The Ontology of Medically Related Social Entities
Shariq Tariq
Swetha Garimalla
This ontology grew out of efforts to represent the reality underlying the demographic information required by the US federal government's "meaningful use" criteria for electronic medical records and a presentation by Dr. William Hogan at the Electronic Health Record of the Future conference in Buffalo, NY (http://ub2020.buffalo.edu/strategicstrengths/announcements/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/ehr-september-22.pdf)
William Hogan
definition
editor note
imported from
definition source
definition editor
alternative term
example of usage
inheres in
inheres_in
is bearer of
bearer of
bearer_of
is aggregate of
aggregate of
aggregate_of
2009/10/01 Alan Ruttenberg. Barry prefers generic is-member-of. Question of what the range should be. For now organization. Is organization a population? Would the same relation be used to record members of a population
Relating a legal person to an organization in the case where the legal person has a role as member of the organization
has organization member
BFO relation takes precedence.
We anticipate BFO 2.0 including and defining this relation. When it does, we will obsolete this property and declare it equivalent to the BFO 2.0 relation.
true
At the instance level, this relation is the named inverse of is-aggregate-of. At the type level, however, not so. We expect BFO 2.0 to have this relation as well, and we will obsolete this property and declare it equivalent to BFO's version when BFO 2.0 comes out.
CRID
Alan, IAO call 20101124: potentially the CRID denotes the instance it was associated with during creation.
An information content entity that consists of a CRID symbol and additional information about which CRID registry it belongs.
Entries in a Column of which the header is "Pubmed ID"
Note, IAO call 20101124: URIs are not always CRID, as not centrally registered. We acknowledge that CRID is a subset of a larger identifier class, but this subset fulfills our current needs. OBI PURLs are CRID as they are registered with OCLC. UPCs (Universal Product Codes from AC Nielsen)are not CRID as they are not centrally registered.
Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls
PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
PERSON: Bill Hogan
PERSON: Bjoern Peters
PERSON: Melanie Courtot
The following URL: "http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19918065"
The following sentence contains a CRID: "The article with Pubmed ID: 19918065".
Teleostomi
Euteleostomi
Homo/Pan/Gorilla group
Eukaryota
Euarchontoglires
Simiiformes
Hominoidea
Tetrapoda
Amniota
Theria
Fungi/Metazoa group
Metazoa
Bilateria
Coelomata
Deuterostomia
Haplorrhini
Mammalia
Eumetazoa
Chordata
Vertebrata
Gnathostomata
Sarcopterygii
Craniata
Eutheria
Primates
Catarrhini
Hominidae
Homo
Homo sapiens
organization
An organization is a continuant entity which can play roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members.
BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now.
PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods.
organism
10/21/09: This is a placeholder term, that should ideally be imported from the NCBI taxonomy, but the high level hierarchy there does not suit our needs (includes plasmids and 'other organisms')
13-02-2009: OBI doesn't take position as to when an organism starts or ends being an organism - e.g. sperm, foetus. This issue is outside the scope of OBI.
A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs.
WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism
animal
fungus
plant
virus
social security number
Social Security Number(SSN) is a Centrally Registered IDentifier that is a nine-digit number issued to U.S. citizens, permanent residents, and temporary (working) residents under section 205(c) of the Social Security Act, codified as 42 U.S.C. § 405(c). The number is issued to an individual by the Social Security Administration, an independent agency of the United States government. Its primary purpose is to track individuals for Social Security purposes.
human social role
A social role inhering in a human being.
Mathias Brochhausen William R. Hogan
party to a legal entity
party to a legal proceeding
party to a legal agreement
party to a marriage contract
party to a power of attorney
gender role
A human social role borne by a human being being realized in behaviour which is considered socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex in the context of a specific culture.
Mathias Brochhausen
male gender role
A gender role borne by a human being that is realized in behaviour which is considered socially appropriate for individuals of the male sex in the context of the culture in question.
male gender
female gender role
A gender role borne by a human being that is realized in behaviour which is considered socially appropriate for individuals of the female sex in the context of the culture in question.
female gender
human health care role
A human social role that is realized by health care processes such as seeking or providing treatment for disease and injury, diagnosing disease and injury, or undergoing diagnosis.
A role in human social processes that is realized by health care processes such as seeking or providing treatment for disease and injury, diagnosing disease and injury, or undergoing diagnosis.
William R. Hogan Mathias Brochhausen
health care role
patient role
A human health care role that inheres in an organism [human?] as the recipient of a health care service.
A role borne by an organism being as the recipient of a health care service.
Amanda Hicks
patient
health care provider role
A human health care role inhering in an organization or human being that is realized by a process of providing health care services to an organism.
physician role
A health care role borne by a human being and realized by promoting, maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments.
physician
nurse role
A health care role borne by a human being and realized by the care of individuals, families, and communities so they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and quality of life.
based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing
nurse
health care provider organization role
Definition needed, but the idea is that we want to differentiate between provider and payer organizations. Some organizaitons have both roles (e.g., UPMC has a Hospital Division, a Physician Divison, and an Insurance Division).
person health care provider role
physician practice
hospital role
A role borne by an organization and realized by providing healthcare services by healthcare professionals of multiple different disciplines of medicine and enabling stationary treatment.
hospital
integrated delivery network
collection of organisms
An object aggregate of organisms.
Any arbitrary collection of organisms. They need not be of the same taxonomic class.
collection of humans
An object aggregate all of whose components are human beings.
role in human social processes
A role inhering in an entity realized by social interactions in human society.
Previous definition: A role played by an entity in human social processes.
organization social role
A role in human social processes that inheres in an organization.
Defined class that we will ultimately move to an application ontology. We are leaving here for now until we determine which application ontology: it is likely going to be an ontology that does not currently (2012-06-05) exist. Ditto for its current descendants.
William R. Hogan
organism social role
A role in human social processes that inheres in an organism.
Includes animals as well as humans. For example, pet, assistance animal, animal grown for food, work animal, domesticated animal, K-9, etc. Human roles include gender role, party to legal entities, health care provider roles like doctor, nurse, etc.
Previous definition: A role in human social processes played by an organism.
organization health care role
An organization social role that is realized by a health care process.
Previous definition: An organization social role played by an organization in health care processes.
geopolitical organization
An organization that governs the people living in a particular geographical region or aggregate of geographical regions. The geographical region it governs can change over time (such as the westward expansion of the United States and the addition of Hawaii).
major administrative subdivision
A subnational entity that is the primary organizational member of a nation, is subject to the full set of laws of the nation, enjoys all the privileges established under the laws of the nation, is not a member of any other geopolitical entity, and itself governs a part of the geographical region governed by the nation.
geopolitical dependency
A subnational entity that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a sovereign state, but remains politically outside of the controlling state and controls a geographical region that is outside the controlling state's integral region.
Typically, the common feature is that the dependency does not conduct foreign affairs, and relegates this authority to the sovereign state. BUt otherwise, it is largely or completely autonomous relative to the administrative subdivisions. Examples include Puerto Rico (U.S.), Guam (U.S.), Greenland (Denmark), French Polynesia (France), and Falkland Islands (United Kingdom).
aggregate of organizations
An object aggregate that is not itself an organization and whose members are only organizations that have some feature in common
It is often convenient to group organizations together that otherwise might not even interact with one another.
William R. Hogan Amanda Hicks
aggregate of sovereign states
An aggregate of geopoli organizations that is not itself a sovereign state and whose members are only sovereign states that have some feature in common
An aggregate of sovereign states that share some feature in common, but is not an organization nor necessarily the outcome of some treaty among them.
aggregate of geopoli organizations
An object aggregate that is not itself a geopolitical organization and whose members are only geopolitical organizations that have some feature in common
aggregate of dependencies
An aggregate of geopoli organizations that is not itself a geopolitical dependency and whose members are only geopolitical dependencies that have some feature in common.
aggregate of major administrative subdivisions
An aggregate of geopoli organizations that is not itself a major administrative subdivision and whose members are only major administrative subdivisions that have some feature in common
legal person role
Malcolm N. Shaw: International Law. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008.
A role borne by a human individual or by a collection of humans regarded as possessing rights and duties enforeable at law.
We are aware of the fact that Wikipedia's definition differs from ours by saying that "Legal personality (...) is the characteristic of a non-living entity regarded by law to have the status of personhood" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_personality) However, Shaw explicates: "In any legal system, certain entities, whether they be individuals or companies, will be regarded as possessing rights and duties enforceable at law. Thus an individual may prosecute or be prosecuted for assault and a company can sue for breach of contract. They are able to do this because the law recognises them as 'legal persons' possessing the capacity to have and to maintain certain rights, and being subject to perform specific duties. (...) In municipal law individuals, limited companies and public corporations are recognized as each possessing a distinct legal personality, the terms of which are circumscribed by the relevant legislation" (Shaw MN: International Law. Sixth Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008). We hold that Shaw's position is ontological more prolific since it not only allows to explain how groups of individuals become recognized as unities at law, but also how different individuals can hold different legal personality roles (always against the context of one legal system). The latter will proof useful when dealing with the representing comatous patients or minorsat law in ontologies.
smoker
intravenous drug user
intergovernmental organization
an intergovernmental organization that has at least three member states, that has activies in at least three states, and that is unified by some formal intergovernmental agreement
"IGOs are organizations whose memebers include at lesat three states, that have activities in several states, and whose members are held together by a formal intergovernmental agreement ... These organizations range in size from three members (North American Free Trade Argreement [NAFTA]) to more than 190 memembers (Universal Postal Union (UPU)]. Memebers may come from primarily one georgraphic regioni (Oragnaization of American States [OAS]) or from all geographic regions (World Bank). although soem IGOs are designed to achieve a single purpose (Organization of Petroleum exporting countries [OPEC]), others have been developed for multiple tasks (United Nations [UN}). ... IGOs are recognized subjects of international law with separate standing fromt heir member states." Karns and Mingst I(2004) p. 7
Katrina Donovan
examples: North American Free Trade Argreement [NAFTA] , Universal Postal Union [UPU], Oragnaization of American States [OAS], World Bank), Organization of Petroleum exporting countries [OPEC] United Nations [UN[, The World Trade Organization [WTO], The World Health Organization [WHO], UNICEF
nongovernmental organizations
Examples: Internaltion Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Oxfam, CARE, Doctors Without Borders, World Wildlife Fund, Transparency International, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and Save the Children.
NGOs are private voluntary organizations whose members are individuals or associations that come together to acheive a common purpose. Some organizations are formed to advocate a particular cause such as human rights, peace, or envirnomental projetion. Others are established to provide services such as disaster relief, humantarian aid in war-torn socieities, or development assistance. ... National level groups are often called interest or pressure groups, and many of them are now linked to counterpart groups in other countries through transnational networks or federations. International NGOs, like IGOs, may draw their members from one region or several regions, and they may have very specific functions or be multi-functional. Karns and Mingst (2004) p. 10f.
a geopolitical organization that is voluntary and private, whose members are individual persons or organizations that come together to acheive a common purpose.
private governance organizations
"Although the very meaning of the term is controversial, it involves authoritative decsionmaking in areas that once were part of national legal frameworks, the government, the sovereign state, or the public sector." Karns and Mingst (2004) p. 14.
Examples: private bond-rating agencies such as Moody's Investors Service, International Chamber of Commerce, Worldwide Responsible Apparel Manufacturing Principles, Forest Stewardship
governmental organization
An organization that governs the people living in a particular geographical region or aggregate of geographical regions. The geographical region it governs can change over time (such as the westward expansion of the United States and the addition of Hawaii). Note: this definition was taken over from "geopolitical organization".
IMPORTANT: The label "geopolitical organization" was previously used for OMRSE_00000044 (governmental organization). "geopoli organization" is a label for a new and different class.
sovereign state
A governmental organization with a defined territory on which it exercises internal and external sovereignty, a permanent population, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states.
Per Wikipedia, the word 'nation' does not always refer to soverign states. For example, the "nation of Islam".
nation
nation state
subnational entity
a governmental organization that has a local, regional, or territorial government that recognizes a sovereign state as its higher political authority
supranational entity