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<H1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Sub-Saharan Africa</H1>			<DIV id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">
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<B>Dark and lighter green:</B> Definition of "Sub-Saharan Africa" as used in the statistics of the United Nations institutions.<BR />
<B>Lighter green:</B> However, <A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A> is classified as North Africa by the <A href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</A> Statistics Division.<SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-1">[1]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<B>Red</B>: <A href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab states</A> in Africa (<A href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</A> and <A href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</A>).</DIV>
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Simplified climatic map of Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa consists of the <A href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</A> in the north (yellow), the <A href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical savanna">tropical savannas</A> (light green) and the <A href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</A> (dark green) of <A href="/wiki/Equatorial_Africa" title="Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</A>, and the arid <A href="/wiki/Kalahari_Basin" title="Kalahari Basin">Kalahari Basin</A> (yellow) and the "<A href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</A>" south coast (olive) of <A href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</A>. The numbers shown correspond to the dates of all <A href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</A> artifacts associated with the <A href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</A>.</DIV>
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<P><B>Sub-Saharan Africa</B> is, geographically, the area of the continent of <A href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</A> that lies south of the <A href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</A>. According to the <A href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</A>, it consists of all <A href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">African countries</A> that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara.<SUP id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-2">[2]</A></SUP> It contrasts with <A href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</A>, whose <A href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">territories</A> are part of the <A href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">League of Arab states</A> within the <A href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</A>. <A href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</A>, <A href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</A>, <A href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</A> and <A href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</A> are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa, but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-3">[3]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</A> is the transitional zone in between the Sahara and the <A href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical savanna">tropical savanna</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan region</A> and farther south the <A href="/wiki/Forest-savanna_mosaic" title="Forest-savanna mosaic">forest-savanna mosaic</A> of <A href="/wiki/Tropical_Africa" title="Tropical Africa">tropical Africa</A>.</P>
<P>Since probably <A href="/wiki/5.9_kiloyear_event" title="5.9 kiloyear event">3500 BCE</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-4">[4]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-5">[5]</A></SUP> the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara, forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the <A href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</A> in Sudan, though the Nile was blocked by the river's <A href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">cataracts</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Sahara_pump_theory" title="Sahara pump theory">Sahara pump theory</A> explains how <A href="/wiki/Floristic_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic province">flora</A> and <A href="/wiki/Biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomes">fauna</A> (including <I><A href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Homo sapiens</A></I>) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond. African <A href="/wiki/Pluvial" title="Pluvial">pluvial</A> periods are associated with a "wet Sahara" phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-6">[6]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority; a vestige of colonialism, which some say, divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity.<SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-7">[7]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-8">[8]</A></SUP></P>
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<H2>Contents</H2>
<SPAN class="toctoggle"> [<A role="button" tabindex="0" class="togglelink">hide</A>] </SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="#Etymology"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Etymology</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="#Climate_zones_and_ecoregions"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Climate zones and ecoregions</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="#History"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="#Prehistory"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Prehistory</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="#Central_Africa"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Central Africa</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="#Horn_of_Africa"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Horn of Africa</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><A href="#Southern_Africa"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Southern Africa</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="#Southeast_Africa"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Southeast Africa</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><A href="#Sudan"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Sudan</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><A href="#Western_Africa"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Western Africa</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><A href="#Demographics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Demographics</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="#Population"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Population</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="#Languages_and_ethnic_groups"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Languages and ethnic groups</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><A href="#Afroasiatic"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Afroasiatic</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><A href="#Khoisan"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Khoisan</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><A href="#Niger–Congo"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Niger–Congo</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><A href="#Nilo-Saharan"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Nilo-Saharan</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><A href="#Economy"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Economy</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><A href="#Energy_and_power"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Energy and power</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><A href="#Media"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Media</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><A href="#Infrastructure"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Infrastructure</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><A href="#Oil_and_minerals"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Oil and minerals</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><A href="#Agriculture"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Agriculture</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><A href="#Education"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Education</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><A href="#Health"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Health</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><A href="#Religion"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Religion</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><A href="#Culture"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Culture</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><A href="#Music"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Music</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><A href="#Art"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Art</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><A href="#Cuisine"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Cuisine</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><A href="#Clothing"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Clothing</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><A href="#Sports"><SPAN class="tocnumber">14</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Sports</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><A href="#Tourism"><SPAN class="tocnumber">15</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Tourism</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><A href="#List_of_countries_and_regional_organization"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">List of countries and regional organization</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><A href="#Central_Africa_2"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Central Africa</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><A href="#East_Africa"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">East Africa</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><A href="#Horn_of_Africa_2"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16.2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Horn of Africa</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><A href="#Southeast_Africa_2"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16.2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Southeast Africa</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><A href="#Southern_Africa_2"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Southern Africa</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><A href="#Sudan_2"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Sudan</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><A href="#West_Africa"><SPAN class="tocnumber">16.5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">West Africa</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><A href="#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">17</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><A href="#Notes"><SPAN class="tocnumber">18</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Notes</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><A href="#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">19</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><A href="#Further_reading"><SPAN class="tocnumber">20</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Further reading</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><A href="#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">21</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
<P></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Meyers-L2.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Meyers-L2.jpg/220px-Meyers-L2.jpg" width="220" height="208" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Meyers-L2.jpg/330px-Meyers-L2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Meyers-L2.jpg/440px-Meyers-L2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="539" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Meyers-L2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Ethnographic map of Africa, from <I>Meyers Blitz-Lexikon</I> (1932).</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Geographers historically divided the region into several distinct ethnographic sections based on each area's respective inhabitants.<SUP id="cite_ref-Raunig_9-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Raunig-9">[9]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Commentators in Arabic in the <A href="/wiki/Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">medieval period</A> used the general term <I>bilâd as-sûdân</I> ("Land of the Blacks") for the vast <A href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan region</A> (an expression denoting <A href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</A> and <A href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</A><SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-10">[10]</A></SUP>), or sometimes extending from the coast of West Africa to <A href="/wiki/Western_Sudan" title="Western Sudan">Western Sudan</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Levtzion_11-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Levtzion-11">[11]</A></SUP> Its equivalent in <A href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</A> was <I><A href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</A></I> ("Country of the Blacks"), which was situated in the vicinity of the <A href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</A> region.<SUP id="cite_ref-Raunig_9-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Raunig-9">[9]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Levtzion_11-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Levtzion-11">[11]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The geographers drew an explicit ethnographic distinction between the Sudan region and its analogue Zanj, from the area to their extreme east on the <A href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</A> coast in the <A href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Raunig_9-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Raunig-9">[9]</A></SUP> In modern-day <A href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A> and <A href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</A> was <I><A href="/wiki/Al-Habash" title="Al-Habash">Al-Habash</A></I> or Abyssinia,<SUP id="cite_ref-Robinson_12-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Robinson-12">[12]</A></SUP> which was inhabited by the <I>Habash</I> or Abyssinians, who were the forebears of the <A href="/wiki/Habesha_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Habesha people">Habesha</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Blank_13-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Blank-13">[13]</A></SUP> In northern Somalia was <I><A href="/wiki/Barbara_(region)" title="Barbara (region)">Barbara</A></I> or the <I>Bilad al-Barbar</I> ("Land of the <A href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</A>"), which was inhabited by the Eastern <I>Baribah</I> or <I>Barbaroi</I>, as the ancestors of the <A href="/wiki/Somali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali people">Somalis</A> were referred to by medieval Arab and ancient <A href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</A> geographers, respectively.<SUP id="cite_ref-Raunig_9-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Raunig-9">[9]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Bagley_14-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Bagley-14">[14]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Ogot_15-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Ogot-15">[15]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Hastings_16-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Hastings-16">[16]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the 19th and 20th centuries, the populations south of the Sahara were divided into three broad ancestral groups: <A href="/wiki/Hamites" title="Hamites">Hamites</A> and <A href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semites</A> in the Horn of Africa and Sahel related to those in North Africa, who spoke languages belonging to the <A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</A> family; <A href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negroes</A> in most of the rest of the subcontinent (hence, the former toponym <I>Black Africa</I> for <A href="/wiki/Tropical_Africa" title="Tropical Africa">Tropical Africa</A><SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-17">[17]</A></SUP>), who spoke languages belonging to the <A href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo</A> and <A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</A> families; and <A href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</A> in <A href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</A>, who spoke languages belonging to the <A href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</A> family.<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-18">[18]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Climate_zones_and_ecoregions">Climate zones and ecoregions</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate zones and ecoregions">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Afrotropic_ecozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotropic ecozone">Afrotropic ecozone</A>; <A href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</A>; and <A href="/wiki/List_of_tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests_ecoregions" title="List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions">List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Africa_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Africa_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/220px-Africa_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Africa_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/330px-Africa_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Africa_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/440px-Africa_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1900" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Africa_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Climate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate zone">Climate zones</A> of Africa, showing the ecological break between the <A href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</A> of North Africa and the Horn of Africa (red), the <A href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</A> of the Sahel and areas surrounding deserts (orange) and the <A href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</A> of Central and Western Africa (blue). Southern Africa has a transition to <A href="/wiki/Semi-tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-tropical">semi-tropical</A> or <A href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</A> (green), and more desert or semi-arid regions, centered on Namibia and Botswana.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Sub-Saharan Africa has a wide variety of <A href="/wiki/Climate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate zone">climate zones</A> or <A href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</A>. <A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</A> in particular are considered <A href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">Megadiverse countries</A>. It has a dry winter season and a wet summer season.</P>
<UL>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</A> shoots across all of Africa at a latitude of about 10° to 15° N. Countries that include parts of the Sahara Desert proper in their northern territories and parts of the Sahel in their southern region include <A href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</A>, <A href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</A>, <A href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</A> and <A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A>. The Sahel has a <A href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</A>.</LI>
<LI>South of the Sahel, there is a belt of <A href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</A> (<A href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</A>, <A href="/wiki/Northern_Congolian_forest-savanna_mosaic" title="Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic">Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic</A>), widening to include most of <A href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</A> and <A href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A> in the east (<A href="/w/index.php?title=East_Sudanese_savanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Sudanese savanna (page does not exist)">East Sudanese savanna</A>).</LI>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</A> globally includes <A href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</A> along the coast but <A href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</A> can be found much more in the interior, contrasting with savannah and <A href="/wiki/List_of_tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests_ecoregions" title="List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions">moist broadleaf forests</A> in the interior of Ethiopia.</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tropical_Africa" title="Tropical Africa">Tropical Africa</A> encompasses <A href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</A> stretching along the southern coast of West Africa and across most of Central Africa (the <A href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Congo</A>) west of the <A href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</A></LI>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/Eastern_Miombo_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Miombo woodlands">Eastern Miombo woodlands</A> are an ecoregion of <A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A>, <A href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</A>.</LI>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/Serengeti" title="Serengeti">Serengeti</A> ecosystem is located in northwestern Tanzania and extends to southwestern <A href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</A>.</LI>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/Kalahari_Basin" title="Kalahari Basin">Kalahari Basin</A> includes the <A href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</A>, which is surrounded by a belt of semi-desert.</LI>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</A> is a <A href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">tropical savanna</A> ecoregion of <A href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</A>.</LI>
<LI>The <A href="/wiki/Karoo" title="Karoo">Karoo</A> is a semi-desert in western South Africa.</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History">History</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History of Africa</A></DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Prehistory">Prehistory</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Olduvai_stone_chopping_tool.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Olduvai_stone_chopping_tool.jpg/220px-Olduvai_stone_chopping_tool.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Olduvai_stone_chopping_tool.jpg/330px-Olduvai_stone_chopping_tool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Olduvai_stone_chopping_tool.jpg/440px-Olduvai_stone_chopping_tool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Olduvai_stone_chopping_tool.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Stone chopping tool from <A href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai Gorge</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>According to <A href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</A>, early hominid skull anatomy was similar to that of their close cousins, the great African forest <A href="/wiki/Great_ape" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape">apes</A>, <A href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorilla</A> and <A href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzee</A>, but they had adopted a <A href="/wiki/Biped" class="mw-redirect" title="Biped">bipedal</A> locomotion and freed hands, giving them a crucial advantage enabling them to live in both forested areas and on the open <A href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</A> at a time when Africa was drying up, with savanna encroaching on forested areas. This occurred 10 million to 5 million years ago.<SUP id="cite_ref-Shillington,_Kevin_2005_p._2_19-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Shillington,_Kevin_2005_p._2-19">[19]</A></SUP></P>
<P>By 3 million years ago several <A href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">australopithecine</A> <A href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominid</A> species had developed throughout <A href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern</A>, <A href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">eastern</A> and <A href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">central Africa</A>. They were tool users rather than tool manufacturers. The next major evolutionary step occurred around 2.3 million BCE, when primitive <A href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">stone tools</A> were used to scavenge the carcasses of animals killed by other predators, both for their meat and their marrow. In hunting, <I>H. habilis</I> was most likely not capable of competing with large predators and was more prey than hunter, although <I>H. habilis</I> probably did steal eggs from nests and may have been able to catch small <A href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">game</A> and weakened larger prey such as cubs and older animals. The tools were classed as <A href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-Shillington,_Kevin_2005_p._2-3_20-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Shillington,_Kevin_2005_p._2-3-20">[20]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Roughly 1.8 million years ago, <I><A href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</A></I> first appeared in the fossil record in Africa. From <I>Homo ergaster</I>, <I><A href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</A></I> (upright man) evolved 1.5 million years ago. Some of the earlier representatives of this species were small-brained and used primitive <A href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">stone tools</A>, much like <I><A href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</A></I>. The brain later grew in size, and <I>H. erectus</I> eventually developed a more complex stone tool technology called the <A href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</A>. Potentially the first hominid to engage in hunting, <I>H. erectus</I> mastered the art of making fire. They were the first hominids to leave Africa, going on to colonize the entire <A href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</A>, and perhaps later on giving rise to <I><A href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</A></I>. Although some recent writers suggest that <I><A href="/wiki/H._georgicus" class="mw-redirect" title="H. georgicus">H. georgicus</A></I>, a <I>H. habilis</I> <A href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">descendant</A>, was the first and most primitive hominid to ever live outside Africa, many scientists consider <I>H. georgicus</I> to be an early and primitive member of the <I>H. erectus</I> species.<SUP id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-21">[21]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The fossil record shows <I>Homo sapiens</I> living in southern and eastern Africa anywhere from 100,000 to 150,000 years ago. Between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, their expansion <A href="/wiki/Single-origin_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-origin hypothesis">out of Africa</A> launched the colonization of the planet by modern humans. By 10,000 BCE, <I>Homo sapiens</I> had spread to all corners of the world. This dispersal of the human species is suggested by linguistic, cultural and genetic evidence.<SUP id="cite_ref-Shillington,_Kevin_2005_p._2-3_20-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Shillington,_Kevin_2005_p._2-3-20">[20]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-22">[22]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-23">[23]</A></SUP></P>
<P>After the Sahara became a desert, it did not present a totally impenetrable barrier for travelers between north and south because of the application of animal husbandry towards carrying water, food, and supplies across the desert. Prior to the introduction of the <A href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-24">[24]</A></SUP> the use of oxen, mule, and horses for desert crossing was common, and trade routes followed chains of <A href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</A> that were strung across the desert. The <A href="/wiki/Trans-saharan_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-saharan trade">trans-saharan trade</A> was in full motion by 500 BCE with <A href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</A> being a major economic force for its establishment.<SUP id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-25">[25]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-26">[26]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-27">[27]</A></SUP> It is thought that the camel was first brought to <A href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</A> after the <A href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</A> conquered Egypt in 525 BCE, although large herds did not become common enough in North Africa for camels to be the pack animal of choice for the trans-saharan trade.<SUP id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-28">[28]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Central_Africa">Central Africa</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Central Africa">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Nzinga.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Nzinga.jpg" width="170" height="255" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="255" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Nzinga_Mbande" class="mw-redirect" title="Nzinga Mbande">Nzinga Mbande</A>, queen of the <A href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</A> <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ndongo" title="Kingdom of Ndongo">Ndongo</A> and <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Matamba" title="Kingdom of Matamba">Matamba</A> kingdoms</DIV>
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<P>Archaeological finds in Central Africa provide evidence of human settlement that may date back over 10 000 years.<SUP id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-29">[29]</A></SUP> According to Zangato and Holl, there is evidence of iron-smelting in the Central African Republic and Cameroon that may date back to 3000 to 2500 BCE.<SUP id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-30">[30]</A></SUP> Extensive walled sites and settlements have recently been found in Zilum, Chad. The area is located approximately 60 km (37 mi) southwest of Lake Chad, and has been <A href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dated</A> to the first millennium BCE.<SUP id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-31">[31]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-32">[32]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Trade and improved agricultural techniques supported more sophisticated societies, leading to the early civilizations of <A href="/wiki/Sao_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Sao civilization">Sao</A>, <A href="/wiki/Kanem_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Bornu</A>, <A href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</A>, <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Baguirmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Baguirmi">Baguirmi</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Wadai_Empire" title="Wadai Empire">Wadai</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010254_33-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010254-33">[33]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Following the <A href="/wiki/Bantu_Migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu Migration">Bantu Migration</A> into Central Africa, during the 14th century, the <A href="/wiki/Luba_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Luba Kingdom">Luba Kingdom</A> in southeast Congo came about under a king whose political authority derived from religious, spiritual legitimacy. The kingdom controlled agriculture and regional trade of salt and iron from the north and copper from the Zambian/Congo copper belt.<SUP id="cite_ref-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142_34-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142-34">[34]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Rival kingship factions which split from the Luba Kingdom later moved among the Lunda people, marrying into its elite and laying the foundation of the <A href="/wiki/Lunda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunda Empire">Lunda Empire</A> in the 16th century. The ruling dynasty centralised authority among the Lunda under the Mwata Yamyo or Mwaant Yaav. The Mwata Yamyo's legitimacy, like that of the Luba king, came from being viewed as a spiritual religious guardian. This <A href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">imperial cult</A> or system of divine kings was spread to most of central Africa by rivals in kingship migrating and forming new states. Many new states received legitimacy by claiming descent from the Lunda dynasties.<SUP id="cite_ref-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142_34-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142-34">[34]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</A> existed from the Atlantic west to the Kwango river to the east. During the 15th century, the Bakongo farming community was united with its capital at <A href="/wiki/M%27banza-Kongo" title="M'banza-Kongo">M'banza-Kongo</A>, under the king title, Manikongo.<SUP id="cite_ref-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142_34-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142-34">[34]</A></SUP> Other significant states and peoples included the <A href="/wiki/Kuba_Kingdom" title="Kuba Kingdom">Kuba Kingdom</A>, producers of the famous raffia cloth, the <A href="/wiki/Eastern_Lunda" title="Eastern Lunda">Eastern Lunda</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bemba_people" title="Bemba people">Bemba</A>, <A href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</A>, <A href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</A>, and the <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ndongo" title="Kingdom of Ndongo">Kingdom of Ndongo</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Horn_of_Africa">Horn of Africa</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Horn of Africa">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa#History" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa § History</A></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">History of Ethiopia</A>, <A href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">History of Somalia</A>, <A href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea" title="History of Eritrea">History of Eritrea</A>, <A href="/wiki/History_of_Djibouti" title="History of Djibouti">History of Djibouti</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Ethiopian historiography</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Gondereshe2008.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gondereshe2008.jpg/220px-Gondereshe2008.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gondereshe2008.jpg/330px-Gondereshe2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gondereshe2008.jpg/440px-Gondereshe2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="331" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Somalia">Stone city</A> of <A href="/wiki/Gondershe" title="Gondershe">Gondershe</A>, <A href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</A></DIV>
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<P>The <A href="/wiki/Axumite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Axumite Empire">Axumite Empire</A> spanned the southern Sahara, south Arabia and the Sahel along the western shore of the <A href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</A>. Located in northern <A href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A> and <A href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</A>, Aksum was deeply involved in the trade network between India and the Mediterranean. Growing from the proto-Aksumite <A href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</A> period circa the 4th century BCE, it rose to prominence by the 1st century CE. The Aksumites constructed monolithic <A href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stelae</A> to cover the graves of their kings, such as <A href="/wiki/King_Ezana%27s_Stele" class="mw-redirect" title="King Ezana's Stele">King Ezana's Stele</A>. The later <A href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</A>, established in the 12th century, built churches out of solid rock. These rock-hewn structures include the <A href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_George,_Lalibela" title="Church of Saint George, Lalibela">Church of St. George at Lalibela</A>.</P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Gonder.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gonder.jpg/220px-Gonder.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gonder.jpg/330px-Gonder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gonder.jpg/440px-Gonder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="511" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Fasil_Ghebbi" title="Fasil Ghebbi">Fasilides Castle</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A></DIV>
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<P>In <A href="/wiki/History_of_somalia#Ancient" class="mw-redirect" title="History of somalia">ancient Somalia</A>, city-states flourished such as <A href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</A>, <A href="/wiki/Cape_Guardafui" title="Cape Guardafui">Mosyllon</A> and <A href="/wiki/Malao_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malao (ancient)">Malao</A> that competed with the <A href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaeans</A>, <A href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</A> and <A href="/wiki/Axumite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Axumite Empire">Axumites</A> for the wealthy <A href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indo</A>–<A href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco</A>–<A href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</A> trade.<SUP id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-35">[35]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the <A href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Sultanate</A>, which excelled in <A href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</A> <A href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</A> and fortress building,<SUP id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-36">[36]</A></SUP> the <A href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Adal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Adal">Sultanate of Adal</A>, whose General <A href="/wiki/Ahmed_Gurey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Gurey">Ahmed Gurey</A> was the first African commander in history to use cannon warfare on the continent during <A href="/wiki/Abyssinian%E2%80%93Adal_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssinian–Adal War">Adal's conquest</A> of the <A href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</A>,<SUP id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-37">[37]</A></SUP> and the <A href="/wiki/Geledi_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geledi Sultanate">Geledi Sultanate</A>, whose military dominance forced governors of the <A href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Omani empire</A> north of the city of <A href="/wiki/Lamu" title="Lamu">Lamu</A> to pay tribute to the <A href="/wiki/Somali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali people">Somali</A> Sultan <A href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yusuf_(Gobroon)" title="Ahmed Yusuf (Gobroon)">Ahmed Yusuf</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-38">[38]</A></SUP> In the late 19th century after the <A href="/wiki/Berlin_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin conference">Berlin conference</A> had ended, <A href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">European empires</A> sailed with their armies to the <A href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperial</A> armies in Somalia alarmed the <A href="/wiki/Dervish_state" title="Dervish state">Dervish</A> leader <A href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan" title="Mohammed Abdullah Hassan">Mohammed Abdullah Hassan</A>, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars known as the <A href="/wiki/Somaliland_Campaign" title="Somaliland Campaign">Somaliland Campaign</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Southern_Africa">Southern Africa</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Southern Africa">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/History_of_Southern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Southern Africa">History of Southern Africa</A></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg/220px-Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg" width="220" height="142" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg/330px-Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg/440px-Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="516" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</A>: Tower in the Great Enclosure</DIV>
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<P>Settlements of <A href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</A>-speaking peoples, who were <A href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</A>-using agriculturists and herdsmen, were already present south of the <A href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</A> by the 4th or 5th century displacing and absorbing the original <A href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</A> speakers. They slowly moved south, and the earliest ironworks in modern-day <A href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal Province</A> are believed to date from around 1050. The southernmost group was the <A href="/wiki/Xhosa_people" title="Xhosa people">Xhosa people</A>, whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan inhabitants. They reached the <A href="/wiki/Great_Fish_River" title="Great Fish River">Fish River</A> in today's <A href="/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape Province</A>.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Monomotapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomotapa">Monomotapa</A> was a medieval kingdom (c. 1250–1629), which existed between the <A href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</A> and <A href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo</A> rivers of <A href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</A> in the territory of modern-day <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A> and <A href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</A>. Its old capital was located at <A href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</A>.</P>
<P>In 1487, <A href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</A> became the first European to reach the southernmost tip of Africa. In 1652, a <A href="/wiki/Victualler" title="Victualler">victualling station</A> was established at the <A href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</A> by <A href="/wiki/Jan_van_Riebeeck" title="Jan van Riebeeck">Jan van Riebeeck</A> on behalf of the <A href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</A>. For most of the 17th and 18th centuries, the slowly expanding settlement was a <A href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</A> possession.</P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</A> seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1795, ostensibly to prevent it from falling into the hands of the French but also to use <A href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</A> in particular as a stop on the route to <A href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">Australia</A> and <A href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">India</A>. It was later returned to the Dutch in 1803, but soon afterwards the Dutch East India Company declared bankruptcy, and the British annexed the <A href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</A> in 1806.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</A> was a Southern African tribal state in what is now <A href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</A> in southeastern South Africa. The small kingdom gained world fame during and after the <A href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</A>.</P>
<P>During the 1950s and early 1960s, most Sub-Saharan African nations achieved independence from colonial rule.<SUP id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-39">[39]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Southeast_Africa">Southeast Africa</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Southeast Africa">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</A></DIV>
<P>According to the theory of <A href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">recent African origin of modern humans</A>, the mainstream position held within the scientific community, all humans originate from either Southeast Africa or the Horn of Africa.<SUP id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-40">[40]</A></SUP> During the first millennium CE, <A href="/wiki/Nilotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic">Nilotic</A> and <A href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</A>-speaking peoples <A href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">moved into the region</A>, and the latter now account for three-quarters of Kenya's population.</P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Tongoni_Ruins.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tongoni_Ruins.jpg/220px-Tongoni_Ruins.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tongoni_Ruins.jpg/330px-Tongoni_Ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tongoni_Ruins.jpg/440px-Tongoni_Ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></A>
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The <A href="/wiki/Tongoni_Ruins" title="Tongoni Ruins">Tongoni Ruins</A> south of <A href="/wiki/Tanga,_Tanzania" title="Tanga, Tanzania">Tanga</A> in <A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A></DIV>
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<P>On the coastal section of Southeast Africa, a mixed Bantu community developed through contact with <A href="/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</A> <A href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</A> and <A href="/wiki/Persian_people" title="Persian people">Persian</A> traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African <A href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili City States</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-41">[41]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili culture</A> that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many <A href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" title="Afro-Arab">Afro-Arab</A> members of the Bantu <A href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili people</A>. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of <A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A> (particularly <A href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</A>) and <A href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</A> –  a seaboard referred to as the <A href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili Coast</A> –  the Bantu <A href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili language</A> contains many <A href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</A> <A href="/wiki/Loan-words" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan-words">loan-words</A> as a consequence of these interactions.<SUP id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-42">[42]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the Southeast coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of <A href="/wiki/Rhapta" title="Rhapta">Rhapta</A>, <A href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</A> and <A href="/wiki/Menouthias" title="Menouthias">Menouthias</A><SUP id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-43">[43]</A></SUP> referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE,<SUP id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-44">[44]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-45">[45]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-46">[46]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-47">[47]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-48">[48]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-49">[49]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-50">[50]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-51">[51]</A></SUP> ultimately giving rise to the name for <A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-52">[52]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-53">[53]</A></SUP> These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach Southeast Africa during their migration.<SUP id="cite_ref-Gonzales2009_54-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Gonzales2009-54">[54]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large medieval Southeast African kingdoms and states emerged, such as the <A href="/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda">Buganda</A><SUP id="cite_ref-Roland_Oliver_1800._pp._24-25_55-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Roland_Oliver_1800._pp._24-25-55">[55]</A></SUP> and <A href="/wiki/Karagwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagwe">Karagwe</A><SUP id="cite_ref-Roland_Oliver_1800._pp._24-25_55-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Roland_Oliver_1800._pp._24-25-55">[55]</A></SUP> kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania.</P>
<P>During the early 1960s, the Southeast African nations achieved independence from colonial rule.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Sudan">Sudan</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sudan">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">History of Sudan</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg/220px-SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg" width="220" height="300" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg/330px-SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg/440px-SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="639" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</A> of the Nubian Emperor <A href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</A></DIV>
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<P><A href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</A> in present-day Northern <A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A> and southernmost of <A href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</A>, was referred to as "<A href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</A>" ("land of the burnt face") by the <A href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-56">[56]</A></SUP></P>
<P><A href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</A> at her greatest phase is considered Sub-Saharan Africa's oldest urban civilisation. Nubia was a major source of gold for the ancient world. Nubians built famous structures and numerous pyramids. Sudan, the site of ancient Nubia, has more pyramids than anywhere in the world.<SUP id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-57">[57]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Western_Africa">Western Africa</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Western Africa">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">History of West Africa</A></DIV>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</A>, <A href="/wiki/Songhay_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhay Empire">Songhay Empire</A>, <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Kingdom of Benin</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Kingdom of Nri</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg/220px-Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg" width="220" height="331" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg/330px-Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg/440px-Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2500" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok</A> sculpture, terracotta, <A href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</A></DIV>
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<P>The <A href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</A> is a major migration movement originating in West Africa around 2500 BCE, reaching East and Central Africa by 1000 BCE and Southern Africa by the early centuries CE.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9-Djenno" title="Djenné-Djenno">Djenné-Djenno</A> city-state flourished from 250 BCE to 900 CE and was influential to the development of the <A href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</A>.</P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok culture</A> is known from a type of <A href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</A> figure found in Nigeria, dating to between 500 BCE and 200 CE.</P>
<P>There were a number of medieval empires of the southern Sahara and the Sahel, based on <A href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</A>, including the <A href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</A>, <A href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</A>, the <A href="/wiki/Kanem_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem Empire</A> and the subsequent <A href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Bornu Empire</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-58">[58]</A></SUP> They built stone structures like in <A href="/wiki/Tichit" title="Tichit">Tichit</A>, but mainly constructed in <A href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Djenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Djenne">Great Mosque of Djenne</A> is most reflective of Sahelian architecture and is the largest adobe building in the world.</P>
<P>In the forest zone, several states and empires emerged. The <A href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</A> arose in the 16th century in modern-day Ghana and Ivory Coast. The <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Kingdom of Nri</A>, was established by the <A href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</A> in the 11th century. Nri was famous for having a priest-king who wielded no military power. Nri was a rare African state which was a haven for freed slaves and outcasts who sought refuge in their territory. Other major states included the kingdoms of <A href="/wiki/Ife" title="Ife">Ifẹ</A> and <A href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</A> in the western block of Nigeria which became prominent about 700–900 and 1400 respectively, and center of <A href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</A> culture. The Yoruba's built massive mud walls around their cities, the most famous being <A href="/wiki/Sungbo%27s_Eredo" title="Sungbo's Eredo">Sungbo's Eredo</A>. Another prominent kingdom in southwestern Nigeria was the <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Kingdom of Benin</A> 9th–11th century whose power lasted between the 15th and 19th century and was one of the greatest Empires of African history documented all over the world. Their dominance reached as far as the well-known city of Eko which was named <A href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</A> by the Portuguese traders and other early European settlers. The <A href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Edo</A> speaking people of Benin are known for their famous bronze casting and rich coral, wealth, ancient science and technology and the <A href="/wiki/Walls_of_Benin" title="Walls of Benin">Walls of Benin</A>, which is the largest man-made structure in the world.</P>
<P>In the 18th century, the Oyo and the <A href="/wiki/Aro_confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Aro confederacy">Aro confederacy</A> were responsible for most of the slaves exported from Nigeria, with Great Britain, France and Portugal shipping the majority of the slaves.<SUP id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-59">[59]</A></SUP> Following the <A href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</A>, the British expanded trade with the Nigerian interior. In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition, and in the following year the <A href="/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company" title="Royal Niger Company">Royal Niger Company</A> was chartered under the leadership of Sir <A href="/wiki/George_Taubman_Goldie" title="George Taubman Goldie">George Taubman Goldie</A>. In 1900, the company's territory came under the control of the British Government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate, part of the <A href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</A>, the foremost world power at the time.</P>
<P>By 1960, most of the region achieved independence from colonial rule.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics of Africa</A></DIV>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Population">Population</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Population">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Africa_population_density.PNG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Africa_population_density.PNG/170px-Africa_population_density.PNG" width="170" height="137" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Africa_population_density.PNG/255px-Africa_population_density.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Africa_population_density.PNG/340px-Africa_population_density.PNG 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="699" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</A> in Africa, 2006</DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Fertility_Rates_and_Life_Expectancy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fertility_Rates_and_Life_Expectancy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png/170px-Fertility_Rates_and_Life_Expectancy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png" width="170" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fertility_Rates_and_Life_Expectancy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png/255px-Fertility_Rates_and_Life_Expectancy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Fertility_Rates_and_Life_Expectancy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png/340px-Fertility_Rates_and_Life_Expectancy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png 2x" data-file-width="2243" data-file-height="2248" /></A>
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<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Fertility_Rates_and_Life_Expectancy_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Fertility rates and life expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa</DIV>
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<P>According to the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects<SUP id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_60-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-60">[60]</A></SUP>, the population of sub-Saharan Africa was 995,694,907 in 2016. The current growth rate is 2.3%. The UN predicts for the region a population between 1.5 and 2 billion by 2050<SUP id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-61">[61]</A></SUP> with a population density of 80 per km<SUP>2</SUP> compared to 170 for Western Europe, 140 for Asia and 30 for the Americas.</P>
<P>Sub-Saharan African countries top the <A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories by fertility rate">list of countries and territories by fertility rate</A> with 40 of the highest 50, all with <A href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">TFR</A> greater than 4 in 2008. All are above the world average except <A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A> and <A href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-62">[62]</A></SUP> More than 40% of the population in sub-Saharan countries is <A href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">younger</A> than 15 years old, as well as in <A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A>, with the exception of South Africa.<SUP id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-63">[63]</A></SUP></P>
<TABLE class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter">
<THEAD><TR>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Country</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending"><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">Population</A></TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending"><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">Area (km<SUP>2</SUP>)</A></TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Literacy (M/F)<SUP id="cite_ref-Database_AFRICAN_DEVELOPMENT_INDICATORS_p._28_64-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Database_AFRICAN_DEVELOPMENT_INDICATORS_p._28-64">[64]</A></SUP></TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">GDP per Capita<SUP id="cite_ref-Database_AFRICAN_DEVELOPMENT_INDICATORS_p._28_64-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Database_AFRICAN_DEVELOPMENT_INDICATORS_p._28-64">[64]</A></SUP></TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table">Trans</A> (Rank/Score)<SUP id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-65">[65]</A></SUP></TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">Life (Exp.)<SUP id="cite_ref-Database_AFRICAN_DEVELOPMENT_INDICATORS_p._28_64-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Database_AFRICAN_DEVELOPMENT_INDICATORS_p._28-64">[64]</A></SUP></TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending"><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">HDI</A></TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/?direction=Asc&sort=2">EODBR/SAB</A><SUP id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-66">[66]</A></SUP></TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2009,1001.html">PFI</A> (RANK/MARK)</TH>
</TR></THEAD><TBODY>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</A></TD>
<TD>18,498,000</TD>
<TD>1,246,700</TD>
<TD>82.9%/54.2%</TD>
<TD>6000</TD>
<TD>168/2</TD>
<TD>42.4</TD>
<TD>0.486</TD>
<TD>172/171</TD>
<TD>132/58,43</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</A></TD>
<TD>8,988,091</TD>
<TD>27,830</TD>
<TD>67.3%/52.2%</TD>
<TD>101</TD>
<TD>168/1.8</TD>
<TD>49</TD>
<TD>0.316</TD>
<TD>176/130</TD>
<TD>103/29,00</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</A></TD>
<TD>68,692,542</TD>
<TD>2,345,410</TD>
<TD>80.9%/54.1%</TD>
<TD>91</TD>
<TD>162/11.9</TD>
<TD>46.1</TD>
<TD>0.286</TD>
<TD>182/152</TD>
<TD>146/53,50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</A></TD>
<TD>18,879,301</TD>
<TD>475,440</TD>
<TD>77%/59.8%</TD>
<TD>687</TD>
<TD>146/2.2</TD>
<TD>50.3</TD>
<TD>0.482</TD>
<TD>171/174</TD>
<TD>109/30,50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</A></TD>
<TD>4,511,488</TD>
<TD>622,984</TD>
<TD>64.8%/33.5%</TD>
<TD>22</TD>
<TD>158/2.8</TD>
<TD>44.4</TD>
<TD>0.343</TD>
<TD>183/159</TD>
<TD>80/17,75</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</A></TD>
<TD>10,329,208</TD>
<TD>1,284,000</TD>
<TD>40.8%/12.8%</TD>
<TD>266</TD>
<TD>175/1.6</TD>
<TD>50.6</TD>
<TD>0.328</TD>
<TD>178/182</TD>
<TD>132/44,50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</A></TD>
<TD>3,700,000</TD>
<TD>342,000</TD>
<TD>90.5%/ 79.0%</TD>
<TD>1,145</TD>
<TD>162/1.9</TD>
<TD>54.8</TD>
<TD>0.533</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
<TD>116/34,25</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</A></TD>
<TD>633,441</TD>
<TD>28,051</TD>
<TD>93.4%/80.3%</TD>
<TD>7,470</TD>
<TD>168/1.8</TD>
<TD>51.1</TD>
<TD>0.537</TD>
<TD>170/178</TD>
<TD>158/65,50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</A></TD>
<TD>1,514,993</TD>
<TD>267,667</TD>
<TD>88.5%/79.7%</TD>
<TD>4,263</TD>
<TD>106/2.9</TD>
<TD>56.7</TD>
<TD>0.674</TD>
<TD>158/152</TD>
<TD>129/43,50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</A></TD>
<TD>39,002,772</TD>
<TD>582,650</TD>
<TD>77.7%/70.2</TD>
<TD>976</TD>
<TD>146/2.2</TD>
<TD>57.8</TD>
<TD>0.519</TD>
<TD>95/124</TD>
<TD>96/25,00</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</A></TD>
<TD>174,507,539</TD>
<TD>923,768</TD>
<TD>84.4%/72.7%<SUP id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-67">[67]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>6,204</TD>
<TD>136/27</TD>
<TD>57</TD>
<TD>0.504</TD>
<TD>131/120</TD>
<TD>112/34.24</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</A></TD>
<TD>10,473,282</TD>
<TD>26,338</TD>
<TD>71.4%/59.8%</TD>
<TD>263</TD>
<TD>89/3.3</TD>
<TD>46.8</TD>
<TD>0.429</TD>
<TD>67/11</TD>
<TD>157/64,67</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</A></TD>
<TD>212,679</TD>
<TD>1,001</TD>
<TD>92.2%/77.9%</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
<TD>111/2.8</TD>
<TD>65.2</TD>
<TD>0.509</TD>
<TD>180/140</TD>
<TD>NA</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A></TD>
<TD>44,928,923</TD>
<TD>945,087</TD>
<TD>77.5%/62.2%</TD>
<TD>339</TD>
<TD>126/2.6</TD>
<TD>51.9</TD>
<TD>0.466</TD>
<TD>131/120</TD>
<TD>NA/15,50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</A></TD>
<TD>32,369,558</TD>
<TD>236,040</TD>
<TD>76.8%/57.7</TD>
<TD>274</TD>
<TD>130/2.5</TD>
<TD>50.7</TD>
<TD>0.446</TD>
<TD>112/129</TD>
<TD>86/21,50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A></TD>
<TD>31,894,000</TD>
<TD>1,886,068</TD>
<TD>79.6%/60.8%</TD>
<TD>2,500<SUP id="cite_ref-imf2_68-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-imf2-68">[68]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>176/1.5</TD>
<TD>62.57<SUP id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-69">[69]</A></SUP></TD>
<TD>0.408</TD>
<TD>154/118</TD>
<TD>148/54,00</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</A></TD>
<TD>8,260,490</TD>
<TD>619,745</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</A></TD>
<TD>516,055</TD>
<TD>23,000</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
<TD>817</TD>
<TD>111/2.8</TD>
<TD>54.5</TD>
<TD>0.430</TD>
<TD>163/177</TD>
<TD>110/31,00</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</A></TD>
<TD>5,647,168</TD>
<TD>121,320</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
<TD>160</TD>
<TD>126/2.6</TD>
<TD>57.3</TD>
<TD>0.349</TD>
<TD>175/181</TD>
<TD>175/115,50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="360" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A></TD>
<TD>85,237,338</TD>
<TD>1,127,127</TD>
<TD>50%/28.8%</TD>
<TD>161</TD>
<TD>120/2.7</TD>
<TD>52.5</TD>
<TD>0.363</TD>
<TD>107/93</TD>
<TD>140/49,00</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</A></TD>
<TD>9,832,017</TD>
<TD>637,657</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
<TD>180/1.1</TD>
<TD>47.7</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
<TD>164/77,50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</A></TD>
<TD>1,990,876</TD>
<TD>600,370</TD>
<TD>80.4%/81.8%</TD>
<TD>8,532</TD>
<TD>37/5.6</TD>
<TD>49.8</TD>
<TD>0.633</TD>
<TD>45/83</TD>
<TD>62/15,50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</A></TD>
<TD>752,438</TD>
<TD>2,170</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
<TD>382</TD>
<TD>143/2.3</TD>
<TD>63.2</TD>
<TD>0.433</TD>
<TD>162/168</TD>
<TD>82/19,00</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</A></TD>
<TD>2,130,819</TD>
<TD>30,355</TD>
<TD>73.7%/90.3%</TD>
<TD>528</TD>
<TD>89/3.3</TD>
<TD>42.9</TD>
<TD>0.450</TD>
<TD>130/131</TD>
<TD>99/27,50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</A></TD>
<TD>19,625,000</TD>
<TD>587,041</TD>
<TD>76.5%/65.3%</TD>
<TD>238</TD>
<TD>99/3.0</TD>
<TD>59</TD>
<TD>0.480</TD>
<TD>134/12</TD>
<TD>134/45,83</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</A></TD>
<TD>14,268,711</TD>
<TD>118,480</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
<TD>145</TD>
<TD>89/3.3</TD>
<TD>47.6</TD>
<TD>0.400</TD>
<TD>132/128</TD>
<TD>62/15,50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</A></TD>
<TD>1,284,264</TD>
<TD>2,040</TD>
<TD>88.2%/80.5%</TD>
<TD>4,522</TD>
<TD>42/5.4</TD>
<TD>73.2</TD>
<TD>0.728</TD>
<TD>17/10</TD>
<TD>51/14,00</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</A></TD>
<TD>21,669,278</TD>
<TD>801,590</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
<TD>330</TD>
<TD>130/2.5</TD>
<TD>42.5</TD>
<TD>0.322</TD>
<TD>135/96</TD>
<TD>82/19,00</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</A></TD>
<TD>2,108,665</TD>
<TD>825,418</TD>
<TD>86.8%/83.6%</TD>
<TD>2166</TD>
<TD>56/4.5</TD>
<TD>52.5</TD>
<TD>0.625</TD>
<TD>66/123</TD>
<TD>35/9,00</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</A></TD>
<TD>87,476</TD>
<TD>455</TD>
<TD>91.4%/92.3%</TD>
<TD>7,005</TD>
<TD>54/4.8</TD>
<TD>72.2</TD>
<TD>0.773</TD>
<TD>111/81</TD>
<TD>72/16,00</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A></TD>
<TD>52,981,991</TD>
<TD>1,219,912</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
<TD>3,562</TD>
<TD>55/4.7</TD>
<TD>50.7</TD>
<TD>0.619</TD>
<TD>34/67</TD>
<TD>33/8,50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Swaziland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Swaziland.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Swaziland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Swaziland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Swaziland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Swaziland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</A></TD>
<TD>1,123,913</TD>
<TD>17,363</TD>
<TD>80.9%/78.3%</TD>
<TD>1,297</TD>
<TD>79/3.6</TD>
<TD>40.8</TD>
<TD>0.522</TD>
<TD>115/158</TD>
<TD>144/52,50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</A></TD>
<TD>11,862,740</TD>
<TD>752,614</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
<TD>371</TD>
<TD>99/3.0</TD>
<TD>41.7</TD>
<TD>0.430</TD>
<TD>90/94</TD>
<TD>97/26,75</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="420" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A></TD>
<TD>11,392,629</TD>
<TD>390,580</TD>
<TD>92.7%/86.2%</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
<TD>146/2.2</TD>
<TD>42.7</TD>
<TD>0.376</TD>
<TD>159/155</TD>
<TD>136/46,50</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</A></TD>
<TD>8,791,832</TD>
<TD>112,620</TD>
<TD>47.9%/42.3%</TD>
<TD>323</TD>
<TD>106/2.9</TD>
<TD>56.2</TD>
<TD>0.427</TD>
<TD>172/155</TD>
<TD>97/26,75</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</A></TD>
<TD>12,666,987</TD>
<TD>1,240,000</TD>
<TD>32.7%/15.9%</TD>
<TD>290</TD>
<TD>111/2.8</TD>
<TD>53.8</TD>
<TD>0.359</TD>
<TD>156/139</TD>
<TD>38/8,00</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</A></TD>
<TD>15,730,977</TD>
<TD>274,200</TD>
<TD>25.3%</TD>
<TD>1,360</TD>
<TD>79/3.6</TD>
<TD>51</TD>
<TD>0.331</TD>
<TD>150/116</TD>
<TD>N/A</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</A></TD>
<TD>499,000</TD>
<TD>322,462</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</A></TD>
<TD>20,617,068</TD>
<TD>322,463</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</A></TD>
<TD>1,782,893</TD>
<TD>11,295</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</A></TD>
<TD>24,200,000</TD>
<TD>238,535</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</A></TD>
<TD>10,057,975</TD>
<TD>245,857</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</A></TD>
<TD>1,647,000</TD>
<TD>36,125</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</A></TD>
<TD>4,128,572</TD>
<TD>111,369</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</A></TD>
<TD>3,359,185</TD>
<TD>1,030,700</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" width="18" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</A></TD>
<TD>17,129,076</TD>
<TD>1,267,000</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</A></TD>
<TD>12,855,153</TD>
<TD>196,712</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</A></TD>
<TD>6,190,280</TD>
<TD>71,740</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/46px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="500" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</A></TD>
<TD>7,154,237</TD>
<TD>56,785</TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
</TBODY><TFOOT></TFOOT></TABLE>
<P><B>GDP per Capita</B> <I>(2006 in dollars (US$))</I>, <B>Life (Exp.)</B> <I>(Life Expectancy 2006)</I>, <B>Literacy (Male/Female 2006)</B>, <B>Trans</B> <I>(Transparency 2009)</I>, <B>HDI</B> <I>(Human Development Index)</I>, <B>EODBR</B> <I>(Ease of Doing Business Rank June 2008 through May 2009)</I>, <B>SAB</B> (<I>Starting a Business June 2008 through May 2009)</I>, <B>PFI</B> <I>(Press Freedom Index 2009)</I></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Languages_and_ethnic_groups">Languages and ethnic groups</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Languages and ethnic groups">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa</A> and <A href="/wiki/List_of_African_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African ethnic groups">List of African ethnic groups</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:332px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Languages_of_Africa_map.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Languages_of_Africa_map.svg/330px-Languages_of_Africa_map.svg.png" width="330" height="314" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Languages_of_Africa_map.svg/495px-Languages_of_Africa_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Languages_of_Africa_map.svg/660px-Languages_of_Africa_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1461" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Languages_of_Africa_map.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
Map showing the traditional language families spoken in Africa:
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #BABA00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</A></DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #FFF400; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</A></DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #64F400; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</A></DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #F18511; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</A></DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #BA64E2; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo</A></DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #D92F2F; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:122px;"><A href="/wiki/File:San_tribesman.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/San_tribesman.jpg/120px-San_tribesman.jpg" width="120" height="180" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/San_tribesman.jpg/180px-San_tribesman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/San_tribesman.jpg/240px-San_tribesman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2153" data-file-height="3222" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:San_tribesman.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
A <A href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</A> man (<A href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</A>)</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:122px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Boerfamily1886.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Boerfamily1886.jpg/120px-Boerfamily1886.jpg" width="120" height="84" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Boerfamily1886.jpg/180px-Boerfamily1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Boerfamily1886.jpg/240px-Boerfamily1886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="360" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Boerfamily1886.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
An <A href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</A> family (<A href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</A>)</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:122px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Eritrean_Women.jpeg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eritrean_Women.jpeg/120px-Eritrean_Women.jpeg" width="120" height="80" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eritrean_Women.jpeg/180px-Eritrean_Women.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Eritrean_Women.jpeg/240px-Eritrean_Women.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="566" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Eritrean_Women.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Saho_people" title="Saho people">Saho</A> women (<A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</A>)</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:122px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Maasai_women_and_children.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Maasai_women_and_children.jpg/120px-Maasai_women_and_children.jpg" width="120" height="100" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Maasai_women_and_children.jpg/180px-Maasai_women_and_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Maasai_women_and_children.jpg/240px-Maasai_women_and_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="960" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Maasai_women_and_children.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</A> women and children (<A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</A>)</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tleft">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:122px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kwarastatedrummers.jpg/120px-Kwarastatedrummers.jpg" width="120" height="177" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kwarastatedrummers.jpg/180px-Kwarastatedrummers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kwarastatedrummers.jpg/240px-Kwarastatedrummers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="902" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<A href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</A> drummers (<A href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo</A>)</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>Sub-Saharan Africa contains over 1,000 languages, which is around 1/6 of the world's total.<SUP id="cite_ref-Africa_South_of_the_Sahara_70-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Africa_South_of_the_Sahara-70">[70]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Afroasiatic">Afroasiatic</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Afroasiatic">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>With the exception of the extinct <A href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</A> (a <A href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</A>) of <A href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</A>, Afro-Asiatic has the oldest documented history of any language family in the world. Egyptian was recorded as early as 3200 BCE. The <A href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</A> branch was recorded as early as 2900 BCE in the form of the <A href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</A> of <A href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</A> (<A href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</A> and <A href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</A>) and circa 2500 BCE in the form of the <A href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite language</A> of north eastern <A href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-71">[71]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The distribution of the <A href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</A> within Africa is principally concentrated in North Africa and the Horn of Africa. Languages belonging to the family's <A href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</A> branch are mainly spoken in the north, with its speech area extending into the Sahel (northern Mauritania, northern Mali, northern Niger).<SUP id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-72">[72]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-73">[73]</A></SUP> The <A href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</A> branch of Afroasiatic is centered in the Horn, and is also spoken in the Nile Valley and parts of the African Great Lakes region. Additionally, the <A href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</A> branch of the family, in the form of <A href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</A>, is widely spoken in the parts of Africa that are within the Arab world. <A href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South Semitic languages</A> are also spoken in parts of the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea). The <A href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic</A> branch is distributed in Central and West Africa.<SUP id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-74">[74]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</A>, its most widely spoken language, serves as a <A href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</A> in West Africa (Niger, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Cameroon, and Chad).<SUP id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-75">[75]</A></SUP></P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Khoisan">Khoisan</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Khoisan">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>The several families lumped under the term <A href="/wiki/Khoi-San" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoi-San">Khoi-San</A> include languages indigenous to <A href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</A> and <A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A>, though some, such as the <A href="/wiki/Khoi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoi languages">Khoi languages</A>, appear to have moved to their current locations not long before the <A href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-GE_76-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-GE-76">[76]</A></SUP> In Southern Africa, their speakers are the <A href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" title="Khoikhoi">Khoikhoi</A> and <A href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</A> (Bushmen), in Southeast Africa, the <A href="/wiki/Sandawe_people" title="Sandawe people">Sandawe</A> and <A href="/wiki/Hadza_people" title="Hadza people">Hadza</A>.</P>
<H4><SPAN id="Niger.E2.80.93Congo"></SPAN><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Niger–Congo">Niger–Congo</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Niger–Congo">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A> family is the largest in the world in terms of the number of languages (1,436) it contains.<SUP id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-77">[77]</A></SUP> The vast majority of languages of this family are <A href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal</A> such as <A href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</A>, However, others such as <A href="/wiki/Fulani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani language">Fulani</A> and Wolof are not. A major branch of Niger–Congo languages is the <A href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu family</A>, which covers a greater geographic area than the rest of the family put together. Bantu speakers represent the majority of inhabitants in southern, central and southeastern Africa, though <A href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</A>, <A href="/wiki/Pygmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmy">Pygmy</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Nilotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic">Nilotic</A> groups, respectively, can also be found in those regions. Bantu-speakers can also be found in parts of <A href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</A> such as the <A href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</A>, <A href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</A> and southern <A href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</A>. <A href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</A>, a Bantu language with many <A href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</A>, <A href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Persian</A> and other Middle Eastern and South Asian <A href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan words</A>, developed as a <I><A href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</A></I> for trade between the different peoples in southeastern Africa. In the <A href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</A> of Southern Africa, the distinct people known as Bushmen (also "San", closely related to, but distinct from "<A href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" title="Khoikhoi">Hottentots</A>") have long been present. The San evince unique physical traits, and are the indigenous people of southern Africa. Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of Central Africa.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nilo-Saharan">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</A> are concentrated in the upper parts of the <A href="/wiki/Chari_River" title="Chari River">Chari</A> and <A href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</A> rivers of Central Africa and Southeast Africa. They are principally spoken by <A href="/wiki/Nilotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilotic">Nilotic</A> peoples and are also spoken in Sudan among the <A href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Fur</A>, <A href="/wiki/Masalit_people" title="Masalit people">Masalit</A>, <A href="/wiki/Nubian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian people">Nubian</A> and <A href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</A> peoples and in West and Central Africa among the <A href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</A>, <A href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</A> and <A href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</A>. The <A href="/wiki/Old_Nubian_language" title="Old Nubian language">Old Nubian language</A> is also a member of this family.</P>
<P>Major languages of Africa by region, family and number of <A href="/wiki/Primary_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary language">primary language</A> speakers in millions:</P>
<DIV style="clear:both;"></DIV>
<TABLE class="wikitable" style="text-valign:top">
<TBODY><TR valign="top">
<TD>
<DL>
<DT>Central Africa</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</A><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_DRC_78-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_DRC-78">[78]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</A>: 12<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Rwanda_79-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Rwanda-79">[79]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</A>: 5+<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_DRC_78-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_DRC-78">[78]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Angola_80-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Angola-80">[80]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Congo_81-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Congo-81">[81]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tshiluba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshiluba language">Tshiluba</A><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_DRC_78-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_DRC-78">[78]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</A><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Burundi_82-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Burundi-82">[82]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nubian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian language">Nubian</A>: 5+<SUP id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-83">[83]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fur_language" title="Fur language">Fur</A>: 5+<SUP id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-84">[84]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zaghawa_language" title="Zaghawa language">Zaghawa</A><SUP id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-85">[85]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Masalit_language" title="Masalit language">Masalit</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kordofanian_languages" title="Kordofanian languages">Kordofanian languages</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuba">Nuba</A><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Sudan_86-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Sudan-86">[86]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</TD>
<TD>
<DL>
<DT>Horn of Africa</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</A>: 20+</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</A>: 5</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</A>: 10–15</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</A>: 30–35</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</A>: <1<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Eritrea_87-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Eritrea-87">[87]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-88">[88]</A></SUP>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gumuz_language" title="Gumuz language">Gumuz</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anuak_language" title="Anuak language">Anuak</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kunama_language" title="Kunama language">Kunama</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nara_language" title="Nara language">Nara</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A>: <1<SUP id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-89">[89]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Somalia_90-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Somalia-90">[90]</A></SUP>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zigula_language" title="Zigula language">Zigula</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</TD>
<TD>
<DL>
<DT>Southeast Africa</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</A>: 5–10</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gikuyu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gikuyu language">Gikuyu</A>: 9<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Kenya_91-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Kenya-91">[91]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ganda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganda language">Ganda</A>: 6<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Uganda_92-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Uganda-92">[92]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Luhya_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Luhya languages">Luhya</A>: 6<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Kenya_91-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Kenya-91">[91]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</A>: 20+<SUP id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-93">[93]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</A>: 2<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_CAR_94-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_CAR-94">[94]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Banda_languages" title="Banda languages">Banda</A>: 1–2<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_CAR_94-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_CAR-94">[94]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zande_language" title="Zande language">Zande</A><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_SSudan_95-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_SSudan-95">[95]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</A>: 10<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Nigeria_96-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Nigeria-96">[96]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Niger_97-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Niger-97">[97]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Chad_98-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Chad-98">[98]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Luo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo language">Luo</A>: 5<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Kenya_91-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Kenya-91">[91]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Uganda_92-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Uganda-92">[92]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sara_languages" title="Sara languages">Sara</A>: 3–4<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_CAR_94-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_CAR-94">[94]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Chad_98-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Chad-98">[98]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kalenjin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalenjin language">Kalenjin</A>: 5<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Kenya_91-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Kenya-91">[91]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</A><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_SSudan_95-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_SSudan-95">[95]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nuer_language" title="Nuer language">Nuer</A><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_SSudan_95-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_SSudan-95">[95]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shilluk_language" title="Shilluk language">Shilluk</A><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_SSudan_95-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_SSudan-95">[95]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</A>: 1–2<SUP id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-99">[99]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-100">[100]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</TD>
<TD>
<DL>
<DT>Southern Africa</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</A>: 10<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_SAfrica_101-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_SAfrica-101">[101]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</A>: 8<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_SAfrica_101-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_SAfrica-101">[101]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</A>: 7</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</A>: 5</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</A>: 4<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_SAfrica_101-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_SAfrica-101">[101]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Botswana_102-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Botswana-102">[102]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Umbundu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbundu language">Umbundu</A>: 4<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Angola_80-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Angola-80">[80]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho</A>: 4<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_SAfrica_101-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_SAfrica-101">[101]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Chichewa</A>: 8<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Malawi_103-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Malawi-103">[103]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Zambia_104-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Zambia-104">[104]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Makua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makua language">Makua</A>: 8<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Mozambique_105-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Mozambique-105">[105]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</A>: 7–10</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</A>: 14<SUP id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-106">[106]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</TD>
<TD>
<DL>
<DT>West Africa</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Benue–Congo">Benue–Congo</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ibibio_language" title="Ibibio language">Ibibio</A> (Nigeria): 7<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Nigeria_96-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Nigeria-96">[96]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta–Niger">Volta–Niger</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</A> (Nigeria): 30–35<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Nigeria_96-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Nigeria-96">[96]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</A>: 40<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Nigeria_96-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Nigeria-96">[96]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</A>:
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Akan_language" title="Akan language">Akan</A> (Ghana, Ivory Coast): 20–25</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/More_language" class="mw-redirect" title="More language">More</A>: 5</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Senegambian_languages" title="Senegambian languages">Senegambian</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</A> (West Africa): 40<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Nigeria_96-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Nigeria-96">[96]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Niger_97-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Niger-97">[97]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Senegal_107-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Senegal-107">[107]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Gambia_108-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Gambia-108">[108]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Cameroon_109-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Cameroon-109">[109]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</A>: 8<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Senegal_107-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Senegal-107">[107]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Gambia_108-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Gambia-108">[108]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</A>: 50<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Nigeria_96-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Nigeria-96">[96]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Niger_97-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Niger-97">[97]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Saharan_languages" title="Saharan languages">Saharan</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</A>: 10<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Niger_97-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Niger-97">[97]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Chad_98-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Chad-98">[98]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Songhai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhai language">Songhai</A>: 5<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Niger_97-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Niger-97">[97]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Mali_110-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Mali-110">[110]</A></SUP></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zarma_language" title="Zarma language">Zarma</A>: 5<SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Niger_97-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Niger-97">[97]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_Mali_110-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_Mali-110">[110]</A></SUP></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy of Africa</A></DIV>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG/220px-Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG/330px-Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG/440px-Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
The <A href="/wiki/Athlone_Power_Station" title="Athlone Power Station">Athlone Power Station</A> in <A href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</A>, <A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>In the mid-2010s, private capital flows to Sub-Saharan Africa –  primarily from the <A href="/wiki/BRIC" title="BRIC">BRICs</A>, private-sector investment portfolios, and remittances –  began to exceed official development assistance.<SUP id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-111">[111]</A></SUP></P>
<P>As of 2011, Africa is one of the fastest developing regions in the world. Six of the world's ten fastest-growing economies over the previous decade were situated below the Sahara, with the remaining four in East and Central Asia. Between 2011 and 2015, the economic growth rate of the average nation in Africa is expected to surpass that of the average nation in Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa is by then projected to contribute seven out of the ten fastest growing economies in the world.<SUP id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-112">[112]</A></SUP> According to the World Bank, the economic growth rate in the region had risen to 4.7% in 2013, with a rate of 5.2% forecasted for 2014. This continued rise was attributed to increasing investment in infrastructure and resources as well as steady expenditure per household.<SUP id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-113">[113]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Energy_and_power">Energy and power</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Energy and power">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <A href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Africa" title="Mineral industry of Africa">Mineral industry of Africa</A></DIV>
<TABLE class="wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter" style="float:right; font-size:80%;">
<CAPTION>Oil production by country<BR />
(with other key actors of African or oil economy)</CAPTION>
<THEAD><TR>
<TH>Rank</TH>
<TH>Area</TH>
<TH>bb/day</TH>
<TH>Year</TH>
<TH>Like...</TH>
</TR><TR>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">_</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">W: World</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">85540000</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending">2007 est.</TH>
<TH class="headerSort" tabindex="0" role="columnheader button" title="Sort ascending"></TH>
</TR></THEAD><TBODY>

<TR>
<TD>01</TD>
<TD>E: Russia</TD>
<TD>9980000</TD>
<TD>2007 est.</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>02</TD>
<TD>Ar: Saudi Arb</TD>
<TD>9200000</TD>
<TD>2008 est.</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>04</TD>
<TD>As: Libya</TD>
<TD>4725000</TD>
<TD>2008 est.</TD>
<TD>Iran</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>10</TD>
<TD>Af: Nigeria/Africa</TD>
<TD>2352000</TD>
<TD>2011 est.</TD>
<TD>Norway</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>15</TD>
<TD>Af: Algeria</TD>
<TD>2173000</TD>
<TD>2007 est.</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>16</TD>
<TD>Af: Angola</TD>
<TD>1910000</TD>
<TD>2008 est.</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>17</TD>
<TD>Af: Egypt</TD>
<TD>1845000</TD>
<TD>2007 est.</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>27</TD>
<TD>Af: Tunisia</TD>
<TD>664000</TD>
<TD>2007 est.</TD>
<TD>Australia</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>31</TD>
<TD>Af: Sudan</TD>
<TD>466100</TD>
<TD>2007 est.</TD>
<TD>Ecuador</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>33</TD>
<TD>Af: Eq.Guinea</TD>
<TD>368500</TD>
<TD>2007 est.</TD>
<TD>Vietnam</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>38</TD>
<TD>Af: DR Congo</TD>
<TD>261000</TD>
<TD>2008 est.</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>39</TD>
<TD>Af: Gabon</TD>
<TD>243900</TD>
<TD>2007 est.</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>40</TD>
<TD>Af: Sth Africa</TD>
<TD>199100</TD>
<TD>2007 est.</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>45</TD>
<TD>Af: Chad</TD>
<TD>156000</TD>
<TD>2008 est.</TD>
<TD>Germany</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>53</TD>
<TD>Af: Cameroon</TD>
<TD>87400</TD>
<TD>2008 est.</TD>
<TD>France</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>56</TD>
<TD>E: France</TD>
<TD>71400</TD>
<TD>2007</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>60</TD>
<TD>Af: Ivory Coast</TD>
<TD>54400</TD>
<TD>2008 est.</TD>
<TD></TD>
</TR>

</TBODY><TFOOT><TR>
<TH>_</TH>
<TH>Af: Africa</TH>
<TH>10780400</TH>
<TH>2011</TH>
<TH>Russia</TH>
</TR><TR>
<TH colspan="5">Source: <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2173rank.html">CIA.gov</A>, World Facts Book > Oil exporters.</TH>
</TR></TFOOT></TABLE>
<P>As of 2009<SUP class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><A class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit">[update]</A></SUP>, fifty percent of Africa is rural with no access to electricity. Africa generates 47 GW of electricity, less than 0.6% of the global market share. Many countries are affected by power shortages.<SUP id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-114">[114]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Because of rising prices in commodities such as coal and oil, thermal sources of energy are proving to be too expensive for power generation. Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to build additional <A href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</A> generation capacity of at least 20,165 MW by 2014. The region has the potential to generate 1,750 TWh of energy, of which only 7% has been explored. The failure to exploit its full energy potential is largely due to significant underinvestment, as at least four times as much (approximately $23 billion a year) and what is currently spent is invested in operating high cost power systems and not on expanding the infrastructure.<SUP id="cite_ref-ODI1_115-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ODI1-115">[115]</A></SUP></P>
<P>African governments are taking advantage of the readily available water resources to broaden their energy mix. Hydro Turbine Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa generated revenues of $120.0 million in 2007 and is estimated to reach $425.0 million.<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><SPAN title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2013)">when?</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> Asian countries, notably China, India, and Japan, are playing an active role in power projects across the African continent. The majority of these power projects are hydro-based because of China's vast experience in the construction of hydro-power projects and part of the Energy & Power Growth Partnership Services programme.<SUP id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-116">[116]</A></SUP></P>
<P>With electrification numbers, Sub-Saharan Africa with access to the Sahara and being in the tropical zones has massive potential for solar <A href="/wiki/Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</A> electrical potential.<SUP id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-117">[117]</A></SUP> Six hundred million people could be served with electricity based on its photovoltaic potential.<SUP id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-118">[118]</A></SUP> China is promising to train 10,000 technicians from Africa and other developing countries in the use of solar energy technologies over the next five years. Training African technicians to use solar power is part of the China-Africa science and technology cooperation agreement signed by Chinese science minister Xu Guanhua and African counterparts during premier Wen Jiabao's visit to Ethiopia in December 2003.<SUP id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-119">[119]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">New Partnership for Africa's Development</A> (NEPAD) is developing an integrated, continent-wide energy strategy. This has been funded by, amongst others, the <A href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</A> (AfDB) and the EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund. These projects must be sustainable, involve a cross-border dimension and/or have a regional impact, involve public and private capital, contribute to poverty alleviation and economic development, involve at least one country in Sub-Saharan Africa.<SUP id="cite_ref-ODI1_115-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ODI1-115">[115]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Media">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Radio is the major source of information in Sub-Saharan Africa.<SUP id="cite_ref-gallup.com_120-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gallup.com-120">[120]</A></SUP> Average coverage stands at more than a third of the population. Countries such as <A href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</A>, <A href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</A>, and <A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A> boast almost 100% penetration. Only five countries –  Burundi, <A href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</A>, <A href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</A> –  still have a penetration of less than 10%. Broadband penetration outside of South Africa has been limited where it is exorbitantly expensive.<SUP id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-121">[121]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-122">[122]</A></SUP> Access to the internet via cell phones is on the rise.<SUP id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-123">[123]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Television is the second major source of information.<SUP id="cite_ref-gallup.com_120-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-gallup.com-120">[120]</A></SUP> Because of power shortages, the spread of television viewing has been limited. Eight percent have television, a total of 62 million. But those in the television industry view the region as an untapped green market. Digital television and pay for service are on the rise.<SUP id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-124">[124]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <A href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Water supply and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa">Water supply and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Front_de_mer.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Front_de_mer.jpg/220px-Front_de_mer.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Front_de_mer.jpg/330px-Front_de_mer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Front_de_mer.jpg/440px-Front_de_mer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></A>
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Skyline of <A href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</A>, <A href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</A></DIV>
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<P>According to researchers at the <A href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</A>, the lack of infrastructure in many <A href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</A> represents one of the most significant limitations to <A href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</A> and achievement of the <A href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</A> (MDGs).<SUP id="cite_ref-ODI1_115-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ODI1-115">[115]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys_125-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys-125">[125]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06_126-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06-126">[126]</A></SUP> Less than 40% of rural Africans live within two kilometers of an all-season road, the lowest level of rural accessibility in the developing world. Spending on roads averages just below 2% of GDP with varying degree among countries. This compares with 1% of GDP that is typical in industrialised countries, and 2–3% of GDP found in fast-growing emerging economies. Although the level of effort is high relative to the size of Africa's economies, it remains little in absolute terms, with low-income countries spending an average of about US$7 per capita per year.<SUP id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-127">[127]</A></SUP> Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive, especially in such as areas as landlocked, rural and sparsely populated countries in Africa.<SUP id="cite_ref-ODI1_115-3" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ODI1-115">[115]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Luanda_feb09_ost06.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Luanda_feb09_ost06.jpg/220px-Luanda_feb09_ost06.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Luanda_feb09_ost06.jpg/330px-Luanda_feb09_ost06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Luanda_feb09_ost06.jpg/440px-Luanda_feb09_ost06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></A>
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Downtown <A href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</A>, <A href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</A></DIV>
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<P>Infrastructure investments contributed to Africa's growth, and increased investment is necessary to maintain growth and tackle poverty.<SUP id="cite_ref-ODI1_115-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ODI1-115">[115]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys_125-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys-125">[125]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06_126-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06-126">[126]</A></SUP> The returns to investment in infrastructure are very significant, with on average 30–40% returns for <A href="/wiki/Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</A> (ICT) investments, over 40% for <A href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</A> generation and 80% for roads.<SUP id="cite_ref-ODI1_115-5" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ODI1-115">[115]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In Africa, it is argued that in order to meet the MDGs by 2015 infrastructure investments would need to reach about 15% of GDP (around $93 billion a year).<SUP id="cite_ref-ODI1_115-6" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ODI1-115">[115]</A></SUP> Currently, the source of financing varies significantly across sectors.<SUP id="cite_ref-ODI1_115-7" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ODI1-115">[115]</A></SUP> Some sectors are dominated by state spending, others by overseas <A href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">development aid</A> (ODA) and yet others by private investors.<SUP id="cite_ref-ODI1_115-8" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ODI1-115">[115]</A></SUP> In Sub-Saharan Africa, the state spends around $9.4 billion out of a total of $24.9 billion.<SUP id="cite_ref-ODI1_115-9" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ODI1-115">[115]</A></SUP> In <A href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</A>, SSA states represent almost all spending; in transport and energy a majority of investment is state spending; in <A href="/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and communication technologies">ICT</A> and <A href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</A> and <A href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</A>, the private sector represents the majority of capital expenditure.<SUP id="cite_ref-ODI1_115-10" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ODI1-115">[115]</A></SUP> Overall, aid, the private sector and non-OECD financiers between them exceed state spending.<SUP id="cite_ref-ODI1_115-11" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ODI1-115">[115]</A></SUP> The private sector spending alone equals state capital expenditure, though the majority is focused on ICT infrastructure investments.<SUP id="cite_ref-ODI1_115-12" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ODI1-115">[115]</A></SUP> External financing increased from $7 billion (2002) to $27 billion (2009). China, in particular, has emerged as an important investor.<SUP id="cite_ref-ODI1_115-13" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-ODI1-115">[115]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Oil_and_minerals">Oil and minerals</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Oil and minerals">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Phenakite-262068.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Phenakite-262068.jpg/220px-Phenakite-262068.jpg" width="220" height="270" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Phenakite-262068.jpg/330px-Phenakite-262068.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Phenakite-262068.jpg/440px-Phenakite-262068.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1024" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Phenakite" title="Phenakite">Phenakite</A> from the <A href="/wiki/Jos_Plateau" title="Jos Plateau">Jos Plateau</A>, <A href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau State</A>, <A href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</A></DIV>
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<P>The region is a major exporter to the world of <A href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</A>, <A href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</A>, <A href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chrome</A>, <A href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</A>, <A href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</A>, <A href="/wiki/Coltan" title="Coltan">coltan</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</A>, <A href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</A>, <A href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</A> and <A href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</A>. South Africa is a major exporter of manganese<SUP id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-128">[128]</A></SUP> as well as Chromium. A 2001 estimate is that 42% of the world's reserves of chromium may be found in South Africa.<SUP id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-129">[129]</A></SUP> South Africa is the largest producer of <A href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</A>, with 80% of the total world's annual mine production and 88% of the world's platinum reserve.<SUP id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-130">[130]</A></SUP> Sub-Saharan Africa produces 33% of the world's bauxite with Guinea as the major supplier.<SUP id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-131">[131]</A></SUP> Zambia is a major producer of copper.<SUP id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-132">[132]</A></SUP> Democratic Republic of Congo is a major source of coltan. Production from Congo is very small but has 80% of proven reserves.<SUP id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-133">[133]</A></SUP> Sub-saharan Africa is a major producer of gold, producing up to 30% of global production. Major suppliers are South Africa, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Guinea, and Mali. South Africa had been first in the world in terms of gold production since 1905, but in 2007 it moved to second place, according to GFMS, the precious metals consultancy.<SUP id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-134">[134]</A></SUP> Uranium is major commodity from the region. Significant suppliers are Niger, Namibia, and South Africa. Namibia was the number one supplier from Sub-Saharan Africa in 2008.<SUP id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-135">[135]</A></SUP> The region produces 49% of the world's <A href="/wiki/Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamonds">diamonds</A>.</P>
<P>By 2015, it is estimated that 25% of North American oil will be from Sub-Saharan Africa, ahead of the Middle East. Sub-Saharan Africa has been the focus of an intense race for oil by the West, China, India, and other emerging economies, even though it holds only 10% of proven oil reserves, less than the Middle East. This race has been referred to as the second Scramble for Africa. All reasons for this global scramble come from the reserves' economic benefits. Transportation cost is low and no pipelines have to be laid as in Central Asia. Almost all reserves are offshore, so political turmoil within the host country will not directly interfere with operations. Sub-Saharan oil is viscous, with a very low sulfur content. This quickens the refining process and effectively reduces costs. New sources of oil are being located in Sub-Saharan Africa more frequently than anywhere else. Of all new sources of oil, ⅓ are in Sub-Saharan Africa.<SUP id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-136">[136]</A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Agriculture">Agriculture</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Rwanda_GV5_lo_(4108942310).jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rwanda_GV5_lo_%284108942310%29.jpg/220px-Rwanda_GV5_lo_%284108942310%29.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rwanda_GV5_lo_%284108942310%29.jpg/330px-Rwanda_GV5_lo_%284108942310%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rwanda_GV5_lo_%284108942310%29.jpg/440px-Rwanda_GV5_lo_%284108942310%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="664" /></A>
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Agricultural fields in <A href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</A>'s <A href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Rwanda" title="Eastern Province, Rwanda">Eastern Province</A></DIV>
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<P>Sub-Saharan Africa has more variety of grains than anywhere in the world. Between 13,000 and 11,000 BCE wild grains began to be collected as a source of food in the cataract region of the Nile, south of Egypt. The collecting of wild grains as source of food spread to Syria, parts of Turkey, and Iran by the eleventh millennium BCE. By the tenth and ninth millennia southwest Asians domesticated their wild grains, wheat, and barley after the notion of collecting wild grains spread from the Nile.<SUP id="cite_ref-The_Civilization_of_Africa_137-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-The_Civilization_of_Africa-137">[137]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Numerous crops have been domesticated in the region and spread to other parts of the world. These crops included <A href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</A>, <A href="/wiki/Castor_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor beans">castor beans</A>, <A href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</A>, <A href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</A><SUP id="cite_ref-Cotton_of_Kush_138-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Cotton_of_Kush-138">[138]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</A>, <A href="/wiki/Black-eyed_peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-eyed peas">black-eyed peas</A>, <A href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</A>, <A href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">gourd</A>, and pearl <A href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</A>. Other domesticated crops included <A href="/wiki/Teff" class="mw-redirect" title="Teff">teff</A>, <A href="/wiki/Enset" class="mw-redirect" title="Enset">enset</A>, <A href="/wiki/African_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="African rice">African rice</A>, <A href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</A>, <A href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">kola nuts</A>, <A href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">oil palm</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">raffia palm</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-The_Civilization_of_Africa_137-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-The_Civilization_of_Africa-137">[137]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-139">[139]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Domesticated animals include the <A href="/wiki/Guinea_fowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea fowl">guinea fowl</A> and the <A href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</A>.</P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG/220px-2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG/330px-2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG/440px-2011-02-07_IMG_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></A>
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The Naute Fruit Farm at the <A href="/wiki/Naute_Dam" title="Naute Dam">Naute Dam</A> outside of <A href="/wiki/Keetmanshoop" title="Keetmanshoop">Keetmanshoop</A>, <A href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</A></DIV>
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<P>Agriculture represents 20% to 30% of GDP and 50% of exports. In some cases, 60% to 90% of the labor force are employed in agriculture.<SUP id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-140">[140]</A></SUP> Most agricultural activity is subsistence farming. This has made agricultural activity vulnerable to climate change and global warming. Biotechnology has been advocated to create high yield, pest and environmentally resistant crops in the hands of small farmers. The Bill and Melinda Gates foundation is a strong advocate and donor to this cause. Biotechnology and GM crops have met resistance both by natives and environmental groups.<SUP id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-141">[141]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Cash crops include cotton, coffee, tea, cocoa, sugar, and tobacco.<SUP id="cite_ref-Africa_South_of_the_Sahara_70-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Africa_South_of_the_Sahara-70">[70]</A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</A> says Africa has the potential to become an agricultural superbloc if it can unlock the wealth of the savannahs by allowing farmers to use their land as collateral for credit.<SUP id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-142">[142]</A></SUP> There is such international interest in Sub-Saharan agriculture, that the World Bank increased its financing of African agricultural programs to $1.3 billion in the 2011 fiscal year.<SUP id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-143">[143]</A></SUP> Recently, there has been a trend to purchase large tracts of land in Sub-Sahara for agricultural use by developing countries.<SUP id="cite_ref-Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys_125-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys-125">[125]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06_126-2" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06-126">[126]</A></SUP> Early in 2009, <A href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</A> highlighted a new farmland buying frenzy caused by growing population, scarce water supplies and climate change. Chinese interests bought up large swathes of Senegal to supply it with sesame. Aggressive moves by China, South Korea and Gulf states to buy vast tracts of agricultural land in Sub-Saharan Africa could soon be limited by a new global international protocol.<SUP id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-144">[144]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Education">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:University_of_Botswana_Earth_Science.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/University_of_Botswana_Earth_Science.JPG/220px-University_of_Botswana_Earth_Science.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/University_of_Botswana_Earth_Science.JPG/330px-University_of_Botswana_Earth_Science.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/University_of_Botswana_Earth_Science.JPG/440px-University_of_Botswana_Earth_Science.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></A>
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The <A href="/wiki/University_of_Botswana" title="University of Botswana">University of Botswana</A>'s Earth Science building in <A href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</A>, <A href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</A></DIV>
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<P>Forty percent of African scientists live in <A href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</A> countries, predominantly in Europe, the United States and Canada.<SUP id="cite_ref-buanews.gov.za_145-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-buanews.gov.za-145">[145]</A></SUP> This has been described as an African <A href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</A>. According to <A href="/wiki/Naledi_Pandor" title="Naledi Pandor">Naledi Pandor</A>, the South African Minister of Science and Technology, even with the drain enrollments in Sub-Saharan African universities tripled between 1991 and 2005, expanding at an annual rate of 8.7%, which is one of the highest regional growth rates in the world. In the last 10 to 15 years interest in pursuing university level degrees abroad has increased. In some OECD countries, like the United States, Sub-Saharan Africans are the <A href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">most educated immigrant group</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-buanews.gov.za_145-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-buanews.gov.za-145">[145]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:University_of_Antananarivo_Madagascar.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/University_of_Antananarivo_Madagascar.JPG/220px-University_of_Antananarivo_Madagascar.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/University_of_Antananarivo_Madagascar.JPG/330px-University_of_Antananarivo_Madagascar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/University_of_Antananarivo_Madagascar.JPG/440px-University_of_Antananarivo_Madagascar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></A>
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The <A href="/wiki/University_of_Antananarivo" title="University of Antananarivo">University of Antananarivo</A> in <A href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</A></DIV>
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<P>According to the CIA, low global literacy rates are concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa, <A href="/wiki/West_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="West Asia">West Asia</A> and <A href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</A>. However, the literacy rates in Sub-Saharan Africa vary significantly between countries. The highest registered literacy rate in the region is in <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A> (90.7%; 2003 est.), while the lowest literacy rate is in <A href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</A> (27%).<SUP id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-146">[146]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Sub-Saharan African countries spent an average of 0.3% of their GDP on science and technology on in 2007. This represents an increase from US$1.8 billion in 2002 to US$2.8 billion in 2007, a 50% increase in spending.<SUP id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-147">[147]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-148">[148]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Health">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">HIV/AIDS in Africa</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital,_Kumasi,_Ghana.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital%2C_Kumasi%2C_Ghana.jpg/220px-Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital%2C_Kumasi%2C_Ghana.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital%2C_Kumasi%2C_Ghana.jpg/330px-Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital%2C_Kumasi%2C_Ghana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital%2C_Kumasi%2C_Ghana.jpg/440px-Komfo_Anokye_Teaching_Hospital%2C_Kumasi%2C_Ghana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></A>
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The Komfo Anokye Hospital in <A href="/wiki/Kumasi" title="Kumasi">Kumasi</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</A></DIV>
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<P>In 1987, the <A href="/wiki/Bamako_Initiative" title="Bamako Initiative">Bamako Initiative</A> conference organised by the <A href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</A> was held in <A href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</A>, the capital of <A href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</A>, and helped reshape the health policy of Sub-Saharan Africa.<SUP id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-149">[149]</A></SUP> The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based <A href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare reform">healthcare reform</A>, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.<SUP id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-150">[150]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-151">[151]</A></SUP></P>
<P>In 2011, Sub-Saharan Africa was home to 69% of all people living with <A href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</A> worldwide.<SUP id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-152">[152]</A></SUP> In response, a number of initiatives have been launched to educate the public on HIV/AIDS. Among these are combination prevention programmes, considered to be the most effective initiative, the <A href="/wiki/Abstinence,_be_faithful,_use_a_condom" title="Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom">abstinence, be faithful, use a condom</A> campaign, and the <A href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu_HIV_Foundation" title="Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation">Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation</A>'s outreach programs.<SUP id="cite_ref-DTHF_153-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-DTHF-153">[153]</A></SUP> According to a 2013 special report issued by the <A href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS</A> (UNAIDS), the number of HIV positive people in Africa receiving anti-retroviral treatment in 2012 was over seven times the number receiving treatment in 2005, with an almost 1 million added in the last year alone.<SUP id="cite_ref-UNAIDS_Press_Release_154-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_Press_Release-154">[154]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-UNAIDS_Special_Report_155-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_Special_Report-155">[155]</A></SUP><SUP class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<SPAN>15</SPAN></SUP> The number of AIDS-related deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 33 percent less than the number in 2005.<SUP id="cite_ref-UNAIDS_2012_156-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-156">[156]</A></SUP> The number of new HIV infections in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 25 percent less than the number in 2001.<SUP id="cite_ref-UNAIDS_2012_156-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-156">[156]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:AIDS_and_HIV_prevalence_2008.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AIDS_and_HIV_prevalence_2008.svg/220px-AIDS_and_HIV_prevalence_2008.svg.png" width="220" height="112" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AIDS_and_HIV_prevalence_2008.svg/330px-AIDS_and_HIV_prevalence_2008.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/AIDS_and_HIV_prevalence_2008.svg/440px-AIDS_and_HIV_prevalence_2008.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></A>
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Estimated <A href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</A> in % of HIV among young adults (15–49) per country as of 2011.<SUP id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-157">[157]</A></SUP></DIV>
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<P><A href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</A> is an endemic illness in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the majority of malaria cases and deaths worldwide occur.<SUP id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-158">[158]</A></SUP> Routine immunization has been introduced in order to prevent <A href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-159">[159]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</A> ("river blindness"), a common cause of <A href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</A>, is also endemic to parts of the region. More than 99% of people affected by the illness worldwide live in 31 countries therein.<SUP id="cite_ref-who.int_160-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-who.int-160">[160]</A></SUP> In response, the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) was launched in 1995 with the aim of controlling the disease.<SUP id="cite_ref-who.int_160-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-who.int-160">[160]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">Maternal mortality</A> is another challenge, with more than half of maternal deaths in the world occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa.<SUP id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_161-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-161">[161]</A></SUP> However, there has generally been progress here as well, as a number of countries in the region have halved their levels of maternal mortality since 1990.<SUP id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_161-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-161">[161]</A></SUP> Additionally, the <A href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</A> in July 2003 ratified the <A href="/wiki/Maputo_Protocol" title="Maputo Protocol">Maputo Protocol</A>, which pledges to prohibit <A href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</A> (FGM).<SUP id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-162">[162]</A></SUP></P>
<P>National health systems vary between countries. In <A href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</A>, most health care is provided by the government and largely administered by the <A href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health, Ghana">Ministry of Health</A> and <A href="/wiki/Ghana_Health_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghana Health Services">Ghana Health Services</A>. The healthcare system has five levels of providers: health posts which are first level primary care for rural areas, health centers and clinics, district hospitals, regional hospitals and tertiary hospitals. These programs are funded by the government of Ghana, financial credits, Internally Generated Fund (IGF), and Donors-pooled Health Fund.<SUP id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-163">[163]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</A>, <A href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity in Africa</A>, <A href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam in Africa</A>, <A href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Africa" title="Hinduism in Africa">Hinduism in Africa</A>, and <A href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">African traditional religion</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Bujumbura_Cathedral.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bujumbura_Cathedral.JPG/220px-Bujumbura_Cathedral.JPG" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bujumbura_Cathedral.JPG/330px-Bujumbura_Cathedral.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Bujumbura_Cathedral.JPG/440px-Bujumbura_Cathedral.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></A>
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The Bujumbura Cathedral in <A href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</A>, <A href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg/220px-Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg/330px-Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg/440px-Saudi_mosque_in_Nouakchott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></A>
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Mosque in <A href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</A></DIV>
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<P>African countries below the Sahara are largely <A href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</A>, while those above the Sahara, in North Africa, are predominantly <A href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</A>. There are also Muslim majorities in parts of the Horn of Africa (<A href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</A> and <A href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</A>) and in the Sahel and Sudan regions (<A href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">the Gambia</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</A>, <A href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</A>, <A href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</A>, <A href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</A> and <A href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</A>), as well as significant Muslim communities in <A href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A> and <A href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</A>, and on the Swahili Coast (<A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A> and <A href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</A>).<SUP id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-164">[164]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</A> is the only country in <A href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</A> to have a <A href="/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</A> majority.</P>
<P>Traditional African religions can be broken down into linguistic cultural groups, with common themes. Among <A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</A>-speakers is a belief in a creator God; ancestor spirits; territorial spirits; evil caused by human ill will and neglecting ancestor spirits; priest of territorial spirits. New world religions such as <A href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</A>, <A href="/wiki/West_African_Vodun" title="West African Vodun">Vodun</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</A>, would be derived from this world view. Among <A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</A> speakers is the belief in Divinity; evil is caused by divine judgement and retribution; prophets as middlemen between Divinity and man. Among <A href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</A>-speakers is <A href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheism</A>, the belief in one's own gods but accepting the existence of other gods; evil here is caused by malevolent spirits. The Semitic <A href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religion</A> of <A href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</A> is comparable to the latter world view.<SUP id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-165">[165]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San religion</A> is non-theistic but a belief in a Spirit or Power of existence which can be tapped in a trance-dance; trance-healers.<SUP id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-166">[166]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Traditional religions in Sub-Saharan Africa often display complex ontology, cosmology and metaphysics. Mythologies, for example, demonstrated the difficulty fathers of creation had in bringing about order from chaos. Order is what is right and natural and any deviation is chaos. <A href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</A> and <A href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</A> is also neither simple or linear. It defines duality, the material and immaterial, male and female, heaven and earth. Common principles of being and becoming are widespread: Among the Dogon, the principle of <I>Amma</I> (being) and <I>Nummo</I> (becoming), and among the Bambara, <I>Pemba</I> (being) and <I>Faro</I> (becoming).<SUP id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-167">[167]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Ifedivination.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Ifedivination.JPG/220px-Ifedivination.JPG" width="220" height="287" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3f/Ifedivination.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="291" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</A> divination and its four digit binary code</DIV>
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<DL>
<DT>West Africa</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Akan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Akan mythology">Akan mythology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ashanti_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti mythology">Ashanti mythology</A> (Ghana)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dahomey_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahomey mythology">Dahomey (Fon) mythology</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik mythology</A> (Nigeria, Cameroon)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Igbo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbo mythology">Igbo mythology</A> (Nigeria, Cameroon)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</A> and <A href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer creation myth</A> (Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yoruba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba mythology">Yoruba mythology</A> (Nigeria, Benin)</LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DT>Central Africa</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dinka_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinka mythology">Dinka mythology</A> (South Sudan)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko mythology</A> (South Sudan)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo mythology</A> (Congo)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bambuti_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambuti mythology">Bambuti (Pygmy) mythology</A> (Congo)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara mythology</A> (Congo)</LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DT>Southeast Africa</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Akamba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Akamba mythology">Akamba mythology</A> (eastern Kenya)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Masai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Masai mythology">Masai mythology</A> (Kenya, Tanzania)</LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DT>Southern Africa</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Khoisan_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoisan religion">Khoisan religion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi mythology</A> (Zambia)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka mythology</A> (Malawi)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zulu_mythology" title="Zulu mythology">Zulu mythology</A> (South Africa)</LI>
</UL>
<P>Sub-Saharan traditional divination systems display great sophistication. For example, the bamana sand divination uses well established symbolic codes that can be reproduced using four bits or marks. A binary system of one or two marks are combined. Random outcomes are generated using a <A href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractal</A> recursive process. It is analogous to a digital circuit but can be reproduced on any surface with one or two marks. This system is widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa.<SUP id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-168">[168]</A></SUP><SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><SPAN title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2014)">page needed</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>Sub-Saharan Africa is diverse, with many communities, villages and cities, each with their own beliefs and traditions. Traditional African Societies are communal, they believe that the needs of the many far out weigh an individual needs and achievements. Basically, an individual's keep must be shared with other extended family members. Extended families are made up of various individuals and families who have shared responsibilities within the community. This extended family is one of the core aspects of every African community. “An African will refer to an older person as auntie or uncle. Siblings of parents will be called father or mother rather than uncle and aunt. Cousins will be called brother or sister”. This system can be very difficult for outsiders to understand; however, it is no less important. “Also reflecting their communal ethic, Africans are reluctant to stand out in a crowd or to appear different from their neighbors or colleagues, a result of social pressure to avoid offense to group standards and traditions." Women also have a very important role in African culture because they take care of the house and children. Traditionally “men do the heavy work of clearing and plowing the land, women sow the seeds, tend the fields, harvest the crops, haul the water, and bear the major burden for growing the family’s food”. Despite their work in the fields women are expected to be subservient to men in some African cultures. “When young women migrate to cities, this imbalance between the sexes, as well as financial need, often causes young women of lower economic status, who lack education and job training, to have sexual relationships with older men who are established in their work or profession and can afford to support a girlfriend or two”.<SUP id="cite_ref-Intercultural_Press_169-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-Intercultural_Press-169">[169]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Music">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music of Africa</A> and <A href="/wiki/African_popular_music" title="African popular music">African popular music</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:TrebleKalimba.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/TrebleKalimba.jpg/220px-TrebleKalimba.jpg" width="220" height="183" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/TrebleKalimba.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="250" /></A>
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A traditional polyrhythmic <A href="/wiki/Kalimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalimba">kalimba</A></DIV>
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<P>Traditional Sub-Saharan African music is as diverse as the region's various populations. The common perception of Sub-Saharan African music is that it is rhythmic music centered around the drums. It is partially true. A large part of Sub-Saharan music, mainly among speakers of <A href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger–Congo">Niger–Congo</A> and <A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</A> languages, is rhythmic and centered around the drum. Sub-Saharan music is polyrhythmic, usually consisting of multiple rhythms in one composition. Dance involves moving multiple body parts. These aspect of Sub-Saharan music has been transferred to the new world by enslaved Sub-Saharan Africans and can be seen in its influence on music forms as <A href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">Samba</A>, <A href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</A>, <A href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_Blues" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm and Blues">Rhythm and Blues</A>, <A href="/wiki/Rock_%26_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock & Roll">Rock & Roll</A>, <A href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">Salsa</A>, <A href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</A> and <A href="/wiki/Rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap">Rap</A> music.<SUP id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_170-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-170">[170]</A></SUP></P>
<P>But Sub-Saharan music involves a lot of music with strings, horns, and very little poly-rhythms. Music from the eastern sahel and along the nile, among the <A href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</A>, made extensive use of strings and horns in ancient times. Among the <A href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic">Afro-Asiatics</A>, we see extensive use of string instruments. Dancing involve swaying body movements and footwork. Among the <A href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</A> is extensive use of string instruments with emphasis on footwork.<SUP id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-171">[171]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Modern Sub-Saharan African music has been influence by music from the New World (Jazz, Salsa, Rhythm and Blues etc.) vice versa being influenced by enslaved Sub-Saharan Africans. Popular styles are <A href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">Mbalax</A> in <A href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</A> and <A href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</A>, <A href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">Highlife</A> in <A href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</A>, <A href="/wiki/Zoblazo" title="Zoblazo">Zoblazo</A> in <A href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</A>, <A href="/wiki/Makossa" title="Makossa">Makossa</A> in <A href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</A>, <A href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">Soukous</A> in the <A href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</A>, <A href="/wiki/Kizomba" title="Kizomba">Kizomba</A> in <A href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Mbaqanga" title="Mbaqanga">Mbaqanga</A> in <A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A>. New World styles like Salsa, R&B/Rap, Reggae, and Zouk also have widespread popularity.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Art">Art</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Art">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">African art</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg/220px-Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg" width="220" height="199" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg/330px-Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg/440px-Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="2272" /></A>
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Two <A href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara</A> <A href="/wiki/Chiwara" title="Chiwara">Chiwara</A> c. late 19th early 20th centuries. Female (left) and male Vertical styles.</DIV>
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<P>The oldest <A href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract art</A> in the world is a shell necklace, dated to 82,000 years in the Cave of Pigeons in <A href="/wiki/Taforalt" title="Taforalt">Taforalt</A>, eastern Morocco.<SUP id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-172">[172]</A></SUP> The second oldest abstract form of art and the oldest rock art is found in the <A href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</A> at the Cape in South Africa, dated 77,000 years.<SUP id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-173">[173]</A></SUP> Sub-Saharan Africa has some of the oldest and most varied style of rock art in the world.<SUP id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-174">[174]</A></SUP></P>
<P>Although Sub-Saharan African art is very diverse there are some common themes. One is the use of the human figure. Second, there is a preference for <A href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</A>. Sub-Saharan African art is meant to be experienced in three dimensions, not two. A house is meant to be experienced from all angles. Third, art is meant to be performed. Sub-Saharan Africans have specific name for masks. The name incorporates the sculpture, the dance, and the spirit that incorporates the mask. The name denotes all three elements. Fourth, art that serves a practical function, utilitarian. The artist and craftsman are not separate. A sculpture shaped like a hand can be used as a stool. Fifth, the use of <A href="/wiki/Fractals" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractals">fractals</A> or non-linear scaling. The shape of the whole is the shape of the parts at different scales. Before the discovery of fractal geometry], Leopold Sedar Senghor, Senegal's first president, referred to this as "dynamic symmetry." <A href="/wiki/William_Buller_Fagg" title="William Buller Fagg">William Fagg</A>, the British art historian, compared it to the logarithmic mapping of natural growth by biologist D’Arcy Thompson. Lastly, Sub-Saharan African art is visually abstract, instead of naturalistic. Sub-Saharan African art represents spiritual notions, social norms, ideas, values, etc. An artist might exaggerated the head of a sculpture in relations to the body not because he does not know anatomy but because he wants to illustrate that the head is the seat of knowledge and wisdom. The visual abstraction of African art was very influential in the works of <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aima/hd_aima.htm">modernist</A> artist like Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and Jacques Lipchitz.<SUP id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-175">[175]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-176">[176]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Cuisine">Cuisine</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African cuisine</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Fufu.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fufu.jpg/220px-Fufu.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fufu.jpg/330px-Fufu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fufu.jpg/440px-Fufu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></A>
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A plate of <A href="/wiki/Fufu" title="Fufu">fufu</A> accompanied with <A href="/wiki/Peanut_soup" title="Peanut soup">peanut soup</A></DIV>
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<P>Sub-Saharan African cuisine like everything about Africa is very diverse. A lot of regional overlapping occurs, but there are dominant elements region by region.</P>
<P>West African cuisine can be described as starchy, flavorfully spicey. Dishes include <A href="/wiki/Fufu" title="Fufu">fufu</A>, <A href="/wiki/Kenkey" title="Kenkey">kenkey</A>, <A href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">couscous</A>, <A href="/wiki/Garri" title="Garri">garri</A>, foutou, and banku. Ingredients are of native starchy tubers, <A href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</A>, <A href="/wiki/Eddoe" title="Eddoe">cocoyams</A>, and <A href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</A>. Grains include millet, sorghum, and rice, usually in the sahel, are incorporated. Oils include palm oil and shea butter(sahel). One finds recipes that mixes fish and meat. Beverages are palm wine(sweet or sour) and millet beer. Roasting, baking, boiling, frying, mashing, and spicing are all cooking techniques.</P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg/220px-Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg" width="220" height="193" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg/330px-Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg/440px-Ugali_and_cabbage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="1912" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">Ugali</A> and <A href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</A></DIV>
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<P>Southeast African cuisine especially those of the <A href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahilis</A> reflects its Islamic, geographical Indian Ocean cultural links. Dishes include <A href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">ugali</A>, sukumi wiki, and halva. Spices such as curry, saffron, cloves, cinnamon, pomegranate juice, cardamon, ghee, and sage are used, especially among Muslims. Meat includes cattle, sheep, and goats, but is rarely eaten since its viewed as currency and wealth.</P>
<P>In the <A href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</A>, pork and non-fish seafood is avoided by Christians and Muslims. Dairy products and all meats are avoided during lent by Ethiopians. Maize (corn) is a major staple. Cornmeal is used to make <A href="/wiki/Ugali" title="Ugali">ugali</A>, a popular dish with different names. <A href="/wiki/Teff" class="mw-redirect" title="Teff">Teff</A> is used to make <A href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">injera</A> or canjeero (Somali) bread. Other important foods include <A href="/wiki/Enset" class="mw-redirect" title="Enset">enset</A>, <A href="/wiki/Noog" class="mw-redirect" title="Noog">noog</A>, lentils, rice, banana, leafy greens, chiles, peppers, coconut milk and tomatoes. Beverages are coffee (domesticated in Ethiopia), chai tea, fermented beer from banana or millet. Cooking techniques include roasting and marinating.</P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Alicha_1.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alicha_1.jpg/220px-Alicha_1.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alicha_1.jpg/330px-Alicha_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Alicha_1.jpg/440px-Alicha_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></A>
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This meal, consisting of <I>injera</I> and several kinds of <I>wat</I> (stew), is typical of <A href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</A> and <A href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrean</A> cuisine.</DIV>
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<P>Central African cuisine connects with all major regions of Sub-Saharan Africa: Its cuisine reflects that. Ugali and fufu are eaten in the region. Central African cuisine is very starchy and spicy hot. Dominant crops include plantains, cassava, peanuts, chillis, and okra. Meats include beef, chicken, and sometimes exotic meats called bush meat (antelope, warthog, crocodile). Widespread spicy hot fish cuisine is one of the differentiating aspects. Mushroom is sometimes used as a meat substitute.</P>
<P>Traditional Southern African cuisine surrounds meat. Traditional society typically focused on raising, sheep, goats, and especially cattle. Dishes include braai (barbecue meat), sadza, bogobe, <A href="/wiki/Pap_(food)" title="Pap (food)">pap</A> (fermented cornmeal), milk products (buttermilk, yoghurt). Crops utilised are sorghum, maize (corn), pumpkin beans, leafy greens, and cabbage. Beverages include ting (fermented sorghum or maize), milk, chibuku (milky beer). Influences from the Indian and Malay community can be seen its use of curries, sambals, pickled fish, fish stews, chutney, and samosa. European influences can be seen in cuisines like <A href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">biltong</A> (dried beef strips), potjies (stews of maize, onions, tomatoes), French wines, and crueler or koeksister (sugar syrup cookie).</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Clothing">Clothing</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Clothing">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <A href="/wiki/Clothing_in_Africa" title="Clothing in Africa">Clothing in Africa</A></DIV>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Kent_wove.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kent_wove.jpg/220px-Kent_wove.jpg" width="220" height="304" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kent_wove.jpg/330px-Kent_wove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Kent_wove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="513" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Ashanti_people" title="Ashanti people">The Ashanti</A> <A href="/wiki/Kente" class="mw-redirect" title="Kente">Kente</A> cloth patterns</DIV>
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<P>Like most of the world, Sub-Saharan Africans have adopted Western-style clothing. In some country like Zambia, used Western clothing has flooded markets, causing great angst in the retail community. Sub-Saharan Africa boasts its own traditional <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamillgallery.com/SITE/Textiles.html">clothing style</A>. Cotton seems to be the dominant material.</P>
<P>In East Africa, one finds extensive use of cotton clothing. Shemma, shama, and kuta are types of Ethiopian clothing. <A href="/wiki/Kanga_(African_garment)" title="Kanga (African garment)">Kanga</A> are <A href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili</A> cloth that comes in rectangular shapes, made of pure cotton, and put together to make clothing. Kitenges are similar to kangas and kikoy, but are of a thicker cloth, and have an edging only on a long side. <A href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</A>, <A href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A>, and <A href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</A> are some of the African countries where kitenge is worn. In <A href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</A>, <A href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</A> and <A href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</A>, kitenge is known as Chitenge. One of the unique materials, which is not a fiber and is used to make clothing is barkcloth,<SUP id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-177">[177]</A></SUP> an innovation of the Baganda people of Uganda. It came from the Mutuba tree (Ficus natalensis).<SUP id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-178">[178]</A></SUP> On Madagascar a type of draped cloth called <A href="/wiki/Lamba_(garment)" title="Lamba (garment)">lamba</A> is worn.</P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Kangas_drying_in_Zanzibar.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kangas_drying_in_Zanzibar.jpg/220px-Kangas_drying_in_Zanzibar.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kangas_drying_in_Zanzibar.jpg/330px-Kangas_drying_in_Zanzibar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kangas_drying_in_Zanzibar.jpg/440px-Kangas_drying_in_Zanzibar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></A>
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<A href="/wiki/Kanga_(African_garment)" title="Kanga (African garment)">Kangas</A></DIV>
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<P>In West Africa, again cotton is the material of choice. In the Sahel and other parts of West Africa the <A href="/wiki/Boubou_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boubou (clothing)">boubou</A> and <A href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">kaftan</A> style of clothing are featured. <A href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</A> is created by the <A href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan people</A> of Ghana and Ivory Coast, from silk of the various moth species in West Africa. Kente comes from the <A href="/wiki/Ashanti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti language">Ashanti</A> <A href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">twi</A> word <I>kenten</I> which means basket. It is sometimes used to make <A href="/wiki/Dashiki" title="Dashiki">dashiki</A> and <A href="/wiki/Kufi" title="Kufi">kufi</A>. Adire is a type of Yoruba cloth that is starch resistant. Raffia cloth<SUP id="cite_ref-metmuseum.org_179-0" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-metmuseum.org-179">[179]</A></SUP> and barkcloth are also utilised in the region.</P>
<P>In Central Africa, the Kuba people developed raffia cloth<SUP id="cite_ref-metmuseum.org_179-1" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-metmuseum.org-179">[179]</A></SUP> from the raffia plant fibers. It was widely used in the region. Barkcloth was also extensively used.</P>
<P>In Southern Africa one finds numerous uses of animal hide and skins for clothing. The Ndau in central Mozambique and the Shona mix hide with barkcloth and cotton cloth. Cotton cloth is referred to as machira. Xhosa, Tswana, Sotho, and Swazi also made extensive use of hides. Hides come from cattle, sheep, goat, and elephant. Leopard skins were coveted and were a symbol of kingship in Zulu society. Skins were tanned to form leather, dyed, and embedded with beads.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:AbidjanStade.JPG" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AbidjanStade.JPG/220px-AbidjanStade.JPG" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AbidjanStade.JPG/330px-AbidjanStade.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AbidjanStade.JPG/440px-AbidjanStade.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></A>
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The <A href="/wiki/Stade_F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny" title="Stade Félix Houphouët-Boigny">Stade Félix Houphouët-Boigny</A> in <A href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</A>, <A href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</A></DIV>
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<P>Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan men are its main patrons. Major competitions include the <A href="/wiki/CAF_Champions_League" title="CAF Champions League">African Champions League</A>, a competition for the best clubs on the continent and the <A href="/wiki/CAF_Confederation_Cup" title="CAF Confederation Cup">Confederation Cup</A>, a competition primarily for the national cup winner of each African country. The <A href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">Africa Cup of Nations</A> is a competition of 16 national teams from various African countries held every two years. South Africa hosted the <A href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</A>, a first for a Sub-Saharan country. In 2010, Cameroon played in the <A href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</A> for the sixth time, which is the current record for a Sub-Saharan team. In <A href="/wiki/Nigeria_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Nigeria at the 1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Nigeria won the Olympic gold for football</A>. In 2000 Cameroon maintained the continent's supremacy by winning the title too. Momentous achievements for Sub-Saharan African football. Famous Sub-Saharan football stars include <A href="/wiki/Abedi_Pele" title="Abedi Pele">Abedi Pele</A>, <A href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Adebayor" title="Emmanuel Adebayor">Emmanuel Adebayor</A>, <A href="/wiki/George_Weah" title="George Weah">George Weah</A>, <A href="/wiki/Michael_Essien" title="Michael Essien">Michael Essien</A>, <A href="/wiki/Didier_Drogba" title="Didier Drogba">Didier Drogba</A>, <A href="/wiki/Roger_Milla" title="Roger Milla">Roger Milla</A>, <A href="/wiki/Nwankwo_Kanu" title="Nwankwo Kanu">Nwankwo Kanu</A>, <A href="/wiki/Jay-Jay_Okocha" title="Jay-Jay Okocha">Jay-Jay Okocha</A>, <A href="/wiki/Bruce_Grobbelaar" title="Bruce Grobbelaar">Bruce Grobbelaar</A>, <A href="/wiki/Samuel_Eto%27o" title="Samuel Eto'o">Samuel Eto'o</A>, <A href="/wiki/Kolo_Tour%C3%A9" title="Kolo Touré">Kolo Touré</A>, <A href="/wiki/Yaya_Tour%C3%A9" title="Yaya Touré">Yaya Touré</A>, <A href="/wiki/Sadio_Man%C3%A9" title="Sadio Mané">Sadio Mané</A> and <A href="/wiki/Pierre-Emerick_Aubameyang" title="Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang">Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang</A>. The most talented Sub-Saharan African football players find themselves courted and sought after by European leagues. There are currently more than 1000 Africans playing for European clubs. Sub-Saharan Africans have found themselves the target of racism by European fans. FIFA has been trying hard to crack down on racist outburst during games.<SUP id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-180">[180]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-181">[181]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-182">[182]</A></SUP></P>
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<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg/220px-Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg/330px-Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg/440px-Namibia_Rugby_Team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></A>
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The <A href="/wiki/Namibia_national_rugby_union_team" title="Namibia national rugby union team">Namibia rugby team</A></DIV>
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<P><A href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby</A> is also popular in Sub-Saharan Africa. The <A href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of African Rugby">Confederation of African Rugby</A> governs rugby games in the region. South Africa is a major force in the game and won the Rugby World Cup in <A href="/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1995 Rugby World Cup">1995</A> and in <A href="/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2007 Rugby World Cup">2007</A>. Africa is also allotted one guaranteed qualifying place in the <A href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</A>.</P>
<P>Boxing is also a popular sport. <A href="/wiki/Battling_Siki" title="Battling Siki">Battling Siki</A> the first world champion to come out of Sub-Saharan Africa. Countries such as Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa have produced numerous professional world champions such as <A href="/wiki/Dick_Tiger" title="Dick Tiger">Dick Tiger</A>, <A href="/wiki/Hogan_Bassey" title="Hogan Bassey">Hogan Bassey</A>, <A href="/wiki/Gerrie_Coetzee" title="Gerrie Coetzee">Gerrie Coetzee</A>, <A href="/wiki/Samuel_Peter" title="Samuel Peter">Samuel Peter</A>, <A href="/wiki/Azumah_Nelson" title="Azumah Nelson">Azumah Nelson</A> and <A href="/wiki/Jake_Matlala" class="mw-redirect" title="Jake Matlala">Jake Matlala</A>.</P>
<P>Cricket has a following. The <A href="/wiki/African_Cricket_Association" title="African Cricket Association">African Cricket Association</A> is an international body which oversees cricket in African countries. South Africa and Zimbabwe have their own governing bodies. In 2003 the <A href="/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup" title="Cricket World Cup">Cricket World Cup</A> was held in South Africa, first time it was held in Sub-Saharan Africa.</P>
<P>Over the years, <A href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A> and <A href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</A> have produced many notable long-distance athletes. Each country has federations that identify and cultivate top talent. Athletes from Ethiopia and Kenya hold, save for two exceptions, all the men's outdoor records for Olympic distance events from 800m to the <A href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-183">[183]</A></SUP> Famous runners include <A href="/wiki/Haile_Gebrselassie" title="Haile Gebrselassie">Haile Gebrselassie</A>, <A href="/wiki/Kenenisa_Bekele" title="Kenenisa Bekele">Kenenisa Bekele</A>, <A href="/wiki/Paul_Tergat" title="Paul Tergat">Paul Tergat</A>, and <A href="/wiki/John_Cheruiyot_Korir" title="John Cheruiyot Korir">John Cheruiyot Korir</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-184">[184]</A></SUP></P>
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<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<P>The development of <A href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</A> in this region has been identified as having the ability to create jobs and improve the economy. South Africa, Namibia, Mauritius, Botswana, Ghana, Cape Verde, Tanzania, and Kenya have been identified as having well developed tourism industries.<SUP id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-185">[185]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</A> and the surrounding area is very popular with tourists.<SUP id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-186">[186]</A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="List_of_countries_and_regional_organization">List of countries and regional organization</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: List of countries and regional organization">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><A href="/wiki/File:Afrika_MO.jpg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Afrika_MO.jpg/220px-Afrika_MO.jpg" width="220" height="215" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Afrika_MO.jpg/330px-Afrika_MO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Afrika_MO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="337" /></A>
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<I>Geo-political map of Africa divided for ethnomusicological purposes, after <A href="/wiki/Alan_P._Merriam" title="Alan P. Merriam">Alan P. Merriam</A>, 1959.</I></DIV>
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<P>Only seven African countries are not geopolitically a part of Sub-Saharan Africa: <A href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</A>, <A href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</A>, <A href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</A>, <A href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</A>, <A href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</A>, <A href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</A> (claimed by Morocco) and <A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A>; they form the <A href="/wiki/UN_subregion" class="mw-redirect" title="UN subregion">UN subregion</A> of <A href="/wiki/Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">Northern Africa</A>, which also makes up the largest bloc of the <A href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</A>. Nevertheless, some international organisations include Sudan as part of Sub-Saharan Africa. Although a long-standing member of the <A href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</A>, Sudan has around 30% non-Arab populations in the west (<A href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</A>, <A href="/wiki/Masalit_people" title="Masalit people">Masalit</A>, <A href="/wiki/Zaghawa_people" title="Zaghawa people">Zaghawa</A>), far north (<A href="/wiki/Nubian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian people">Nubian</A>) and south (<A href="/wiki/Kordofan" title="Kordofan">Kordofan</A>, <A href="/wiki/Nuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuba">Nuba</A>).<SUP id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-187">[187]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-188">[188]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-189">[189]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-190">[190]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-191">[191]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-192">[192]</A></SUP> <A href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</A> and <A href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</A> only include a band of the Sahel along their southern borders. All other African countries have at least significant portions of their territory within Sub-Saharan Africa.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Central_Africa_2">Central Africa</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Central Africa">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png/200px-LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png" width="200" height="218" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png/300px-LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="392" /></A>
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<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00a000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Central Africa</DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00d000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Middle Africa (<A href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">UN subregion</A>)</DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00ff00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Central_African_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central African Federation">Central African Federation</A> (defunct)</DIV>
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<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</A><SUP id="cite_ref-CIA_SSudan_95-4" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-CIA_SSudan-95">[95]</A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><A href="#cite_note-193">[193]</A></SUP> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Juba" title="Juba">Juba</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Sudanese_pound" title="Sudanese pound">Sudanese pound</A> (SDG) <I><B>lang.</B></I> English</LI>
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<DL>
<DT>ECCAS (<A href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">Economic Community of Central African States</A>)</DT>
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<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</A> (also in SADC) <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Angolan_kwanza" title="Angolan kwanza">Angolan kwanza</A> (Kz) <I><B>lang.</B></I> Portuguese</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</A> (also in EAC) <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Burundian_franc" title="Burundian franc">Burundian franc</A> (FBu) <I><B>lang.</B></I> French</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</A> (also in SADC) <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Congolese_franc" title="Congolese franc">Congolese franc</A> (FC) <I><B>lang.</B></I> French</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</A> (also in EAC) <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Rwandan_franc" title="Rwandan franc">Rwandan franc</A> (RF) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</A>, French, English</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_dobra" title="São Tomé and Príncipe dobra">São Tomé and Príncipe dobra</A> (Db) <I><B>lang.</B></I> Portuguese</LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DT>CEMAC (<A href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Community_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa">Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa</A>)</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</A> (FCFA) <I><B>lang.</B></I> English, French</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Bangui" title="Bangui">Bangui</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</A> (FCFA) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Sango" class="mw-redirect" title="Sango">Sango</A>, French</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</A> (FCFA) <I><B>lang.</B></I> French, Arabic</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</A> (FCFA) <I><B>lang.</B></I> French</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Malabo" title="Malabo">Malabo</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</A> (FCFA) <I><B>lang.</B></I> Spanish, French</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Libreville" title="Libreville">Libreville</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</A> (FCFA) <I><B>lang.</B></I> French</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="East_Africa">East Africa</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: East Africa">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:LocationEasternAfrica.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/LocationEasternAfrica.png/200px-LocationEasternAfrica.png" width="200" height="218" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/LocationEasternAfrica.png/300px-LocationEasternAfrica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/LocationEasternAfrica.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="392" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:LocationEasternAfrica.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00a000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Eastern Africa (<A href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">UN subregion</A>)</DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #177245; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</A></DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #ACE1AF; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Central African Federation</A> (defunct)</DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00f000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Geographic East Africa, including the UN subregion and East African Community</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Horn_of_Africa_2">Horn of Africa</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Horn of Africa">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Djiboutian_franc" title="Djiboutian franc">Djiboutian franc</A> (Fdj) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</A>, <A href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Eritrean_nakfa" title="Eritrean nakfa">Eritrean nakfa</A> (Nfk) '<I><B>lang.'</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</A>, Arabic, Italian, English</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="360" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Ethiopian birr</A> (Br) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Somali_shilling" title="Somali shilling">Somali shilling</A> (So.Sh) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</A>, Arabic</LI>
</UL>
<H4><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Southeast_Africa_2">Southeast Africa</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Southeast Africa">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H4>
<DL>
<DT>EAC</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</A> (also in ECCAS) <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Burundian_franc" title="Burundian franc">Burundian franc</A> (FBu) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</A>, French</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Kenyan_shilling" title="Kenyan shilling">Kenyan shilling</A> (KSh) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili</A>, English</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</A> (also in ECCAS) <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Rwandan_franc" title="Rwandan franc">Rwandan franc</A> (RF) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</A>, French, English</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</A> (also in SADC) <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Dodoma" title="Dodoma">Dodoma</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Tanzanian_shilling" title="Tanzanian shilling">Tanzanian shilling</A> (x/y) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili</A>, English</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Ugandan_shilling" title="Ugandan shilling">Ugandan shilling</A> (USh) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Swahili_culture" title="Swahili culture">Swahili</A>, English</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Southern_Africa_2">Southern Africa</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Southern Africa">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:LocationSouthernAfrica.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/LocationSouthernAfrica.png/200px-LocationSouthernAfrica.png" width="200" height="218" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/LocationSouthernAfrica.png/300px-LocationSouthernAfrica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/LocationSouthernAfrica.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="392" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:LocationSouthernAfrica.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00a000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Southern Africa (<A href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">UN subregion</A>)</DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00d000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> geographic, including above</DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00ff00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</A> (SADC)</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DL>
<DT>SADC (Southern African Development Community)</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</A> (also in ECCAS) <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Angolan_kwanza" title="Angolan kwanza">Angolan kwanza</A> (Kz) <I><B>lang.</B></I> Portuguese</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Gaborone" title="Gaborone">Gaborone</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Botswana_pula" title="Botswana pula">Botswana pula</A> (P) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</A>, English</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros" title="Moroni, Comoros">Moroni</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Comorian_franc" title="Comorian franc">Comorian franc</A> (CF) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Comorian_language" title="Comorian language">Comorian</A>, Arabic, French</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lesotho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Maseru" title="Maseru">Maseru</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Lesotho_loti" title="Lesotho loti">Lesotho loti</A> (L)(M) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Sesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho">Sesotho</A>, English</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Antananarivo" title="Antananarivo">Antananarivo</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Malagasy_ariary" title="Malagasy ariary">Malagasy ariary</A> (MGA) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</A>, French</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Malawian_kwacha" title="Malawian kwacha">Malawian kwacha</A> (MK) <I><B>lang.</B></I> English</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Mauritian_rupee" title="Mauritian rupee">Mauritian rupee</A> (R) <I><B>lang.</B></I> English</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Mozambican_metical" title="Mozambican metical">Mozambican metical</A> (MTn) <I><B>lang.</B></I> Portuguese</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Namibian_dollar" title="Namibian dollar">Namibian dollar</A> (N$) <I><B>lang.</B></I> English</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Victoria,_Seychelles" title="Victoria, Seychelles">Victoria</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Seychellois_rupee" title="Seychellois rupee">Seychellois rupee</A> (SR)(SRe) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois Creole</A>, English, French</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</A>, <A href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</A>, <A href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/South_African_rand" title="South African rand">South African rand</A> (R) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">11 official languages</A></LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Swaziland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Swaziland.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Swaziland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Swaziland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_Swaziland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Swaziland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Swaziland" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Mbabane" title="Mbabane">Mbabane</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Swazi_lilangeni" title="Swazi lilangeni">Swazi lilangeni</A> (L)(E) <I><B>lang.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/SiSwati" class="mw-redirect" title="SiSwati">SiSwati</A>, English</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Zambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Zambian_kwacha" title="Zambian kwacha">Zambian kwacha</A> (ZK) <I><B>lang.</B></I> English</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="420" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar" title="Zimbabwean dollar">Zimbabwean dollar</A> ($) <I><B>lang.</B></I> English</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Sudan_2">Sudan</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sudan">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<P>Depending on classification <A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A> is often not considered part of Sub-Saharan Africa, as it is considered part of North Africa.</P>
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Sudanese_pound" title="Sudanese pound">Sudanese pound</A> (SDG) <I><B>lang.</B></I> Arabic and English</LI>
</UL>
<H3><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="West_Africa">West Africa</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: West Africa">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="/wiki/File:LocationWesternAfrica.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/LocationWesternAfrica.png/200px-LocationWesternAfrica.png" width="200" height="218" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/LocationWesternAfrica.png/300px-LocationWesternAfrica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/LocationWesternAfrica.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="392" /></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="/wiki/File:LocationWesternAfrica.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></A></DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00a000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> Western Africa (<A href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">UN subregion</A>)</DIV>
<DIV class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><SPAN class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #00ff00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </SPAN> <A href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</A></DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Mauritanian_ouguiya" title="Mauritanian ouguiya">Mauritanian ouguiya</A> (UM)(sometimes, like <A href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</A>, considered part of <A href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</A>)</LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DT>ECOWAS (<A href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</A>)</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</A>, <A href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</A> (CFA)</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Banjul" title="Banjul">Banjul</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Gambian_dalasi" title="Gambian dalasi">Gambian dalasi</A> (D)</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</A> '<I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cedi" title="Ghanaian cedi">Ghanaian cedi</A> (GH₵)</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Guinean_franc" title="Guinean franc">Guinean franc</A> (FG)</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Liberian_dollar" title="Liberian dollar">Liberian dollar</A> (L$)</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</A> <I><B>cur</B>.</I> <A href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Nigerian naira</A> (N)</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_leone" title="Sierra Leonean leone">Sierra Leonean leone</A> (Le)</LI>
</UL>
<DL>
<DT>UEMOA (<A href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">West African Economic and Monetary Union</A>)</DT>
</DL>
<UL>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</A> (CFA)</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</A> (CFA)</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</A>, <A href="/wiki/Yamoussoukro" title="Yamoussoukro">Yamoussoukro</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</A> (CFA)</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</A> (CFA)</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</A> (CFA)</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" width="18" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Niamey" title="Niamey">Niamey</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</A> (CFA)</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</A> (CFA)</LI>
<LI><SPAN class="flagicon"><IMG alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/46px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="500" /> </SPAN><A href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</A> <I><B>cap.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</A> <I><B>cur.</B></I> <A href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</A> (CFA)</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography of Africa</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-1"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-1"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">"Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings"</A>. United Nations Statistics Division. 11 February 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">20 July</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Composition+of+macro+geographical+%28continental%29+regions%2C+geographical+sub-regions%2C+and+selected+economic+and+other+groupings&rft.pub=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.date=2013-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fmethods%2Fm49%2Fm49regin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> "The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa, with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa."</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-2"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-2"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420040243/http://esa.un.org/unpp/definition.html">"Political definition of "Major regions", according to the UN"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpp/definition.html">the original</A> on 20 April 2010<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">15 December</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+definition+of+%22Major+regions%22%2C+according+to+the+UN.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Funpp%2Fdefinition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-3"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasportal.org/ar/aboutlas/Pages/CountryData.aspx">League of Arab States</A></SPAN>
<P><SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/arab-states/">"Arab States"</A>. UNESCO.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+States&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Funesco%2Fworldwide%2Farab-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P><CITE class="citation web">Infosamak. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infosamak.org/english/countries.cfm">"Centre for Marketing, Information and Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Arab Region"</A>. Infosamak.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centre+for+Marketing%2C+Information+and+Advisory+Services+for+Fishery+Products+in+the+Arab+Region&rft.pub=Infosamak&rft.au=Infosamak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infosamak.org%2Fenglish%2Fcountries.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P>Halim Barakat, <I>The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State</I>, (<A href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</A>: 1993), p. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kLCR9zGH774C&pg=PA80">80</A></P>
<P>Khair El-Din Haseeb et al., <I>The Future of the Arab Nation: Challenges and Options</I>, 1 edition (Routledge: 1991), p. 54</P>
<P>John Markakis, <I>Resource conflict in the Horn of Africa</I>, (Sage: 1998), p. 39</P>
<P>Ḥagai Erlikh, The struggle over Eritrea, 1962–1978: war and revolution in the Horn of Africa, (<A href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institution Press">Hoover Institution Press</A>: 1983), p. 59</P>
<P>Randall Fegley, <I>Eritrea</I>, (Clio Press: 1995), p. mxxxviii</P>
<P>Michael Frishkopf, <I>Music and Media in the Arab World</I>, (American University in Cairo Press: 2010), p. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=KANOAYzkhA8C&">61</A></P>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-4"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-4"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/07/990712080500.htm">"Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth's Orbit, Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks"</A>, Science Daily.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-5"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Claussen, Mark; Kubatzki, Claudia; Brovkin, Victor; Ganopolski, Andrey; Hoelzmann, Philipp; Pachur, Hans-Joachim (1999). "Simulation of an Abrupt Change in Saharan Vegetation in the Mid-Holocene". <I>Geophysical Research Letters</I>. <B>26</B> (14): 2037–40. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999GeoRL..26.2037C">1999GeoRL..26.2037C</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1029%2F1999GL900494">10.1029/1999GL900494</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Simulation+of+an+Abrupt+Change+in+Saharan+Vegetation+in+the+Mid-Holocene&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2037-40&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F1999GL900494&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999GeoRL..26.2037C&rft.aulast=Claussen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Kubatzki%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Brovkin%2C+Victor&rft.au=Ganopolski%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Hoelzmann%2C+Philipp&rft.au=Pachur%2C+Hans-Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>
<P><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/07/990712080500.htm">"Sahara's Abrupt Desertification Started By Changes In Earth's Orbit, Accelerated By Atmospheric And Vegetation Feedbacks"</A>. <I>Science Daily</I>. <A href="/wiki/Science_Daily" title="Science Daily">Science Daily</A>. 12 July 1999.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Sahara%27s+Abrupt+Desertification+Started+By+Changes+In+Earth%27s+Orbit%2C+Accelerated+By+Atmospheric+And+Vegetation+Feedbacks&rft.date=1999-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F1999%2F07%2F990712080500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></P>
</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-6"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A href="/w/index.php?title=Eduarn-Bakker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduarn-Bakker (page does not exist)">van Zinderen-Bakker E. M.</A> (14 April 1962). "A Late-Glacial and Post-Glacial Climatic Correlation between East Africa and Europe". <I>Nature</I>. <B>194</B> (4824): 201–03. <A href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962Natur.194..201V">1962Natur.194..201V</A>. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1038%2F194201a0">10.1038/194201a0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+Late-Glacial+and+Post-Glacial+Climatic+Correlation+between+East+Africa+and+Europe&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=4824&rft.pages=201-03&rft.date=1962-04-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F194201a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962Natur.194..201V&rft.au=van+Zinderen-Bakker+E.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-7"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Herbert Ekwe-Ekwe (2 May 2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/features/79215">"What exactly does 'sub-Sahara Africa' mean?"</A>. <I>Pambazuka News</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pambazuka+News&rft.atitle=What+exactly+does+%E2%80%98sub-Sahara+Africa%E2%80%99+mean%3F&rft.date=2014-05-02&rft.au=Herbert+Ekwe-Ekwe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pambazuka.org%2Fen%2Fcategory%2Ffeatures%2F79215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-8"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927112328/http://www.africannewsworld.com/2009/07/contemptuousness-of-sub-saharan-africa.html">"Contemptuousness Of A "Sub-Saharan Africa" By Chika Onyeani"</A>. Africannewsworld. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africannewsworld.com/2009/07/contemptuousness-of-sub-saharan-africa.html">the original</A> on 27 September 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contemptuousness+Of+A+%22Sub-Saharan+Africa%22+By+Chika+Onyeani&rft.pub=Africannewsworld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africannewsworld.com%2F2009%2F07%2Fcontemptuousness-of-sub-saharan-africa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Raunig-9"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Raunig_9-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Raunig_9-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Raunig_9-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Raunig_9-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Raunig, Walter (2005). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC&pg=PA130#v=onepage&q&f=false"><I>Afrikas Horn: Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann-Konferenz 2. bis 5. Mai 2002 in München</I></A>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 130. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-05175-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-05175-2">3-447-05175-2</A>. <Q>ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean: These are al-Misr (Egypt) – al-Muqurra (or other designations for Nubian kingdoms) – al-Habasha (Abyssinia) – Barbara (Berber, i.e. the Somali coast) – Zanj (Azania, i.e. the country of the "blacks"). Correspondingly almost all these terms (or as I believe: all of them!) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afrikas+Horn%3A+Akten+der+Ersten+Internationalen+Littmann-Konferenz+2.+bis+5.+Mai+2002+in+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-447-05175-2&rft.aulast=Raunig&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJpNY7VPn1WUC%26pg%3DPA130%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-10"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE id="CITEREFInternational_Association_for_the_History_of_Religions1959" class="citation">International Association for the History of Religions (1959), <I>Numen</I>, Leiden: EJ Brill, p. 131, <Q>West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the west, to the Cameroons in the east; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the Bilad as-Sūdan, 'Land of the Blacks', of the Arabs</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numen&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=EJ+Brill&rft.date=1959&rft.au=International+Association+for+the+History+of+Religions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Levtzion-11"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Levtzion_11-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Levtzion_11-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Nehemia Levtzion, Randall Lee Pouwels, The History of Islam in Africa, (Ohio University Press, 2000), p. 255.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Robinson-12"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Robinson_12-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sven Rubenson, The survival of Ethiopian independence, (Tsehai, 2003), p. 30.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Blank-13"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Blank_13-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Jonah Blank, Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras, (University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 163.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Bagley-14"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Bagley_14-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">F.R.C. Bagley et al., <I>The Last Great Muslim Empires</I>, (Brill: 1997), p. 174</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Ogot-15"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Ogot_15-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Bethwell_A._Ogot" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethwell A. Ogot">Bethwell A. Ogot</A>, <I>Zamani: A Survey of East African History</I>, (East African Publishing House: 1974), p. 104</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Hastings-16"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Hastings_16-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">James Hastings, <I>Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 12: V. 12</I>, (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2003), p. 490</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-17"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Edgar Harry Brookes, Amry Vandenbosch (1964). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books?id=tFFLAAAAMAAJ"><I>The city of God and the city of man in Africa</I></A>. University of Kentucky Press. pp. Chapter 3<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 January</SPAN> 2018</SPAN>. <Q>About two-thirds of the population speaks Negritic and one-third Hamitic and Semitic languages. The former are found in central, or tropical, and southern Africa; the latter in Ethiopia, the Sahara region, and the northern part of the continent. Tropical Africa is often spoken of as "Black Africa."</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+city+of+God+and+the+city+of+man+in+Africa&rft.pages=Chapter+3&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Edgar+Harry+Brookes%2C+Amry+Vandenbosch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtFFLAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-18"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Cole, Sonia Mary (1963). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docdro.id/TMNB1sQ"><I>Races of Man</I></A>. British Museum. pp. 111, 78–80, 112–121, 121–124<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">8 January</SPAN> 2018</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Races+of+Man&rft.pages=111%2C+78-80%2C+112-121%2C+121-124&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Sonia+Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocdro.id%2FTMNB1sQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Shillington,_Kevin_2005_p._2-19"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Shillington,_Kevin_2005_p._2_19-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: <A href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</A>, p. 2, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-59957-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-59957-8">0-333-59957-8</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Shillington,_Kevin_2005_p._2-3-20"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Shillington,_Kevin_2005_p._2-3_20-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Shillington,_Kevin_2005_p._2-3_20-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 2–3, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-59957-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-59957-8">0-333-59957-8</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-21"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-21"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 3, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-59957-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-59957-8">0-333-59957-8</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-22"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-22"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">The genetic studies by <A href="/wiki/Luca_Cavalli-Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Luca Cavalli-Sforza">Luca Cavalli-Sforza</A> are considered pioneering<SUP class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<I><A href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><SPAN title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (August 2014)">by whom?</SPAN></A></I>]</SUP> in tracing the spread of modern humans from Africa.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-23"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-23"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Friedlaender FR, et al. (May 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947357">"The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans"</A>. <I>Science</I>. <B>324</B> (5930): 1035–44. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1172257">10.1126/science.1172257</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</A> <SPAN class="plainlinks"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947357">2947357</A> <IMG alt="Freely accessible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" title="Freely accessible" width="9" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407144">19407144</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+genetic+structure+and+history+of+Africans+and+African+Americans&rft.volume=324&rft.issue=5930&rft.pages=1035-44&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2947357&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19407144&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1172257&rft.aulast=Tishkoff&rft.aufirst=SA&rft.au=Reed%2C+FA&rft.au=Friedlaender%2C+FR&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2947357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-24"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-24"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Stearns, Peter N. (2001) <I>The Encyclopedia of World History</I>, Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 16. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-65237-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-65237-5">0-395-65237-5</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-25"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-25"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Collins, Robert O. and Burns, James. M(2007). A History of Sub-saharan Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 62, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86746-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86746-7">978-0-521-86746-7</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-26"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-26"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Davidson, Basil. Africa History, Themes and Outlines, revised and expanded edition. New York: <A href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</A>, p. 54, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-82667-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-82667-4">0-684-82667-4</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-27"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-27"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 47, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-59957-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-59957-8">0-333-59957-8</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-28"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-28"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">McEvedy, Colin (1980) <I>Atlas of African History</I>, p. 44. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87196-480-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87196-480-5">0-87196-480-5</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-29"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-29"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Philippe Lavachery; et al. (2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3937248285"><I>Komé-Kribi: Rescue Archaeology Along the Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline</I></A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kom%C3%A9-Kribi%3A+Rescue+Archaeology+Along+the+Chad-Cameroon+Oil+Pipeline&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Philippe+Lavachery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D3937248285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-30"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-30"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">É. Zangato; A.F.C. Holl (2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.african-archaeology.de/index.php?page_id=154&journal_id=24&pdf_id=172">"On the Iron Front: New Evidence from North-Central"</A>. <I>Africa Journal of African Archaeology</I>. 8 (1): 7–23. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.3213%2F1612-1651-10153">10.3213/1612-1651-10153</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Journal+of+African+Archaeology&rft.atitle=On+the+Iron+Front%3A+New+Evidence+from+North-Central&rft.volume=8+%281%29&rft.pages=7-23&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3213%2F1612-1651-10153&rft.au=%C3%89.+Zangato&rft.au=A.F.C.+Holl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.african-archaeology.de%2Findex.php%3Fpage_id%3D154%26journal_id%3D24%26pdf_id%3D172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-31"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-31"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">J. Cameron Monroe. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1107009391"><I>Akinwumi Ogundiran, Power and Landscape in Atlantic West Africa: Archeological Perspectives</I></A>. p. 316.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akinwumi+Ogundiran%2C+Power+and+Landscape+in+Atlantic+West+Africa%3A+Archeological+Perspectives&rft.pages=316&rft.au=J.+Cameron+Monroe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1107009391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN>, citing Magnavita 2004; Magnavita et al. 2004, 2006; Magnavita and Schleifer 2004.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-32"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-32"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Peter Mitchell et al., The Oxford Handbook of African Archeology (2013), p. 855: "The relatively recent discovery of extensive walled settlements at the transition from the Neolithic to the Early Iron Age in the Chad Basin (Magnavita et al., 2006) indicates what enormous sites and processes may still await recognition."</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010254-33"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010254_33-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="#CITEREFAppiahGates2010">Appiah & Gates 2010</A>, p. 254.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142-34"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142_34-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142_34-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-History_of_Africa_pp._138,139,142_34-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Shillington, Kevin(2005). History of Africa, Rev. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 138–39, 142, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-59957-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-59957-8">0-333-59957-8</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-35"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-35"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Oman in history By Peter Vine Page 324</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-36"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-36"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Shaping of Somali society Lee Cassanelli pg.92</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-37"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-37"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Futuh Al Habash Shibab ad Din</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-38"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-38"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Sudan Notes and Records – 147</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-39"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-39"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">M. Martin, Phyllis and O'Meara, Patrick (1995). Africa 3rd edition, Bloomington and Indianapolis: <A href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</A>, p. 156, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-32916-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-32916-7">0-253-32916-7</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-40"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-40"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hua Liu, et al. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/505436">A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History</A>. The American Journal of Human Genetics, volume 79 (2006), pp. 230–37,</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-41"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-41"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">James De Vere Allen (1993). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0852550758"><I>Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon</I></A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swahili+Origins%3A+Swahili+Culture+%26+the+Shungwaya+Phenomenon&rft.date=1993&rft.au=James+De+Vere+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0852550758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-42"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-42"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p. 114</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-43"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-43"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Jens Finke (2010). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1405380187"><I>The Rough Guide to Tanzania</I></A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Tanzania&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Jens+Finke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1405380187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-44"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-44"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Casson, Lionel (1989). The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Lionel Casson. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with updates and improvements and detailed notes). Princeton, Princeton University Press.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-45"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-45"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Chami, F. A. (1999). "The Early Iron Age on Mafia island and its relationship with the mainland." Azania Vol. XXXIV 1999, pp. 1–10.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-46"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-46"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Chami, Felix A. 2002. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. The British Museum. Sunday 6 October 2002. Organised by The Society for Arabian Studies</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-47"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-47"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html">"Weilue: The Peoples of the West"</A>. Depts.washington.edu. 2004-05-23<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weilue%3A+The+Peoples+of+the+West&rft.pub=Depts.washington.edu&rft.date=2004-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Ftexts%2Fweilue%2Fweilue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-48"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-48"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Miller, J. Innes. 1969. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". In: The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. Oxford: University Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814264-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814264-1">0-19-814264-1</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-49"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-49"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">books.google.com/books?id=Ua_tAAAAMAAJ</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-50"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-50"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Hill, John E. 2004. <CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050315032618/http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html">"<I>The Peoples of the West from the Weilue by Yu Huan</I> 魚豢<I>: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE</I>"</A>. Archived from the original on 15 March 2005<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-09-17</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+the+West+from+the+Weilue+by+Yu+Huan+%E9%AD%9A%E8%B1%A2%3A+A+Third+Century+Chinese+Account+Composed+between+239+and+265+CE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fuwch%2Fsilkroad%2Ftexts%2Fweilue%2Fweilue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (<A href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown">link</A>)</SPAN> Draft annotated English translation. See especially Section 15 on <I>Zesan</I> = Azania and notes.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-51"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-51"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Evelyne Jone Rich; Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (1971). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqafAAAAMAAJ"><I>Africa: Tradition and Change</I></A>. p. 124. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394009384" title="Special:BookSources/9780394009384">9780394009384</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%3A+Tradition+and+Change&rft.pages=124&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780394009384&rft.au=Evelyne+Jone+Rich&rft.au=Immanuel+Maurice+Wallerstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpqafAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-52"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-52"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">W.H. Ingrams (1967). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0714611026"><I>Zanzibar: Its History and Its People</I></A>. p. 24.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zanzibar%3A+Its+History+and+Its+People&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1967&rft.au=W.H.+Ingrams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0714611026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-53"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-53"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Mary Fitzpatrick; Tim Bewer (2012). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1743213026"><I>Lonely Planet Tanzania</I></A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Tanzania&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Mary+Fitzpatrick&rft.au=Tim+Bewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1743213026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Gonzales2009-54"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Gonzales2009_54-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Rhonda M. Gonzales (30 August 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o6owAQAAIAAJ"><I>Societies, religion, and history: central-east Tanzanians and the world they created, c. 200 BCE to 1800 CE</I></A>. Columbia University Press. p. 222. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14242-7">978-0-231-14242-7</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societies%2C+religion%2C+and+history%3A+central-east+Tanzanians+and+the+world+they+created%2C+c.+200+BCE+to+1800+CE&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009-08-30&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14242-7&rft.au=Rhonda+M.+Gonzales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do6owAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Roland_Oliver_1800._pp._24-25-55"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Roland_Oliver_1800._pp._24-25_55-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Roland_Oliver_1800._pp._24-25_55-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 24–25.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-56"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-56"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Thompson, Lloyd A. (1989). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=7MQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=%22Sub-Saharan+Africa%22+Ethiopia+Aethiopia&q="><I>Romans and blacks</I></A>. Taylor & Francis. p. 57. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-03185-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-03185-0">0-415-03185-0</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romans+and+blacks&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-415-03185-0&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D7MQOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA57%26lpg%3DPA57%26dq%3D%2522Sub-Saharan%2BAfrica%2522%2BEthiopia%2BAethiopia%26q%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-57"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-57"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Mokhtar (editor), AnciGent Civilizations of Africa Vo. II, General History of Africa, UNESCO, 1990</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-58"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-58"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Davidson, Basil. Africa History, Themes and Outlines, revised and expanded edition. New York: Simon & Schuster, pp. 87–107, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-82667-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-82667-4">0-684-82667-4</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-59"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-59"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/7.htm">"The Slave Trade"</A>. Countrystudies.us.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fnigeria%2F7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-UN_WPP-60"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_60-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/">"World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision"</A>. <I>ESA.UN.org</I> (custom data acquired via website). <A href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</A>, Population Division<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">10 September</SPAN> 2017</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA.UN.org&rft.atitle=World+Population+Prospects%3A+The+2017+Revision&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Funpd%2Fwpp%2FDataQuery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-61"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-61"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/">"World Population Prospects – Population Division"</A>. Esa.un.org. 2015-07-29<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+%E2%80%93+Population+Division&rft.pub=Esa.un.org&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesa.un.org%2Funpd%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-62"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-62"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc">"Fertility rate, total (births per woman) | Data"</A>. <I>data.worldbank.org</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2016-07-21</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Fertility+rate%2C+total+%28births+per+woman%29+%7C+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.TFRT.IN%3Forder%3Dwbapi_data_value_2014%2Bwbapi_data_value%2Bwbapi_data_value-last%26sort%3Dasc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-63"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-63"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">According to the <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2008/index.html">CIA Factbook</A>: Angola, Benin, Burundi, Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Chad, the Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Database_AFRICAN_DEVELOPMENT_INDICATORS_p._28-64"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Database_AFRICAN_DEVELOPMENT_INDICATORS_p._28_64-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Database_AFRICAN_DEVELOPMENT_INDICATORS_p._28_64-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Database_AFRICAN_DEVELOPMENT_INDICATORS_p._28_64-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">(2009). Africa Development Indicators 2008/2009: From the World Bank Africa Database African Development Indicators. World Bank Publications, p. 28, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-7787-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-7787-1">978-0-8213-7787-1</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-65"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-65"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table">"Research – CPI – Overview"</A>. Transparency.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+%E2%80%93+CPI+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft.pub=Transparency.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2Fpolicy_research%2Fsurveys_indices%2Fcpi%2F2009%2Fcpi_2009_table&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-66"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-66"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">World Bank. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doingbusiness.org/economyrankings/?direction=Asc&sort=2">Doing Business 2010, <I>Economy Ranking</I></A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-67"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-67"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150917115717/https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/43">"National Literacy Survey"</A>. National Bureau of Statistics. June 2010. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pages/download/43">the original</A> on 17 September 2015<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">5 September</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Literacy+Survey&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigerianstat.gov.ng%2Fpages%2Fdownload%2F43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-imf2-68"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-imf2_68-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=62&pr.y=8&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=732&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=">"Sudan"</A>. International Monetary Fund<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">21 April</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2012%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D62%26pr.y%3D8%26sy%3D2009%26ey%3D2012%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D732%26s%3DNGDPD%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%252CLP%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-69"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-69"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2102.html">"The World Factbook"</A>. Cia.gov<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2102.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Africa_South_of_the_Sahara-70"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Africa_South_of_the_Sahara_70-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Africa_South_of_the_Sahara_70-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bowden, Rob (2007). Africa South of the Sahara. Coughlan Publishing: p. 37, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4034-9910-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4034-9910-1">1-4034-9910-1</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-71"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-71"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Brown, Keith and Ogilvie, Sarah(2008). Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world <I>Concise Encyclopedias of Language and Linguistics Series</I>. Elsevier, p. 12, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7">978-0-08-087774-7</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-72"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-72"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Maaroufi, Youssef. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcp.ma/Recensement-general-de-la-population-et-de-l-habitat-2004_a633.html">"Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004"</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recensement+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+la+population+et+de+l%27habitat+2004&rft.aulast=Maaroufi&rft.aufirst=Youssef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcp.ma%2FRecensement-general-de-la-population-et-de-l-habitat-2004_a633.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-73"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-73"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">African Languages at Michigan State University (ASC) | Michigan State University". Isp.msu.edu. 2010-10-08. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved 2013-04-30</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-74"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-74"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Peek, Philip M. and Yankah, Kwesi(2004). African folklore: an encyclopedia. London:(Rourledge)Taylor & Francis, p. 205, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93933-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93933-X">0-415-93933-X</A>, 9780415939331</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-75"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-75"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Schneider, Edgar Werner and Kortmann, Bernd(2004). A handbook of varieties of English: a multimedia reference tool, Volume 1. Berlin: <A href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</A>, pp. 867–68, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017532-5">978-3-11-017532-5</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-GE-76"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-GE_76-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Güldemann, Tom and Edward D. Elderkin (forthcoming) <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://email.eva.mpg.de/~gueldema/pdf/Gueldemann_Elderkin.pdf">"On external genealogical relationships of the Khoe family".</A> In Brenzinger, Matthias and Christa König (eds.), <I>Khoisan languages and linguistics: the Riezlern symposium 2003.</I> Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung 17. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-77"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-77"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bellwood, Peter S.(2005). First farmers: the origins of agricultural societies. Wiley-Blackwell, p. 218, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20566-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20566-1">978-0-631-20566-1</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_DRC-78"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_DRC_78-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_DRC_78-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_DRC_78-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html">"DRC"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Rwanda-79"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Rwanda_79-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html">"Rwanda"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 13 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Angola-80"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Angola_80-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Angola_80-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html">"Angola"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 18 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Congo-81"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Congo_81-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cf.html">"Republic of the Congo"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 18 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Burundi-82"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Burundi_82-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html">"Burundi"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 13 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-83"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-83"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406044519/http://www.secid.org/usefsociety/pdf/nubian.pdf">"Memories of Utopia – Infoshop, World Bank"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>secid.org</I>. South East Consortium for International Development. 31 May 2006. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secid.org/usefsociety/pdf/nubian.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 6 April 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">14 October</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=secid.org&rft.atitle=Memories+of+Utopia+%E2%80%93+Infoshop%2C+World+Bank&rft.date=2006-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secid.org%2Fusefsociety%2Fpdf%2Fnubian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-84"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-84"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Darfur Relief and Documentation Centre (2010). <I><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southsudaninfo.net/wp-content/uploads/reference_library/reports/5th_population_housing_census_sudan.pdf">5th Population and Housing Census in Sudan – An Incomplete Exercise</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615092341/http://southsudaninfo.net/wp-content/uploads/reference_library/reports/5th_population_housing_census_sudan.pdf">Archived</A> 15 June 2013 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</I>. Geneva: DRDC. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-85"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-85"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">John A. Shoup (2011). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=159884363X"><I>Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East</I></A>. p. 333.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=333&rft.date=2011&rft.au=John+A.+Shoup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D159884363X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN> "The Zaghawa is one of the major divisions of the Beri peoples who live in western Sudan and eastern Chad, and their language, also called Zaghawa, belongs to the Saharan branch of the Nilo-Saharan language group."</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Sudan-86"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Sudan_86-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html">"Sudan"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Eritrea-87"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Eritrea_87-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305231227/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf">"Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007: Population and Housing Census Results"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <A href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</A>: <A href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</A>. 2007. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 5 March 2009<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">14 October</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+and+Statistical+Report+of+the+2007%3A+Population+and+Housing+Census+Results&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=United+Nations+Population+Fund&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csa.gov.et%2Fpdf%2FCen2007_firstdraft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-88"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-88"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/er.html">"Eritrea"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-89"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-89"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021044246/http://www.somraf.org/research%20Matrerials/joint%20british%20danish%20dutch%20fact%20finding%20mission%20in%20Nairobi%20-%202001.pdf">"Report on minority groups in Somalia"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>somraf.org</I>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somraf.org/research%20Matrerials/joint%20british%20danish%20dutch%20fact%20finding%20mission%20in%20Nairobi%20-%202001.pdf">the original</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN> on 21 October 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">14 October</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=somraf.org&rft.atitle=Report+on+minority+groups+in+Somalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somraf.org%2Fresearch%2520Matrerials%2Fjoint%2520british%2520danish%2520dutch%2520fact%2520finding%2520mission%2520in%2520Nairobi%2520-%25202001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Somalia-90"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Somalia_90-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html">"Somalia"</A>. <A href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</A>. Retrieved 20 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Kenya-91"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Kenya_91-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Kenya_91-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Kenya_91-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Kenya_91-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ke.html">"Kenya"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Uganda-92"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Uganda_92-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Uganda_92-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html">"Uganda"</A>. CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-93"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-93"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mlg">Ethnologue</A>, most of them are native speakers</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_CAR-94"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_CAR_94-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_CAR_94-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_CAR_94-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ct.html">"Central African Republic"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 13 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_SSudan-95"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_SSudan_95-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_SSudan_95-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_SSudan_95-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_SSudan_95-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_SSudan_95-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/od.html">"South Sudan"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 13 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Nigeria-96"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Nigeria_96-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Nigeria_96-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Nigeria_96-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Nigeria_96-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Nigeria_96-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Nigeria_96-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html">"Nigeria"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 13 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Niger-97"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Niger_97-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Niger_97-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Niger_97-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Niger_97-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Niger_97-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Niger_97-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html">"Niger"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 13 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Chad-98"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Chad_98-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Chad_98-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Chad_98-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html">"Chad"</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126162127/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html">Archived</A> 26 November 2016 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-99"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-99"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202213527/http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php">"Population and Housing Census"</A>. <I>www.knbs.or.ke</I>. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 2009. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knbs.or.ke/censusethnic.php">the original</A> on 2 February 2014<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">14 October</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.knbs.or.ke&rft.atitle=Population+and+Housing+Census&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knbs.or.ke%2Fcensusethnic.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-100"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-100"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelanguagejournal.com/2012/04/maasai-of-kenya-and-tanzania.html">"The Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania"</A>. The Language Journal. 2012-04-22<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Maasai+of+Kenya+and+Tanzania&rft.pub=The+Language+Journal&rft.date=2012-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelanguagejournal.com%2F2012%2F04%2Fmaasai-of-kenya-and-tanzania.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_SAfrica-101"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_SAfrica_101-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_SAfrica_101-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_SAfrica_101-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_SAfrica_101-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html">"South Africa"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Botswana-102"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Botswana_102-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bc.html">"Botswana"</A>. CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Malawi-103"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Malawi_103-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mi.html">"Malawi"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 16 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Zambia-104"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Zambia_104-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/za.html">"Zambia"</A>. CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Mozambique-105"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Mozambique_105-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mz.html">"Mozambique"</A>. CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-106"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-106"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbportuguese.com/the-future-of-portuguese.html">"The Future of Portuguese"</A>. BB Portuguese<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">11 April</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Portuguese&rft.pub=BB+Portuguese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbportuguese.com%2Fthe-future-of-portuguese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Senegal-107"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Senegal_107-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Senegal_107-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sg.html">"Senegal"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Gambia-108"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Gambia_108-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Gambia_108-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ga.html">"The Gambia"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Cameroon-109"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Cameroon_109-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html">"Cameroon"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-CIA_Mali-110"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Mali_110-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-CIA_Mali_110-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html">"Mali"</A>. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 20 November 2014.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-111"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-111"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Pugliese, Jessica (2 January 2014). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/africa-in-focus/posts/2014/01/02-financing-development-africa-sy">"Rethinking Financing for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa"</A>. <A href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">brookings.edu</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">5 January</SPAN> 2014</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Financing+for+Development+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.pub=brookings.edu&rft.date=2014-01-02&rft.aulast=Pugliese&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblogs%2Fafrica-in-focus%2Fposts%2F2014%2F01%2F02-financing-development-africa-sy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-112"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-112"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/01/daily_chart">"Africa's impressive growth"</A>. The Economist. 29 August 2014.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+impressive+growth&rft.date=2014-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fdailychart%2F2011%2F01%2Fdaily_chart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-113"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-113"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/04/07/africas-growth-set-to-reach-52-percent-in-2014-with-strong-investment-growth-and-household-spending">"Africa's impressive growth"</A>. World Bank. 29 August 2014.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+impressive+growth&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2014-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpress-release%2F2014%2F04%2F07%2Fafricas-growth-set-to-reach-52-percent-in-2014-with-strong-investment-growth-and-household-spending&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-114"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-114"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Creamer Media Reporter (12 November 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604035047/http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/africas-energy-problems-threatens-growth-says-nepad-ceo-2009-11-12">"Africa's energy problems threatens growth, says Nepad CEO"</A>. <I>www.engineeringnews.co.za</I>. Engineering News. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/africas-energy-problems-threatens-growth-says-nepad-ceo-2009-11-12">the original</A> on 4 June 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">14 October</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.engineeringnews.co.za&rft.atitle=Africa%E2%80%99s+energy+problems+threatens+growth%2C+says+Nepad+CEO&rft.date=2009-11-12&rft.au=Creamer+Media+Reporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringnews.co.za%2Farticle%2Fafricas-energy-problems-threatens-growth-says-nepad-ceo-2009-11-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-ODI1-115"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-ODI1_115-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ODI1_115-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ODI1_115-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ODI1_115-3"><SUP><I><B>d</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ODI1_115-4"><SUP><I><B>e</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ODI1_115-5"><SUP><I><B>f</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ODI1_115-6"><SUP><I><B>g</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ODI1_115-7"><SUP><I><B>h</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ODI1_115-8"><SUP><I><B>i</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ODI1_115-9"><SUP><I><B>j</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ODI1_115-10"><SUP><I><B>k</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ODI1_115-11"><SUP><I><B>l</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ODI1_115-12"><SUP><I><B>m</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-ODI1_115-13"><SUP><I><B>n</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Christian K.M. Kingombe 2011. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5666&title=latin-america-medellin-colombia-microfinance-post-washington-consensus-microcredit-microenterprise-local-development">Mapping the new infrastructure financing landscape</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120918135821/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5666&title=latin-america-medellin-colombia-microfinance-post-washington-consensus-microcredit-microenterprise-local-development">Archived</A> 18 September 2012 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.. London: <A href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-116"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-116"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/19642_frost.pdf">"Creamer Media"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creamer+Media&rft.pub=Us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus-cdn.creamermedia.co.za%2Fassets%2Farticles%2Fattachments%2F19642_frost.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-117"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-117"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/441990/nuclear_vs_solar_energy_which">RedOrbit.com</A> Redorbit <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520151340/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/441990/nuclear_vs_solar_energy_which">Archived</A> 20 May 2013 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-118"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-118"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Flatow, Ira. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencefriday.com/blog/index.php?/archives/306-Could-Africa-Leapfrog-The-U.S.-In-Solar-Power.html">Could Africa Leapfrog The U.S. In Solar Power?</A>. Science Friday 6 June 2008.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-119"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-119"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Hepeng, Jia (20 August 2004). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scidev.net/en/news/china-to-train-developing-nations-in-solar-technol.html">"China to train developing nations in solar technologies"</A>. <I>scidev.net</I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scidev.net&rft.atitle=China+to+train+developing+nations+in+solar+technologies&rft.date=2004-08-20&rft.au=Hepeng%2C+Jia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scidev.net%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fchina-to-train-developing-nations-in-solar-technol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-gallup.com-120"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-gallup.com_120-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-gallup.com_120-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">English, Cynthia. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/108235/radio-chief-medium-news-subsaharan-africa.aspx"><I>Radio the Chief Medium for News in Sub-Saharan Africa</I></A>. Gallup 23 June 2008.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-121"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-121"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009-10-23-africa-calling-cellphone-usage-sees-record-rise"><I>Africa Calling: Cellphone usage sees record rise</I></A>. Mail&Guardian: 23 October 2009.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-122"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-122"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Aker, Jenny C.(2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgdev.org/files/894409_file_Aker_Cell_Phone_Niger.pdf">“Can You Hear Me Now?”How Cell Phones are Transforming Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa</A>, Center for Global Development.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-123"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-123"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009-12-23-africa-sees-massive-growth-in-mobile-web-usage">"MG.co.za"</A>. MG.co.za. 23 December 2009.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MG.co.za&rft.pub=MG.co.za&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2009-12-23-africa-sees-massive-growth-in-mobile-web-usage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-124"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-124"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Pfanner, Eric. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/06/technology/06iht-web-africa.6996947.html"><I>Competition increases for pay TV in sub-Saharan Africa</I></A>. New York Times 6 August 2007.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys-125"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys_125-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys_125-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Monthly-Review-51-03-Saul-Leys_125-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">John J. Saul and Colin Leys, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthlyreview.org/1999/07/01/sub-saharan-africa-in-global-capitalism">Sub-Saharan Africa in Global Capitalism</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</A></I>, 1999, Volume 51, Issue 03 (July–August)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06-126"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06_126-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06_126-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-Monthly-Review-Magdoff-65-06_126-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Fred Magdoff, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthlyreview.org/2013/11/01/twenty-first-century-land-grabs">Twenty-First-Century Land Grabs: Accumulation by Agricultural Dispossession</A>, <I><A href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</A></I>, 2013, Volume 65, Issue 06 (November)</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-127"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-127"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Ken Gwilliam, Vivien Foster, Rodrigo Archondo-Callao, Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia, Alberto Nogales, and Kavita Sethi(2008). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-africa-infrastructure-tf.net/attachments/library/aicd-background-paper-14-roads-sect-summary-en.pdf">Africa infrastructure country diagnostic, Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa</A>. World Bank and the SSATP: p. 4</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-128"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-128"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Lisa A. Corathers (January 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/manganese/mcs-2009-manga.pdf">"Manganese"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Minerals.usgs.gov<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-10-19</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>Land-based manganese resources are large but irregularly distributed; those of the United States are very low grade and have potentially high extraction costs. South Africa accounts for about 80% of the world's identified manganese resources, and Ukraine accounts for 10%.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manganese&rft.pub=Minerals.usgs.gov&rft.date=2009-01&rft.au=Lisa+A.+Corathers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fmanganese%2Fmcs-2009-manga.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-129"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-129"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">John F. Papp (2001). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/chromium/chromyb01.pdf">"Chromium"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook</I>. Minerals.usgs.gov<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-10-19</SPAN></SPAN>. <Q>About 42% of world reserves and about 75% of the world reserve base are located in South Africa.</Q></CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey+Minerals+Yearbook&rft.atitle=Chromium&rft.date=2001&rft.au=John+F.+Papp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fchromium%2Fchromyb01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-130"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-130"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Vronsky (May 1, 1997). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gold-eagle.com/analysis/platinum.html">"Platinum: The Rich Man's Gold"</A>. Gold-Eagle.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-10-19</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Platinum%3A+The+Rich+Man%27s+Gold&rft.pub=Gold-Eagle.com&rft.date=1997-05-01&rft.au=Vronsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gold-eagle.com%2Fanalysis%2Fplatinum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-131"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-131"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">E. Lee Bray (January 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bauxite/mcs-2009-bauxi.pdf">"Bauxite and Alumina"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries</I>. Minerals.usgs.gov<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey%2C+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Bauxite+and+Alumina&rft.date=2009-01&rft.au=E.+Lee+Bray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fbauxite%2Fmcs-2009-bauxi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-132"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-132"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Daniel L. Edelstein (January 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/copper/mcs-2009-coppe.pdf">"Copper"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I>U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries</I>. Minerals.usgs.gov<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-10-19</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Geological+Survey%2C+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Copper&rft.date=2009-01&rft.au=Daniel+L.+Edelstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fcopper%2Fmcs-2009-coppe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-133"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-133"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=maheta_molango">"From the SelectedWorks of Maheta Matteo : From "Blood Diamond" to "Blood Coltan": Should International Corporations Pay the Price for the Rape of the DR Congo?"</A>. Works.bepress.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+the+SelectedWorks+of+Maheta+Matteo+%3A+From+%22Blood+Diamond%22+to+%22Blood+Coltan%22%3A+Should+International+Corporations+Pay+the+Price+for+the+Rape+of+the+DR+Congo%3F&rft.pub=Works.bepress.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1000%26context%3Dmaheta_molango&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-134"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-134"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/gold/af/p0005.htm">"MBendi.com"</A>. MBendi.com.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MBendi.com&rft.pub=MBendi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbendi.com%2Findy%2Fming%2Fgold%2Faf%2Fp0005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-135"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-135"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf23.html">"World-Nuclear.org"</A>. World-Nuclear.org.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World-Nuclear.org&rft.pub=World-Nuclear.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-nuclear.org%2Finfo%2Finf23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-136"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-136"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Ghazvinian, John (2008). Untapped: The Scramble for Africa's Oil. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, pp. 1–16, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603372-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-603372-5">978-0-15-603372-5</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-The_Civilization_of_Africa-137"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-The_Civilization_of_Africa_137-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-The_Civilization_of_Africa_137-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Christopher_Ehret" title="Christopher Ehret">Christopher Ehret</A>, (2002). The Civilization of Africa. University of Virginia Press: Charlottesville, p. 98, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-2085-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-2085-X">0-8139-2085-X</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Cotton_of_Kush-138"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Cotton_of_Kush_138-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Vandaveer, Chelsie(2006). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.killerplants.com/plants-that-changed-history/20020226.asp">What was the cotton of Kush?</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100114155727/http://www.killerplants.com/plants-that-changed-history/20020226.asp">Archived</A> 14 January 2010 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>. KillerPlants.com, Plants That Change History Archive.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-139"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-139"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Science and Technology for International Development (1996). Lost Crops of Africa: Grains. National Academy Press, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-04990-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-04990-0">978-0-309-04990-0</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-140"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-140"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worlddefensereview.com/pham110309.shtml">"WorldDefenseReview.com"</A>. WorldDefenseReview.com.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WorldDefenseReview.com&rft.pub=WorldDefenseReview.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworlddefensereview.com%2Fpham110309.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-141"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-141"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business24-7.ae/Articles/2009/11/Pages/10112009/11112009_0b22e598b6e14c18b1223669d7c778e7.aspx">Business24-7.ae</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050513/http://www.business24-7.ae/Articles/2009/11/Pages/10112009/11112009_0b22e598b6e14c18b1223669d7c778e7.aspx">Archived</A> 4 March 2016 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-142"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-142"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Evans, Ambrose (12 October 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tradeafrica.blogspot.com/2009/10/middle-east-and-africa-bear-untold.html">"Blogspot.com"</A>. Tradeafrica.blogspot.com.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blogspot.com&rft.pub=Tradeafrica.blogspot.com&rft.date=2009-10-12&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Ambrose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftradeafrica.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F10%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa-bear-untold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-143"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-143"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/polsc325-4.1-Africa-Regional-Brief.pdf">"Africa Regional Brief"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. <I><A href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</A></I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">7 May</SPAN> 2012</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Africa+Regional+Brief&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saylor.org%2Fsite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F05%2Fpolsc325-4.1-Africa-Regional-Brief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-144"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-144"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Mathiason, Nick (2 November 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/02/global-protocol-subsahara-land-grab">"Global protocol could limit Sub-Saharan land grab"</A>. <I>The Guardian</I>. London<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 April</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Global+protocol+could+limit+Sub-Saharan+land+grab&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft.aulast=Mathiason&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2009%2Fnov%2F02%2Fglobal-protocol-subsahara-land-grab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-buanews.gov.za-145"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-buanews.gov.za_145-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-buanews.gov.za_145-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Gabara, Nthambeleni (12 November 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223004951/http://www.buanews.gov.za/news/09/09111213051001">"Developed nations should invest in African universities"</A>. <I>buanews.gov.za</I>. BuaNews Online. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buanews.gov.za/news/09/09111213051001">the original</A> on 23 February 2012<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">16 October</SPAN> 2015</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=buanews.gov.za&rft.atitle=Developed+nations+should+invest+in+African+universities&rft.date=2009-11-12&rft.aulast=Gabara&rft.aufirst=Nthambeleni&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buanews.gov.za%2Fnews%2F09%2F09111213051001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-146"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-146"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html#xx">"World"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/CIA_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA Factbook">CIA Factbook</A></I>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+Factbook&rft.atitle=World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2103.html%23xx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-147"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-147"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web">Nordling, Linda (29 October 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scidev.net/en/opinions/africa-analysis-progress-on-science-spending-.html">"Africa Analysis: Progress on science spending?"</A>. scidev.net.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Africa+Analysis%3A+Progress+on+science+spending%3F&rft.pub=scidev.net&rft.date=2009-10-29&rft.aulast=Nordling&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scidev.net%2Fen%2Fopinions%2Fafrica-analysis-progress-on-science-spending-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-148"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-148"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation pressrelease"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727182253/http://www.dst.gov.za/media-room/press-releases/south-africa2019s-investment-in-research-and-development-on-the-rise">"South Africa's Investment in Research and Development on the Rise"</A> (Press release). Department of Science and Technology. 22 June 2006. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dst.gov.za/media-room/press-releases/south-africa2019s-investment-in-research-and-development-on-the-rise">the original</A> on 27 July 2011.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa%E2%80%99s+Investment+in+Research+and+Development+on+the+Rise&rft.pub=Department+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=2006-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dst.gov.za%2Fmedia-room%2Fpress-releases%2Fsouth-africa2019s-investment-in-research-and-development-on-the-rise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-149"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-149"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061128203803/http://www.eldis.org/healthsystems/userfees/background.htm">"User fees for health: a background"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eldis.org/healthsystems/userfees/background.htm">the original</A> on 28 November 2006<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">28 December</SPAN> 2006</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=User+fees+for+health%3A+a+background&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldis.org%2Fhealthsystems%2Fuserfees%2Fbackground.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-150"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-150"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Knippenberg R, Alihonou E, Soucat A, et al. (June 1997). "Implementation of the Bamako Initiative: strategies in Benin and Guinea". <I>The International Journal of Health Planning and Management</I>. <B>12</B> (Suppl 1): S29–47. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-1751%28199706%2912%3A1%2B%3CS29%3A%3AAID-HPM465%3E3.0.CO%3B2-U">10.1002/(SICI)1099-1751(199706)12:1+<S29::AID-HPM465>3.0.CO;2-U</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10173105">10173105</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Health+Planning+and+Management&rft.atitle=Implementation+of+the+Bamako+Initiative%3A+strategies+in+Benin+and+Guinea&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S29-47&rft.date=1997-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-1751%28199706%2912%3A1%2B%3CS29%3A%3AAID-HPM465%3E3.0.CO%3B2-U&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10173105&rft.aulast=Knippenberg&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Alihonou%2C+E&rft.au=Soucat%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-151"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-151"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008211344/http://www.medicusmundi.ch/mms/services/bulletin/bulletin200201/kap01/07kuechler.html">"Manageable Bamako Initiative schemes"</A>. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicusmundi.ch/mms/services/bulletin/bulletin200201/kap01/07kuechler.html">the original</A> on 8 October 2007<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">28 December</SPAN> 2006</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manageable+Bamako+Initiative+schemes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicusmundi.ch%2Fmms%2Fservices%2Fbulletin%2Fbulletin200201%2Fkap01%2F07kuechler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-152"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-152"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/gr2012/20121120_FactSheet_Global_en.pdf">"World Aids Day 2012"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Unaids.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Aids+Day+2012&rft.pub=Unaids.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Funaids%2Fcontentassets%2Fdocuments%2Fepidemiology%2F2012%2Fgr2012%2F20121120_FactSheet_Global_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-DTHF-153"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-DTHF_153-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116014630/https://www.desmondtutuhivcentre.org.za/page/work/">"Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation: What we do"</A>. Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desmondtutuhivcentre.org.za/page/work">the original</A> on 16 January 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">27 May</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Desmond+Tutu+HIV+Foundation%3A+What+we+do&rft.pub=Desmond+Tutu+HIV+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desmondtutuhivcentre.org.za%2Fpage%2Fwork&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-UNAIDS_Press_Release-154"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-UNAIDS_Press_Release_154-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2013/may/20130521prupdateafrica">"UNAIDS reports more than 7 million people now on HIV treatment across Africa—with nearly 1 million added in the last year—while new HIV infections and deaths from AIDS continue to fall"</A>. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 21 May 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNAIDS+reports+more+than+7+million+people+now+on+HIV+treatment+across+Africa%E2%80%94with+nearly+1+million+added+in+the+last+year%E2%80%94while+new+HIV+infections+and+deaths+from+AIDS+continue+to+fall&rft.pub=Joint+United+Nations+Programme+on+HIV%2FAIDS&rft.date=2013-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fpresscentre%2Fpressreleaseandstatementarchive%2F2013%2Fmay%2F20130521prupdateafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-UNAIDS_Special_Report-155"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-UNAIDS_Special_Report_155-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/document/2013/05/20130521_Update_Africa.pdf">"Special Report: How Africa Turned AIDS Around"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2013<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Report%3A+How+Africa+Turned+AIDS+Around&rft.pub=Joint+United+Nations+Programme+on+HIV%2FAIDS&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Funaids%2Fcontentassets%2Fdocuments%2Fdocument%2F2013%2F05%2F20130521_Update_Africa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-UNAIDS_2012-156"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-UNAIDS_2012_156-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-UNAIDS_2012_156-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/gr2012/20121120_UNAIDS_Global_Report_2012_with_annexes_en.pdf">"UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2012"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">13 May</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNAIDS+Report+on+the+Global+AIDS+Epidemic+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Funaids%2Fcontentassets%2Fdocuments%2Fepidemiology%2F2012%2Fgr2012%2F20121120_UNAIDS_Global_Report_2012_with_annexes_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-157"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-157"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/datatools/aidsinfo/">"AIDSinfo"</A>. <I>UNAIDS</I><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">4 March</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNAIDS&rft.atitle=AIDSinfo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fdataanalysis%2Fdatatools%2Faidsinfo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-158"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-158"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/">"WHO | Malaria"</A>. Who.int<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO+%26%23124%3B+Malaria&rft.pub=Who.int&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs094%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-159"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-159"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal">Verguet S, Jassat W, Hedberg C, Tollman S, Jamison DT, Hofman KJ (February 2012). "Measles control in Sub-Saharan Africa: South Africa as a case study". <I>Vaccine</I>. <B>30</B> (9): 1594–600. <A href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</A>:<A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2011.12.123">10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.123</A>. <A href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230581">22230581</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vaccine&rft.atitle=Measles+control+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa%3A+South+Africa+as+a+case+study&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1594-600&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2011.12.123&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22230581&rft.aulast=Verguet&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Jassat%2C+W&rft.au=Hedberg%2C+C&rft.au=Tollman%2C+S&rft.au=Jamison%2C+DT&rft.au=Hofman%2C+KJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-who.int-160"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-who.int_160-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-who.int_160-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs374/en/">"WHO | Onchocerciasis"</A>. Who.int<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO+%26%23124%3B+Onchocerciasis&rft.pub=Who.int&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs374%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-autogenerated2-161"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_161-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_161-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/">"WHO | Maternal mortality"</A>. Who.int<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO+%26%23124%3B+Maternal+mortality&rft.pub=Who.int&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs348%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-162"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-162"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Emma Bonino, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/15/opinion/15iht-edbonino_ed3_.html">"A brutal custom: Join forces to banish the mutilation of women"</A>, <I>The New York Times</I>, 15 September 2004; Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs, <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Articles/2009/fgmc.aspx">"Commemorating International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation"</A>, Population Reference Bureau, February 2009.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-163"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-163"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Canagarajah, Sudharshan; Ye, Xiao (April 2001). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2001/05/08/000094946_01042509523051/additional/109509322_20041117140518.pdf"><I>Public Health and Education Spending in Ghana in 1992-98</I></A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. World Bank Publication. p. 21.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Health+and+Education+Spending+in+Ghana+in+1992-98&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publication&rft.date=2001-04&rft.aulast=Canagarajah&rft.aufirst=Sudharshan&rft.au=Ye%2C+Xiao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-wds.worldbank.org%2Fexternal%2Fdefault%2FWDSContentServer%2FWDSP%2FIB%2F2001%2F05%2F08%2F000094946_01042509523051%2Fadditional%2F109509322_20041117140518.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-164"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-164"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003) <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-956-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-956-2">978-0-85229-956-2</A> p. 306<BR />
However, Southern Africa is predominantly Christian. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 376,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenwoodsvillage.com/gor/islam.htm">Ian S. Markham,(A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.)</A> is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates and remain a matter of conjecture. See Amadu Jacky Kaba. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed figure. Notes the figure presented at the <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/Statistics.htm">World Christian Encyclopedia, summarised here</A>, as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835">The List: The World’s Fastest-Growing Religions</A>, Foreign Policy, May 2007.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-165"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-165"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Baldick, Julian (1997). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JBzGsr1bw6cC&printsec=frontcover&dq=christianity+judaism+islam+afroasiatics&source=bl&ots=w_AOA-fbkt&sig=Vee5ya1z2umJZ1iEi7TaqTDF1_E&hl=en&ei=-TzWS-3eCpKesgOG-fWlAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBkQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false">Black God: the Afroasiatic roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religions</A>. Syracuse University Press:<A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-0522-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-0522-6">0-8156-0522-6</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-166"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-166"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Christopher_Ehret" title="Christopher Ehret">Christopher Ehret</A>, (2002). The Civilizations of Africa. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, pp. 102–03, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-2085-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-2085-X">0-8139-2085-X</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-167"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-167"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Davidson, Basil (1969). The African Genius, An Introduction to African Social and Cultural History. Little Brown and Company: Boston, pp. 168–80. <A href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/70080751">70-80751</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-168"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-168"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Eglash, Ron: "African Fractals: Modern computing and indigenous design." Rutgers 1999 <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2613-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2613-2">0-8135-2613-2</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-Intercultural_Press-169"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-Intercultural_Press_169-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation book">Richmond, Yale; Gestrin, Phyllis (2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site.ebrary.com/id/10430707"><I>Into Africa: a guide to Sub-Saharan culture and diversity</I></A>. Boston: Intercultural Press. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931930-91-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931930-91-8">978-1-931930-91-8</A>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+Africa%3A+a+guide+to+Sub-Saharan+culture+and+diversity&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Intercultural+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-931930-91-8&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Yale&rft.au=Gestrin%2C+Phyllis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsite.ebrary.com%2Fid%2F10430707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-autogenerated1-170"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_170-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Bowden, Rob(2007). Africa South of the Sahara. Coughlan Publishing: p. 40, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4034-9910-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4034-9910-1">1-4034-9910-1</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-171"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-171"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A href="/wiki/Christopher_Ehret" title="Christopher Ehret">Christopher Ehret</A>, (2002). The Civilizations of Africa. Charlottesville: University of Virginia, p. 103, <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-2085-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-2085-X">0-8139-2085-X</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-172"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-172"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/06/070618091210.htm">"ScienceDaily.com"</A>. ScienceDaily.com. 18 June 2007.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ScienceDaily.com&rft.pub=ScienceDaily.com&rft.date=2007-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F06%2F070618091210.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-173"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-173"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1753326.stm">"<SPAN style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</SPAN>Oldest' prehistoric art unearthed"</A>. <I>BBC News</I>. 10 January 2002<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 April</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Oldest%27+prehistoric+art+unearthed&rft.date=2002-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F1753326.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-174"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-174"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20090106162130/http://www.africanrockart.org/rockafrica/main.html">">TARA – Trust for African Rock Art: Rock Art in Africa"</A>. 6 January 2009. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanrockart.org/rockafrica/main.html">the original</A> on 6 January 2009.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3ETARA+%E2%80%93+Trust+for+African+Rock+Art%3A+Rock+Art+in+Africa&rft.date=2009-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanrockart.org%2Frockafrica%2Fmain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-175"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-175"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/aima/hd_aima.htm">"African Influences in Modern Art | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art"</A>. Metmuseum.org. 2014-06-02<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Influences+in+Modern+Art+%26%23124%3B+Thematic+Essay+%26%23124%3B+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History+%26%23124%3B+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Faima%2Fhd_aima.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-176"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-176"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Alexandre, Marc(1998). World Bank Publication: DC. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-4195-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-4195-7">978-0-8213-4195-7</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-177"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-177"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?cp=UG&topic=mp">"Intangible Heritage Home –- intangible heritage – Culture Sector"</A>. UNESCO.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intangible+Heritage+Home+%E2%80%93-+intangible+heritage+%E2%80%93+Culture+Sector&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3Fcp%3DUG%26topic%3Dmp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-178"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-178"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Yoshida, Reiko. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?cp=UG&topic=mp"><I>Proclamation 2005: Barcloth making in Uganda</I></A> Unesco: Intangible Cultural Heritage (Uganda) 13 May 2009</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-metmuseum.org-179"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <A href="#cite_ref-metmuseum.org_179-0"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </SPAN><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="#cite_ref-metmuseum.org_179-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/11/sfc/ho_1999.522.15.htm">http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/11/sfc/ho_1999.522.15.htm</A></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-180"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-180"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goafrica.about.com/od/workinafrica/a/football.htm">"About.com"</A>. Goafrica.about.com.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About.com&rft.pub=Goafrica.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoafrica.about.com%2Fod%2Fworkinafrica%2Fa%2Ffootball.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-181"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-181"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200911161557.html">"AllAfrica.com"</A>. AllAfrica.com. 16 November 2009.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AllAfrica.com&rft.pub=AllAfrica.com&rft.date=2009-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200911161557.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-182"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-182"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation journal"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1798795,00.html">"European Soccer's Racism Problem"</A>. <I><A href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</A></I>. <A href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</A>. 2 December 2005.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=European+Soccer%27s+Racism+Problem&rft.date=2005-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C2144%2C1798795%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-183"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-183"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaaf.org/records/by-category/world-records#results-tab-sub=0&results-tab-sub-men=0">"Men's outdoor world records"</A>. <A href="/wiki/IAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF">iaaf.org</A><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">26 October</SPAN> 2013</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Men%27s+outdoor+world+records&rft.pub=iaaf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaaf.org%2Frecords%2Fby-category%2Fworld-records%23results-tab-sub%3D0%26results-tab-sub-men%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN><BR />
As can be seen: 800m is Kenya; 5000m is Ethiopia; 10000m is Ethiopia; marathon is Kenya. The two exceptions are the 1500m and 3000m steeplechase records, though the latter is held by <A href="/wiki/Stephen_Cherono" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Cherono">Stephen Cherono</A>, who was born and raised in Kenya.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-184"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-184"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text">Tucker, Ross and Dugas, Jonathan. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportsscientists.com/2008/07/kenya-vs-ethiopia.html"><I>Sport's great rivalries: Kenya vs. Ethiopia, and a one-sided battle (at least on the track)</I></A>, The Science of Sport, 14 July 2008.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-185"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-185"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/Africa/Report/africa-tourism-report-2013-overview.pdf">"Tourism in Africa : Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods"</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</SPAN>. Worldbank.org<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tourism+in+Africa+%3A+Harnessing+Tourism+for+Growth+and+Improved+Livelihoods&rft.pub=Worldbank.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FWorldbank%2Fdocument%2FAfrica%2FReport%2Fafrica-tourism-report-2013-overview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-186"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-186"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/ms/southafrica/political/constitution/provincialgovt.shtml?flashplugin=false&flashdetect=true&area=09">"South Africa: Political Issues: Constitution: Provincial Government"</A>. BBC. 2014-10-29<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa%3A+Political+Issues%3A+Constitution%3A+Provincial+Government&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2014-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fscotland%2Feducation%2Fms%2Fsouthafrica%2Fpolitical%2Fconstitution%2Fprovincialgovt.shtml%3Fflashplugin%3Dfalse%26flashdetect%3Dtrue%26area%3D09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-187"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-187"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation news">Malik, Nesrine (23 November 2009). <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/nov/23/nubian-monkey-arab-racism">"<SPAN style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</SPAN>Nubian monkey' song and Arab racism"</A>. <I>The Guardian</I>. London<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">9 April</SPAN> 2010</SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Nubian+monkey%27+song+and+Arab+racism&rft.date=2009-11-23&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Nesrine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2009%2Fnov%2F23%2Fnubian-monkey-arab-racism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-188"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-188"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.towson.edu/thompson/Courses/Regional/Reference/SSA.Physical.pdf">Towson.edu</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003104/http://pages.towson.edu/thompson/Courses/Regional/Reference/SSA.Physical.pdf">Archived</A> 3 December 2013 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-189"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-189"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/EXTPUBREP/EXTSTATINAFR/0,,contentMDK:21106218~menuPK:824080~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:824043,00.html">"Worldbank.org"</A>. Web.worldbank.org. 27 October 2006.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldbank.org&rft.pub=Web.worldbank.org&rft.date=2006-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FCOUNTRIES%2FAFRICAEXT%2FEXTPUBREP%2FEXTSTATINAFR%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A21106218~menuPK%3A824080~pagePK%3A64168445~piPK%3A64168309~theSitePK%3A824043%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-190"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-190"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620035055/http://cdcdevelopmentsolutions.org/africa">"CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org"</A>. CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org. Archived from <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdcdevelopmentsolutions.org/africa">the original</A> on 20 June 2010.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org&rft.pub=CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdcdevelopmentsolutions.org%2Fafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-191"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-191"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/sudan/">"Where We Work | U.S. Agency for International Development"</A>. Usaid.gov. 2012-05-29<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+We+Work+%26%23124%3B+U.S.+Agency+for+International+Development&rft.pub=Usaid.gov&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Flocations%2Fsub-saharan_africa%2Fsudan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-192"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-192"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transparency.org/regional_pages/africa_middle_east/sub_saharan_africa">Transparency.org</A> <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413084510/http://www.transparency.org/regional_pages/africa_middle_east/sub_saharan_africa">Archived</A> 13 April 2012 at the <A href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</A>.</SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-193"><SPAN class="mw-cite-backlink"><B><A href="#cite_ref-193"><SPAN class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up </SPAN>^</A></B></SPAN> <SPAN class="reference-text"><CITE class="citation web"><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2013/12/24/US-Marines-poised-to-enter-South-Sudan/UPI-73481387863000/">"U.N. doubles force in turbulent South Sudan [UPDATE 2"</A>. UPI.com<SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <SPAN class="nowrap">2015-09-29</SPAN></SPAN>.</CITE><SPAN title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.N.+doubles+force+in+turbulent+South+Sudan+%5BUPDATE+2&rft.pub=UPI.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FUS%2F2013%2F12%2F24%2FUS-Marines-poised-to-enter-South-Sudan%2FUPI-73481387863000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASub-Saharan+Africa" class="Z3988"><SPAN style="display:none;"> </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></LI>
</OL>
</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><I>Taking Action to Reduce Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa</I>, <A href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</A> Publications (1997), <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8213-3698-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8213-3698-3">0-8213-3698-3</A>.</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI>Chido, Diane E. <A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo35755">From Chaos to Cohesion: A Regional Approach to Security, Stability, and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa.</A> Carlisle, Pa.: <A href="/wiki/Strategic_Studies_Institute" title="Strategic Studies Institute">Strategic Studies Institute</A> and U.S. Army War College Press, 2013.</LI>
<LI>Petringa, Maria: <I>Brazza, A Life for Africa</I>. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse, 2006. <A href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</A> <A href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-1198-0">978-1-4259-1198-0</A></LI>
<LI>Wm. Roger Louis and Jean Stengers: <I>E.D. Morel's History of the Congo Reform Movement</I>, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1968.</LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN><SPAN class="mw-editsection"><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</SPAN><A href="/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A><SPAN class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</SPAN></SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanpeople.info">African People Website</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/EXTPUBREP/EXTSTATINAFR/0,,contentMDK:21106218~menuPK:824080~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:824043,00.html">50 Factoids about Sub-Saharan Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index.shtml">The Story of Africa – BBC World Service</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea region</A>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Cape_Lopez" title="Cape Lopez">Cape Lopez</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mayombe" title="Mayombe">Mayombe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</A>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Mbaise" title="Mbaise">Mbaise</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Maputaland" title="Maputaland">Maputaland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pool_Malebo" title="Pool Malebo">Pool Malebo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chad_Basin" title="Chad Basin">Chad Basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Congolese_rainforests" title="Congolese rainforests">Congolese rainforests</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_highlands" title="Ouaddaï highlands">Ouaddaï highlands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Plateau</A></LI>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</A></TH>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Albertine_Rift" title="Albertine Rift">Albertine Rift</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gregory_Rift" title="Gregory Rift">Gregory Rift</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_lakes" title="Rift Valley lakes">Rift Valley lakes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Virunga_Mountains" title="Virunga Mountains">Virunga Mountains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</A>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Afar_Triangle" title="Afar Triangle">Afar Triangle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Al-Habash" title="Al-Habash">Al-Habash</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Barbara_(region)" title="Barbara (region)">Barbara</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Danakil_Alps" title="Danakil Alps">Danakil Alps</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil Desert</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean islands">Indian Ocean islands</A>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</A>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient Libya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">Cataracts of the Nile</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</A></LI>
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<LI><A href="/wiki/Pepper_Coast" title="Pepper Coast">Pepper Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cape_Palmas" title="Cape Palmas">Cape Palmas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cape_Mesurado" title="Cape Mesurado">Cape Mesurado</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea region</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger Basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Guinean_Forests_of_West_Africa" title="Guinean Forests of West Africa">Guinean Forests of West Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta" title="Inner Niger Delta">Inner Niger Delta</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Madagascar)" title="Central Highlands (Madagascar)">Central Highlands (Madagascar)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northern_Highlands" title="Northern Highlands">Northern Highlands</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">Rhodesia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">North</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">South</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thembuland" title="Thembuland">Thembuland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent Karoo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nama_Karoo" title="Nama Karoo">Nama Karoo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">Highveld</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">Fynbos</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/False_Bay" title="False Bay">False Bay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hydra_Bay" title="Hydra Bay">Hydra Bay</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macro-regions</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_African_montane_forests" title="East African montane forests">East African montane forests</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Equatorial_Africa" title="Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Arc" title="Gibraltar Arc">Gibraltar Arc</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Islands_of_Africa" title="Islands of Africa">Islands of Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries where Arabic is an official language">List of countries where Arabic is an official language</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/MENA" title="MENA">MENA</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/MENASA" title="MENASA">MENASA</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Negroland" title="Negroland">Negroland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries">Portuguese-speaking African countries</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</A></LI>
<LI><A class="mw-selflink selflink">Sub-Saharan Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan (region)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sudanian_Savanna" title="Sudanian Savanna">Sudanian Savanna</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains" title="Tibesti Mountains">Tibesti Mountains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tropical_Africa" title="Tropical Africa">Tropical Africa</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Asia" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit" id="collapsibleTable2">
<TBODY><TR>
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<DIV class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Asia" title="Template:Regions of Asia"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
<LI class="nv-talk"><A href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Regions of Asia"><ABBR title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">t</ABBR></A></LI>
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</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV id="Regions_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regions of <A href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Khwarezm" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezm</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Asian_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Steppe">Asian Steppe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mongolian-Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian-Manchurian grassland">Mongolian-Manchurian grassland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wild_Fields" title="Wild Fields">Wild Fields</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yedisan" title="Yedisan">Yedisan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Muravsky_Trail" title="Muravsky Trail">Muravsky Trail</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Volga_region" title="Volga region">Volga region</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Idel-Ural" title="Idel-Ural">Idel-Ural</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kolyma" title="Kolyma">Kolyma</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transbaikal" title="Transbaikal">Transbaikal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pryazovia" title="Pryazovia">Pryazovia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bjarmaland" title="Bjarmaland">Bjarmaland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zalesye" title="Zalesye">Zalesye</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gornaya_Shoriya" title="Gornaya Shoriya">Gornaya Shoriya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tulgas" title="Tulgas">Tulgas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mount_Imeon" title="Mount Imeon">Mount Imeon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Okhotsk-Manchurian_taiga" title="Okhotsk-Manchurian taiga">Okhotsk-Manchurian taiga</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Extreme North</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baikalia" title="Baikalia">Baikalia</A> (<A href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</A>)</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transbaikal" title="Transbaikal">Transbaikal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Khatanga_Gulf" title="Khatanga Gulf">Khatanga Gulf</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baraba_steppe" title="Baraba steppe">Baraba steppe</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amur_River" title="Amur River">Amur Basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yenisei_Gulf" title="Yenisei Gulf">Yenisei Gulf</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei Basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sikhote-Alin" title="Sikhote-Alin">Sikhote-Alin</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northeastern_Japan_Arc" title="Northeastern Japan Arc">Northeastern Japan Arc</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Island_Arc" title="Sakhalin Island Arc">Sakhalin Island Arc</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Inner_Manchuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner Manchuria">Inner Manchuria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast China Plain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mongolian-Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian-Manchurian grassland">Mongolian-Manchurian grassland</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yan_Mountains" title="Yan Mountains">Yan Mountains</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northern_Silk_Road" title="Northern Silk Road">Northern Silk Road</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nanzhong" title="Nanzhong">Nanzhong</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Liangguang" title="Liangguang">Liangguang</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jianghuai" title="Jianghuai">Jianghuai</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Huizhou_(region)" title="Huizhou (region)">Huizhou</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wu_(region)" title="Wu (region)">Wu</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_(region)" title="Jiaozhou (region)">Jiaozhou</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Zhongyuan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shaannan" title="Shaannan">Shaannan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ordos_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos Loop">Ordos Loop</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Loess_Plateau" title="Loess Plateau">Loess Plateau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shaanbei" title="Shaanbei">Shaanbei</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hamgyong_Mountains" title="Hamgyong Mountains">Hamgyong Mountains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Central_Mountain_Range" title="Central Mountain Range">Central Mountain Range</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Japanese_Alps" title="Japanese Alps">Japanese Alps</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Suzuka_Mountains" title="Suzuka Mountains">Suzuka Mountains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Leizhou_Peninsula" title="Leizhou Peninsula">Leizhou Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta" title="Yangtze River Delta">Yangtze River Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei Basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Western_Asia" title="Western Asia">West</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/MENA" title="MENA">MENA</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/MENASA" title="MENASA">MENASA</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pirate_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate Coast">Pirate Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs" title="Greater and Lesser Tunbs">Greater and Lesser Tunbs</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Al-Faw_Peninsula" title="Al-Faw Peninsula">Al-Faw Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_coastal_fog_desert" title="Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert">Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates</A></LI>
<LI>Mesopotamia
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sawad" title="Sawad">Sawad</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nineveh_plains" title="Nineveh plains">Nineveh plains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Akkad_(region)" title="Akkad (region)">Akkad (region)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aram_(biblical_region)" title="Aram (biblical region)">Aram</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Eber-Nari</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Israel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula Valley</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" title="Transcaucasia">South Caucasus</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kur-Araz_Lowland" title="Kur-Araz Lowland">Kur-Araz Lowland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lankaran_Lowland" title="Lankaran Lowland">Lankaran Lowland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Absheron_Peninsula" title="Absheron Peninsula">Absheron Peninsula</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Range" title="Pir Panjal Range">Pir Panjal Range</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta" title="Indus River Delta">Indus River Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Desert" title="Indus Valley Desert">Indus Valley Desert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eastern_coastal_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern coastal plains">Eastern coastal plains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western Coastal Plains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Meghalaya_subtropical_forests" title="Meghalaya subtropical forests">Meghalaya subtropical forests</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/MENASA" title="MENASA">MENASA</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lower_Gangetic_plains_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests">Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northwestern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bagar_tract" title="Bagar tract">Bagar tract</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Rann_of_Kutch" title="Great Rann of Kutch">Great Rann of Kutch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Little_Rann_of_Kutch" title="Little Rann of Kutch">Little Rann of Kutch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/False_Divi_Point" title="False Divi Point">False Divi Point</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindi Belt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shigar_Valley" title="Shigar Valley">Shigar Valley</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Saltoro_Mountains" title="Saltoro Mountains">Saltoro Mountains</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nicobar_Islands" title="Nicobar Islands">Nicobar Islands</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maldive_Islands" title="Maldive Islands">Maldive Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indochina" title="Indochina">Indochina</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Indonesian_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Archipelago">Indonesian Archipelago</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bonis_Peninsula" title="Bonis Peninsula">Bonis Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Papuan_Peninsula" title="Papuan Peninsula">Papuan Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Huon_Peninsula" title="Huon Peninsula">Huon Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Huon_Gulf" title="Huon Gulf">Huon Gulf</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gazelle_Peninsula" title="Gazelle Peninsula">Gazelle Peninsula</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Philippine_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Archipelago">Philippine Archipelago</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf" title="Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nanyang_(region)" title="Nanyang (region)">Nanyang</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">Tropical Asia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Europe" style="padding:3px">
<TABLE class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit" id="collapsibleTable3">
<TBODY><TR>
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<UL>
<LI class="nv-view"><A href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Europe" title="Template:Regions of Europe"><ABBR title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;">v</ABBR></A></LI>
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</UL>
</DIV>
<DIV id="Regions_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regions of <A href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">North</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baltoscandia" title="Baltoscandia">Baltoscandia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">East</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danubian countries</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Donbass" title="Donbass">Donbass</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sloboda_Ukraine" title="Sloboda Ukraine">Sloboda Ukraine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sambia_Peninsula" title="Sambia Peninsula">Sambia Peninsula</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amber_Coast" title="Amber Coast">Amber Coast</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Curonian_Spit" title="Curonian Spit">Curonian Spit</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Izyum_Trail" title="Izyum Trail">Izyum Trail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lithuania_Minor" title="Lithuania Minor">Lithuania Minor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nemunas_Delta" title="Nemunas Delta">Nemunas Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vyborg_Bay" title="Vyborg Bay">Vyborg Bay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_Karelia" title="East Karelia">East Karelia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lokhaniemi" title="Lokhaniemi">Lokhaniemi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Chania" title="Gulf of Chania">Gulf of Chania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kabardia" title="Kabardia">Kabardia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alpine_states" title="Alpine states">Alpine states</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">West</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwest</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baetic_System" title="Baetic System">Baetic System</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">South</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Insular Italy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tuscan_Archipelago" title="Tuscan Archipelago">Tuscan Archipelago</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aegadian_Islands" title="Aegadian Islands">Aegadian Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baetic_System" title="Baetic System">Baetic System</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Arc" title="Gibraltar Arc">Gibraltar Arc</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic countries</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Uralic_peoples" title="Uralic peoples">Uralic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/European_Plain" title="European Plain">European Plain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wild_Fields" title="Wild Fields">Wild Fields</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">Great Hungarian Plain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Little_Hungarian_Plain" title="Little Hungarian Plain">Little Hungarian Plain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_Lowland" title="Eastern Slovak Lowland">Eastern Slovak Lowland</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_North_America" style="padding:3px">
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<DIV id="Regions_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regions of <A href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Acadian_Peninsula" title="Acadian Peninsula">Acadian Peninsula</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Peace_River_Country" title="Peace River Country">Peace River Country</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cypress_Hills_(Canada)" title="Cypress Hills (Canada)">Cypress Hills</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Palliser%27s_Triangle" title="Palliser's Triangle">Palliser's Triangle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Interior_Alaska-Yukon_lowland_taiga" title="Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga">Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland (island)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands" title="Gulf Islands">Gulf Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia" title="Strait of Georgia">Strait of Georgia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Labrador_Peninsula" title="Labrador Peninsula">Labrador Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Avalon_Peninsula" title="Avalon Peninsula">Avalon Peninsula</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bay_de_Verde_Peninsula" title="Bay de Verde Peninsula">Bay de Verde Peninsula</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Brodeur_Peninsula" title="Brodeur Peninsula">Brodeur Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Melville_Peninsula" title="Melville Peninsula">Melville Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bruce_Peninsula" title="Bruce Peninsula">Bruce Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Banks_Peninsula_(Nunavut)" title="Banks Peninsula (Nunavut)">Banks Peninsula (Nunavut)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cook_Peninsula" title="Cook Peninsula">Cook Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay" title="Georgian Bay">Georgian Bay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Inland_Northwest_(United_States)" title="Inland Northwest (United States)">Inland Northwest</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">Commonwealth</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mountain_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain States">Mountain States</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Intermountain_West" title="Intermountain West">Intermountain West</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mormon_Corridor" title="Mormon Corridor">Mormon Corridor</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Calumet_Region" title="Calumet Region">Calumet Region</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Old_Southwest" title="Old Southwest">Old Southwest</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central United States</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tallgrass_prairie" title="Tallgrass prairie">Tallgrass prairie</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_Central_United_States" title="South Central United States">South Central</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland South</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Third_Coast" title="Third Coast">Third Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coastal_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal states">Coastal states</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi" title="Trans-Mississippi">Trans-Mississippi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_North_Woods" title="Great North Woods">Great North Woods</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin Desert</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ozarks" title="Ozarks">Ozarks</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ark-La-Tex" title="Ark-La-Tex">Ark-La-Tex</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Waxhaws" title="Waxhaws">Waxhaws</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Siouxland" title="Siouxland">Siouxland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Twin_Tiers" title="Twin Tiers">Twin Tiers</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Driftless_Area" title="Driftless Area">Driftless Area</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Palouse" title="Palouse">Palouse</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain" title="Atlantic coastal plain">Atlantic coastal plain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Outer_Lands" title="Outer Lands">Outer Lands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Black_Dirt_Region" title="Black Dirt Region">Black Dirt Region</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Blackstone_Valley" title="Blackstone Valley">Blackstone Valley</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Piney_Woods" title="Piney Woods">Piney Woods</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Dakotas" title="The Dakotas">The Dakotas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Carolinas" title="The Carolinas">The Carolinas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shawnee_Hills" title="Shawnee Hills">Shawnee Hills</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley" title="Tornado Alley">Tornado Alley</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_Coast_(California)" title="North Coast (California)">North Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lost_Coast" title="Lost Coast">Lost Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Emerald_Triangle" title="Emerald Triangle">Emerald Triangle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" title="North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" title="East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Interior_Alaska-Yukon_lowland_taiga" title="Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga">Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lower_Colorado_River_Valley" title="Lower Colorado River Valley">Lower Colorado River Valley</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sacramento%E2%80%93San_Joaquin_River_Delta" title="Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta">Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yukon%E2%80%93Kuskokwim_Delta" title="Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta">Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Colville_Delta" title="Colville Delta">Colville Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arkansas_Delta" title="Arkansas Delta">Arkansas Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mobile%E2%80%93Tensaw_River_Delta" title="Mobile–Tensaw River Delta">Mobile–Tensaw River Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Delta" title="Mississippi River Delta">Mississippi River Delta</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Estuary" title="Columbia River Estuary">Columbia River Estuary</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/High_Desert_(California)" title="High Desert (California)">High Desert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Monterey_Peninsula" title="Monterey Peninsula">Monterey Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Lower Peninsula of Michigan">Lower Peninsula of Michigan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Peninsula" title="Keweenaw Peninsula">Keweenaw Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Middle_Peninsula" title="Middle Peninsula">Middle Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula" title="Delmarva Peninsula">Delmarva Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alaska_Peninsula" title="Alaska Peninsula">Alaska Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kenai_Peninsula" title="Kenai Peninsula">Kenai Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_belt_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of belt regions of the United States">Belt regions</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Black_Belt_(U.S._region)" title="Black Belt (U.S. region)">Black Belt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Corn_Belt" title="Corn Belt">Corn Belt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cotton_Belt" title="Cotton Belt">Cotton Belt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Frost_Belt" title="Frost Belt">Frost Belt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rice_Belt" title="Rice Belt">Rice Belt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">Rust Belt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Snowbelt" title="Snowbelt">Snow Belt</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baja_California_Peninsula" title="Baja California Peninsula">Baja California Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Colorado River Delta</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Soconusco" title="Soconusco">Soconusco</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tierra_Caliente_(Mexico)" title="Tierra Caliente (Mexico)">Tierra Caliente</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/La_Mixteca" title="La Mixteca">La Mixteca</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/La_Huasteca" title="La Huasteca">La Huasteca</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo" title="Bajío">Bajío</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico" title="Valley of Mexico">Valley of Mexico</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mezquital_Valley" title="Mezquital Valley">Mezquital Valley</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_de_Oaxaca" title="Sierra Madre de Oaxaca">Sierra Madre de Oaxaca</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Western_Caribbean_Zone" title="Western Caribbean Zone">Western Caribbean Zone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pearl_Islands" title="Pearl Islands">Pearl Islands</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Azuero_Peninsula" title="Azuero Peninsula">Azuero Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leeward</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Leeward_Antilles" title="Leeward Antilles">Leeward Antilles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lucayan_Archipelago" title="Lucayan Archipelago">Lucayan Archipelago</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Caribbean" title="Southern Caribbean">Southern Caribbean</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_Cordillera" title="American Cordillera">American Cordillera</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean_(region)" title="Latin America and the Caribbean (region)">LAC</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
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<DIV id="Regions_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regions of <A href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bonis_Peninsula" title="Bonis Peninsula">Bonis Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Papuan_Peninsula" title="Papuan Peninsula">Papuan Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Huon_Peninsula" title="Huon Peninsula">Huon Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Huon_Gulf" title="Huon Gulf">Huon Gulf</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gazelle_Peninsula" title="Gazelle Peninsula">Gazelle Peninsula</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coromandel_Peninsula" title="Coromandel Peninsula">Coromandel Peninsula</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)" title="Solomon Islands (archipelago)">Solomon Islands (archipelago)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kula_Gulf" title="Kula Gulf">Kula Gulf</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Capital_Country" title="Capital Country">Capital Country</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eastern_states_of_Australia" title="Eastern states of Australia">Eastern Australia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lake_Eyre_basin" title="Lake Eyre basin">Lake Eyre basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Murray%E2%80%93Darling_basin" title="Murray–Darling basin">Murray–Darling basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">Northern Australia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain" title="Nullarbor Plain">Nullarbor Plain</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">Outback</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Southern_Australia" title="Southern Australia">Southern Australia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Maralinga" title="Maralinga">Maralinga</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sunraysia" title="Sunraysia">Sunraysia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert" title="Great Victoria Desert">Great Victoria Desert</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_St_Vincent" title="Gulf St Vincent">Gulf St Vincent</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lefevre_Peninsula" title="Lefevre Peninsula">Lefevre Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fleurieu_Peninsula" title="Fleurieu Peninsula">Fleurieu Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yorke_Peninsula" title="Yorke Peninsula">Yorke Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula" title="Eyre Peninsula">Eyre Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula" title="Mornington Peninsula">Mornington Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bellarine_Peninsula" title="Bellarine Peninsula">Bellarine Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mount_Henry_Peninsula" title="Mount Henry Peninsula">Mount Henry Peninsula</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Islands_Region" title="Islands Region">Islands Region</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)" title="Solomon Islands (archipelago)">Solomon Islands Archipelago</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Austral Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gambier_Islands" title="Gambier Islands">Gambier Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tuamotu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuamotu">Tuamotu</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mangareva_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangareva Islands">Mangareva Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_South_America" style="padding:3px">
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<DIV id="Regions_of_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regions of <A href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">East</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Atlantic_Forest" title="Atlantic Forest">Atlantic Forest</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caatinga" title="Caatinga">Caatinga</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado">Cerrado</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Los_Llanos_(South_America)" title="Los Llanos (South America)">Los Llanos</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Paria" title="Gulf of Paria">Gulf of Paria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Paria_Peninsula" title="Paria Peninsula">Paria Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Paraguan%C3%A1_Peninsula" title="Paraguaná Peninsula">Paraguaná Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Orinoco_Delta" title="Orinoco Delta">Orinoco Delta</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">South</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pampas" title="Pampas">Pampas</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco" title="Gran Chaco">Gran Chaco</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chiquitano_dry_forests" title="Chiquitano dry forests">Chiquitano dry forests</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Valdes_Peninsula" title="Valdes Peninsula">Valdes Peninsula</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Andean_states" title="Andean states">West</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</A>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tropical_Andes" title="Tropical Andes">Tropical Andes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wet_Andes" title="Wet Andes">Wet Andes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dry_Andes" title="Dry Andes">Dry Andes</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pariacaca_mountain_range" title="Pariacaca mountain range">Pariacaca mountain range</A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TD colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/American_Cordillera" title="American Cordillera">American Cordillera</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean_(region)" title="Latin America and the Caribbean (region)">LAC</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polar_regions" style="padding:3px">
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<DIV id="Polar_regions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar regions</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Eklund_Islands" title="Eklund Islands">Eklund Islands</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Antarctic_ecozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic ecozone">Ecozone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Antarctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the Antarctic">Extreme points</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
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<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">Arctic Alaska</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Extreme_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme North">Russian Arctic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
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<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="padding:3px">
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<DIV id="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</A>'s <A href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</A> and <A href="/wiki/List_of_seas" title="List of seas">seas</A></DIV>
</TH>
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<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</A></TH>
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<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Prince_Gustav_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustav Adolf Sea">Prince Gustav Adolf Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea" title="Queen Victoria Sea">Queen Victoria Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sirte" title="Gulf of Sirte">Gulf of Sidra</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Marmara Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ceram_Sea" title="Ceram Sea">Ceram Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Shantar_Sea" title="Shantar Sea">Shantar Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><A href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</A></TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landlocked seas</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
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<DIV>
<UL>
<LI> <B><IMG alt="Wikipedia book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <A href="/wiki/Book:Seas" title="Book:Seas">Book</A></B></LI>
<LI> <B><IMG alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <A href="/wiki/Category:Seas" title="Category:Seas">Category</A></B></LI>
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<DIV id="History_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History of Africa</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">Algeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Angola" title="History of Angola">Angola</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Benin" title="History of Benin">Benin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Botswana" title="History of Botswana">Botswana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Burundi" title="History of Burundi">Burundi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Cameroon" title="History of Cameroon">Cameroon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Cape_Verde" title="History of Cape Verde">Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="History of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Chad" title="History of Chad">Chad</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Comoros" title="History of the Comoros">Comoros</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Djibouti" title="History of Djibouti">Djibouti</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="History of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea" title="History of Eritrea">Eritrea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Gabon" title="History of Gabon">Gabon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Gambia" title="History of the Gambia">The Gambia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Ghana" title="History of Ghana">Ghana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Ivory_Coast" title="History of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">Kenya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Lesotho" title="History of Lesotho">Lesotho</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Liberia" title="History of Liberia">Liberia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Libya" title="History of Libya">Libya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar" title="History of Madagascar">Madagascar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Mali" title="History of Mali">Mali</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritania" title="History of Mauritania">Mauritania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritius" title="History of Mauritius">Mauritius</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Morocco</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Mozambique" title="History of Mozambique">Mozambique</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Namibia" title="History of Namibia">Namibia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Niger" title="History of Niger">Niger</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">Nigeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">Rwanda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal" title="History of Senegal">Senegal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Sierra_Leone" title="History of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somalia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">South Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_South_Sudan" title="History of South Sudan">South Sudan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">Sudan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Tanzania" title="History of Tanzania">Tanzania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Togo" title="History of Togo">Togo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Tunisia" title="History of Tunisia">Tunisia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Uganda" title="History of Uganda">Uganda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Zambia" title="History of Zambia">Zambia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">States with limited<BR />
recognition</DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland" title="History of Somaliland">Somaliland</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<BR />
other territories</DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</A> / <A href="/wiki/History_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ceuta">Ceuta</A> / <A href="/wiki/History_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Melilla">Melilla</A>  <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mayotte">Mayotte</A> / <A href="/wiki/History_of_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Réunion">Réunion</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(France)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Helena" title="History of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</A> / <A href="/wiki/History_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</A> / <A href="/wiki/History_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="History of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_Africa" style="padding:3px">
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<DIV id="Geography_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography of Africa</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Algeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Angola" title="Geography of Angola">Angola</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Benin" title="Geography of Benin">Benin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Botswana" title="Geography of Botswana">Botswana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Geography of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi" title="Geography of Burundi">Burundi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cameroon" title="Geography of Cameroon">Cameroon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cape_Verde" title="Geography of Cape Verde">Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Geography of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chad" title="Geography of Chad">Chad</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Comoros" title="Geography of the Comoros">Comoros</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Djibouti" title="Geography of Djibouti">Djibouti</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Egypt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Geography of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Eritrea" title="Geography of Eritrea">Eritrea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gabon" title="Geography of Gabon">Gabon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Gambia" title="Geography of the Gambia">The Gambia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana" title="Geography of Ghana">Ghana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea" title="Geography of Guinea">Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Geography of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Geography of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya" title="Geography of Kenya">Kenya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lesotho" title="Geography of Lesotho">Lesotho</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Liberia" title="Geography of Liberia">Liberia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Libya" title="Geography of Libya">Libya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Madagascar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Malawi" title="Geography of Malawi">Malawi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mali" title="Geography of Mali">Mali</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritania" title="Geography of Mauritania">Mauritania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mauritius" title="Geography of Mauritius">Mauritius</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Morocco" title="Geography of Morocco">Morocco</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mozambique" title="Geography of Mozambique">Mozambique</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Namibia" title="Geography of Namibia">Namibia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Niger" title="Geography of Niger">Niger</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Nigeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rwanda" title="Geography of Rwanda">Rwanda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Geography of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Senegal" title="Geography of Senegal">Senegal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Seychelles" title="Geography of Seychelles">Seychelles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Geography of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somalia" title="Geography of Somalia">Somalia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">South Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Sudan" title="Geography of South Sudan">South Sudan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan" title="Geography of Sudan">Sudan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Swaziland" title="Geography of Swaziland">Swaziland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tanzania" title="Geography of Tanzania">Tanzania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Togo" title="Geography of Togo">Togo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tunisia" title="Geography of Tunisia">Tunisia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uganda" title="Geography of Uganda">Uganda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zambia" title="Geography of Zambia">Zambia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Zimbabwe" title="Geography of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">States with limited<BR />
recognition</DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Somaliland">Somaliland</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<BR />
other territories</DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Canary_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</A> / <A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ceuta">Ceuta</A> / <A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Melilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Melilla">Melilla</A>  <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Madeira">Madeira</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mayotte" title="Geography of Mayotte">Mayotte</A> / <A href="/wiki/Geography_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Geography of Réunion">Réunion</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(France)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Helena" title="Geography of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</A> / <A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ascension Island">Ascension Island</A> / <A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Geography of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</A> <SPAN style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</SPAN></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DIV>
<DIV role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Africa" style="padding:3px">
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<DIV id="Languages_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa</A></DIV>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Algeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Angola" title="Languages of Angola">Angola</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Benin" title="Languages of Benin">Benin</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Botswana" title="Languages of Botswana">Botswana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Languages of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Burundi" title="Languages of Burundi">Burundi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cameroon" title="Languages of Cameroon">Cameroon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cape Verde">Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Languages of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chad" title="Languages of Chad">Chad</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Comoros" title="Languages of the Comoros">Comoros</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Djibouti" title="Languages of Djibouti">Djibouti</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Egypt</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Eritrea" title="Languages of Eritrea">Eritrea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Gabon" title="Languages of Gabon">Gabon</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Gambia" title="Languages of the Gambia">The Gambia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ghana" title="Languages of Ghana">Ghana</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guinea" title="Languages of Guinea">Guinea</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Languages of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Languages of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya">Kenya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lesotho" title="Languages of Lesotho">Lesotho</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Liberia" title="Languages of Liberia">Liberia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Libya" title="Languages of Libya">Libya</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Madagascar" title="Languages of Madagascar">Madagascar</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Malawi">Malawi</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">Mali</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mauritania" title="Languages of Mauritania">Mauritania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mauritius" title="Languages of Mauritius">Mauritius</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Morocco" title="Languages of Morocco">Morocco</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Languages of Mozambique">Mozambique</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Namibia" title="Languages of Namibia">Namibia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niger" title="Languages of Niger">Niger</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Nigeria</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Rwanda" title="Languages of Rwanda">Rwanda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Languages of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Senegal" title="Languages of Senegal">Senegal</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Seychelles" title="Languages of Seychelles">Seychelles</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Languages of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somalia" title="Languages of Somalia">Somalia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">South Africa</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Sudan" title="Languages of South Sudan">South Sudan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sudan" title="Languages of Sudan">Sudan</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Swaziland" title="Languages of Swaziland">Swaziland</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tanzania" title="Languages of Tanzania">Tanzania</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Togo" title="Languages of Togo">Togo</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tunisia" title="Languages of Tunisia">Tunisia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uganda" title="Languages of Uganda">Uganda</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zambia" title="Languages of Zambia">Zambia</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR style="display: none;">
<TH scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">
<DIV style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">States with limited<BR />
recognition</DIV>
</TH>
<TD class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<UL>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</A></LI>
<LI><A href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Somaliland">Somaliland</A></LI>
</UL>
</DIV>
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<TR style="display: none;">
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"></DIV>
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					<LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af" style="display: none;"><A href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_suid_van_die_Sahara" title="Afrika suid van die Sahara – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><A href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp" style="display: none;"><A href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_sub-sahari%C3%A8na" title="Africa sub-saharièna – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_subsa%E1%B8%A5ariana" title="África subsaḥariana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="সাহারা-নিম্ন আফ্রিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be" style="display: none;"><A href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чорная Афрыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Субсахарска Африка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supsaharska_Afrika" title="Supsaharska Afrika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br" style="display: none;"><A href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_issahara" title="Afrika issahara – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica_subsahariana" title="Àfrica subsahariana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs" style="display: none;"><A href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsaharsk%C3%A1_Afrika" title="Subsaharská Afrika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Zasi_kweSahara" title="Africa Zasi kweSahara – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da" style="display: none;"><A href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsaharisk_Afrika" title="Subsaharisk Afrika – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de" style="display: none;"><A href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsahara-Afrika" title="Subsahara-Afrika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et" style="display: none;"><A href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_Aafrika" title="Must Aafrika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el" style="display: none;"><A href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Υποσαχάρια Αφρική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><A href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_subsahariana" title="África subsahariana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afriko_sude_de_Saharo" title="Afriko sude de Saharo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharaz_hegoaldeko_Afrika" title="Saharaz hegoaldeko Afrika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="آفریقای سیاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><A href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique_subsaharienne" title="Afrique subsaharienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_subsahariana" title="África subsahariana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%95%98%EB%9D%BC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%A8_%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4" title="사하라 이남 아프리카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Ենթասահարա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><A href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="उप-सहारा अफ़्रीका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supsaharska_Afrika" title="Supsaharska Afrika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Sahara_nga_Aprika" title="Sub-Sahara nga Aprika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><A href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Sub-Sahara" title="Afrika Sub-Sahara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is" style="display: none;"><A href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%C3%ADka_sunnan_Sahara" title="Afríka sunnan Sahara – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it" style="display: none;"><A href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_subsahariana" title="Africa subsahariana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he" style="display: none;"><A href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%94" title="אפריקה שמדרום לסהרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სუბსაჰარული აფრიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusini_kwa_Sahara" title="Kusini kwa Sahara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la" style="display: none;"><A href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Subsahariana" title="Africa Subsahariana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsah%C4%81ras_%C4%80frika" title="Subsahāras Āfrika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt" style="display: none;"><A href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%BEsachario_Afrika" title="Užsachario Afrika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu" style="display: none;"><A href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete-Afrika" title="Fekete-Afrika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Потсахарска Африка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Sahara" title="Sub-Sahara – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%96%E3%82%B5%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB" title="サブサハラアフリカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no" style="display: none;"><A href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_s%C3%B8r_for_Sahara" title="Afrika sør for Sahara – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn" style="display: none;"><A href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_s%C3%B8r_for_Sahara" title="Afrika sør for Sahara – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AA-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਉਪ-ਸਹਾਰਵੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl" style="display: none;"><A href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna_Afryka" title="Czarna Afryka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><A href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_subsariana" title="África subsariana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro" style="display: none;"><A href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Subsaharian%C4%83" title="Africa Subsahariană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><A href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чёрная Африка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africae" title="Sub-Saharan Africae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple" style="display: none;"><A href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsaharsk%C3%A1_Afrika" title="Subsaharská Afrika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Подсахарска Африка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supsaharska_Afrika" title="Supsaharska Afrika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su" style="display: none;"><A href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Sub-Sahara" title="Afrika Sub-Sahara – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Sunda</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saharan_etel%C3%A4puolinen_Afrikka" title="Saharan eteläpuolinen Afrikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv" style="display: none;"><A href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsahariska_Afrika" title="Subsahariska Afrika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th" style="display: none;"><A href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="แอฟริกาใต้สะฮารา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr" style="display: none;"><A href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahra_Alt%C4%B1_Afrika" title="Sahra Altı Afrika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk" style="display: none;"><A href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Африка на південь від Сахари – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><A href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="ذیلی صحارائی افریقا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_subsahariana" title="Africa subsahariana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi" style="display: none;"><A href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_Phi_H%E1%BA%A1_Sahara" title="Châu Phi Hạ Sahara – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war" style="display: none;"><A href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubos-ha-Sahara_nga_Aprik%C3%A1" title="Ubos-ha-Sahara nga Apriká – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrig_gu_b%C3%ABj-saalumu-Sahara" title="Afrig gu bëj-saalumu-Sahara – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo" style="display: none;"><A href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81fr%C3%ADk%C3%A0_%C3%8Cs%C3%A0l%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-S%C3%A0h%C3%A1r%C3%A0" title="Áfríkà Ìsàlẹ̀-Sàhárà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue" style="display: none;"><A href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%A5%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="撒哈拉以南非洲 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</A></LI><LI class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><A href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%A5%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="撒哈拉以南非洲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</A></LI>				<BUTTON class="mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button" title="All languages (initial selection from common choices 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document_title: Sub-Saharan Africa

token: Sub-Saharan

token: Africa

token: wikipedia

token: Jump

token: to

token: navigation

token: search

token: Dark

token: and

token: lighter

token: green

token: Definition

token: of

token: as

token: used

token: in

token: the

token: statistics

token: United

token: Nations

token: institutions

token: Lighter

token: However

token: Sudan

token: is

token: classified

token: North

token: by

token: Statistics

token: Division

token: Arab

token: states

token: League

token: UNESCO

token: Simplified

token: climatic

token: map

token: consists

token: Sahel

token: Horn

token: north

token: yellow

token: tropical

token: savannas

token: light

token: rainforests

token: dark

token: Equatorial

token: arid

token: Kalahari

token: Basin

token: Mediterranean

token: south

token: coast

token: olive

token: Southern

token: српскохрватски

question_text: which biome is characteristic of central sub saharan africa nearest the equator