A formal, uniform list of archetypal artifacts in Computer-based Patient Records
type: Ontology
contributor: Sivaram Arabandi
creator: Chimezie Ogbuji
contributor: Songmao Zhang
contributor: Michel Dumontier
contributor: Alan Rector
comment: The CPR ontology has as its domain of discourse, the domain of clinical medicine and the related information content and other ”digital entities” that comprise CPR content. It is intended for use as a coordinate system for managing or eliciting precise meanings of terminology used by healthcare professionals within subdomains of clinical medicine for (meaningful) use in an application.
comment: This OWL ontology imports BFO, the OBO relationship ontology, and others. It formally defines a focused, core set of patient care concept archetypes [Jung, C.] replicated in various patient record terminology systems, and bioinformatic literature. This core is defined in RDF and follows the normalization principles of rigorous formal ontologies [Rector, A.]. It is can be used by patients who are medical laymen but informaticians themselves in building large, meaningfully useful web portal infrastructure for patient-controlled healthcare record systems.
version info: Last modification: July 31th, 2011 Chimezie Ogbuji
imports: protege-dc.owl
imports: ro
imports: http://www.ifomis.org/bfo/1.1
imports: muo-vocab.owl

acts on anatomy
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: acts on
PN sg: acts on
TV vbg: acted on
TV sg: acts on
comment: The anatomical site or system that is the focus of the procedure.
source: http://www.hl7.org/library/data-model/RIM/C30202/rim.htm#Procedure-targetSiteCode-att
domain: Process
range: cpro resource:arc9420b1

organismal continuant
type: Class
PN sg: organismal continuant
CN sg: organismal continuant
CN pl: organismal continuants
editorial note: Organisms are the prototypical examples of substances, which are maximal connected substantial entities. They are those substantial entities which enjoy a certain rounded- offness or natural completeness, including not only organisms but also cells, rocks, planets, and a range of self-contained artifacts such as a needle or a plastic bag
equivalent class: cpro resource:arc9420b56
subclass of: Continuant

Physical anatomical entity
type: Class
PN sg: physical anatomical entity
CN sg: physical anatomical entity
CN pl: physical anatomical entities
intersection of: cpro resource:arc9420b98
source: http://sigpubs.biostr.washington.edu/archive/00000135/
comment: FMA: Anatomical entity which has three or fewer spatial dimensions. Examples: hemoglobin molecule, mitochondrion, hepatocyte, erythrocyte, heart, head, blood, urine, peritoneal cavity, diaphragmatic surface of heart, inferior margin of liver, apex of lung.

approach site
type: ObjectProperty
range: Immaterial anatomical continuant
domain: procedure
TV pl: is approach via
PN sg: is approach via
TV vbg: was approached via
TV sg: is approach via
comments: See SNOMED-CT: the directional, relational, or spatial access to the site of a surgical procedure

Immaterial anatomical continuant
type: Class
disjoint with: Immaterial pathological continuant
disjoint with: state
PN sg: immaterial anatomical continuant
CN sg: immaterial anatomical continuant
CN pl: immaterial anatomical continuants
subclass of: DependentContinuant
comment: From FMA: Physical anatomical entity which is a three-dimensional space, surface, line or point associated with a material physical anatomical entity. Examples: body space, surface of heart, costal margin, apex of right lung, anterior compartment of right arm. Comment

procedure
type: Class
PN sg: procedure
CN sg: procedure
CN pl: procedures
editorial note: The intersection of was changed to a unionOf (to address inconsistency)
equivalent class: cpro resource:arc9420b112
subclass of: Clinical Act
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b115
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b116

composed by
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: composed by
PN sg: composed by
TV vbg: composed by
TV sg: composed by
domain: Representational artifact
comment: The relation which holds between representational artifacts and the people who compose them
range: Human / person

Representational artifact
type: Class
PN sg: representational artifact
CN sg: representational artifact
CN pl: representational artifacts
subclass of: GenericallyDependentContinuant
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b117
source: http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/Terminology_for_Ontologies.pdf
comment: A representation that is fixed in some medium in such a way that it can serve to make the cognitive representations existing in the minds of separate subjects publicly accessible in some enduring fashion. Examples are: a text, a diagram, a map legend, a list, a clinical record, or a controlled vocabulary.

Human / person
type: Class
PN sg: person
CN sg: person
CN pl: person
subclass of: organism

has finding site
type: ObjectProperty
source: http://www.hl7.org/library/data-model/RIM/C30202/rim.htm#Observation-targetSiteCode-att
comment: .. specifying detail about the anatomical site or system that is the focus of the observation. Corresponds with SNOMED-CT findingSite relation
TV pl: has finding site
PN sg: has finding site
TV vbg: had finding site
TV sg: has finding site
domain: clinical finding
range: Physical anatomical entity
sub property of: located in

clinical finding
type: Class
PN sg: clinical finding
CN sg: clinical finding
CN pl: clinical findings
disjoint with: patient's record of a symptom
disjoint with: patient record
disjoint with: recorded clinical situation
subclass of: clinical artifact
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b32
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b33
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b35
comment: A representation of a bodily feature of a patient that is recorded by a clinician because the feature is hypothesized to be of clinical significance.
editorial note: Note, the criteria regarding hypothesis of clinical significance is not axiomatized
definition: That which is discovered by direct observation or measurement of an organism attribute or condition, including the clinical history of the patient. The history of the presence of a disease is a 'Finding' and is distinguished from the disease itself.

located in
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: is located in
PN sg: is located in
TV vbg: was located in
TV sg: is located in

causes
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: causes
PN sg: causes
TV vbg: is caused
TV sg: causes
editorial note: Addresses the shortcoming in the RO in that only continuants can be agents and doesn't support other scenarios where we with to express a causal relationship between processes (for instance)
inverse of: is caused by

is caused by
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: caused by
PN sg: caused by
TV vbg: caused by
TV sg: caused by

has contraindication
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: contraindicated by
PN sg: contraindicated by
TV vbg: contraindicated by
TV sg: contraindicated by
definition: A relation that holds between some entity and a cpr:therapeutic-act such that the therapeutic act is inadvisable by virtue of the entity
domain: Therapeutic act

Therapeutic act
type: Class
PN sg: therapeutic act
CN sg: therapeutic act
CN pl: therapeutic acts
subclass of: Clinical Act
source: http://www.nhsia.nhs.uk/headings/pages/draftinfo.asp
comment: Any activity which is undertaken to maintain or improve a patient/client's state of health and well-being, relieve distress or reduce risk

indicated by
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: indicated by
PN sg: indicated by
TV vbg: indicated by
TV sg: indicated by
comment: A relation that holds between a cpr:procedure and an entity such that the procedure is advisable by virtue of the entity
inverse of: isIndicationFor
domain: Therapeutic act

isIndicationFor
type: ObjectProperty
range: procedure
TV pl: indicates
PN sg: indicates
TV vbg: indicates
TV sg: indicates

has input
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: has (as input)
PN sg: has (as input)
TV vbg: had (as input)
TV sg: has (as input)
definition: Relates an (informatics) process with a representational artifact that is acted upon by participants in the process and is a necessary component of the process
domain: Process
range: Representational artifact

surgical method
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: accomplished via
PN sg: accomplished via
TV vbg: accomplished via
TV sg: accomplished via
definition: From SNOMED-CT: [..] the action being performed to accomplish the procedure
range: accomplishment action

accomplishment action
type: Class
PN sg: accomplishment action
CN sg: accomplishment action
CN pl: accomplishment actions
editorial note: From SNOMED-CT: [..] the action being performed to accomplish the procedure. It does not include the surgical approach (e.g. translumbar), equipment (e.g. sutures), or physical forces (e.g. laser energy).
subclass of: ProcessualEntity

has output
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: has (as output)
PN sg: has (as output)
TV vbg: has (as output)
TV sg: has (as output)
definition: Relates an (informatics) process with a representational artifact that is the result of actions performed by one or more actors (with an informatics role) that participate
range: Representational artifact
domain: Process

plays role
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: plays role
PN sg: plays role
TV vbg: plays role
TV sg: plays role
domain: IndependentContinuant
range: Role

hypothesized problem
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: hypothesized problem
PN sg: hypothesized problem
TV vbg: hypothesized problem
TV sg: hypothesized problem
comment: Relate a clinical diagnoses to the diseases they hypothesize exists in the patient
domain: clinical diagnosis
range: Pathological disposition (disease)
sub property of: describes / is a representation of

clinical diagnosis
type: Class
disjoint with: case history
disjoint with: Laboratory test finding
disjoint with: record of a "clinical sign"
PN sg: clinical diagnosis
CN sg: clinical diagnosis
CN pl: clinical diagnoses
subclass of: clinical finding
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b30
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b31
source: http://dictionary.webmd.com/terms/diagnosis
comment: The determination of the nature of a disease, injury, or congenital defect.

Pathological disposition (disease)
type: Class
disjoint with: Physiological disposition
PN sg: pathological disposition
CN sg: pathological disposition
CN pl: pathological dispositions
subclass of: Disposition
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b74
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b83
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b84
comment: A disposition (i) to undergo pathological processes that (ii) exists in an organism caused by one or more etiologic agents (iii) typically involving an identifiable group of signs and symptoms and (iv) consistent physiological or anatomical alterations

describes / is a representation of
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: represents
PN sg: represents
TV vbg: represented
TV sg: represents
comment: Representational artifacts stand in the cpr:representationOf relation to entities in the world. Note, this relation is somewhat similar to the relation which holds between web representations and the resources they describe [Walsh, N - Jacobs, I]. The relation ontology (RO) does not have a suitable place for this.
comment: It is same as Information Artifact Ontology's 'is about' property [http://purl.obofoundry.org/obo/IAO_0000136]

includes
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: has (as a component part)
PN sg: has (as a component part)
TV vbg: has (as a component part)
TV sg: has (as a component part)
domain: recorded clinical situation
definition: Relates a recorded clinical situation with its component parts
range: Thing

recorded clinical situation
type: Class
PN sg: recorded clinical situation
CN sg: recorded clinical situation
CN pl: recorded clinical situations
disjoint with: patient's record of a symptom
disjoint with: patient record
disjoint with: clinical finding
subclass of: clinical artifact
definition: These are clinical artifacts that represent clinical situations involving findings and observables
comment: Firstly, the distinction between findings within and without situations can be removed by separating concepts into "kernel concepts"; that represent the entity itself and "recordable concepts"; for situations in which the entity either is, or is not, present. Kernel concepts would then be purely internal. Only recordable concepts would correspond to codes used as statements in Electronic Health Records (EHRs). Each recordable code would represent a class expression for a "Clinical situation"; -- Rector, A.
comment: [..] a context model to allow users and/or implementers to specify context [..], without depending on a particular record structure. The Situation with explicit context hierarchy and various attributes assigned to concepts in this hierarchy accomplish this.

investigates
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: investigates
PN sg: investigates
TV vbg: investigates
TV sg: investigates
definition: Relates an investigative act with the entity it seeks to elicit or discover

isContraindicationFor
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: contraindicates
PN sg: contraindicates by
TV vbg: contraindicated
TV sg: contraindicates
inverse of: has contraindication

occursDuring
type: DatatypeProperty
definition: Relates a processual entity to a point in time that marks the beginning or end of the (approximate) period when the processual entity started or when it ended. These are the 4 points in time that comprise a 'fuzzy' temporal interval
domain: ProcessualEntity
range: dateTime
TV pl: occurs during
PN sg: occurs during
TV vbg: occurred during
TV sg: occurs during

starts no earlier than
type: DatatypeProperty
TV pl: starts no earlier than
PN sg: starts no earlier than
TV vbg: starts no earlier than
TV sg: starts no earlier than
sub property of: occursDuring

starts no later than
type: DatatypeProperty
TV pl: starts no later than
PN sg: starts no later than
TV vbg: starts no later than
TV sg: starts no later than
sub property of: occursDuring

stops no earlier than
type: DatatypeProperty
TV pl: stops no earlier than
PN sg: stops no earlier than
TV vbg: stops no earlier than
TV sg: stops no earlier than
sub property of: occursDuring

stops no later than
type: DatatypeProperty
TV pl: stops no later than
PN sg: stops no later than
TV vbg: stops no later than
TV sg: stops no later than
sub property of: occursDuring

output of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a representational artifact with the process that is responsible for its creation
inverse of: has output
TV pl: is the output of
PN sg: is the output of
TV vbg: was the output of
TV sg: is the output of
range: ProcessualEntity

measurement of
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: measurement of
PN sg: measurement of
TV vbg: measurement of
TV sg: measurement of
comment: A specialization of the representation of relation that holds between a representational artifact and a muo:QualityValue (from the measurement unit ontology): the combination of a numeric value and a unit of measurement
editorial note: Typically used to relate the quality of a participant in an informatics process that resultes in the representational artifact
range: QualityValue
sub property of: describes / is a representation of

data-entity
type: Class
PN sg: data entity
CN sg: data entity
CN pl: data entities

representedBy
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: represented by
PN sg: represented by
TV vbg: represented by
TV sg: represented by
inverse of: describes / is a representation of

subject of clinical record
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: has (as a subject of the record)
PN sg: has (as a subject of the record)
TV vbg: has (as a subject of the record)
TV sg: has (as a subject of the record)
comment: A relation that holds between a representational artifact and the person it represents (or a part of whom it represents

agent in
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: actively participates in
PN sg: actively participates in
TV vbg: actively participates in
TV sg: actively participates in

has agent
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: has causally active participants
PN sg: has causally active participant
TV vbg: had a causally active participant
TV sg: has causally active participant

has part
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: part of
TV pl: has (as a part)
PN sg: has part
TV vbg: had (as a part)
TV sg: has (as a part)

part of
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: a part of
PN sg: part of
inverse of: has part
TV vbg: a part of
TV sg: a part of

has proper part
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: has (as a proper part)
PN sg: has proper part
TV vbg: had (as a proper part)
TV sg: has (as a proper part)

participates in
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: participates in
PN sg: participates_in
inverse of: has participant
TV vbg: participated in
TV sg: participates in

has participant
type: ObjectProperty
TV pl: has (as a participant)
PN sg: has (as a participant)
TV vbg: had (as a participant)
TV sg: has (as a participant)

aggregate-bodily-feature
type: Class
PN sg: aggregate bodily feature
CN sg: aggregate bodily feature
CN pl: aggregate bodily features
editorial note: The criteria that restricts instances of this defined class to only include those that are 'of' an organism was not axiomatized
subclass of: Entity
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b4
comment: Constellation of bodily features

Entity
type: Class
PN sg: entity
CN sg: entity
CN pl: entities

bodily feature
type: Class
PN sg: bodily feature
CN sg: bodily feature
CN pl: bodily features
equivalent class: cpro resource:arc9420b8
subclass of: Entity
comment: Physical component, bodily qualities, and bodily processes ( of an organism )

Sequela
type: Class
PN sg: sequela
CN sg: sequela
CN pl: sequelae
intersection of: cpro resource:arc9420b5
definition: A bodily feature that is a consequence of a disease.
editorial note: Stedman's definition
disjoint with: physical sign indicating life

Pathological process
type: Class
PN sg: pathological process
CN sg: pathological process
CN pl: pathological processes
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b89
subclass of: Biological process
source: http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bio/OBR.pdf

physical sign indicating life
type: Class
PN sg: vital sign
CN sg: vital sign
CN pl: vital signs
comment: determination of temperature, pulse rate, rate of breathing, and level of blood pressure.
subclass of: bodily feature
definition: A physical sign in which a non-zero value is an indication that the organism is alive

Biological process
type: Class
PN sg: biological process
CN sg: biological process
CN pl: biological processes
definition: Those processes which either take place within the human organism or are processes of causal interaction in which the human organism is involved.
subclass of: ProcessualEntity

Quality
type: Class
PN sg: quality
CN sg: quality
CN pl: qualities

clinical phenotype
type: Class
PN sg: clinical phenotype
CN sg: clinical phenotype
CN pl: clinical phenotypes
subclass of: aggregate-bodily-feature
comment: A constellation of those types of bodily features that are associated with a disorder at each stage of its development.

Laboratory test finding
type: Class
disjoint with: clinical diagnosis
disjoint with: case history
disjoint with: record of a "clinical sign"
PN sg: laboratory test finding
CN sg: laboratory test finding
CN pl: laboratory test findings
equivalent class: cpro resource:arc9420b12
comment: The representation of a quality of a specimen, and thereby a patient, that is the output of a laboratory test

case history
type: Class
PN sg: case history
CN sg: case history
disjoint with: clinical diagnosis
disjoint with: Laboratory test finding
disjoint with: record of a "clinical sign"
equivalent class: cpro resource:arc9420b20
comment: The case history of a medical patient as recalled by the patient -- Wordnet

record of a "clinical sign"
type: Class
PN sg: sign recording
CN sg: sign recording
CN pl: sign recordings
disjoint with: clinical diagnosis
disjoint with: Laboratory test finding
disjoint with: case history
definition: The recording of any abnormality indicative of disease, discoverable on examination of the patient; an objective indication of disease, in contrast to a symptom, which is a subjective indication of disease.
source: http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php
editorial note: Note, here a medical sign is defined as a recording rather than what the recording is a representation of.
intersection of: cpro resource:arc9420b118
subclass of: clinical finding

Laboratory test
type: Class
PN sg: laboratory test
CN sg: laboratory test
CN pl: laboratory tests
subclass of: Clinical investigation act
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b46
comment: A quantitative or qualitative test of a substance (especially an ore or a drug) to determine its components;

Healthcare professional role
type: Class
PN sg: healthcare professional role
CN sg: healthcare professional role
CN pl: healthcare professional roles
subclass of: Role
definition: A role placed by a professional who provides a medical service

Medical history screening act
type: Class
PN sg: medical history screening act
CN sg: medical history screening act
CN pl: medical history screening acts
subclass of: screening-act
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_history
comment: Any diagnostic act which attempts to determine / realize anamnesis

Anatomical boundary entity
type: Class
PN sg: anatomical boundary entity
CN sg: anatomical boundary entity
CN pl: anatomical boundary entities
subclass of: Immaterial anatomical continuant
comment: FMA: Immaterial anatomical entity of one less dimension than the anatomical entity it bounds or demarcates from another anatomical entity. Examples: surface of heart, surface of epithelial cell, cervicothoracic plane, supra-orbital notch, costal margin, apex beat, Sylvian point.
PN sg: immaterial anatomical entity
CN sg: immaterial anatomical entity
CN pl: immaterial anatomical entities
source: http://sigpubs.biostr.washington.edu/archive/00000135/

Anatomical space
type: Class
PN sg: anatomical space
CN sg: anatomical space
CN pl: anatomical spaces
subclass of: Immaterial anatomical continuant
comment: FMA: Non-material physical anatomical entity of three dimensions, which is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more body substances or anatomical structures. Examples: celom, thoracic cavity, lesser sac of peritoneum, cavity of right atrium, lumen of aorta, mediastinum, anterior compartment of forearm, intervertebral foramen.
source: http://sigpubs.biostr.washington.edu/archive/00000135/

Anatomical Structure
type: Class
PN sg: anatomical Structure
CN sg: anatomical Structure
CN pl: anatomical Structures
subclass of: Object
source: http://sigpubs.biostr.washington.edu/archive/00000135/
comment: FMA: Material anatomical entity which has inherent 3D shape; is generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own structural genes; its parts are spatially related to one another in patterns determined by coordinated gene expression. Examples: heart, right ventricle, mitral valve, myocardium, endothelium, lymphocyte, fibroblast, thorax, cardiovascular system, hemoglobin, T cell receptor.
disjoint with: computer-system
disjoint with: DNA structure
disjoint with: medical device
disjoint with: organism
disjoint with: pharmacological-substance

Object
type: Class
PN sg: object
CN sg: object
CN pl: objects

computer-system
type: Class
PN sg: computer system
CN sg: computer system
CN pl: computer systems
subclass of: Object
disjoint with: Anatomical Structure
disjoint with: DNA structure
disjoint with: medical device
disjoint with: organism
disjoint with: pharmacological-substance

DNA structure
type: Class
PN sg: DNA structure
CN sg: DNA structure
CN pl: DNA structures
definition: The type of nucleic acid containing deoxyribose as the sugar component and found principally in the nuclei (chromatin, chromosomes) and mitochondria of animal and plant cells, usually loosely bound to protein (hence the term deoxyribonucleoprotein);
disjoint with: Anatomical Structure
disjoint with: computer-system
disjoint with: medical device
disjoint with: organism
disjoint with: pharmacological-substance
subclass of: Object

medical device
type: Class
PN sg: medical device
CN sg: medical device
CN pl: medical devices
subclass of: Object
disjoint with: Anatomical Structure
disjoint with: computer-system
disjoint with: DNA structure
disjoint with: organism
disjoint with: pharmacological-substance

organism
type: Class
subclass of: Object
PN sg: organism
CN sg: organism
CN pl: organisms
definition: Any living individual, whether plant or animal, considered as a whole.
disjoint with: Anatomical Structure
disjoint with: computer-system
disjoint with: DNA structure
disjoint with: medical device
disjoint with: pharmacological-substance

pharmacological-substance
type: Class
PN sg: pharmacological substance
CN sg: pharmacological substance
CN pl: pharmacological substances
subclass of: Object
disjoint with: Anatomical Structure
disjoint with: computer-system
disjoint with: DNA structure
disjoint with: medical device
disjoint with: organism

Anatomical surface
type: Class
PN sg: anatomical surface
CN sg: anatomical surface
CN pl: anatomical surfaces
subclass of: Anatomical boundary entity
comment: FMA: Non-material physical anatomical entity of two dimensions, that is demarcated by anatomical lines or points on the external or internal surfaces of anatomical structures. Examples: body surface, epigastrium, precordium, right iliac fossa.
source: http://sigpubs.biostr.washington.edu/archive/00000135/

Examination performed by a patient on their his or herself to determine the nature or identity of a disease or disorder
type: Class
PN sg: self examination
CN sg: self examination
CN pl: self examinations
subclass of: ProcessualEntity
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b24

Patient
type: Class
PN sg: patient
CN sg: patient
CN pl: patients
equivalent class: cpro resource:arc9420b90
comment: A person who participates in a healthcare act while playing the patient role. Directly corresponds with the Patient and MedicalPatient classes in GALEN / Cyc

Clinical Act
type: Class
PN sg: clinical act
CN sg: clinical act
CN pl: clinical acts
subclass of: ProcessualEntity
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b25
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b27
source: http://www.cycfoundation.org/concepts/MedicalCareEvent
comment: A collection of events. Each instance of medical care is an event in which a medical care professional provides a medical service to some human or animal patient(s).

Clinical administration
type: Class
PN sg: clinical administration
CN sg: clinical administration
CN pl: clinical administrations
subclass of: Clinical Act
source: http://www.nhsia.nhs.uk/headings/pages/draftinfo.asp
comment: Any administrative act undertaken by a clinician, that supports the assessment or treatment of a patient/client, but which in itself is not investigatory or therapeutic.

Clinical hypothesis-generating act
type: Class
PN sg: clinical hypothesis-generating act
CN sg: clinical hypothesis-generating act
CN pl: clinical hypothesis-generating acts
subclass of: Clinical investigation act

Clinical investigation act
type: Class
PN sg: clinical investigation act
CN sg: clinical investigation act
CN pl: clinical investigation acts
definition: A procedure, method, or technique used to determine the nature or identity of a disease or disorder. This excludes procedures which are primarily carried out on specimens in a laboratory.
editorial note: the process of inquiry aimed at discovering the causes and mechanisms of a patient's disease insofar as this information is needed to inform treatment and management decisions to achieve the best medical outcome for the patient, and to prevent the disease in others.
subclass of: Clinical Act
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b36
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b37
comment: Any activity which is undertaken to find out more information about a patient/client's state of health and social well-being

clinical artifact
type: Class
PN sg: clinical artifact
CN sg: clinical artifact
CN pl: clinical artifacts
subclass of: Representational artifact
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b28
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b29
comment: A class which corresponds (at least syntactically) with the HL7 CDA Entry Act Class, insofar as its members consist of clinical recordings (representational artifacts) of natural phenomena of clinical significance.
editorial note: Activities in the primary-care process are divided into two types of activities, administrative activities and clinical (encounter) activities. We have focused on the latter group of activities, activities that are relevant for medical decision making; where the clinical activities are dependent on information from the patient-record system. We say that the clinical activities belong to the clinical encounter. The division of activities into two different types, administrative and clinical, is in accordance with the HL7 RIM

Clinical examination
type: Class
PN sg: clinical examination
CN sg: clinical examination
CN pl: clinical examinations
subclass of: screening-act
source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_examination
comment: The process by which a health care provider investigates the body of a patient for signs of disease

screening-act
type: Class
PN sg: screening act
CN sg: screening act
CN pl: screening acts
subclass of: Clinical investigation act
source: http://www.pkc.com/papers/pomr.pdf
comment: Process of data collection with pre-defined and standardized screening questionnaires in order to discover problems.

patient's record of a symptom
type: Class
PN sg: patient's record of a symptom
CN sg: patient's record of a symptom
CN pl: patient's record of a symptoms
disjoint with: clinical finding
disjoint with: patient record
disjoint with: recorded clinical situation
subclass of: clinical artifact
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b122
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b123
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b124
comment: Recording of a bodily feature of a patient as observed by the patient as a result of a self examination or elicitation of anamnesis and hypothesized (by the patient) to be a manifestation of a disease.

patient record
type: Class
PN sg: patient record
CN sg: patient record
CN pl: patient records
disjoint with: patient's record of a symptom
disjoint with: clinical finding
disjoint with: recorded clinical situation
subclass of: clinical artifact
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b96
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b97
comment: an electronic document (a representational artifact) which captures clinically relevant data about a specific patient and is primarily comprised of one or more cpr:clinical-artifacts.

Clinician role
type: Class
PN sg: clinician role
CN sg: clinician role
CN pl: clinician roles
subclass of: Healthcare professional role
comment: Role played by people who participate in clinical activities (typically Nurse, Physician / Doctor,etc.)

etiologic agent
type: Class
PN sg: etiologic agent
CN sg: etiologic agent
CN pl: etiologic agents
definition: Physical basis for a disease
subclass of: Continuant
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b43
comment: Toward the end of the nineteenth century the name of a disease came to reflect the type of entity thought to cause it, the so-called etiologic agent, and etiology soon came to be definitive (i.e., to be regarded as essential) for those diseases for which it was known, and diagnostic categories were refined to reflect the view that the character of a disease was determined by the character of its etiologic agent, and etiologic classification became the preferred mode of classification. (Caroline Whitbeck)

diagnostic-image
type: Class
PN sg: diagnostic image
CN sg: diagnostic image
CN pl: diagnostic images
subclass of: image
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b42

image
type: Class
PN sg: image
CN sg: image
CN pl: images
subclass of: Representational artifact
source: http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
comment: A visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface

Diagnostic procedure
type: Class
PN sg: diagnostic procedure
CN sg: diagnostic procedure
CN pl: diagnostic procedures
subclass of: Clinical investigation act

Continuant
type: Class
PN sg: continuant
CN sg: continuant
CN pl: continuants

Extra-organismal continuants
type: Class
PN sg: extra-organismal continuant
CN sg: extra-organismal continuant
CN pl: extra-organismal continuants
subclass of: ObjectAggregate
source: http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bio/OBR.pdf
comment: Aggregates of organismal continuants

ObjectAggregate
type: Class
PN sg: object aggregate
CN sg: object aggregate
CN pl: object aggregates

genetic abnormality
type: Class
PN sg: genetic abnormality
CN sg: genetic abnormality
CN pl: genetic abnormalities
subclass of: etiologic agent
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b44
definition: An abnormality in the nucleotide sequence of an oranism's genome that is the etiologic agent for a genetic disease

idiopathic disease
type: Class
PN sg: idiopathic disease
CN sg: idiopathic disease
CN pl: idiopathic diseases
disjoint with: infectious disease
definition: .. relating to or denoting any disease or condition that arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown
subclass of: Pathological disposition (disease)

infectious disease
type: Class
PN sg: infectious disease
CN sg: infectious disease
CN pl: infectious diseases
disjoint with: idiopathic disease
subclass of: Pathological disposition (disease)
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b45

Immaterial pathological continuant
type: Class
disjoint with: Immaterial anatomical continuant
disjoint with: state
PN sg: immaterial pathological continuant
CN sg: immaterial pathological continuant
CN pl: immaterial pathological continuants
subclass of: DependentContinuant
source: http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bio/OBR.pdf
comment: Dependent, pathological, organismal continuants whose existence depends on corresponding independent continuant entities. Spaces, lines, surfaces, and points

state
type: Class
PN sg: state
CN sg: state
CN pl: states
disjoint with: Immaterial anatomical continuant
disjoint with: Immaterial pathological continuant
subclass of: DependentContinuant
editorial note: Per Ferrarario et.al, "Intuitively, we may say that states are cumulative since the mereological sum of two instances of the same occurrence-type maintains the same occurrence-type (e.g the sum of two instances of "desire" is still of the type "desire"). Moreover, states are homeomeric since all their temporal parts are described by the very same expression used for the whole occurrence"
comment: A certain enduring constellation of values of an independent continuant's aggregate physical properties.
source: http://www.loa-cnr.it/Papers/focomf2.pdf

DependentContinuant
type: Class
PN sg: dependent continuant
CN sg: dependent continuant
CN pl: dependent continuants

pathogen
type: Class
PN sg: pathogen
CN sg: pathogen
CN pl: pathogen
definition: Any virus, microorganism, or other substance causing disease.
equivalent class: cpro resource:arc9420b71
comment: .. the organism which constitutes an etiologic agent (Caroline Whitbeck)

Longitudinal healthcare process aggregate
type: Class
PN sg: longitudinal patient medical history
CN sg: longitudinal patient medical history
CN pl: longitudinal patient medical histories
subclass of: ProcessAggregate
comment: The aggregate of all healthcare activities associated with a particular patient.

Material pathological entity
type: Class
PN sg: material pathological entity
CN sg: material pathological entity
CN pl: material pathological entities
subclass of: MaterialEntity
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b47
source: http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bio/OBR.pdf
comment: Those independent organismal continuants that result from processes other than those governed by the organisms structural genes.
comment: What Virchow had in mind was that pathological changes in the structure and function of cells and tissues constitute the disease entity.. (Caroline Whitbeck)
comment: the morphologic changes seen at the tissue level or the cellular level that are characteristic features of a disease.

Process of physiological or granularity-agnostic anatomical alteration as a result of the realization of a pathological disposition (a disease)
type: Class
PN sg: morphologic alteration
CN sg: morphologic alteration
CN pl: morphologic alterations
comment: ..pathological changes in the structure and function of cells and tissues
editorial note: From SNOMED-CT: [..] morphologic changes seen at the tissue or cellular level that are characteristic features of a disease
subclass of: Biological process
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b68
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b69
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b70

medical problem
type: Class
PN sg: medical problem
CN sg: medical problem
CN pl: medical problems
editorial note: Note, this defined class is meant to satisfy the historical recommendation of adopting medical record terminology that emphasize the ability to present a clinician with a 'problem list' as part of L. Weed of problem-oriented medical record methodology
equivalent class: cpro resource:arc9420b48
subclass of: Entity
source: http://www.pkc.com/papers/pomr.pdf
comment: .. problems that clearly require the intervention of a health care professional. These include acute problems requiring hospitalization and chronic problems requiring long-term management.

Medical therapy
type: Class
PN sg: medical therapy
CN sg: medical therapy
CN pl: medical therapies
subclass of: Therapeutic act

Medication
type: Class
PN sg: medication
CN sg: medication
CN pl: medications
subclass of: pharmacological-substance
source: http://dictionary.webmd.com/terms/medication
source: http://www.loa-cnr.it/medicine/biologic-substances/class18.html
comment: A medicinal substance, or medicament.
comment: A substance used in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention, or analysis of normal and abnormal body function. This includes substances that occur naturally in the body and are administered therapeutically.

UnitOfMeasurement
type: Class
PN sg: unit of measurement
CN sg: unit of measurement
CN pl: unit of measurements
subclass of: data-entity

metadata-entity
type: Class
comment: All these are about describing the artefact itself. Use "puns" for the members of these now that they are available in OWL

"EHR entities"
type: Class
PN sg: EHR entity
CN sg: EHR entity
CN pl: EHR entities
union of: cpro resource:arc9420b62

Organismal process aggregate
type: Class
PN sg: organismal process aggregate
CN sg: organismal process aggregate
CN pl: organismal process aggregates
subclass of: ProcessAggregate
source: http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bio/OBR.pdf

Physiological disposition
type: Class
disjoint with: Pathological disposition (disease)
PN sg: physiological disposition
CN sg: physiological disposition
CN pl: physiological dispositions
subclass of: Disposition
source: http://www.ifomis.uni-saarland.de/projects/bfo/manual/
comment: Causes a specific physiological process or transformation in the object in which it inheres, under specific circumstances and in conjunction with the laws of nature.

Disposition
type: Class
PN sg: disposition
CN sg: disposition
CN pl: dispositions

Pathological role
type: Class
PN sg: pathological role
CN sg: pathological role
CN pl: pathological roles
subclass of: Role
source: http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bio/OBR.pdf

Patient role
type: Class
PN sg: patient role
CN sg: patient role
CN pl: patient roles
subclass of: Role
comment: Role played by people who are the recipient of healthcare services

Physical therapy
type: Class
PN sg: physical therapy
CN sg: physical therapy
CN pl: physical therapies
subclass of: Therapeutic act
source: http://dictionary.webmd.com/terms/physical-therapy
comment: Treatment of pain, disease, or injury by physical means

Physician
type: Class
PN sg: physician
CN sg: physician
CN pl: physicians
equivalent class: cpro resource:arc9420b103
source: http://dictionary.webmd.com/terms/physician
comment: A doctor; a person who has been educated, trained, and licensed to practice the art and science of medicine.

Physician role
type: Class
PN sg: physician role
CN sg: physician role
CN pl: physician roles
subclass of: Clinician role
comment: Role played by physicians who participate in clinical activities

Physiological process
type: Class
PN sg: physiological process
CN sg: physiological process
CN pl: physiological processes
subclass of: Biological process
source: http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bio/OBR.pdf

Physiological role
type: Class
PN sg: physiological role
CN sg: physiological role
CN pl: physiological roles
subclass of: Role

Therapeutic procedure
type: Class
PN sg: therapeutic procedure
CN sg: therapeutic procedure
CN pl: therapeutic procedures
definition: A procedure, method, or technique designed to prevent a disease or a disorder, or to improve physical function, or used in the process of treating a disease or injury.
subclass of: Therapeutic act
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b128
source: http://dictionary.webmd.com/terms/surgery
comment: An Act whose immediate and primary outcome (post-condition) is the alteration of the physical condition of the subject. The children of this class should be pair-wise disjoint and categorized by the procedure method (essentially an equivalent of the HL7 RIM methodCode procedure attribute)

Psycholoical therapy
type: Class
PN sg: psychological therapy
CN sg: psychological therapy
CN pl: psychological therapies
subclass of: Therapeutic act

Substance adminstration
type: Class
PN sg: substance administration
CN sg: substance administration
CN pl: substance administrations
subclass of: Medical therapy
subclass of: cpro resource:arc9420b121
source: http://www.hl7.org/library/data-model/RIM/C30202/rim.htm#SubstanceAdministration-cls
comment: Drug adminstration

syndrome
type: Class
PN sg: syndrome
CN sg: syndrome
CN pl: syndromes
subclass of: idiopathic disease

PhysicalQuality
type: Class
PN sg: physical quality
CN sg: physical quality
CN pl: physical qualities
equivalent class: Quality