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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Gymnosperm</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<TH colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Gymnosperms<BR />
<SMALL>Temporal range: <SPAN style="display:inline-block;">370–0 <A href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</A></SPAN></SMALL>
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<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Є</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><SMALL><A href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene"><SMALL>Pg</SMALL></A></SMALL></DIV>
<DIV style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><A href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene"><SMALL>N</SMALL></A></DIV>
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<DIV style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:95.769230769231px; width:123.23076923077px; background-color:#6c3;"></DIV>
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<A href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</A> - <A href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</A></TH>
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<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><A href="/wiki/File:Gymnospermae.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="Gymnospermae.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gymnospermae.jpg/220px-Gymnospermae.jpg" width="220" height="167" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gymnospermae.jpg/330px-Gymnospermae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gymnospermae.jpg/440px-Gymnospermae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5371" data-file-height="4074" /></A></TD>
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<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Various gymnosperms.</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><A href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</A></TH>
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<TR>
<TD>Kingdom:</TD>
<TD><SPAN class="kingdom"><A href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Subkingdom:</TD>
<TD><SPAN class="subkingdom"><A href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</A></SPAN></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>(unranked):</TD>
<TD><SPAN class="(unranked)"><B>Gymnospermae</B> (<A href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</A>)</SPAN></TD>
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<TR>
<TH colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><A href="/wiki/Division_(biology)" title="Division (biology)">Divisions</A></TH>
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<TR>
<TD colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
<P><A href="/wiki/Pinophyta" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</A> (or Coniferophyta) - Conifers<BR />
<A href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgophyta</A> - <I>Ginkgo</I><BR />
<A href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycadophyta</A> - Cycads<BR />
<A href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</A> - <I>Gnetum, Ephedra, Welwitschia</I></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Encephalartos_sclavoi_reproductive_cone.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Encephalartos_sclavoi_reproductive_cone.jpg/220px-Encephalartos_sclavoi_reproductive_cone.jpg" width="220" height="554" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Encephalartos_sclavoi_reproductive_cone.jpg/330px-Encephalartos_sclavoi_reproductive_cone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Encephalartos_sclavoi_reproductive_cone.jpg/440px-Encephalartos_sclavoi_reproductive_cone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3441" data-file-height="8670" /></A>
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<I><A href="/wiki/Encephalartos_sclavoi" title="Encephalartos sclavoi">Encephalartos sclavoi</A></I> cone, about 30 cm long</DIV>
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</DIV>
<P>The <B>gymnosperms</B> are a group of <A href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" title="Spermatophyte">seed-producing plants</A> that includes <A href="/wiki/Pinophyta" title="Pinophyta">conifers</A>, <A href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycads</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</A></I>, and <A href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">gnetophytes</A>. The term "gymnosperm" comes from the <A href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</A> composite word <I>γυμνόσπερμος</I> (γυμνός gymnos, "naked" and σπέρμα sperma, "seed"), meaning "naked seeds". The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called <A href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</A> in their unfertilized state). The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (<A href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</A>), which are enclosed within an <A href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</A>. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, which are often modified to form <A href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">cones</A>, or solitary as in <A href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/Torreya" title="Torreya">Torreya</A></I>, <I>Ginkgo</I>.<SUP id="cite_ref-TPL_1-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TPL-1">[1]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The gymnosperms and <A href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">angiosperms</A> together compose the <A href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" title="Spermatophyte">spermatophytes</A> or seed plants. The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla. Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Gnetophyta, and Pinophyta (also known as Coniferophyta) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<P>By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by <A href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycads</A>, <A href="/wiki/Gnetophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetophyte">gnetophytes</A> (<I><A href="/wiki/Gnetum" title="Gnetum">Gnetum</A></I>, <I><A href="/wiki/Ephedra_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephedra (genus)">Ephedra</A></I> and <I><A href="/wiki/Welwitschia" title="Welwitschia">Welwitschia</A></I>), and <I><A href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo biloba</A></I> (a single living species). Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of <A href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhiza</A> (<I>Pinus</I>), while in some others (<I>Cycas</I>) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.</P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
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<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Classification"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Classification</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Diversity_and_origin"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Diversity and origin</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#Uses"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Uses</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><A href="#Life_cycle"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Life cycle</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><A href="#Genetics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Genetics</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Classification">Classification</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophyte</A></DIV>
<P>In early classification schemes, the gymnosperms (Gymnospermae) were regarded as a "natural" group. There is conflicting evidence on the question of whether the living gymnosperms form a <A href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-palmer_3-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-palmer-3">[3]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Stevens_4-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Stevens-4">[4]</A></SUP> The fossil record of gymnosperms includes many distinctive <A href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</A> that do not belong to the four modern groups, including seed-bearing trees that have a somewhat <A href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">fern</A>-like vegetative morphology (the so-called "seed ferns" or <A href="/wiki/Pteridosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridosperm">pteridosperms</A>.)<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP> When fossil gymnosperms such as <A href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</A>, <I>Caytonia</I> and the <A href="/wiki/Glossopterid" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossopterid">glossopterids</A> are considered, it is clear that angiosperms are nested within a larger gymnosperm clade, although which group of gymnosperms is their closest relative remains unclear.</P>
<P>For the most recent classification on extant gymnosperms see Christenhusz <I>et al.</I> (2011).<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP> There are 12 families, 83 known genera with a total of ca 1080 known species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 <SUP id="cite_ref-Christenhusz-Byng2016_7-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Christenhusz-Byng2016-7">[7]</A></SUP>).</P>
<P>Subclass <B><A href="/wiki/Cycadidae" title="Cycadidae">Cycadidae</A></B></P>
<UL>
<LI>Order <B><A href="/wiki/Cycadales" title="Cycadales">Cycadales</A></B>
<UL>
<LI>Family <B><A href="/wiki/Cycadaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadaceae">Cycadaceae</A></B>: <I>Cycas</I></LI>
<LI>Family <B><A href="/wiki/Zamiaceae" title="Zamiaceae">Zamiaceae</A></B>: <I>Dioon</I>, <I>Bowenia</I>, <I>Macrozamia</I>, <I>Lepidozamia</I>, <I>Encephalartos</I>, <I>Stangeria</I>, <I>Ceratozamia</I>, <I>Microcycas</I>, <I>Zamia</I>.</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
<P>Subclass <B><A href="/wiki/Ginkgoidae" title="Ginkgoidae">Ginkgoidae</A></B></P>
<UL>
<LI>Order <B><A href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoales</A></B>
<UL>
<LI>Family <B><A href="/wiki/Ginkgoaceae" title="Ginkgoaceae">Ginkgoaceae</A></B>: <I>Ginkgo</I></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
<P>Subclass <B><A href="/wiki/Gnetidae" title="Gnetidae">Gnetidae</A></B></P>
<UL>
<LI>Order <B><A href="/wiki/Welwitschiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Welwitschiales">Welwitschiales</A></B>
<UL>
<LI>Family <B><A href="/wiki/Welwitschiaceae" title="Welwitschiaceae">Welwitschiaceae</A></B>: <I>Welwitschia</I></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Order <B><A href="/wiki/Gnetales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetales">Gnetales</A></B>
<UL>
<LI>Family <B><A href="/wiki/Gnetaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetaceae">Gnetaceae</A></B>: <I>Gnetum</I></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Order <B><A href="/wiki/Ephedrales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephedrales">Ephedrales</A></B>
<UL>
<LI>Family <B><A href="/wiki/Ephedraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephedraceae">Ephedraceae</A></B>: <I>Ephedra</I></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
<P>Subclass <B><A href="/wiki/Pinidae" title="Pinidae">Pinidae</A></B></P>
<UL>
<LI>Order <B><A href="/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</A></B>
<UL>
<LI>Family <B><A href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</A></B>: <I>Cedrus</I>, <I>Pinus</I>, <I>Cathaya</I>, <I>Picea</I>, <I>Pseudotsuga</I>, <I>Larix</I>, <I>Pseudolarix</I>, <I>Tsuga</I>, <I>Nothotsuga</I>, <I>Keteleeria</I>, <I>Abies</I></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Order <B><A href="/wiki/Araucariales" class="mw-redirect" title="Araucariales">Araucariales</A></B>
<UL>
<LI>Family <B><A href="/wiki/Araucariaceae" title="Araucariaceae">Araucariaceae</A></B>: <I>Araucaria</I>, <I>Wollemia</I>, <I>Agathis</I></LI>
<LI>Family <B><A href="/wiki/Podocarpaceae" title="Podocarpaceae">Podocarpaceae</A></B>: <I>Phyllocladus</I>, <I>Lepidothamnus</I>, <I>Prumnopitys</I>, <I>Sundacarpus</I>, <I>Halocarpus</I>, <I>Parasitaxus</I>, <I>Lagarostrobos</I>, <I>Manoao</I>, <I>Saxegothaea</I>, <I>Microcachrys</I>, <I>Pherosphaera</I>, <I>Acmopyle</I>, <I>Dacrycarpus</I>, <I>Dacrydium</I>, <I>Falcatifolium</I>, <I>Retrophyllum</I>, <I>Nageia</I>, <I>Afrocarpus</I>, <I>Podocarpus</I></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI>Order <B><A href="/w/index.php?title=Cupressales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cupressales (page does not exist)">Cupressales</A></B>
<UL>
<LI>Family <B><A href="/wiki/Sciadopityaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciadopityaceae">Sciadopityaceae</A></B>: <I>Sciadopitys</I></LI>
<LI>Family <B><A href="/wiki/Cupressaceae" title="Cupressaceae">Cupressaceae</A></B>: <I>Cunninghamia</I>, <I>Taiwania</I>, <I>Athrotaxis</I>, <I>Metasequoia</I>, <I>Sequoia</I>, <I>Sequoiadendron</I>, <I>Cryptomeria</I>, <I>Glyptostrobus</I>, <I>Taxodium</I>, <I>Papuacedrus</I>, <I>Austrocedrus</I>, <I>Libocedrus</I>, <I>Pilgerodendron</I>, <I>Widdringtonia</I>, <I>Diselma</I>, <I>Fitzroya</I>, <I>Callitris</I> (incl. <I>Actinostrobus</I> and <I>Neocallitropsis</I>), <I>Thujopsis</I>, <I>Thuja</I>, <I>Fokienia</I>, <I>Chamaecyparis</I>, <I>Callitropsis</I>, <I>Cupressus</I>, <I>Juniperus</I>, <I>Xanthocyparis</I>, <I>Calocedrus</I>, <I>Tetraclinis</I>, <I>Platycladus</I>, <I>Microbiota</I></LI>
<LI>Family <B><A href="/wiki/Taxaceae" title="Taxaceae">Taxaceae</A></B>: <I>Austrotaxus</I>, <I>Pseudotaxus</I>, <I>Taxus</I>, <I>Cephalotaxus</I>, <I>Amentotaxus</I>, <I>Torreya</I></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Diversity_and_origin">Diversity and origin</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diversity and origin">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>There are more than 1000<SUP id="cite_ref-TPL_1-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TPL-1">[1]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</A> or currently living species of gymnosperms in 88<SUP id="cite_ref-TPL_1-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-TPL-1">[1]</A></SUP> plant genera belonging to 14 plant families.</P>
<P>It is widely accepted that the gymnosperms originated in the late <A href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</A> period, replacing the <A href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" title="Lycopodiophyta">lycopsid</A> rainforests of the tropical region.<SUP id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010RainforestCollapse_8-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010RainforestCollapse-8">[8]</A></SUP> <SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-9">[9]</A></SUP> This appears to have been the result of a whole <A href="/wiki/Gene_duplication" title="Gene duplication">genome duplication</A> event around <SPAN class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><A class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/timescale/?Ma=319">319</A> million years ago</SPAN>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Jiao2011_10-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Jiao2011-10">[10]</A></SUP> Early characteristics of seed plants were evident in fossil <A href="/wiki/Progymnosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Progymnosperms">progymnosperms</A> of the late <A href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</A> period around 383 million years ago. It has been suggested that during the mid-Mesozoic era, pollination of some extinct groups of gymnosperms was by extinct species of <A href="/wiki/Mecoptera" title="Mecoptera">scorpionflies</A> that had specialized <A href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</A> for feeding on pollination drops. The scorpionflies likely engaged in pollination mutualisms with gymnosperms, long before the similar and independent coevolution of nectar-feeding insects on angiosperms.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-11">[11]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Ren_12-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Ren-12">[12]</A></SUP> Evidence has also been found that mid-Mesozoic gymnosperms were pollinated by <A href="/wiki/Kalligrammatidae" title="Kalligrammatidae">Kalligrammatid lacewings</A>, a now-extinct genus with members which (in an example of <A href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</A>) resembled the modern butterflies that arose far later.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-13">[13]</A></SUP></P>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Zamia_integrifolia02.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zamia_integrifolia02.jpg/220px-Zamia_integrifolia02.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zamia_integrifolia02.jpg/330px-Zamia_integrifolia02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zamia_integrifolia02.jpg/440px-Zamia_integrifolia02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Zamia_integrifolia02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<I>Zamia integrifolia,</I> a cycad native to Florida</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P><A href="/wiki/Conifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Conifer">Conifers</A> are by far the most abundant extant group of gymnosperms with six to eight families, with a total of 65-70 genera and 600-630 species (696 accepted names).<SUP id="cite_ref-Catalogue_14-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Catalogue-14">[14]</A></SUP> Conifers are woody plants and most are evergreens.<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-15">[15]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</A> of many conifers are long, thin and needle-like, other species, including most <A href="/wiki/Cupressaceae" title="Cupressaceae">Cupressaceae</A> and some <A href="/wiki/Podocarpaceae" title="Podocarpaceae">Podocarpaceae</A>, have flat, triangular scale-like leaves. <I><A href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Agathis</A></I> in Araucariaceae and <I><A href="/wiki/Nageia" title="Nageia">Nageia</A></I> in Podocarpaceae have broad, flat strap-shaped leaves.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycads</A> are the next most abundant group of gymnosperms, with two or three families, 11 genera, and approximately 338 species. A majority of cycads are native to tropical climates and are most abundantly found in regions near the equator. The other extant groups are the 95-100 species of <A href="/wiki/Gnetum" title="Gnetum">Gnetales</A> and one species of <A href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Gymnosperms have major economic uses. Pine, fir, spruce, and cedar are all examples of conifers that are used for <A href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</A>, paper production, and resin. Some other common uses for gymnosperms are <A href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</A>, <A href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</A>, <A href="/wiki/Nail_polish" title="Nail polish">nail polish</A>, food, gum, and <A href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfumes</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life cycle">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Gymnosperm_life_cycle_(en).png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gymnosperm_life_cycle_%28en%29.png/220px-Gymnosperm_life_cycle_%28en%29.png" width="220" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gymnosperm_life_cycle_%28en%29.png/330px-Gymnosperm_life_cycle_%28en%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gymnosperm_life_cycle_%28en%29.png/440px-Gymnosperm_life_cycle_%28en%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1022" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Gymnosperm_life_cycle_(en).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Example of gymnosperm lifecycle</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Gymnosperms, like all <A href="/wiki/Vascular_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular plants">vascular plants</A>, have a sporophyte-dominant life cycle, which means they spend most of their life cycle with diploid cells, while the <A href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</A> (gamete-bearing phase) is relatively short-lived. Two spore types, microspores and megaspores, are typically produced in pollen cones or ovulate cones, respectively. Gametophytes, as with all heterosporous plants, develop within the spore wall. Pollen grains (microgametophytes) mature from microspores, and ultimately produce sperm cells. Megagametophytes develop from megaspores and are retained within the ovule. Gymnosperms produce multiple <A href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">archegonia</A>, which produce the female gamete. During pollination, pollen grains are physically transferred between plants from the pollen cone to the ovule. Pollen is usually moved by wind or insects. Whole grains enter each ovule through a microscopic gap in the ovule coat (<A href="/wiki/Integument" title="Integument">integument</A>) called the micropyle. The pollen grains mature further inside the ovule and produce sperm cells. Two main modes of fertilization are found in gymnosperms. Cycads and <I><A href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</A></I> have motile sperm that swim directly to the egg inside the ovule, whereas conifers and <A href="/wiki/Gnetophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnetophyte">gnetophytes</A> have sperm with no <A href="/wiki/Flagella" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagella">flagella</A> that are moved along a <A href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">pollen tube</A> to the egg. After <A href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">syngamy</A> (joining of the sperm and egg cell), the zygote develops into an embryo (young sporophyte). More than one embryo is usually initiated in each gymnosperm seed. The mature seed comprises the embryo and the remains of the female gametophyte, which serves as a food supply, and the seed coat.<SUP id="cite_ref-Walters1996_16-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Walters1996-16">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Genetics">Genetics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The first published sequenced genome for any gymnosperm was the genome of <I><A href="/wiki/Picea_abies" title="Picea abies">Picea abies</A></I> in 2013.<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-TPL-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-TPL_1-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-TPL_1-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-TPL_1-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/G/">"Gymnosperms on The Plant List"</A>. Theplantlist.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2013-07-24</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gymnosperms+on+The+Plant+List&rft.pub=Theplantlist.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantlist.org%2Fbrowse%2FG%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-:0-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Raven, P.H. (2013). <I>Biology of Plants</I>. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Plants&rft.pub=New+York%3A+W.H.+Freeman+and+Co.&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=P.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-palmer-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-palmer_3-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Jeffrey D. Palmer; <A href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Soltis" title="Douglas E. Soltis">Douglas E. Soltis</A>; <A href="/wiki/Mark_Wayne_Chase" title="Mark Wayne Chase">Mark W. Chase</A> (2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437">"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view"</A>. <I>American Journal of Botany</I>. <B>91</B> (10): 1437–1445. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.10.1437">10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21652302">21652302</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=The+plant+tree+of+life%3A+an+overview+and+some+points+of+view&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1437-1445&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.91.10.1437&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21652302&rft.au=Jeffrey+D.+Palmer&rft.au=Douglas+E.+Soltis&rft.au=Mark+W.+Chase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amjbot.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F91%2F10%2F1437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Stevens-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Stevens_4-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Stevens, P. F. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APweb/orders/Cycadales.html#Seedplants">"Angiosperm Phylogeny Website - Seed Plant Evolution"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Website+-+Seed+Plant+Evolution&rft.au=Stevens%2C+P.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobot.org%2Fmobot%2Fresearch%2FAPweb%2Forders%2FCycadales.html%23Seedplants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hilton, Jason, and Richard M. Bateman. 2006. Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed-plant phylogeny. <I>Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society</I> 133: 119-168 (<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.3159%2F1095-5674(2006)133%5B119%3APATBOS%5D2.0.CO%3B2&ct=1">abstract</A>)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Christenhusz, M.J.M.; Reveal, J.L.; Farjon, A.; Gardner, M.F.; Mill, R.R.; Chase, M.W. (2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p070.pdf">"A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Phytotaxa</I>. <B>19</B>: 55–70.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytotaxa&rft.atitle=A+new+classification+and+linear+sequence+of+extant+gymnosperms&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=55-70&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Christenhusz&rft.aufirst=M.J.M.&rft.au=Reveal%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Farjon%2C+A.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+M.F.&rft.au=Mill%2C+R.R.&rft.au=Chase%2C+M.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapress.com%2Fphytotaxa%2Fcontent%2F2011%2Ff%2Fpt00019p070.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Christenhusz-Byng2016-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Christenhusz-Byng2016_7-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598">"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"</A>. <I>Phytotaxa</I>. Magnolia Press. <B>261</B> (3): 201–217. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.261.3.1">10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytotaxa&rft.atitle=The+number+of+known+plants+species+in+the+world+and+its+annual+increase&rft.volume=261&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=201-217&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.261.3.1&rft.au=Christenhusz%2C+M.+J.+M.&rft.au=Byng%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiotaxa.org%2FPhytotaxa%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2Fphytotaxa.261.3.1%2F20598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010RainforestCollapse-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010RainforestCollapse_8-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. & Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/12/1079">"Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>Geology</I>. <B>38</B> (12): 1079–1082. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Geo....38.1079S">2010Geo....38.1079S</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1130%2FG31182.1">10.1130/G31182.1</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Rainforest+collapse+triggered+Pennsylvanian+tetrapod+diversification+in+Euramerica&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1079-1082&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG31182.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Geo....38.1079S&rft.au=Sahney%2C+S.&rft.au=Benton%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Falcon-Lang%2C+H.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeology.geoscienceworld.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F38%2F12%2F1079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-9"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Campbell and Reece; Biology, Eighth edition</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Jiao2011-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Jiao2011_10-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Jiao Y, Wickett NJ, Ayyampalayam S, Chanderbali AS, Landherr L, Ralph PE, Tomsho LP, Hu Y, Liang H, <A href="/wiki/Soltis_PS" class="mw-redirect" title="Soltis PS">Soltis PS</A>, <A href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Soltis" title="Douglas E. Soltis">Soltis DE</A>, Clifton SW, Schlarbaum SE, Schuster SC, Ma H, Leebens-Mack J, Depamphilis CW (2011) Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms. Nature</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-11"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Ollerton, J.; Coulthard, E. (2009). "Evolution of Animal Pollination". <I>Science</I>. <B>326</B> (5954): 808–809. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1181154">10.1126/science.1181154</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892970">19892970</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Animal+Pollination&rft.volume=326&rft.issue=5954&rft.pages=808-809&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1181154&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19892970&rft.aulast=Ollerton&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Coulthard%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Ren-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Ren_12-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Ren, D; Labandeira, CC; Santiago-Blay, JA; Rasnitsyn, A; et al. (2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2944650">"A Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies"</A>. <I>Science</I>. <B>326</B> (5954): 840–847. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1178338">10.1126/science.1178338</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2944650">2944650</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19892981">19892981</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Probable+Pollination+Mode+Before+Angiosperms%3A+Eurasian%2C+Long-Proboscid+Scorpionflies&rft.volume=326&rft.issue=5954&rft.pages=840-847&rft.date=2009&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2944650&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19892981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1178338&rft.aulast=Ren&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Labandeira%2C+CC&rft.au=Santiago-Blay%2C+JA&rft.au=Rasnitsyn%2C+A&rft.au=Shih%2C+CK&rft.au=Bashkuev%2C+A&rft.au=Logan%2C+MA&rft.au=Hotton%2C+CL&rft.au=Dilcher%2C+D.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2944650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-13"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Labandeira, Conrad C.; Yang, Qiang; Santiago-Blay, Jorge A.; Hotton, Carol L.; Monteiro, Antónia; Wang, Yong-Jie; Goreva, Yulia; Shih, ChungKun; Siljeström, Sandra; Rose, Tim R.; Dilcher, David L.; Ren, Dong. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4760178">"The evolutionary convergence of mid-Mesozoic lacewings and Cenozoic butterflies"</A>. <I>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</I>. <B>283</B> (1824): 20152893. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2015.2893">10.1098/rspb.2015.2893</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4760178">4760178</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26842570">26842570</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+evolutionary+convergence+of+mid-Mesozoic+lacewings+and+Cenozoic+butterflies&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=1824&rft.pages=20152893&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4760178&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26842570&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2015.2893&rft.aulast=Labandeira&rft.aufirst=Conrad+C.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Qiang&rft.au=Santiago-Blay%2C+Jorge+A.&rft.au=Hotton%2C+Carol+L.&rft.au=Monteiro%2C+Ant%C3%B3nia&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yong-Jie&rft.au=Goreva%2C+Yulia&rft.au=Shih%2C+ChungKun&rft.au=Siljestr%C3%B6m%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Rose%2C+Tim+R.&rft.au=Dilcher%2C+David+L.&rft.au=Ren%2C+Dong&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4760178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Catalogue-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Catalogue_14-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/show_database_details.php?database_name=Conifer+Database">Catalogue of Life: 2007 Annual checklist - Conifer database</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115190412/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/show_database_details.php?database_name=Conifer+Database">Archived</A> January 15, 2009, at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-15"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Campbell, Reece, "Phylum Coniferophyta."Biology. 7th. 2005. Print. P.595</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Walters1996-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Walters1996_16-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Walters, Dirk R Walters Bonnie By (1996). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ZbaNxSnNoecC&pg=PA124&dq=Gymnosperm+seeds"><I>Vascular plant taxonomy</I></A>. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. p. 124. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7872-2108-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7872-2108-9">978-0-7872-2108-9</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vascular+plant+taxonomy&rft.place=Dubuque%2C+Iowa&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Kendall%2FHunt+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7872-2108-9&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Dirk+R+Walters+Bonnie+By&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DZbaNxSnNoecC%26pg%3DPA124%26dq%3DGymnosperm%2Bseeds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Nystedt, B; Street, NR; Wetterbom, A; et al. (May 2013). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v497/n7451/full/nature12211.html">"The Norway spruce genome sequence and conifer genome evolution"</A>. <I>Nature</I>. <B>497</B>: 579–584. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12211">10.1038/nature12211</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23698360">23698360</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Norway+spruce+genome+sequence+and+conifer+genome+evolution&rft.volume=497&rft.pages=579-584&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12211&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23698360&rft.aulast=Nystedt&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Street%2C+NR&rft.au=Wetterbom%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv497%2Fn7451%2Ffull%2Fnature12211.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGymnosperm" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Botany" title="Template:Botany"><ABBR title="View this template" style="background: #90EE90;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
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</DIV>
<DIV id="Botany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #90EE90;">
<DIV><A href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History of botany</A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">Plant systematics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Floristics" title="Floristics">Floristics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</A> groups</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pteridophyte" title="Pteridophyte">Pteridophyte</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Gymnosperm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.2em"><A href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</A><BR />
<SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(<A href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</A>)</SPAN></DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">Vegetative</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shoot" title="Shoot">Shoot</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</A><BR />
(Flower)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" title="Fruit anatomy">Fruit anatomy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Seed dispersal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">Surface structures</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Plant cuticle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Prickle</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">
<DIV class="hlist hlist-separated">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</A></LI>
<LI>Materials</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">Plant growth and habit</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</A>
<DIV class="hlist hlist-separated">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Microsporangia" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">Hardiness zone</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">- for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigen</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">grex</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">Practice</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">
<DIV class="hlist hlist-separated">
<UL>
<LI>Lists</LI>
<LI>Related topics</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Botanical_expedition" title="Botanical expedition">Botanical expedition</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #90EE90;">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI><IMG alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /><B><A href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Category</A></B></LI>
<LI><IMG alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /><B><A href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Portal</A></B></LI>
<LI><IMG alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" title="WikiProject" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /><B><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Plants" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Plants">WikiProject</A></B></LI>
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<DIV id="Classification_of_Archaeplastida_/_Plantae_sensu_lato" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification of <A href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</A> / <A href="/wiki/Plant#Current_definitions_of_Plantae" title="Plant">Plantae <I>sensu lato</I></A></DIV>
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<DT><SPAN style="font-weight:normal;"><A href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</A></SPAN></DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</A></DD>
<DT><SPAN style="font-weight:normal;">(<A href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)#Kingdoms_of_the_Eukaryota" title="Kingdom (biology)">Supergroup</A></SPAN></DT>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Template:Heterokont" title="Template:Heterokont">Heterokont</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</A>
<DL>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animal</A></DD>
<DD><A href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</A>)</DD>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">Rhodophyta</A><BR />
(red algae)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cyanidiophyceae" title="Cyanidiophyceae">Cyanidiophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Porphyridiophyceae" title="Porphyridiophyceae">Porphyridiophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Compsopogonophyceae" title="Compsopogonophyceae">Compsopogonophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stylonematophyceae" title="Stylonematophyceae">Stylonematophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rhodellophyceae" title="Rhodellophyceae">Rhodellophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bangiophyceae" title="Bangiophyceae">Bangiophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Florideophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Florideophyceae">Florideophyceae</A></LI>
</UL>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucocystophyta</A><BR />
(glaucophytes)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Glaucophyte" title="Glaucophyte">Glaucocystophyceae</A>
<UL>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Glaucocystis" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucocystis">Glaucocystis</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Cyanophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanophora">Cyanophora</A></I></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Gloeochaete" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloeochaete">Gloeochaete</A></I></LI>
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</LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</A><BR />
(<A href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</A><BR />
& land plants)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Palmophyllales" title="Palmophyllales">Palmophyllales</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nephroselmidophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephroselmidophyceae">Nephroselmidophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prasinophyceae" title="Prasinophyceae">Prasinophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pseudoscourfieldiales" title="Pseudoscourfieldiales">Pseudoscourfieldiales</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pyramimonadales" title="Pyramimonadales">Pyramimonadophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scourfieldiales" title="Scourfieldiales">Scourfieldiales</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pedinomonadaceae" title="Pedinomonadaceae">Pedinophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chlorodendrales" title="Chlorodendrales">Chlorodendrophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/UTC_clade" title="UTC clade">UTC clade</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ulvophyceae" title="Ulvophyceae">Ulvophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Trebouxiophyceae" title="Trebouxiophyceae">Trebouxiophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chlorophyceae" title="Chlorophyceae">Chlorophyceae</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Streptophyta" title="Streptophyta">Streptophyta</A><BR />
(<A href="/wiki/Charophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charophytes">charophytes</A>,<BR />
& land plants)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mesostigma" title="Mesostigma">Mesostigmatophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chlorokybus" title="Chlorokybus">Chlorokybophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Klebsormidiaceae" title="Klebsormidiaceae">Klebsormidiophyceae</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Phragmoplastophyta" title="Phragmoplastophyta">Phragmo-<BR />
plastophyta</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Charophyceae" title="Charophyceae">Charophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coleochaetales" title="Coleochaetales">Coleochaetophyceae</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zygnematophyceae" title="Zygnematophyceae">Zygnematophyceae</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophyta</A><BR />
(land plants)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophytes</A><BR />
(non-vascular)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hornwort" title="Hornwort">Anthocerotophyta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta "Moss"</A></LI>
<LI>†<A href="/wiki/Horneophytopsida" title="Horneophytopsida">Horneophytopsida</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophyta</A><BR />
(vascular)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</A><BR />
(<A href="/wiki/Microphyll" title="Microphyll">microphylls</A>)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI>†<A href="/wiki/Zosterophyllopsida" title="Zosterophyllopsida">Zosterophyllopsida</A></LI>
<LI>†<A href="/wiki/Sawdoniales" title="Sawdoniales">Sawdoniales</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Isoetopsida" title="Isoetopsida">Isoetopsida</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lycopodiopsida" title="Lycopodiopsida">Lycopodiopsida</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Euphyllophyte" title="Euphyllophyte">Euphyllophyta</A><BR />
(<A href="/wiki/Megaphyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaphyll">megaphylls</A>)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
<TABLE class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Moniliformopses" class="mw-redirect" title="Moniliformopses">Moniliformopses</A><BR />
(ferns)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI>†<A href="/wiki/Cladoxylopsida" title="Cladoxylopsida">Cladoxylopsida</A></LI>
<LI>†<A href="/wiki/Stauropteridales" title="Stauropteridales">Stauropteridales</A></LI>
<LI>†<A href="/wiki/Zygopteridales" title="Zygopteridales">Zygopteridales</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Equisetopsida" title="Equisetopsida">Equisetopsida</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Psilotopsida" title="Psilotopsida">Psilotopsida</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marattiaceae" title="Marattiaceae">Marattiopsida</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Filicopsida</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophyta</A><BR />
(seed plants)</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI>†<A href="/wiki/Pteridospermatophyta" title="Pteridospermatophyta">Seed ferns</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Gymnosperms</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetopsida</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pinophyta" title="Pinophyta">Pinopsida</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycadopsida</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">Ginkgoopsida</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms or flowering plants</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amborellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellales">Amborellales</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI>†<A href="/wiki/Trimerophytopsida" title="Trimerophytopsida">Trimerophytopsida</A></LI>
<LI>†<A href="/wiki/Progymnosperm" title="Progymnosperm">Progymnosperm</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI>†<A href="/wiki/Rhyniopsida" title="Rhyniopsida">Rhyniopsida</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
<DIV>† = <A href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</A>. See also the <A href="/wiki/List_of_plant_orders" title="List of plant orders">list of plant orders</A>.</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
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<DIV id="Nuts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</A></DIV>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><I>True</I>, or <I><A href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">botanical nuts</A></I></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">Acorn</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia" title="Fagus grandifolia">American beech</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">European beech</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brosimum_alicastrum" title="Brosimum alicastrum">Breadnut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aleurites_moluccanus" title="Aleurites moluccanus">Candlenut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Castanea_sativa" title="Castanea sativa">Sweet chestnut</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Corylus_americana" title="Corylus americana">American hazel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Corylus_cornuta" title="Corylus cornuta">Beaked hazel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Corylus_avellana" title="Corylus avellana">European hazel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Corylus_maxima" title="Corylus maxima">Filbert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Corylus_heterophylla" title="Corylus heterophylla">Asian hazel</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elaeocarpus_bancroftii" title="Elaeocarpus bancroftii">Johnstone River almond</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">Kola nut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brachychiton" title="Brachychiton">Kurrajong</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pachira_aquatica" title="Pachira aquatica">Malabar chestnut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mongongo" title="Mongongo">Mongongo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">Palm nut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">Karuka</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pandanus_julianettii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandanus julianettii (page does not exist)">Planted karuka</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/w/index.php?title=Pandanus_brosimos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandanus brosimos (page does not exist)">Wild karuka</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hicksbeachia_pinnatifolia" title="Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia">Red bopple nut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beilschmiedia_bancroftii" title="Beilschmiedia bancroftii">Yellow walnut</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><I><A href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">Drupes</A></I></TH>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">Almond</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Semecarpus_australiensis" title="Semecarpus australiensis">Australian cashew nut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Betel nut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Borneo tallow nut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">Cashew</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gevuina" title="Gevuina">Chilean hazel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coula_edulis" title="Coula edulis">Gabon nut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carya_tomentosa" title="Carya tomentosa">Mockernut hickory</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">Pecan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carya_ovata" title="Carya ovata">Shagbark hickory</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Carya_laciniosa" title="Carya laciniosa">Shellbark hickory</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Irvingia_gabonensis" title="Irvingia gabonensis">Irvingia gabonensis</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jack nut</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Panda_oleosa" title="Panda oleosa">Panda oleosa</A></I></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caryocar_nuciferum" title="Caryocar nuciferum">Pekea nut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Canarium_ovatum" title="Canarium ovatum">Pili nut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">Pistachio</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">Walnut</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">Black walnut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Juglans_cinerea" title="Juglans cinerea">Butternut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Juglans_regia" title="Juglans regia">English walnut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Juglans_ailantifolia" title="Juglans ailantifolia">Heartnut</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><I><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Gymnosperms</A></I></TH>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycad</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Macrozamia" title="Macrozamia">Burrawang nut</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo nut</A></LI>
<LI><I><A href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</A></I> spp.
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii" title="Araucaria bidwillii">Bunya nut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Araucaria_araucana" title="Araucaria araucana">Monkey-puzzle nut</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pinus_gerardiana" title="Pinus gerardiana">Chilgoza pine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pinus_edulis" title="Pinus edulis">Colorado pinyon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pinus_koraiensis" title="Pinus koraiensis">Korean pine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pinus_cembroides" title="Pinus cembroides">Mexican pinyon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pinus_monophylla" title="Pinus monophylla">Single-leaf pinyon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Stone_pine" title="Stone pine">Stone pine</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><I><A href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</A></I></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">Macadamia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Macadamia_tetraphylla" title="Macadamia tetraphylla">Macadamia nut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Macadamia_integrifolia" title="Macadamia integrifolia">Queensland macadamia nut</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lecythis" title="Lecythis">Paradise nut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">Peanut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sterculia_quadrifida" title="Sterculia quadrifida">Peanut tree</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</A></LI>
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<LI><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap;"><A href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tropicos.org/Name/43000115">43000115</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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<LI><SPAN class="nowrap"><A href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</A>: <SPAN class="uid"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569301">00569301</A></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><A href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D-ch%C3%AD_si%CC%8Dt-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Lō-chí si̍t-bu̍t – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><A href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Яланғас орлоҡлолар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><A href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Голанасенныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Голосеменни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><A href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golosjemenja%C4%8De" title="Golosjemenjače – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnosperma" title="Gimnosperma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahosemenn%C3%A9" title="Nahosemenné – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B8genfr%C3%B8ede" title="Nøgenfrøede – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacktsamige_Pflanzen" title="Nacktsamige Pflanzen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paljasseemnetaimed" title="Paljasseemnetaimed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Γυμνόσπερμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermae" title="Gymnospermae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudsemplantoj" title="Nudsemplantoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnospermo" title="Gimnospermo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بازدانگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperme" title="Gymnosperme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><A href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermae" title="Gymnospermae – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximnospermas" title="Ximnospermas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%89%EC%94%A8%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="겉씨식물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="अनावृतबीजी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golosjemenja%C4%8De" title="Golosjemenjače – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbiji_terbuka" title="Tumbuhan berbiji terbuka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><A href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermae" title="Gymnospermae – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermae" title="Gymnospermae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%A2" title="חשופי זרע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><A href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran_wiji_kabukak" title="Tetanduran wiji kabukak – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Jawa</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="შიშველთესლოვნები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><A href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ашықтұқымдылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><A href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimnosp%C3%A8m" title="Jimnospèm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><A href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0%D1%87_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жылаңач уруктуулар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kails%C4%93k%C4%BCi" title="Kailsēkļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plikas%C4%97kliai" title="Plikasėkliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><A href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnospermae" title="Gymnospermae – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lumbaart</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyitvaterm%C5%91k" title="Nyitvatermők – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><A href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Голосеменици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><A href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="അനാവൃതബീജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><A href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D1%86%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Нүцгэн үртэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><A href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petl%C4%81uhxinachtli" title="Petlāuhxinachtli – Nāhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naaktzadigen" title="Naaktzadigen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakenfr%C3%B8ede_planter" title="Nakenfrøede planter – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakenfr%C3%B8ingar" title="Nakenfrøingar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><A href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnosp%C3%A8rmes" title="Gimnospèrmes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr"><A href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%A7%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Чаранӧшман кушкыл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><A href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨੰਗਬੀਜੀ ਬੂਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><A href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%92_%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ننگے بی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagonasienne" title="Nagonasienne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnosp%C3%A9rmica" title="Gimnospérmica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnosperme" title="Gimnosperme – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><A href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llat%27an_muruyuq" title="Llat'an muruyuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Голосеменные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahosemenn%C3%A9_rastliny" title="Nahosemenné rastliny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><A href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golosemenke" title="Golosemenke – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golosemenice" title="Golosemenice – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golosjemenja%C4%8De" title="Golosjemenjače – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paljassiemeniset" title="Paljassiemeniset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakenfr%C3%B6iga_v%C3%A4xter" title="Nakenfröiga växter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><A href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="வித்துமூடியிலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><A href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="వివృతబీజాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1k_tohumlular" title="Açık tohumlular – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Голонасінні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_h%E1%BA%A1t_tr%E1%BA%A7n" title="Thực vật hạt trần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls"><A href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naktzoadign" title="Naktzoadign – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="裸子植物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				</UL>
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document_title: Gymnosperm

token: Gymnosperm

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: <Table>

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token: Kingdom

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token: Embryophyta

token: unranked

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token: Cycadophyta

token: Cycads

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token: </Table>

token: Encephalartos

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token: from

token: the

token: Greek

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token: word

token: γυμνόσπερμος

token: γυμνός

token: gymnos

token: naked

token: σπέρμα

token: српскохрватски

question_text: the seed of a gymnosperm seed is made in the