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    <dct:description>The U.S. Pacific Remote Islands consist of Howland, Baker, and Jarvis Islands, Johnston, Wake, and Palmyra Atolls, and Kingman Reef. Except for Wake, these islands and nearshore reefs have been administered as National Wildlife Refuges by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USFWS as early as 1926. Before regular marine assessment and monitoring efforts began in 2000, scientists had visited these locations to collect fishes, corals, and other reef life, but few systematic reef surveys were accomplished. Since 2000, systematic inventory and monitoring surveys for fishes, corals, and benthic algae have been conducted by NOAA and USFWS during biennial cruises. Knowledge of the biodiversity, community structure, and condition of these reefs has increased dramatically because of these cooperative monitoring efforts, exemplified by the increase in number of stony corals reported at Howland from 25 to 109, at Baker from 28 to 104, at Jarvis from 0 to 70, at Palmyra from 72 to 177, at Kingman from 0 to 182, at Johnston from 38 to 49, and at Wake from 52 to 97. Informed through these survey efforts of the diversity and abundance of marine biota supported on these central Pacific reefs, President George W. Bush in January 2009 established the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument to protect its historic and scientific objects. Extending 92.6 km from the mean low water lines of its component islandsatolls, this Monument, compared to the Refuges, provides more inclusive protection of the marine ecosystems that sustain the terrestrial, nearshore, and pelagic bionetworks.</dct:description>
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        <dcat:keyword>fish</dcat:keyword>
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        <dcat:keyword>ocean-biology</dcat:keyword>
        <dcat:keyword>species</dcat:keyword>
        <dcat:keyword>water-quality</dcat:keyword>
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    <dct:title>Monitoring Supports Establishment of Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument</dct:title>
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        <foaf:name>Richard Easterbrook</foaf:name>
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