50">[50]</A></SUP> Girls are encouraged to conceal the fact that they may be menstruating in order to be considered desirable. Sexual harassment and teasing about menstruation cause girls anxiety as they must struggle to ensure that they give no sign of menstruation.<SUP id="cite_ref-:02_50-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:02-50">[50]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Effective educational programs are essential to providing children and adolescents with clear and accurate information about menstruation. Several education and sexual health experts have studied the key features necessary for such programs. Some experts maintain that schools are an appropriate place for menstrual education to take place because they are an institution that young people attend consistently. Schools are intended to expand students’ knowledge and thus serve as an appropriate site for conveying menstrual education.<SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[51]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Other experts argue that programs led by peers or third-party agencies are more effective than those taught in the school classroom. This may be due to the use of small group interactions, the ability of these programs to target specific populations, or the possibility that many teenagers choose to participate voluntarily in these programs, rather than being mandated to attend school programs.<SUP id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-52">[52]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Cost">Cost</SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Tampon_tax" title="Tampon tax">Tampon tax</A></DIV>
<P>The cost of commercial products for menstrual management is considered to be unacceptably high for many women. At least half a million women across the world do not have enough money to adequately afford these products. This can result in missing school or even dropping out.<SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[53]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Known as "period poverty" this situation has resulted in efforts to eliminate taxes on these products. A study by the WHO and UNICEF showed that one out of five women in Scotland have been forced to improvise with items including toilet paper and old clothes due to the high cost of commercial products.</P>
<P>In July 2017, a pilot program began in Scotland to have free sanitary products available at schools and food banks for women who cannot afford them. Further to this half year pilot program, Scotland's opposition Labour Party intends to introduce a bill to make this permanent. Scotland is the first country to ban period poverty.<SUP id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-54">[54]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2015 a petition was put forward in England seeking the elimination of the 5% "tampon tax". The government voted in favour but it has yet to be implemented due to <A href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</A> complications. In England, one in ten women between 14 and 21 cannot afford menstrual management products.</P>
<P>In the United States, nine states have eliminated the tampon tax, and seven states have introduced legislation. In January 2018, California rejected a proposal to eliminate tampon tax.<SUP id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-55">[55]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Evolution">Evolution</SPAN></H2>
<P>All female <A href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">placental mammals</A> have a uterine lining that builds up when the animal is fertile, but it is dismantled when the animal is infertile. Most <A href="/wiki/Female_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Female mammals">female mammals</A> have an <A href="/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">estrous cycle</A>, yet only primates (including humans), several species of <A href="/wiki/Chiroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiroptera">bats</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Elephant_shrew" title="Elephant shrew">elephant shrews</A> have a menstrual cycle.<SUP id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-56">[56]</A></SUP> (Killer whales, <I><A href="/wiki/Orcinus_orca" class="mw-redirect" title="Orcinus orca">Orcinus orca</A></I>, are one of the few species to experience menopause.) Some anthropologists have questioned the energy cost of rebuilding the <A href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</A> every fertility cycle. However, anthropologist Beverly Strassmann has proposed that the energy savings of not having to <I>continuously</I> maintain the uterine lining more than offsets energy cost of having to rebuild the lining in the next fertility cycle, even in species such as humans where much of the lining is lost through bleeding (overt menstruation) rather than reabsorbed (covert menstruation).<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid_8693059_57-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid_8693059-57">[57]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-obsolete_58-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-obsolete-58">[58]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Many have questioned the evolution of overt menstruation in humans and related species, speculating on what advantage there could be to losing blood associated with dismantling the endometrium, rather than absorbing it, as most mammals do. Humans do, in fact, reabsorb about two-thirds of the endometrium each cycle. Strassmann asserts that overt menstruation occurs not because it is beneficial in itself. Rather, the fetal development of these species requires a more developed endometrium, one which is too thick to reabsorb completely. Strassman correlates species that have overt menstruation to those that have a large uterus relative to the adult female body size.<SUP id="cite_ref-pmid_8693059_57-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-pmid_8693059-57">[57]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Beginning in 1971, some research suggested that menstrual cycles of cohabiting human females became synchronized. A few anthropologists hypothesized that in hunter-gatherer societies, males would go on hunting journeys whilst the females of the tribe were menstruating, speculating that the females would not have been as receptive to sexual relations while menstruating.<SUP id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-59">[59]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-60">[60]</A></SUP> However, there is currently significant dispute as to whether <A href="/wiki/McClintock_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="McClintock effect">menstrual synchrony</A> exists.<SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[61]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">Menstrual cycle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Menstrual_Hygiene_Day" title="Menstrual Hygiene Day">Menstrual Hygiene Day</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-Jones2011-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Jones2011_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Jones2011_1-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Jones2011_1-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=pj_ourS3PBMC&pg=PA94"><I>Women's Gynecologic Health</I></A>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2011. p. 94. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780763756376" title="Special:BookSources/9780763756376">9780763756376</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120253/https://books.google.ca/books?id=pj_ourS3PBMC&pg=PA94">Archived</A> from the original on 26 June 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Gynecologic+Health&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780763756376&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpj_ourS3PBMC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Women2014Men-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-7"><SUP><I><B>h</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-8"><SUP><I><B>i</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-9"><SUP><I><B>j</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-10"><SUP><I><B>k</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-11"><SUP><I><B>l</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014Men_2-12"><SUP><I><B>m</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626134338/http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/menstruation.html">"Menstruation and the menstrual cycle fact sheet"</A>. <I>Office of Women's Health</I>. 23 December 2014. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/menstruation.html">the original</A> on 26 June 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">25 June</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Women%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Menstruation+and+the+menstrual+cycle+fact+sheet&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenshealth.gov%2Fpublications%2Four-publications%2Ffact-sheet%2Fmenstruation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Diaz2006-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Diaz2006_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Diaz2006_3-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Diaz2006_3-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Diaz2006_3-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Diaz2006_3-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Diaz2006_3-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on, Adolescence; American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Adolescent Health, Care; Diaz, A; Laufer, MR; Breech, LL (November 2006). "Menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign". <I>Pediatrics</I>. <B>118</B> (5): 2245–50. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2006-2481">10.1542/peds.2006-2481</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079600">17079600</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Menstruation+in+girls+and+adolescents%3A+using+the+menstrual+cycle+as+a+vital+sign.&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2245-50&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.2006-2481&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17079600&rft.aulast=American+Academy+of+Pediatrics+Committee+on&rft.aufirst=Adolescence&rft.au=American+College+of+Obstetricians+and+Gynecologists+Committee+on+Adolescent+Health%2C+Care&rft.au=Diaz%2C+A&rft.au=Laufer%2C+MR&rft.au=Breech%2C+LL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-NIH2013Def-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-NIH2013Def_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-NIH2013Def_4-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/Pages/default.aspx">"Menopause: Overview"</A>. <I>nichd.nih.gov</I>. 28 June 2013. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111845/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/menopause/Pages/default.aspx">Archived</A> from the original on 2 April 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 March</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nichd.nih.gov&rft.atitle=Menopause%3A+Overview&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichd.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Ftopics%2Fmenopause%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-AFP2011-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-AFP2011_5-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-AFP2011_5-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-AFP2011_5-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-AFP2011_5-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Biggs, WS; Demuth, RH (15 October 2011). "Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder". <I>American Family Physician</I>. <B>84</B> (8): 918–24. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22010771">22010771</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Premenstrual+syndrome+and+premenstrual+dysphoric+disorder.&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=918-24&rft.date=2011-10-15&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22010771&rft.aulast=Biggs&rft.aufirst=WS&rft.au=Demuth%2C+RH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Women2014PMS-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014PMS_6-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014PMS_6-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014PMS_6-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Women2014PMS_6-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150628073755/http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/premenstrual-syndrome.html">"Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) fact sheet"</A>. <I>Office on Women's Health</I>. 23 December 2014. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/premenstrual-syndrome.html">the original</A> on 28 June 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">23 June</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+on+Women%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Premenstrual+syndrome+%28PMS%29+fact+sheet&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenshealth.gov%2Fpublications%2Four-publications%2Ffact-sheet%2Fpremenstrual-syndrome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Kris2013-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Kris2013_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Kristin H. Lopez (2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=M4kEdSnS-pkC&pg=PA53"><I>Human Reproductive Biology</I></A>. Academic Press. p. 53. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123821850" title="Special:BookSources/9780123821850">9780123821850</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621165031/https://books.google.ca/books?id=M4kEdSnS-pkC&pg=PA53">Archived</A> from the original on 21 June 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Reproductive+Biology&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780123821850&rft.au=Kristin+H.+Lopez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4kEdSnS-pkC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Martin RD (2007). "The evolution of human reproduction: a primatological perspective". <I>Am. J. Phys. Anthropol</I>. Suppl 45: 59–84. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.20734">10.1002/ajpa.20734</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046752">18046752</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Phys.+Anthropol.&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+human+reproduction%3A+a+primatological+perspective&rft.volume=Suppl+45&rft.pages=59-84&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.20734&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18046752&rft.au=Martin+RD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Karapanou, O.; Papadimitriou, A. (2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958977">"Determinants of menarche"</A>. <I>Reprod Biol Endocrinol</I>. <B>8</B>: 115. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1186%2F1477-7827-8-115">10.1186/1477-7827-8-115</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958977">2958977</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20920296">20920296</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reprod+Biol+Endocrinol&rft.atitle=Determinants+of+menarche.&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=115&rft.date=2010&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2958977&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20920296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1477-7827-8-115&rft.aulast=Karapanou&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Papadimitriou%2C+A.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2958977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-isbn_0674013433-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-isbn_0674013433_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-isbn_0674013433_10-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-isbn_0674013433_10-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Ziporyn, Karen J. Carlson, Stephanie A. Eisenstat, Terra (2004). <I>The new Harvard guide to women's health</I>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01343-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01343-3">0-674-01343-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+Harvard+guide+to+women%27s+health&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-674-01343-3&rft.aulast=Ziporyn&rft.aufirst=Karen+J.+Carlson%2C+Stephanie+A.+Eisenstat%2C+Terra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Price WA, Giannini AJ (1983). "Binge eating during menstruation". <I>The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry</I>. <B>44</B> (11): 431. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6580290">6580290</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Binge+eating+during+menstruation&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=431&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6580290&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=WA&rft.au=Giannini%2C+AJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-12"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/water-retention/WO00130">"Water retention: Relieve this premenstrual symptom"</A>. Mayo Clinic. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925030511/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/water-retention/WO00130">Archived</A> from the original on 25 September 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 September</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+retention%3A+Relieve+this+premenstrual+symptom&rft.pub=Mayo+Clinic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.com%2Fhealth%2Fwater-retention%2FWO00130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Ju, Hong; Jones, Mark; Mishra, Gita (1 January 2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/1/104">"The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dysmenorrhea"</A>. <I>Epidemiologic Reviews</I>. <B>36</B> (1): 104–113. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1093%2Fepirev%2Fmxt009">10.1093/epirev/mxt009</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0193-936X">0193-936X</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24284871">24284871</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625061251/http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/1/104">Archived</A> from the original on 25 June 2016.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epidemiologic+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Prevalence+and+Risk+Factors+of+Dysmenorrhea&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104-113&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.issn=0193-936X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24284871&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fepirev%2Fmxt009&rft.aulast=Ju&rft.aufirst=Hong&rft.au=Jones%2C+Mark&rft.au=Mishra%2C+Gita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepirev.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F36%2F1%2F104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-merckmanuals.com-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-merckmanuals.com_14-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-merckmanuals.com_14-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-merckmanuals.com_14-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-merckmanuals.com_14-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-merckmanuals.com_14-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/dysmenorrhea?qt=dysmenorrhea+&alt=sh">"Dysmenorrhea - Gynecology and Obstetrics"</A>. <I>Merck Manuals Professional Edition</I>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910233709/http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menstrual-abnormalities/dysmenorrhea?qt=dysmenorrhea+&alt=sh">Archived</A> from the original on 10 September 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merck+Manuals+Professional+Edition&rft.atitle=Dysmenorrhea+-+Gynecology+and+Obstetrics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckmanuals.com%2Fprofessional%2Fgynecology-and-obstetrics%2Fmenstrual-abnormalities%2Fdysmenorrhea%3Fqt%3Ddysmenorrhea%2B%26alt%3Dsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/2001/11000/Menstrual_Reduction_With_Extended_Use_of.11.aspx">"Menstrual Reduction With Extended Use of Combination Oral Co... : Obstetrics & Gynecology"</A>. LWW Journals. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109161456/http://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/2001/11000/Menstrual_Reduction_With_Extended_Use_of.11.aspx">Archived</A> from the original on 9 November 2013.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Menstrual+Reduction+With+Extended+Use+of+Combination+Oral+Co...+%3A+Obstetrics+%26+Gynecology&rft.pub=LWW+Journals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2Fgreenjournal%2FAbstract%2F2001%2F11000%2FMenstrual_Reduction_With_Extended_Use_of.11.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-16"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Marjoribanks, Jane; Ayeleke, Reuben Olugbenga; Farquhar, Cindy; Proctor, Michelle (30 July 2015). "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea". <I>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</I> (7): CD001751. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001751.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD001751.pub3</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-493X">1469-493X</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26224322">26224322</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Nonsteroidal+anti-inflammatory+drugs+for+dysmenorrhoea&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=CD001751&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft.issn=1469-493X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26224322&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD001751.pub3&rft.aulast=Marjoribanks&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Ayeleke%2C+Reuben+Olugbenga&rft.au=Farquhar%2C+Cindy&rft.au=Proctor%2C+Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/conditions/09/25/healthmag.period.makeover/index.html?iref=mpstoryview">"Period makeovers: Fixes for heavy bleeding, cramps, PMS - CNN.com"</A>. <I>CNN</I>. 25 September 2007. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626134528/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/HEALTH/conditions/09/25/healthmag.period.makeover/index.html?iref=mpstoryview">Archived</A> from the original on 26 June 2015.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Period+makeovers%3A+Fixes+for+heavy+bleeding%2C+cramps%2C+PMS+-+CNN.com&rft.date=2007-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2007%2FHEALTH%2Fconditions%2F09%2F25%2Fhealthmag.period.makeover%2Findex.html%3Firef%3Dmpstoryview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-clinical">"Ectopic Pregnancy Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination"</A>. <I>emedicine.medscape.com</I>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329020606/http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2041923-clinical">Archived</A> from the original on 29 March 2013.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emedicine.medscape.com&rft.atitle=Ectopic+Pregnancy+Clinical+Presentation%3A+History%2C+Physical+Examination&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F2041923-clinical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-19"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Sharma P, Malhotra C, Taneja DK, Saha R (2008). "Problems related to menstruation amongst adolescent girls". <I>Indian J Pediatr</I>. <B>75</B> (2): 125–9. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12098-008-0018-5">10.1007/s12098-008-0018-5</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18334791">18334791</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+J+Pediatr&rft.atitle=Problems+related+to+menstruation+amongst+adolescent+girls&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-9&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12098-008-0018-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18334791&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Malhotra%2C+C&rft.au=Taneja%2C+DK&rft.au=Saha%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-20"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Gayle, A. Alleman. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/natural-medicine/herbal-remedies/herbal-remedies-for-menstruation.htm">"Herbal Remedies for Menstruation"</A>. <I>howstuffworks</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 April</SPAN> 2018</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=howstuffworks&rft.atitle=Herbal+Remedies+for+Menstruation&rft.aulast=Gayle&rft.aufirst=A.+Alleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth.howstuffworks.com%2Fwellness%2Fnatural-medicine%2Fherbal-remedies%2Fherbal-remedies-for-menstruation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Meczekalski, B; Katulski, K; Czyzyk, A; Podfigurna-Stopa, A; Maciejewska-Jeske, M (November 2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207953">"Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and its influence on women's health"</A>. <I>Journal of endocrinological investigation</I>. <B>37</B> (11): 1049–56. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40618-014-0169-3">10.1007/s40618-014-0169-3</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4207953">4207953</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25201001">25201001</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+endocrinological+investigation&rft.atitle=Functional+hypothalamic+amenorrhea+and+its+influence+on+women%27s+health.&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1049-56&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4207953&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25201001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40618-014-0169-3&rft.aulast=Meczekalski&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Katulski%2C+K&rft.au=Czyzyk%2C+A&rft.au=Podfigurna-Stopa%2C+A&rft.au=Maciejewska-Jeske%2C+M&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4207953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Farage, Miranda (22 Mar 2013). <I>The Vulva: Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology</I>. CRC Press. pp. 155–158.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vulva%3A+Anatomy%2C+Physiology%2C+and+Pathology&rft.pages=155-158&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft.aulast=Farage&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://women.webmd.com/menstrual-blood-problems-clots-color-and-thickness">"Menstrual blood problems: Clots, color and thickness"</A>. WebMD. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110923151848/http://women.webmd.com/menstrual-blood-problems-clots-color-and-thickness">Archived</A> from the original on 23 September 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 September</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Menstrual+blood+problems%3A+Clots%2C+color+and+thickness&rft.pub=WebMD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwomen.webmd.com%2Fmenstrual-blood-problems-clots-color-and-thickness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthro.illinois.edu/people/kclancy">Clancy, Kate</A> (27 July 2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/context-and-variation/2011/07/27/iron-deficiency-anemia/">"Iron-deficiency is not something you get just for being a lady"</A>. SciAm. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317152812/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/context-and-variation/2011/07/27/iron-deficiency-anemia/">Archived</A> from the original on 17 March 2012.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iron-deficiency+is+not+something+you+get+just+for+being+a+lady&rft.pub=SciAm&rft.date=2011-07-27&rft.au=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthro.illinois.edu%2Fpeople%2Fkclancy+Clancy%2C+Kate%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fcontext-and-variation%2F2011%2F07%2F27%2Firon-deficiency-anemia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Kepczyk T, Cremins JE, Long BD, Bachinski MB, Smith LR, McNally PR (January 1999). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v94/n1/full/ajg199914a.html">"A prospective, multidisciplinary evaluation of premenopausal women with iron-deficiency anemia"</A>. <I>Am. J. Gastroenterol</I>. <B>94</B> (1): 109–15. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1572-0241.1999.00780.x">10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00780.x</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9934740">9934740</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Gastroenterol.&rft.atitle=A+prospective%2C+multidisciplinary+evaluation+of+premenopausal+women+with+iron-deficiency+anemia&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-15&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1572-0241.1999.00780.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9934740&rft.aulast=Kepczyk&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Cremins%2C+JE&rft.au=Long%2C+BD&rft.au=Bachinski%2C+MB&rft.au=Smith%2C+LR&rft.au=McNally%2C+PR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fajg%2Fjournal%2Fv94%2Fn1%2Ffull%2Fajg199914a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Fraser IS, Critchley HO, Munro MG, Broder M (2007). "Can we achieve international agreement on terminologies and definitions used to describe abnormalities of menstrual bleeding?". <I>Hum Reprod</I>. <B>22</B> (3): 635–43. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fdel478">10.1093/humrep/del478</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204526">17204526</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hum+Reprod&rft.atitle=Can+we+achieve+international+agreement+on+terminologies+and+definitions+used+to+describe+abnormalities+of+menstrual+bleeding%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=635-43&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fdel478&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17204526&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=IS&rft.au=Critchley%2C+HO&rft.au=Munro%2C+MG&rft.au=Broder%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/health_consequences_fgm/en/">"Health risks of female genital mutilation (FGM)"</A>. <I>World Health Organization</I>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035132/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/health_consequences_fgm/en/">Archived</A> from the original on 29 November 2014.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Health+risks+of+female+genital+mutilation+%28FGM%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Freproductivehealth%2Ftopics%2Ffgm%2Fhealth_consequences_fgm%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/womens-health/WO00069">"Delaying your period with birth control pills"</A>. Mayo Clinic. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926085226/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/womens-health/WO00069">Archived</A> from the original on 26 September 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 September</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delaying+your+period+with+birth+control+pills&rft.pub=Mayo+Clinic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.com%2Fhealth%2Fwomens-health%2FWO00069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/830.aspx?CategoryID=60&SubCategoryID=179">"How can I delay my period while on holiday?"</A>. National Health Service, United Kingdom. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805003602/http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/830.aspx?CategoryID=60&SubCategoryID=179">Archived</A> from the original on 5 August 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 September</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+can+I+delay+my+period+while+on+holiday%3F&rft.pub=National+Health+Service%2C+United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhs.uk%2Fchq%2FPages%2F830.aspx%3FCategoryID%3D60%26SubCategoryID%3D179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/monthly-period2.htm">"Do you really need to have a period every month?"</A>. Discovery Health. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208020920/http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/human-biology/monthly-period2.htm">Archived</A> from the original on 8 February 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 September</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+you+really+need+to+have+a+period+every+month%3F&rft.pub=Discovery+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.howstuffworks.com%2Flife%2Fhuman-biology%2Fmonthly-period2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Amy Lind; Stephanie Brzuzy (2007). <I>Battleground: Women, Gender, and Sexuality: Volume 2: M–Z</I>. Greenwood. p. 348. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34039-0">978-0-313-34039-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battleground%3A+Women%2C+Gender%2C+and+Sexuality%3A+Volume+2%3A+M%E2%80%93Z&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34039-0&rft.au=Amy+Lind&rft.au=Stephanie+Brzuzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Kam, Katherine. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/features/no-more-periods">"Eliminate periods with birth control?"</A>. WebMD. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902083010/http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/features/no-more-periods">Archived</A> from the original on 2 September 2011<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 September</SPAN> 2011</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eliminate+periods+with+birth+control%3F&rft.pub=WebMD&rft.aulast=Kam&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fsex%2Fbirth-control%2Ffeatures%2Fno-more-periods&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-mcneilly-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-mcneilly_33-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">McNeilly AS (2001). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publish.csiro.au/journals/abstractHTML.cfm?J=RD&V=13&I=8&F=RD01056abs.XML">"Lactational control of reproduction"</A>. <I>Reprod. Fertil. Dev</I>. <B>13</B> (7–8): 583–90. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1071%2FRD01056">10.1071/RD01056</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11999309">11999309</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030529233346/http://www.publish.csiro.au/journals/abstractHTML.cfm?J=RD&V=13&I=8&F=RD01056abs.XML">Archived</A> from the original on 29 May 2003.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reprod.+Fertil.+Dev.&rft.atitle=Lactational+control+of+reproduction&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=583-90&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FRD01056&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11999309&rft.au=McNeilly+AS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publish.csiro.au%2Fjournals%2FabstractHTML.cfm%3FJ%3DRD%26V%3D13%26I%3D8%26F%3DRD01056abs.XML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-autogenerated1-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_34-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Kippley, John; Sheila Kippley (1996). <I>The Art of Natural Family Planning</I> (4th ed.). Cincinnati, OH: The Couple to Couple League. p. 347. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-926412-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-926412-13-2">0-926412-13-2</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Natural+Family+Planning&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+OH&rft.pages=347&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=The+Couple+to+Couple+League&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-926412-13-2&rft.aulast=Kippley&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sheila+Kippley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Stallings JF, Worthman CM, Panter-Brick C, Coates RJ (February 1996). "Prolactin response to suckling and maintenance of postpartum amenorrhea among intensively breastfeeding Nepali women". <I>Endocr. Res</I>. <B>22</B> (1): 1–28. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.3109%2F07435809609030495">10.3109/07435809609030495</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8690004">8690004</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocr.+Res.&rft.atitle=Prolactin+response+to+suckling+and+maintenance+of+postpartum+amenorrhea+among+intensively+breastfeeding+Nepali+women&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=1996-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F07435809609030495&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8690004&rft.aulast=Stallings&rft.aufirst=JF&rft.au=Worthman%2C+CM&rft.au=Panter-Brick%2C+C&rft.au=Coates%2C+RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117232155/http://www.ccli.org/nfp/ebf/spacebabies.php">"Breastfeeding: Does It Really Space Babies?"</A>. <I>The Couple to Couple League International</I>. Internet Archive. 17 January 2008. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccli.org/nfp/ebf/spacebabies.php">the original</A> on 17 January 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 September</SPAN> 2008</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Couple+to+Couple+League+International&rft.atitle=Breastfeeding%3A+Does+It+Really+Space+Babies%3F&rft.date=2008-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccli.org%2Fnfp%2Febf%2Fspacebabies.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>, which cites:</SPAN>
<DL>
<DD><CITE class="citation journal">Kippley SK, Kippley JF (November–December 1972). "The relation between breastfeeding and amenorrhea". <I>Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing</I>. <B>1</B> (4): 15–21. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1552-6909.1972.tb00558.x">10.1111/j.1552-6909.1972.tb00558.x</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4485271">4485271</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Obstetric%2C+Gynecologic%2C+%26+Neonatal+Nursing&rft.atitle=The+relation+between+breastfeeding+and+amenorrhea&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=15-21&rft.date=1972-11%2F1972-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1552-6909.1972.tb00558.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4485271&rft.aulast=Kippley&rft.aufirst=SK&rft.au=Kippley%2C+JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></DD>
<DD><CITE class="citation journal">Sheila Kippley (November–December 1986 and January–February 1987). "Breastfeeding survey results similar to 1971 study". <I>The CCL News</I>. <B>13</B> (3): 10.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+CCL+News&rft.atitle=Breastfeeding+survey+results+similar+to+1971+study&rft.chron=November%E2%80%93December+1986+and+January%E2%80%93February+1987&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=10&rft.au=Sheila+Kippley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> <SPAN style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Check date values in: <CODE style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</CODE> (<A href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</A>)</SPAN> and <B>13</B>(4): 5.</DD>
</DL>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-:0-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:0_37-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:0_37-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Tamiru, S., Mamo, K., Acidria, P., Mushi, R., Satya Ali, C., Ndebele, L. (2015) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.developmentbookshelf.com/doi/abs/10.3362/1756-3488.2015.009">Towards a sustainable solution for school menstrual hygiene management: cases of Ethiopia, Uganda, South-Sudan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe</A>. Waterlines, Vol. 34, No.1</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">House, S., Mahon, T., Cavill, S. (2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2210">Menstrual hygiene matters - A resource for improving menstrual hygiene around the world</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924112420/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2210">Archived</A> 24 September 2015 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. WaterAid, UK</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Chin, L. (2014) Period of shame - The Effects of Menstrual Hygiene Management on Rural Women and Girls' Quality of Life in Savannakhet, Laos [Master's thesis] LUMID International Master programme in applied International Development and Management <A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/4442938">http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/4442938</A> [accessed 10 August 2015]</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metaformia.org/articles/emergence-of-metaformic-consciousness/">"The Emergence of Metaformic Consciousness"</A>. <I>www.metaformia.org</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2018-01-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metaformia.org&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Metaformic+Consciousness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metaformia.org%2Farticles%2Femergence-of-metaformic-consciousness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/f/frazer/james/golden/chapter60.html">"The Golden Bough : a study of magic and religion, by Sir James George Frazer : LX. Between Heaven and Earth"</A>. <I>ebooks.adelaide.edu.au</I>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180225/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/f/frazer/james/golden/chapter60.html">Archived</A> from the original on 14 July 2014.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ebooks.adelaide.edu.au&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Bough+%3A+a+study+of+magic+and+religion%2C+by+Sir+James+George+Frazer+%3A+LX.+Between+Heaven+and+Earth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Ff%2Ffrazer%2Fjames%2Fgolden%2Fchapter60.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Lock-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Lock_42-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Lock_42-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Lock, M. & Nguyen, V.-K., 2010. <I>An Anthropology of Biomedicine</I>. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sushil Sharma, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4250506.stm">"Women hail menstruation ruling"</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100831235652/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4250506.stm">Archived</A> 31 August 2010 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>., <I>BBC News</I>, 15 September 2005.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><I>Ann Intern Med.</I> 1982 Jun; 96(6 Pt 2):921–3. "Vaginal physiology during menstruation."</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Oettel, Michael; Schillinger, Ekkehard (6 December 2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wBvyCAAAQBAJ"><I>Estrogens and Antiestrogens II: Pharmacology and Clinical Application of Estrogens and Antiestrogen</I></A>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 355. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642601071" title="Special:BookSources/9783642601071">9783642601071</A>. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116194446/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wBvyCAAAQBAJ">Archived</A> from the original on 16 January 2017.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estrogens+and+Antiestrogens+II%3A+Pharmacology+and+Clinical+Application+of+Estrogens+and+Antiestrogen&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=9783642601071&rft.aulast=Oettel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Schillinger%2C+Ekkehard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwBvyCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Sooki, Zahra; Shariati, Mohammad; Chaman, Reza; Khosravi, Ahmad; Effatpanah, Mohammad; Keramat, Afsaneh (2016-02-20). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4915208">"The Role of Mother in Informing Girls About Puberty: A Meta-Analysis Study"</A>. <I>Nursing and Midwifery Studies</I>. <B>5</B> (1). <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.17795%2Fnmsjournal30360">10.17795/nmsjournal30360</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2322-1488">2322-1488</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4915208">4915208</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27331056">27331056</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nursing+and+Midwifery+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Mother+in+Informing+Girls+About+Puberty%3A+A+Meta-Analysis+Study&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4915208&rft.issn=2322-1488&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27331056&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17795%2Fnmsjournal30360&rft.aulast=Sooki&rft.aufirst=Zahra&rft.au=Shariati%2C+Mohammad&rft.au=Chaman%2C+Reza&rft.au=Khosravi%2C+Ahmad&rft.au=Effatpanah%2C+Mohammad&rft.au=Keramat%2C+Afsaneh&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4915208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Sooki, Zahra; Shariati, Mohammad; Chaman, Reza; Khosravi, Ahmad; Effatpanah, Mohammad; Keramat, Afsaneh (2016-02-20). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4915208">"The Role of Mother in Informing Girls About Puberty: A Meta-Analysis Study"</A>. <I>Nursing and Midwifery Studies</I>. <B>5</B> (1). <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.17795%2Fnmsjournal30360">10.17795/nmsjournal30360</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2322-1488">2322-1488</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4915208">4915208</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27331056">27331056</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nursing+and+Midwifery+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Mother+in+Informing+Girls+About+Puberty%3A+A+Meta-Analysis+Study&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2016-02-20&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4915208&rft.issn=2322-1488&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27331056&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17795%2Fnmsjournal30360&rft.aulast=Sooki&rft.aufirst=Zahra&rft.au=Shariati%2C+Mohammad&rft.au=Chaman%2C+Reza&rft.au=Khosravi%2C+Ahmad&rft.au=Effatpanah%2C+Mohammad&rft.au=Keramat%2C+Afsaneh&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4915208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Hatami, Mahnaz; Kazemi, Ashraf; Mehrabi, Tayebeh (2015-12-30). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4944604">"Effect of peer education in school on sexual health knowledge and attitude in girl adolescents"</A>. <I>Journal of Education and Health Promotion</I>. <B>4</B>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.4103%2F2277-9531.171791">10.4103/2277-9531.171791</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2277-9531">2277-9531</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4944604">4944604</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27462620">27462620</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Education+and+Health+Promotion&rft.atitle=Effect+of+peer+education+in+school+on+sexual+health+knowledge+and+attitude+in+girl+adolescents&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2015-12-30&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4944604&rft.issn=2277-9531&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27462620&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F2277-9531.171791&rft.aulast=Hatami&rft.aufirst=Mahnaz&rft.au=Kazemi%2C+Ashraf&rft.au=Mehrabi%2C+Tayebeh&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4944604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Allen, Katherine; et al. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0192513X10371609">"More Than Just a Punctuation Mark: How Boys and Young Men Learn About Menstruation"</A>. <I>Journal of Family Issues</I>. <B>32</B>: 129–156.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Family+Issues&rft.atitle=More+Than+Just+a+Punctuation+Mark%3A+How+Boys+and+Young+Men+Learn+About+Menstruation&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=129-156&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1177%2F0192513X10371609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">link</A>)</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-:02-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:02_50-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:02_50-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Allen, Katherine R.; Kaestle, Christine E.; Goldberg, Abbie E. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0192513X10371609">"More Than Just a Punctuation Mark: How Boys and Young Men Learn About Menstruation"</A>. <I>Journal of Family Issues</I>. <B>32</B> (2): 129–156. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1177%2F0192513x10371609">10.1177/0192513x10371609</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Family+Issues&rft.atitle=More+Than+Just+a+Punctuation+Mark%3A+How+Boys+and+Young+Men+Learn+About+Menstruation&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-156&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0192513x10371609&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Katherine+R.&rft.au=Kaestle%2C+Christine+E.&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Abbie+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1177%2F0192513X10371609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Kirby, Douglas (February 2002). "The impact of schools and school programs upon adolescent sexual behavior". <I>Journal of Sex Research</I>. <B>39</B> (1): 27–33. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1080%2F00224490209552116">10.1080/00224490209552116</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4499">0022-4499</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12476253">12476253</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sex+Research&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+schools+and+school+programs+upon+adolescent+sexual+behavior&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-33&rft.date=2002-02&rft.issn=0022-4499&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12476253&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00224490209552116&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-52"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Kirby, Douglas (February 2002). "The impact of schools and school programs upon adolescent sexual behavior". <I>Journal of Sex Research</I>. <B>39</B> (1): 27–33. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1080%2F00224490209552116">10.1080/00224490209552116</A>. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4499">0022-4499</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12476253">12476253</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sex+Research&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+schools+and+school+programs+upon+adolescent+sexual+behavior&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-33&rft.date=2002-02&rft.issn=0022-4499&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12476253&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00224490209552116&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/could-this-be-the-first-country-to-end-period-poverty/ar-AAw1fu4">https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/could-this-be-the-first-country-to-end-period-poverty/ar-AAw1fu4</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-54"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-hampshire-43148080/period-poverty-helping-homeless-and-vulnerable-women">http://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-hampshire-43148080/period-poverty-helping-homeless-and-vulnerable-women</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-55"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/04/18/scotland-end-period-poverty-tampon-tax/502020002/">https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/04/18/scotland-end-period-poverty-tampon-tax/502020002/</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-56"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/12/21/why-do-women-menstruate/">"Why do women menstruate?"</A>. <I>ScienceBlogs</I>. 2011. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127131136/http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/12/21/why-do-women-menstruate/">Archived</A> from the original on 27 January 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">15 January</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceBlogs&rft.atitle=Why+do+women+menstruate%3F&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceblogs.com%2Fpharyngula%2F2011%2F12%2F21%2Fwhy-do-women-menstruate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-pmid_8693059-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-pmid_8693059_57-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-pmid_8693059_57-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Strassmann BI (1996). "The evolution of endometrial cycles and menstruation". <I>The Quarterly Review of Biology</I>. <B>71</B> (2): 181–220. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1086%2F419369">10.1086/419369</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8693059">8693059</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+endometrial+cycles+and+menstruation&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-220&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F419369&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8693059&rft.au=Strassmann+BI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-obsolete-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-obsolete_58-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A href="/wiki/Kathleen_O%27Grady" title="Kathleen O'Grady">Kathleen O'Grady</A> (2000). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwhn.ca/resources/menstruation/obsolete.html">"Is Menstruation Obsolete?"</A>. The Canadian Women's Health Network. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070213102822/http://www.cwhn.ca/resources/menstruation/obsolete.html">Archived</A> from the original on 13 February 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 January</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+Menstruation+Obsolete%3F&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Kathleen+O%27Grady&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwhn.ca%2Fresources%2Fmenstruation%2Fobsolete.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-59"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Desmond Morris (1997). "The Human Sexes". Cambridge University Press.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Human+Sexes&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Desmond+Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-60"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Chris Knight (1991). <I>Blood relations: menstruation and the origins of culture</I>. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06308-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06308-3">0-300-06308-3</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+relations%3A+menstruation+and+the+origins+of+culture&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-300-06308-3&rft.au=Chris+Knight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A href="/wiki/Cecil_Adams" title="Cecil Adams">Adams, Cecil</A> (20 December 2002). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2429/does-menstrual-synchrony-really-exist">"Does menstrual synchrony really exist?"</A>. <I>The Straight Dope</I>. The Chicago Reader. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915110257/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2429/does-menstrual-synchrony-really-exist">Archived</A> from the original on 15 September 2008<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 January</SPAN> 2007</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straight+Dope&rft.atitle=Does+menstrual+synchrony+really+exist%3F&rft.date=2002-12-20&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Cecil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straightdope.com%2Fcolumns%2Fread%2F2429%2Fdoes-menstrual-synchrony-really-exist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Howie, Gillian; Shail, Andrew (2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.macmillan.com/menstruation"><I>Menstruation: A Cultural History</I></A>. Palgrave Macmillan. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-3935-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-3935-7">1-4039-3935-7</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 November</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Menstruation%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4039-3935-7&rft.aulast=Howie&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft.au=Shail%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.macmillan.com%2Fmenstruation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI><CITE class="citation book">Knight, Chris (1995). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/publications/"><I>Blood Relations: Menstruation and the Origins of Culture</I></A>. New Haven and London: Yale University. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04911-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04911-0">0-300-04911-0</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 November</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+Relations%3A+Menstruation+and+the+Origins+of+Culture&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-300-04911-0&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrisknight.co.uk%2Fpublications%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenstruation" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN></H2>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <I><B><A href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Menstruation" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Menstruation">Menstruation</A></B></I></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<TBODY><TR>
<TD class="mbox-image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></TD>
<TD class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <I><B><A href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Menstruation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Menstruation">Menstruation</A></B></I>.</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mum.org/">Museum of Menstruation</A></LI>
</UL>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_physiology_of_sexual_reproduction" style="padding:3px">
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<DIV id="Human_physiology_of_sexual_reproduction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Human physiology</A> of <A href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">sexual reproduction</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">Menstrual cycle</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Menstruation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Follicular_phase" title="Follicular phase">Follicular phase</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">Ovulation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Luteal_phase" title="Luteal phase">Luteal phase</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis">Gametogenesis</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">Spermatogenesis</A> (<A href="/wiki/Spermatogonium" title="Spermatogonium">spermatogonium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spermatocyte" title="Spermatocyte">spermatocyte</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spermatid" title="Spermatid">spermatid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</A> (<A href="/wiki/Oogonium" title="Oogonium">oogonium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocyte</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Immature_ovum" title="Immature ovum">ootid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">ovum</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">Germ cell</A> (<A href="/wiki/Gonocyte" title="Gonocyte">gonocyte</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gamete</A>)</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Human sexual behavior</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Erection</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">Ejaculation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Fertilisation</A>/<A href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">Fertility</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Implantation_(human_embryo)" title="Implantation (human embryo)">Implantation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">Postpartum period</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" title="Human development (biology)">Life span</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</A>/<A href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</A>/<A href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation_in_humans" title="Sexual differentiation in humans">Sexual differentiation</A> (<A href="/wiki/Feminization_(biology)" title="Feminization (biology)">Feminization</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">Virilization</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</A> (<A href="/wiki/Gonadarche" title="Gonadarche">Gonadarche</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pubarche" title="Pubarche">Pubarche</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spermarche" title="Spermarche">Spermarche</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Ovoviviparity" title="Ovoviviparity">Ovoviviparity</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology<BR />
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93prolactin_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis">Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormone</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Thelarche" title="Thelarche">Thelarche</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Breast_development" title="Breast development">Breast development</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">Lactation</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signs</TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Basal_body_temperature" title="Basal body temperature">Basal body temperature</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Fertility_awareness" title="Fertility awareness">Fertility awareness</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Calendar-based_contraceptive_methods" title="Calendar-based contraceptive methods">Calendar-based methods</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Billings_ovulation_method" title="Billings ovulation method">Billings Ovulation Method</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Extended_cycle_combined_hormonal_contraceptive" title="Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive">Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Menstrual_disorder" title="Menstrual disorder">Disorders</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">Amenorrhea</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Irregular_menstruation" title="Irregular menstruation">Irregular menstruation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Menometrorrhagia" title="Menometrorrhagia">Menometrorrhagia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" title="Menorrhagia">Menorrhagia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Metrorrhagia" title="Metrorrhagia">Metrorrhagia</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related events</TH>
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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af" style="display: none;"><A href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruasie" title="Menstruasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als" style="display: none;"><A href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation – Alemannisch" lang="als" hreflang="als" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B6" title="حيض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an" style="display: none;"><A href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruaci%C3%B3n" title="Menstruación – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc" style="display: none;"><A href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%A6%DC%A3%DC%90" title="ܟܦܣܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruaci%C3%B3n" title="Menstruación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az" style="display: none;"><A href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruasiya" title="Menstruasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="রজঃস্রাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC)" title="Менструация (Күрем) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be" style="display: none;"><A href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Менструацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old" style="display: none;"><A href="https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Мэнструацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Менструация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruacija" title="Menstruacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruaci%C3%B3" title="Menstruació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruace" title="Menstruace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mislif" title="Mislif – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da" style="display: none;"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de" style="display: none;"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et" style="display: none;"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruatsioon" title="Menstruatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el" style="display: none;"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B7%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Εμμηνόρροια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestruasi%C3%B2u%E1%B9%85" title="Mestruasiòuṅ – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="eml" hreflang="eml" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruaci%C3%B3n" title="Menstruación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruo" title="Menstruo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruazio" title="Menstruazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="قاعدگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADostr%C3%BA" title="Míostrú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruaci%C3%B3n" title="Menstruación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%94%EA%B2%BD" title="월경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Դաշտան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjese%C4%8Dnica" title="Mjesečnica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruasi" title="Menstruasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is" style="display: none;"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A6%C3%B0ingar" title="Blæðingar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it" style="display: none;"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestruazione" title="Mestruazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he" style="display: none;"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%AA" title="וסת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nggarap_sari" title="Nggarap sari – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მენსტრუაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80" title="Етеккір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedhi" title="Hedhi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%B7,_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Этек кир (айыз, менструация) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la" style="display: none;"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrua" title="Menstrua – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstru%C4%81cija" title="Menstruācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruacija" title="Menstruacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ആർത്തവം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="رگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><A href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haid" title="Haid – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%C5%8Fk-g%C4%ADng" title="Nguŏk-gĭng – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my" style="display: none;"><A href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရာသီလာခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruatie" title="Menstruatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="महिनावारी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%B5%8C" title="月経 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="display: none;"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruasjon" title="Menstruasjon – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruasjon" title="Menstruasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc" style="display: none;"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruacion" title="Menstruacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or" style="display: none;"><A href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%8B%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC" title="ଋତୁସ୍ରାବ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayz" title="Hayz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਾਹਵਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ماہواری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruatschoon" title="Menstruatschoon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruacja" title="Menstruacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrua%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Menstruação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrua%C8%9Bie" title="Menstruație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Менструация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="display: none;"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%C5%A1tru%C3%A1cia" title="Menštruácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruacija" title="Menstruacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so" style="display: none;"><A href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caado-qabid" title="Caado-qabid – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%86" title="پۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Менструација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruacija" title="Menstruacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su" style="display: none;"><A href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareseban" title="Kareseban – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Sunda</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuukautiskierto" title="Kuukautiskierto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapanahon" title="Sapanahon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="மாதவிடாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th" style="display: none;"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ประจำเดือน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪೊಣ್ಣು ಮಲ್ಲಾಪಿನಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82det" title="Âdet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Менструація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><A href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B6" title="حیض – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za" style="display: none;"><A href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawzsaeg" title="Dawzsaeg – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_nguy%E1%BB%87t" title="Kinh nguyệt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%B6%93" title="月經 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war" style="display: none;"><A href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regla" title="Regla – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מענסטרואציע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%B6%93" title="月經 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq" style="display: none;"><A href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstruasyon" title="Menstruasyon – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%B6%93" title="月經 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				<BUTTON class="mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button" title="All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)">82 more</BUTTON></UL>
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