lewrockwell--2020-08-28--Is the UN Preparing for the ‘Second Covid Lockdown’?

Driven by WHO , the Geneva UN Medical Directors ( UNMD ) group has just issued a CONSENSUS STATEMENT for UN staff in Geneva that is essentially warning UN staff of stricter measures to be taken , such as mask wearing in the office when 2-meter distances could not be respected , as well as increased working from home again , when as recently as in June these conditions were relaxed .
Working from home means separating colleagues from each other , connecting them by Zoom , but NO HUMAN CONTACT .
That ’ s the name of the game @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of Geneva ’ s new regulations , based on Switzerland ’ s claim of a steady increase in Covid-19 “ infections ” .
Since the beginning of July new “ cases ” have surpassed 100 a day and reached even way beyond 200 at the end of July and above 250 in mid-August .
The testing positive has allegedly steadily increased and often by close to 10 % per day .
Now , surprisingly – they say – 40 % of the “ cases ” concern people between 20 and 40 years of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Is it a mandate by WHO to diversify the statistics , so as to better justify universal vaccination and another total lockdown ?
We know by now that nothing of this , masks , “ cases / infections ” , quarantine , lockdown , vaccination , or any other repressive measure have anything to do with covid .
They are means and instruments for the New World Order ( NWO ) to “ train ” the population for total obedience and control by the invisible super power , or deep dark state .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ nefarious plans , as it still is regarded by most people and governments as an authority , as far as world health is concerned which sadly , it has ceased to be decades ago .
The Problem of Politic ... Michael Huemer Best Price : $ 28.00 Buy New $ 33.99 The Canton of Geneva , where , incidentally , WHO and the UN are located , is the “ worst ” Canton of Switzerland , counting for about a third of all “ infections ” .
So , say the Swiss authorities @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of Health remarked , “ if Geneva were a separate country , anybody coming from Geneva to the rest of Switzerland would have to go into quarantine.
” That ’ s the level of fearmongering going on – justifying obliging face masks in public places and shops and closed areas .
Never mind that there is a strong protest of small shop keepers and retail corporations , since they are losing rapidly customers .
People do not want to shop with masks .
They also find it useless .
So , they migrate @ @ @ @ @ @ @ abroad .
Retail losses are estimated at least at 30 % .
There is already talk of forcing a masquerade also in the streets .
Likewise , new emphasis is put on ‘ social distancing ’ .
People are to be trained and reminded at every corner to stay away from each other .
A masquerade with people walking – in lockstep – or standing two meters apart .
If a Martian would see the human race , no backbone , no self-esteem , just following orders for what most serious scientists consider @ @ @ @ @ @ @ he or she , the Martian , would think “ the human race has gone mad , let them lockstepping themselves into oblivion .
Let ’ s the hell get out of this lovely blue but crazy planet.
” And the population zombies along because the authorities order them to do so , under threat of fines – against all common sense .
But zombies have been deprived of any common sense to resist in masses .
Such restrictions and more are now in place until at least 1 October 2020 .
That @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 2020 / 2021 flu season which will be conveniently mixed up with covid-19 – and justifies another lockdown – not to forget – with mass vaccination , for covid and flu .
Quarantine , livelihood destruction – an economic skyfall into more poverty , more misery , more deprivation , more famine – more death .
Not covid- death , but socioeconomic death .
That ’ s exactly what the eugenics fanatics are dreaming of .
A decimation of the world population .
Contagion Myth : Why Vi ... Fallon Morell , Sally @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and parcel of the party , recommending these steps , if and when they are told to do so .
By the invisible monsters , of course .
The UN is going along .
Or , is it the UN who has forced these increasing covid figures in Geneva , so they may prepare first their staff , then the population in general – worldwide – for a new lockdown in October-November ?
– All is possible .
We are in for the long haul ; the UN paper suggests .
And so @ @ @ @ @ @ @ only in Switzerland , but all around the world .
Look at the tyrannical oppressive measures of Melbourne , the Department of Victoria in Australia ; similar in New Zealand ; South Africa ; Thailand has hermetically closed all her borders – Germany is preparing for a new lockdown , though they say the contrary ( not withstanding a strong popular resistance ) , so is France – and the US , State by sorry State , as they are battling racial unrest , Woke protests , Black Lives Matter ( BLM ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ organized and paid for by the Soroses , Rockefellers , Fords , Gates and more oligarchic “ philanthropic ” humanitarian foundations .
The mainstream can not even keep up anymore with covering the US city chaos .
All this talk , predictions , projections , threats , contradictions , anarchy in the cities – is fabricated on purpose not only to confuse , but also to repress and depress people .
Hopelessness is an effective weapon .
It ’ s a weaponized narrative .
The “ Consensus Statement of the Geneva UN Medical @ @ @ @ @ @ @ “ The recent surge in new cases ” – without ever describing what NEW CASES entail .
New infections ?
Newly tested positive , but no symptoms ?
Sick people ?
Hospitalized people ?
People who died ?
– In fact , the death rate has not gone up whatsoever .
Nobody has died from these “ new cases ” or “ new infections ” .
But nobody reports on this important fact .
It sounds dramatic : a case , an infection — but nobody dares ask the so-called pathetic and corrupted @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for an explanation what these “ increased figures ” really mean ?
– Are they increased as a function of increased testing ?
How is testing performed ?
Does anybody ever ask how the infamous and controversial polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) tests are performed and analyzed , and the results reported into the annals of statistics , so as to produce ever more “ virus-cases ” ?
Unreported Truths abou ... Berenson , Alex Buy New $ 5.99 The website “ Virology Down Under ” reports a comment of Professor Martin @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the surge in “ new cases ” coincide with a surge of new tests ?
Is there an independent entity that controls the tests , monitors the tests , as to who is tested and when and with what frequency tests are carried out – and the results reported ?
For example , are people who are tested several times , also reported several times ?
The UNMD CONSENSUS STATEMENT is nothing but a support to the globalized fearmongering .
It fits an agenda , a huge sinister agenda .
The compulsory mask @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by the deep dark state – the invisible masters that are pressuring us into a NWO scheme .
They know it .
They love it .
They are psychopaths .
And mask-wearing is dangerous , dangerous for one ’ s health and well-being .
In most places in Europe , the new school year just began .
Students in many places are forced to wear masks , where “ social distancing ” in class rooms can not be respected .
Many students have been interviewed throughout Europe – and probably on other Continents @ @ @ @ @ @ @ – masks are uncomfortable , concentration is faltering after about two hours , we are exhausted in the evening and often have headaches .
No wonder , breathing your own CO2 instead of oxygen can not be very healthy .
Fear of the Invisible Roberts , Janine Best Price : $ 41.22 Buy New $ 18.31 The forced mask-wearing is an important agenda in the Great Transformation or the Great Reset , predicted by both the IMF and the WEF ( World Economic Forum ) , to be officially “ rolled out ” @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
It is an agenda of re-education by rituals .
The mask wearing is a ritual on behavioral acceptance .
It ’ s a ritual of initiation towards obedience .
The faster and easier you accept the mask , the faster you are accepted – accepted in society .
Most people want to be accepted .
It makes them comfortable , no matter how much this acceptance is uncomfortable and based on lies .
Watch the first 4 min .
of this video .
Then there are the few who will resist , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
They fiercely resist .
The system of tyranny makes sure they are socially discriminated and excluded from “ society ” they are social no-goes .
They are looked at as if they were monsters , spreaders of disease , discriminated against , excluded .
It is the old “ divide to conquer ” .
Your friend for years has suddenly become your enemy .
Families , groups , clubs , entire societies are divided and made to despise each other – division along the ‘ ritual line ’ .
Amazing how it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ see how it works for vaccination – another ritual being prepared , as we are oblivious to what ’ s awaiting us in the next 5 to 10 years .
Think Agenda ID2020 and Agenda 2030 – under the UN disguise of Sustainable Development Goals .
We are not doomed yet .
But we have to act fast and decisively and in unison – in solidarity .
Let ’ s reinvent solidarity .

Driven by WHO, the Geneva UN Medical Directors (UNMD) group has just issued a CONSENSUS STATEMENT for UN staff in Geneva that is essentially warning UN staff of stricter measures to be taken, such as mask wearing in the office when 2-meter distances could not be respected, as well as increased working from home again, when as recently as in June these conditions were relaxed. Working from home means separating colleagues from each other, connecting them by Zoom, but NO HUMAN CONTACT. That’s the name of the game.
The UNMD refers to the Canton of Geneva’s new regulations, based on Switzerland’s claim of a steady increase in Covid-19 “infections”. Since the beginning of July new “cases” have surpassed 100 a day and reached even way beyond 200 at the end of July and above 250 in mid-August. The testing positive has allegedly steadily increased and often by close to 10% per day. Now, surprisingly – they say – 40% of the “cases” concern people between 20 and 40 years of age. But who checks? – Is it a mandate by WHO to diversify the statistics, so as to better justify universal vaccination and another total lockdown?
We know by now that nothing of this, masks, “cases / infections”, quarantine, lockdown, vaccination, or any other repressive measure have anything to do with covid. They are means and instruments for the New World Order (NWO) to “train” the population for total obedience and control by the invisible super power, or deep dark state. WHO plays a key role in this nefarious plans, as it still is regarded by most people and governments as an authority, as far as world health is concerned which sadly, it has ceased to be decades ago. The Problem of Politic... Michael Huemer Best Price: $28.00 Buy New $33.99 (as of 04:55 UTC - Details)
The Canton of Geneva, where, incidentally, WHO and the UN are located, is the “worst” Canton of Switzerland, counting for about a third of all “infections”. So, say the Swiss authorities. A spokesperson of the Swiss Ministry of Health remarked, “if Geneva were a separate country, anybody coming from Geneva to the rest of Switzerland would have to go into quarantine.”
How scary!
That’s the level of fearmongering going on – justifying obliging face masks in public places and shops and closed areas. Never mind that there is a strong protest of small shop keepers and retail corporations, since they are losing rapidly customers. People do not want to shop with masks. They also find it useless. So, they migrate to online shopping, much of it abroad. Retail losses are estimated at least at 30%. There is already talk of forcing a masquerade also in the streets. Likewise, new emphasis is put on ‘social distancing’. People are to be trained and reminded at every corner to stay away from each other. A masquerade with people walking – in lockstep – or standing two meters apart.
If a Martian would see the human race, no backbone, no self-esteem, just following orders for what most serious scientists consider human history’s worst hoax – he or she, the Martian, would think “the human race has gone mad, let them lockstepping themselves into oblivion. Let’s the hell get out of this lovely blue but crazy planet.”
And the population zombies along because the authorities order them to do so, under threat of fines – against all common sense. But zombies have been deprived of any common sense to resist in masses. Such restrictions and more are now in place until at least 1 October 2020. That’s about the beginning of the 2020 / 2021 flu season which will be conveniently mixed up with covid-19 – and justifies another lockdown – not to forget – with mass vaccination, for covid and flu. Quarantine, livelihood destruction – an economic skyfall into more poverty, more misery, more deprivation, more famine – more death. Not covid- death, but socioeconomic death. That’s exactly what the eugenics fanatics are dreaming of. A decimation of the world population. Contagion Myth: Why Vi... Fallon Morell, Sally Buy New $22.49 (as of 04:23 UTC - Details)
WHO is part and parcel of the party, recommending these steps, if and when they are told to do so. By the invisible monsters, of course. The UN is going along. Or, is it the UN who has forced these increasing covid figures in Geneva, so they may prepare first their staff, then the population in general – worldwide – for a new lockdown in October-November? – All is possible.
We are in for the long haul; the UN paper suggests. And so do authorities (sic-sic), not only in Switzerland, but all around the world. Look at the tyrannical oppressive measures of Melbourne, the Department of Victoria in Australia; similar in New Zealand; South Africa; Thailand has hermetically closed all her borders – Germany is preparing for a new lockdown, though they say the contrary (not withstanding a strong popular resistance), so is France – and the US, State by sorry State, as they are battling racial unrest, Woke protests, Black Lives Matter (BLM) movements, and anti-police riots. All organized and paid for by the Soroses, Rockefellers, Fords, Gates and more oligarchic “philanthropic” humanitarian foundations. The mainstream cannot even keep up anymore with covering the US city chaos.
All this talk, predictions, projections, threats, contradictions, anarchy in the cities – is fabricated on purpose not only to confuse, but also to repress and depress people. Hopelessness is an effective weapon. It’s a weaponized narrative.
The “Consensus Statement of the Geneva UN Medical Directors network” starts by saying – “The recent surge in new cases” – without ever describing what NEW CASES entail.
New infections? Newly tested positive, but no symptoms? Sick people? Hospitalized people? People who died? – In fact, the death rate has not gone up whatsoever. Nobody has died from these “new cases” or “new infections”. But nobody reports on this important fact.
It sounds dramatic: a case, an infection — but nobody dares ask the so-called pathetic and corrupted authorities such crucial questions. Nobody asks for an explanation what these “increased figures” really mean? – Are they increased as a function of increased testing? How is testing performed? Does anybody ever ask how the infamous and controversial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests are performed and analyzed, and the results reported into the annals of statistics, so as to produce ever more “virus-cases”? Unreported Truths abou... Berenson, Alex Buy New $5.99 (as of 03:17 UTC - Details)
The website “Virology Down Under” reports a comment of Professor Martin Haditsch, writing in ProMed-mail:
As to my knowledge “infection” is defined as the proof of an infectious agent AND the proof of multiplication of this agent inside the body (OR associated inflammatory response that can be linked to this agent). Therefore, my question is: where was the specimen taken from the “asymptomatic” nurses? PCR, as we all know, just detects nucleic acids. So, if multiplication cannot be proven and no local or systemic inflammatory response is given, how was “contamination” (no matter whether due to inactivated parts of MERS-CoV or even complete virus particles) ruled out? This is not a semantic question only but should impact the reported number of “cases”.
Does the surge in “new cases” coincide with a surge of new tests?
Who makes the tests?
Is there an independent entity that controls the tests, monitors the tests, as to who is tested and when and with what frequency tests are carried out – and the results reported? For example, are people who are tested several times, also reported several times?
The UNMD CONSENSUS STATEMENT is nothing but a support to the globalized fearmongering. It fits an agenda, a huge sinister agenda. The compulsory mask wearing is the most detested measure imposed by the deep dark state – the invisible masters that are pressuring us into a NWO scheme. They know it. They love it. They are psychopaths. And mask-wearing is dangerous, dangerous for one’s health and well-being.
In most places in Europe, the new school year just began. Students in many places are forced to wear masks, where “social distancing” in class rooms cannot be respected. Many students have been interviewed throughout Europe – and probably on other Continents too. Their response is almost unanimous – masks are uncomfortable, concentration is faltering after about two hours, we are exhausted in the evening and often have headaches. No wonder, breathing your own CO2 instead of oxygen cannot be very healthy. Fear of the Invisible Roberts, Janine Best Price: $41.22 Buy New $18.31 (as of 02:55 UTC - Details)
The forced mask-wearing is an important agenda in the Great Transformation or the Great Reset, predicted by both the IMF and the WEF (World Economic Forum), to be officially “rolled out” in Davos, Switzerland in January 2021. It is an agenda of re-education by rituals. The mask wearing is a ritual on behavioral acceptance. It’s a ritual of initiation towards obedience. The faster and easier you accept the mask, the faster you are accepted – accepted in society. Most people want to be accepted. It makes them comfortable, no matter how much this acceptance is uncomfortable and based on lies.
Watch the first 4 min. of this video.
Then there are the few who will resist, who don’t care about acceptance. They fiercely resist. The system of tyranny makes sure they are socially discriminated and excluded from “society” they are social no-goes. They are looked at as if they were monsters, spreaders of disease, discriminated against, excluded. It is the old “divide to conquer”. Your friend for years has suddenly become your enemy. Families, groups, clubs, entire societies are divided and made to despise each other – division along the ‘ritual line’.
Amazing how it works for masks. Wait until you see how it works for vaccination – another ritual being prepared, as we are oblivious to what’s awaiting us in the next 5 to 10 years. Think Agenda ID2020 and Agenda 2030 – under the UN disguise of Sustainable Development Goals.
We are not doomed yet. But we have to act fast and decisively and in unison – in solidarity. Let’s reinvent solidarity.
Reprinted with permission from Global Research.


lewrockwell--2020-08-28--Why Do So Many Intellectuals Hate Free Markets?

[ This article is excerpted from chapter 3 of Classical Liberalism and the Austrian School .
Footnote numbering differs from the original . ]
Hayek on the Intellectuals and Socialism F.A .
Hayek was acutely concerned with our problem , since he , too , was wholly convinced of the importance of the intellectuals : “ They are the organs which modern society has developed for spreading knowledge and ideas , ” he declares in his essay “ The Intellectuals and Socialism ” ( Hayek 1967 ) .
The intellectuals—whom Hayek characterizes as “ the professional secondhand dealers in ideas @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of public opinion : “ There is little that the ordinary man of today learns about events or ideas except through the medium of this class.
” Among other things , they often virtually manufacture professional reputations in the minds of the general population ; and through their domination of the news media , they color and shape the information that people in each country have of events and trends in foreign nations .
Once an idea is adopted by the intellectuals , its acceptance by the masses is “ almost automatic and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the legislators of mankind ( 178–80 , 182 ) .
Classical Liberalism a ... Ralph Raico Best Price : $ 7.44 Buy New $ 14.00 With all this , Hayek ’ s view of the intellectuals is flatteringly benign : their ideas are determined by and large by “ honest convictions and good intentions ” ( 184 ) .
In “ The Intellectuals and Socialism , ” Hayek does mention in passing the intellectuals ’ egalitarian bias ; the analysis , however , is basically in terms of their “ scientism.
” With @ @ @ @ @ @ @ sees the revolt against the market economy as stemming from the methodological errors he identified and investigated at length in his brilliant study of the rise of French positivism , The Counter-Revolution of Science ( 1955 ) .
Thus , in Hayek ’ s view , the chief influence on the intellectuals has been the example of the natural sciences and their applications .
As man has come to understand and then control the forces of nature , intellectuals have grown infatuated with the idea that an analogous mastery of social forces could @ @ @ @ @ @ @ are under the sway of “ such beliefs as that deliberate control or conscious organization is also in social affairs always superior to the results of spontaneous processes which are not directed by a human mind , or that any order based on a plan beforehand must be better than one formed by the balancing of opposing forces ” ( 186–87 ) .
Hayek even makes the following astonishing statement ( 187 ) : It is exceedingly difficult to follow Hayek ’ s reasoning here .
He appears to be saying that because @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and because innumerable particular engineering projects have succeeded , it is quite understandable that many intellectuals should conclude that “ the direction of all forms of human activity according to a single coherent plan ” will be similarly successful .
But , in the first place , the advances of the natural sciences were not brought about in accordance with any overall central plan ; rather , they were the product of many separate decentralized but coordinated researchers ( produced analogously in some respects to the market process ; see Baker 1945 and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the fact that many particular engineering projects have succeeded it does not follow that a single vast engineering project , one subsuming all particular projects , is likely to succeed ; nor does it seem likely that most people will find such a claim plausible .
The Road to Serfdom : T ... F. A. Hayek , Bruce Cal ... Best Price : $ 3.06 Buy New $ 1.99 Why , then , is it natural , or logical , or easily comprehensible that intellectuals should reason from the triumphs of decentralized scientific @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the success of a plan undertaking to direct “ all forms of human activity ” ?
In his review of Hayek ’ s The Road to Serfdom , Joseph Schumpeter ( 1946 : 269 ) remarks that Hayek was “ polite to a fault ” towards his opponents , in that he hardly ever attributed to them “ anything beyond intellectual error.
” But not all the points that must be made can be made without more “ plain speaking , ” Schumpeter declares .
Schumpeter here implies an important distinction .
Civility @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of good faith on the part of one ’ s adversaries , is always in order .
But there is also a place for the attempt to explain the attitudes , for instance , of anti-market intellectuals ( a form of the sociology of knowledge ) .
In this endeavor , “ politeness ” is not precisely what is most called for .
As regards the positivist intellectuals who argued from the successes of natural science to the need for central planning : it may well be that this false inference was no @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by their prejudices and resentments , or perhaps their own will to power .
In any case , Hayek ’ s gentlemanly deference to anti-market intellectuals can sometimes be downright misleading .
Consider his statement ( 1967 : 193 ) : The Fatal Conceit : The ... F. A. Hayek Best Price : $ 5.75 Buy New $ 11.00 This , of a category of persons that in the twentieth century has notoriously included thousands of prominent apologists for Soviet Communism in all western countries , is indeed politeness “ to a fault.
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ good reason , as late as the 1950s , for Raymond Aron ( 1957 ) to have written on The Opium of the Intellectuals and for H.B .
Acton ( 1955 ) to have entitled what is probably the best philosophical critique of Marxism-Leninism The Illusion of the Epoch .
Nor was Communism the only nefarious orthodoxy to claim the loyalty of numerous intellectuals , as is shown by the cases of Martin Heidegger , Robert Brasillach , Giovanni Gentile , Ezra Pound , and many others .
For a less complimentary but @ @ @ @ @ @ @ modern intellectuals we may turn to the memoirs of the German historian Golo Mann ( 1991 : 534 ) , who quotes from his diary of 1933 : “ 18 May .
[ Josef ] Goebbels in front of a writers ’ meeting in the Hotel Kaiserhof : ‘ We [ Nazis ] have been reproached with not being concerned with the intellectuals .
That was not necessary for us .
We knew quite well : if we first have power , then the intellectuals will come on their own.
’ Thunderous applause—from @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Schumpeter suggested ( 1946 : 269 ) that he might have learned a useful lesson from Karl Marx .
Schumpeter ’ s own interpretation reflects his lifelong engagement with Marxism .
Like Marx , he offered a highly pessimistic prognosis for the capitalist system , though for mainly different reasons ( 1950 : 131–45 ) .
But while Schumpeter holds that intellectuals will play a key role in capitalism ’ s demise , he in no way relies on the scenario set forth in the Communist Manifesto .
There , Marx and Engels @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as the final revolution approaches , a section of the “ bourgeois ideologists ” will go over to the side of the proletariat .
These will be the ideologists “ who have worked their way up to a theoretical understanding of the historical movement as a whole.
” Such a laughably self-serving description could hardly appeal to an inveterate skeptic like Schumpeter .
Instead , his “ Marxism ” consisted in examining capitalism as a system with certain attendant sociological traits , and exposing the class interests of the intellectuals within that system @ @ @ @ @ @ @ capitalism is especially vulnerable to attack : Capitalism and Freedom ... Milton Friedman Best Price : $ 4.49 Buy New $ 7.12 In particular , it brings forth and nurtures a class of secular intellectuals who wield the power of words over the general mind .
The capitalist wealth machine makes possible cheap books , pamphlets , newspapers , and the ever-widening public that reads them .
Freedom of speech and of the press enshrined in liberal constitutions entails also “ freedom to nibble at the foundations of capitalist society ” —a constant @ @ @ @ @ @ @ critical rationalism inherent in that form of society .
Moreover , in contrast to earlier regimes , a capitalist state finds it difficult , except under exceptional circumstances , to suppress dissident intellectuals : such a procedure would conflict with the general principles of the rule of law and the limits to the police power dear to the bourgeoisie itself ( 1950 : 148–51 ) .
The key to the hostility of intellectuals to capitalism is the expansion of education , particularly higher education .
This creates unemployment , or underemployment , of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ psychically unemployable in manual occupations without necessarily acquiring employability in , say , professional work.
” The tenuous social position of these intellectuals breeds discontent and resentment , which are often rationalized as objective social criticism .
This emotional malaise , Schumpeter asserts , A major merit of Schumpeter ’ s argument is that it elucidates an abiding feature of the sociology of radicalism and revolution : the hunt for government jobs .
The interconnection between over-education , an expanding reservoir of unemployable intellectuals , the pressure for more bureaucratic positions , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ observers in the nineteenth century .
In 1850 , the conservative author Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl ( 1976 : 227–38 ) offered a remarkable analysis , in many ways anticipating Schumpeter , of the “ intellectual proletariat ” ( Geistesproletariat ) .
Even then Germany was producing each year much more “ intellectual product ” than it could use or pay for , testifying to an “ unnatural ” division of national labor .
This was a general phenomenon in advanced countries , Riehl maintains , resulting from the enormous industrial growth that was @ @ @ @ @ @ @ workers experience a contradiction between their income and their perceived needs , between their own haughty conception of their rightful social position and the true one , a contradiction which is far more irreconcilable than in the case of the manual laborers .
Because they can not “ reform ” their own meager salaries , they try to reform society .
It is these intellectual proletarians who have taken the lead in social revolutionary movements in Germany .
“ These literati see the world ’ s salvation in the gospel of socialism and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ salvation , ” through domination of the masses .
Later revolutionary movements , whether of the left or the right , can be understood to a large extent as the ideologically camouflaged raid on the great state employment office .
Carl Levy ( 1987 : 180 ) has linked the expansion of the state from the later nineteenth century on to the growth in the numbers of the university-educated , who sought government jobs and utilized positivism as a facilitating ideology .
Positivism The Opium of the Intel ... Raymond Aron Best Price @ @ @ @ @ @ @ From this perspective , we obtain a deeper understanding of the claim that the welfare state “ saved capitalism.
” What the welfare state has actually accomplished is to furnish a never-ending source of state jobs for the ( mainly middle-class ) products of what is still referred to as university education , without , as in the nineteenth century , requiring a revolutionary assault .
While there is doubtless a great deal of truth in Schumpeter ’ s identification of the systemic surplus of intellectuals as a source of anti-capitalism , it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ overproduction—and consequent un- or under-employment—is a feature of non-capitalist societies , as well .
Its effect is the general destabilization of regimes , as occurs from time to time in underdeveloped countries .
A more detailed knowledge of the situation in former Communist societies might show that it was also implicated in their subversion and final overthrow .
More to the point : it is not so much the unemployed intellectuals who are the problem but the ones who are employed .
Intellectuals unable to find suitable jobs may well provide a receptive @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for revolutionary movements : among communist anarchists in the late nineteenth century , or in some third world countries more recently .
In Germany after the First World War , artists and writers frozen out of the avant-garde culture of Weimar were prominent among the early National Socialists .
But Schumpeter ’ s thesis does not hold for many other cases , probably the historically most significant ones .
Émile Zola and Anatole France , Gerhart Hauptmann and Bertold Brecht , H.G .
Wells and Bernard Shaw , John Dewey and Upton Sinclair @ @ @ @ @ @ @ intellectual world .
Today the “ stars ” of the mass news media of all the advanced countries—you would know their names in your own country ; one could mention American “ newspersons ” who earn a million dollars a year or more , such being the savage inequalities of capitalism—are typically constant “ nibblers ” at the system of private enterprise .
The question is rather why so many successful and highly influential intellectuals become carping critics of the free economy .
– The Origins of Totalit ... Hannah Arendt Best Price @ @ @ @ @ @ @ This definition by Hayek is somewhat idiosyncratic , in that it excludes the originators of ideas , e.g.
, among socialists , Saint-Simon and Marx .
At one point ( 182 ) Hayek does suggest that selfish personal interests might play a part in the intellectuals ’ attitude ; he refers , without naming him , to Karl Mannheim and “ the curious claim…that [ the intellectual class ] was the only one whose views were not decidedly influenced by its own economic interests.
” But he does not indicate why he considers @ @ @ @ @ @ @ both works with which Hayek was quite familiar , which makes his argument at this point more perplexing .
In another essay , on “ Socialism and Science , ” 1978 : 295 , Hayek refers to “ the undeniable propensity of minds trained in the physical sciences , as well as of engineers , to prefer a deliberately created orderly arrangement to the results of spontaneous growth—an influential and common attitude , which frequently attracts intellectuals to socialist schemes .
This is a widespread and important phenomenon which has had a profound @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ” It seems highly doubtful that surveys of political opinion among university professors in the United States , western Europe , or elsewhere , would find socialist opinions more common among physical scientists and engineers than in the humanities and social science faculties .
Hayek 1973 : 161n .
18 , 70 , rebutted Schumpeter ’ s criticism , asserting that it was not “ ‘ politeness to a fault ’ but profound conviction about what are the decisive factors ” for his having attributed merely intellectual error to his opponents in The @ @ @ @ @ @ @ : “ It is necessary to realize that the sources of many of the most harmful agents in this world are often not evil men but highminded idealists , and that in particular the foundations of totalitarian barbarism have been laid by honorable and well-meaning scholars who never recognized the offspring they produced.
” One wonders how Hayek could know this about the character of those who “ laid the foundations of totalitarian barbarism.
” Cf .
the comment by George Stigler 1989 : 6 : “ a central reason for the dissatisfaction @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ” is that “ it does not give them a mechanism to coerce changes in the behavior of individuals.
” Cf .
also Robert Skidelsky 1978 : 83 , who mentions , as one factor in the conversion of the younger American economists to Keynesianism , that , in the version propagated by Alvin Hansen , it provided a “ rationale for the permanent direction of economic life by an élite of economists….In the Keynesian political economy , public policy would be handed over to the professional economists , who alone would understand @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Higgs 1987a : 116 observes that American Progressives around 1900 found state intervention appealing because it implied a social organization supervised and directed by engineers , planners , technicians , and trained bureaucrats , and thus put “ a wise minority in the saddle.
” There is by now a substantial literature on the subject ; see , for instance , Caute 1973 .
Richard Pipes 1993 : 202 makes the interesting comment that : “ The Bolshevik regime , for all its objectionable features , attracted them [ intellectuals ] because it @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Revolution to vest power in people of their own kind .
In Soviet Russia , intellectuals could expropriate capitalists , execute political opponents , and muzzle reactionary ideas.
” See also the challenge issued by Eugene D. Genovese ( 1994 ) to his fellow intellectuals to testify publicly on what they knew of the crimes of Soviet Communism and when they knew it .
Cf .
O ’ Brien 1994 : 344 , who notes that “ the overwhelming majority of [ his ] academic colleagues adopted an attitude of judicious agnosticism and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and other Marxist regimes.
” Benjamin Constant 1988 : 137–38 , in criticizing the French writers of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic period , described the intellectuals ’ penchant to identify with arbitrary power : “ all the great developments of extrajudicial force , all the examples of recourse to illegal measures in dangerous circumstances have from century to century been recounted with respect and described with complacency .
The author , sitting comfortably at his desk , hurls arbitrary measures in every direction….For a moment , he believes himself invested with power just @ @ @ @ @ @ @ way he gives himself something of the pleasure of authority ; he repeats as loud as he can the great words of public safety , supreme law , public interest….Poor imbecile !
He talks to those who are only too glad to listen to him and who , at the first opportunity , will test out his own theories upon him.
” Constant ’ s words may be viewed as a prescient gloss on Stalin ’ s treatment of many of the Bolshevik intellectuals who had lent their aid to the creation of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ of Marxism as the camouflaged ideology of an intellectual would-be “ new class ” is part of the communist anarchist tradition , begun by Bakunin and continued by Machajski and others ; see Dolgoff 1971 and Szelenyi and Martin 1991 .
This approach , however , like the Marxist analysis of historical change in terms of class conflict , had numerous precursors among classical liberal thinkers ; see the essay on “ The Conflict of Classes : Liberal vs. Marxist Theories , ” in the present work .
Cf .
Raymond Ruyer 1969 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and psychological problems resulting from prolonged state instruction ( including “ adult education ” ) and the diffusion of “ culture ” under the aegis of the state .
He concludes : “ It is typical that the greatest progress that has come about in ‘ the democratic extension of culture ’ has been produced by private enterprise in the form of paperback books , in which the state did not involve itself , except to impose its usual taxes.
” A third of a century later , the same could be said @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ’ s work , quite unduly neglected , is a profound and elegant dissection of the intellectual ’ s persistent resentment of the free market economy and capitalist society .
In this respect , it stands in contrast to the recent book of Raymond Boudon ( 2004 ) .
Despite its promising title ( Why the Intellectuals Do Not Like Liberalism ) and occasional insights , Boudon ’ s book proves to be superficial , e.g.
, in dating the intellectuals ’ turn against a liberal order from around 1950 .
Schumpeter 1950 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the intellectuals ’ influence , by means of the state bureaucracies , which are “ open to conversion by the modern intellectual with whom , through a similar education , they have much in common.
” See O ’ Boyle 1970 ; also Levy 1987 : 160 , who writes of “ the state-created intelligentsias of post-Restoration Europe [ i.e.
, after 1815 ] which , outpacing economic growth , faced serious underemployment and played important roles in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848.
” In the Reichstag , Chancellor Otto von Bismarck @ @ @ @ @ @ @ that social revolutionaries in Russia consisted of the “ diploma-proletariat , ” an excess produced by higher education which society could not absorb .
The leaders were not workers , but consisted “ in part of people of genteel education , many half-educated people…dissipated students and unsullied dreamers… ” Schumpeter does not mention Riehl in Capitalism , Socialism , and Democracy and refers to him once in his History of Economic Analysis ( 1954 : 427 and 427 n. 20 ) , but only in connection with Riehl ’ s work in Kulturgeschichte @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Mises ( 1974 : 47–48 ) : “ In dealing with the ascent of modern statism , socialism , and interventionism , one must not neglect the preponderant role played by pressure groups and lobbies of civil servants and those university graduates who longed for government jobs.
” In this connection , Mises mentions the Fabian Society in Britain and the Verein für Sozialpolitik ( Association for Social Policy ) in Imperial Germany .
Doubt is cast on Schumpeter ’ s fundamental analysis by Paul A. Samuelson 1981 : 10 , who points @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the continued omnipresence of Marxist terminology among journalists and teachers ” has had no discernible effect on Japanese politics .
Note : The views expressed on Mises.org are not necessarily those of the Mises Institute .
The Best of Ralph Raico

[This article is excerpted from chapter 3 of Classical Liberalism and the Austrian School. Footnote numbering differs from the original.]
Hayek on the Intellectuals and Socialism
F.A. Hayek was acutely concerned with our problem, since he, too, was wholly convinced of the importance of the intellectuals: “They are the organs which modern society has developed for spreading knowledge and ideas,” he declares in his essay “The Intellectuals and Socialism” (Hayek 1967). The intellectuals—whom Hayek characterizes as “the professional secondhand dealers in ideas” —exercise their power through their domination of public opinion: “There is little that the ordinary man of today learns about events or ideas except through the medium of this class.” Among other things, they often virtually manufacture professional reputations in the minds of the general population; and through their domination of the news media, they color and shape the information that people in each country have of events and trends in foreign nations. Once an idea is adopted by the intellectuals, its acceptance by the masses is “almost automatic and irresistible.” Ultimately, the intellectuals are the legislators of mankind (178–80, 182).
Classical Liberalism a... Ralph Raico Best Price: $7.44 Buy New $14.00 (as of 05:45 UTC - Details) With all this, Hayek’s view of the intellectuals is flatteringly benign: their ideas are determined by and large by “honest convictions and good intentions” (184). In “The Intellectuals and Socialism,” Hayek does mention in passing the intellectuals’ egalitarian bias; the analysis, however, is basically in terms of their “scientism.” With his characteristic emphasis on epistemology, Hayek sees the revolt against the market economy as stemming from the methodological errors he identified and investigated at length in his brilliant study of the rise of French positivism, The Counter-Revolution of Science (1955).
Thus, in Hayek’s view, the chief influence on the intellectuals has been the example of the natural sciences and their applications. As man has come to understand and then control the forces of nature, intellectuals have grown infatuated with the idea that an analogous mastery of social forces could produce similar benefits for mankind. They are under the sway of “such beliefs as that deliberate control or conscious organization is also in social affairs always superior to the results of spontaneous processes which are not directed by a human mind, or that any order based on a plan beforehand must be better than one formed by the balancing of opposing forces” (186–87). Hayek even makes the following astonishing statement (187):
That, with the application of engineering techniques, the direction of all forms of human activity according to a single coherent plan should prove to be as successful in society as it has been in innumerable engineering tasks is too plausible a conclusion not to seduce most of those who are elated by the achievements of the natural sciences. It must indeed be admitted both that it would require powerful arguments to counter the strong presumption in favor of such a conclusion and that these arguments have not yet been adequately stated….The argument will not lose its force until it has been conclusively shown why what has proved so eminently successful in producing advances in so many fields should have limits to its usefulness and become positively harmful if extended beyond those limits.
It is exceedingly difficult to follow Hayek’s reasoning here. He appears to be saying that because the natural sciences have made great advances and because innumerable particular engineering projects have succeeded, it is quite understandable that many intellectuals should conclude that “the direction of all forms of human activity according to a single coherent plan” will be similarly successful.
But, in the first place, the advances of the natural sciences were not brought about in accordance with any overall central plan; rather, they were the product of many separate decentralized but coordinated researchers (produced analogously in some respects to the market process; see Baker 1945 and Polanyi 1951 ). Second, from the fact that many particular engineering projects have succeeded it does not follow that a single vast engineering project, one subsuming all particular projects, is likely to succeed; nor does it seem likely that most people will find such a claim plausible. The Road to Serfdom: T... F. A. Hayek, Bruce Cal... Best Price: $3.06 Buy New $1.99 (as of 03:40 UTC - Details)
Why, then, is it natural, or logical, or easily comprehensible that intellectuals should reason from the triumphs of decentralized scientific research and of individual engineering projects to the success of a plan undertaking to direct “all forms of human activity”?
In his review of Hayek’s The Road to Serfdom, Joseph Schumpeter (1946: 269) remarks that Hayek was “polite to a fault” towards his opponents, in that he hardly ever attributed to them “anything beyond intellectual error.” But not all the points that must be made can be made without more “plain speaking,” Schumpeter declares.
Schumpeter here implies an important distinction. Civility in debate, including the formal presumption of good faith on the part of one’s adversaries, is always in order. But there is also a place for the attempt to explain the attitudes, for instance, of anti-market intellectuals (a form of the sociology of knowledge). In this endeavor, “politeness” is not precisely what is most called for. As regards the positivist intellectuals who argued from the successes of natural science to the need for central planning: it may well be that this false inference was no simple intellectual error, but was facilitated by their prejudices and resentments, or perhaps their own will to power.
In any case, Hayek’s gentlemanly deference to anti-market intellectuals can sometimes be downright misleading. Consider his statement (1967: 193):
Orthodoxy of any kind, any pretense that a system of ideas is final and must be unquestioningly accepted as a whole, is the one view which of necessity antagonizes all intellectuals, whatever their views on particular issues.
The Fatal Conceit: The... F. A. Hayek Best Price: $5.75 Buy New $11.00 (as of 03:40 UTC - Details) This, of a category of persons that in the twentieth century has notoriously included thousands of prominent apologists for Soviet Communism in all western countries, is indeed politeness “to a fault.” There was, after all, good reason, as late as the 1950s, for Raymond Aron (1957) to have written on The Opium of the Intellectuals and for H.B. Acton (1955) to have entitled what is probably the best philosophical critique of Marxism-Leninism The Illusion of the Epoch.
Nor was Communism the only nefarious orthodoxy to claim the loyalty of numerous intellectuals, as is shown by the cases of Martin Heidegger, Robert Brasillach, Giovanni Gentile, Ezra Pound, and many others. For a less complimentary but more realistic view of the integrity of modern intellectuals we may turn to the memoirs of the German historian Golo Mann (1991: 534), who quotes from his diary of 1933: “18 May. [Josef] Goebbels in front of a writers’ meeting in the Hotel Kaiserhof: ‘We [Nazis] have been reproached with not being concerned with the intellectuals. That was not necessary for us. We knew quite well: if we first have power, then the intellectuals will come on their own.’ Thunderous applause—from the intellectuals.”
Schumpeter on the Intellectual Proletariat
In chiding Hayek, Schumpeter suggested (1946: 269) that he might have learned a useful lesson from Karl Marx. Schumpeter’s own interpretation reflects his lifelong engagement with Marxism. Like Marx, he offered a highly pessimistic prognosis for the capitalist system, though for mainly different reasons (1950: 131–45). But while Schumpeter holds that intellectuals will play a key role in capitalism’s demise, he in no way relies on the scenario set forth in the Communist Manifesto.
There, Marx and Engels (1976: 494) announced that as the final revolution approaches, a section of the “bourgeois ideologists” will go over to the side of the proletariat. These will be the ideologists “who have worked their way up to a theoretical understanding of the historical movement as a whole.” Such a laughably self-serving description could hardly appeal to an inveterate skeptic like Schumpeter. Instead, his “Marxism” consisted in examining capitalism as a system with certain attendant sociological traits, and exposing the class interests of the intellectuals within that system.
Compared to previous social orders, capitalism is especially vulnerable to attack: Capitalism and Freedom... Milton Friedman Best Price: $4.49 Buy New $7.12 (as of 03:45 UTC - Details)
unlike any other type of society, capitalism inevitably and by virtue of the very logic of its civilization creates, educates, and subsidizes a vested interest in social unrest. (1950: 146)
In particular, it brings forth and nurtures a class of secular intellectuals who wield the power of words over the general mind. The capitalist wealth machine makes possible cheap books, pamphlets, newspapers, and the ever-widening public that reads them. Freedom of speech and of the press enshrined in liberal constitutions entails also “freedom to nibble at the foundations of capitalist society”—a constant gnawing away that is promoted by the critical rationalism inherent in that form of society. Moreover, in contrast to earlier regimes, a capitalist state finds it difficult, except under exceptional circumstances, to suppress dissident intellectuals: such a procedure would conflict with the general principles of the rule of law and the limits to the police power dear to the bourgeoisie itself (1950: 148–51).
The key to the hostility of intellectuals to capitalism is the expansion of education, particularly higher education. This creates unemployment, or underemployment, of the university-schooled classes; many become “psychically unemployable in manual occupations without necessarily acquiring employability in, say, professional work.” The tenuous social position of these intellectuals breeds discontent and resentment, which are often rationalized as objective social criticism. This emotional malaise, Schumpeter asserts,
will much more realistically account for hostility to the capitalist order than could the theory—itself a rationalization in the psychological sense—according to which the intellectual’s righteous indignation about the wrongs of capitalism simply represents the logical inference from outrageous facts… (1950: 152–53)
A major merit of Schumpeter’s argument is that it elucidates an abiding feature of the sociology of radicalism and revolution: the hunt for government jobs. The interconnection between over-education, an expanding reservoir of unemployable intellectuals, the pressure for more bureaucratic positions, and political turmoil was a commonplace among European observers in the nineteenth century. In 1850, the conservative author Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl (1976: 227–38) offered a remarkable analysis, in many ways anticipating Schumpeter, of the “intellectual proletariat” (Geistesproletariat). Even then Germany was producing each year much more “intellectual product” than it could use or pay for, testifying to an “unnatural” division of national labor. This was a general phenomenon in advanced countries, Riehl maintains, resulting from the enormous industrial growth that was taking place. But the impoverished intellectual workers experience a contradiction between their income and their perceived needs, between their own haughty conception of their rightful social position and the true one, a contradiction which is far more irreconcilable than in the case of the manual laborers. Because they cannot “reform” their own meager salaries, they try to reform society. It is these intellectual proletarians who have taken the lead in social revolutionary movements in Germany. “These literati see the world’s salvation in the gospel of socialism and communism, because it contains their own salvation,” through domination of the masses. Later revolutionary movements, whether of the left or the right, can be understood to a large extent as the ideologically camouflaged raid on the great state employment office. Carl Levy (1987: 180) has linked the expansion of the state from the later nineteenth century on to the growth in the numbers of the university-educated, who sought government jobs and utilized positivism as a facilitating ideology. Positivism The Opium of the Intel... Raymond Aron Best Price: $39.99 Buy New $49.97 (as of 04:29 UTC - Details)
stressed the need for expertise, special training, and trained intelligence…[fortified by] a desacralizing of tradition and the rapid expansion of the public sphere…[there proliferated] schemes for the organization of society which substituted for traditional elites and capitalist entrepreneurs a stratum of experts and/or the lay clerisy. Examples can be found among the Fabians and the ILP [Independent Labor Party], [Edward] Bellamy and other American authoritarian utopia builders, the Italian socialist professors, and the French socialist elites.
From this perspective, we obtain a deeper understanding of the claim that the welfare state “saved capitalism.” What the welfare state has actually accomplished is to furnish a never-ending source of state jobs for the (mainly middle-class) products of what is still referred to as university education, without, as in the nineteenth century, requiring a revolutionary assault.
While there is doubtless a great deal of truth in Schumpeter’s identification of the systemic surplus of intellectuals as a source of anti-capitalism, it also presents certain difficulties.
Such an overproduction—and consequent un- or under-employment—is a feature of non-capitalist societies, as well. Its effect is the general destabilization of regimes, as occurs from time to time in underdeveloped countries. A more detailed knowledge of the situation in former Communist societies might show that it was also implicated in their subversion and final overthrow.
More to the point: it is not so much the unemployed intellectuals who are the problem but the ones who are employed. Intellectuals unable to find suitable jobs may well provide a receptive subculture as well as occasional cannon fodder for revolutionary movements: among communist anarchists in the late nineteenth century, or in some third world countries more recently. In Germany after the First World War, artists and writers frozen out of the avant-garde culture of Weimar were prominent among the early National Socialists.
But Schumpeter’s thesis does not hold for many other cases, probably the historically most significant ones. Émile Zola and Anatole France, Gerhart Hauptmann and Bertold Brecht, H.G. Wells and Bernard Shaw, John Dewey and Upton Sinclair were scarcely “unemployables” in the intellectual world. Today the “stars” of the mass news media of all the advanced countries—you would know their names in your own country; one could mention American “newspersons” who earn a million dollars a year or more, such being the savage inequalities of capitalism—are typically constant “nibblers” at the system of private enterprise. The question is rather why so many successful and highly influential intellectuals become carping critics of the free economy.
– The Origins of Totalit... Hannah Arendt Best Price: $8.49 Buy New $12.90 (as of 06:35 UTC - Details)
This definition by Hayek is somewhat idiosyncratic, in that it excludes the originators of ideas, e.g., among socialists, Saint-Simon and Marx.
At one point (182) Hayek does suggest that selfish personal interests might play a part in the intellectuals’ attitude; he refers, without naming him, to Karl Mannheim and “the curious claim…that [the intellectual class] was the only one whose views were not decidedly influenced by its own economic interests.” But he does not indicate why he considers this claim “curious.”
These are both works with which Hayek was quite familiar, which makes his argument at this point more perplexing.
In another essay, on “Socialism and Science,” 1978: 295, Hayek refers to “the undeniable propensity of minds trained in the physical sciences, as well as of engineers, to prefer a deliberately created orderly arrangement to the results of spontaneous growth—an influential and common attitude, which frequently attracts intellectuals to socialist schemes. This is a widespread and important phenomenon which has had a profound effect on the development of political thought.” It seems highly doubtful that surveys of political opinion among university professors in the United States, western Europe, or elsewhere, would find socialist opinions more common among physical scientists and engineers than in the humanities and social science faculties.
Hayek 1973: 161n. 18, 70, rebutted Schumpeter’s criticism, asserting that it was not “‘politeness to a fault’ but profound conviction about what are the decisive factors” for his having attributed merely intellectual error to his opponents in The Road to Serfdom. Hayek reaffirmed that: “It is necessary to realize that the sources of many of the most harmful agents in this world are often not evil men but highminded idealists, and that in particular the foundations of totalitarian barbarism have been laid by honorable and well-meaning scholars who never recognized the offspring they produced.” One wonders how Hayek could know this about the character of those who “laid the foundations of totalitarian barbarism.”
Cf. the comment by George Stigler 1989: 6: “a central reason for the dissatisfaction of the intellectuals with the enterprise system” is that “it does not give them a mechanism to coerce changes in the behavior of individuals.” Cf. also Robert Skidelsky 1978: 83, who mentions, as one factor in the conversion of the younger American economists to Keynesianism, that, in the version propagated by Alvin Hansen, it provided a “rationale for the permanent direction of economic life by an élite of economists….In the Keynesian political economy, public policy would be handed over to the professional economists, who alone would understand what needed to be done.” Robert Higgs 1987a: 116 observes that American Progressives around 1900 found state intervention appealing because it implied a social organization supervised and directed by engineers, planners, technicians, and trained bureaucrats, and thus put “a wise minority in the saddle.”
There is by now a substantial literature on the subject; see, for instance, Caute 1973. Richard Pipes 1993: 202 makes the interesting comment that: “The Bolshevik regime, for all its objectionable features, attracted them [intellectuals] because it was the first government since the French Revolution to vest power in people of their own kind. In Soviet Russia, intellectuals could expropriate capitalists, execute political opponents, and muzzle reactionary ideas.” See also the challenge issued by Eugene D. Genovese (1994) to his fellow intellectuals to testify publicly on what they knew of the crimes of Soviet Communism and when they knew it.
Cf. O’Brien 1994: 344, who notes that “the overwhelming majority of [his] academic colleagues adopted an attitude of judicious agnosticism and relativism towards the horrors of the Stalinist and other Marxist regimes.”
Benjamin Constant 1988: 137–38, in criticizing the French writers of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic period, described the intellectuals’ penchant to identify with arbitrary power: “all the great developments of extrajudicial force, all the examples of recourse to illegal measures in dangerous circumstances have from century to century been recounted with respect and described with complacency. The author, sitting comfortably at his desk, hurls arbitrary measures in every direction….For a moment, he believes himself invested with power just because he is preaching its abuse…in this way he gives himself something of the pleasure of authority; he repeats as loud as he can the great words of public safety, supreme law, public interest….Poor imbecile! He talks to those who are only too glad to listen to him and who, at the first opportunity, will test out his own theories upon him.” Constant’s words may be viewed as a prescient gloss on Stalin’s treatment of many of the Bolshevik intellectuals who had lent their aid to the creation of the Soviet terror state.
The critique of Marxism as the camouflaged ideology of an intellectual would-be “new class” is part of the communist anarchist tradition, begun by Bakunin and continued by Machajski and others; see Dolgoff 1971 and Szelenyi and Martin 1991.
This approach, however, like the Marxist analysis of historical change in terms of class conflict, had numerous precursors among classical liberal thinkers; see the essay on “The Conflict of Classes: Liberal vs. Marxist Theories,” in the present work.
Cf. Raymond Ruyer 1969: 155–56, who indicates the social and psychological problems resulting from prolonged state instruction (including “adult education”) and the diffusion of “culture” under the aegis of the state. He concludes: “It is typical that the greatest progress that has come about in ‘the democratic extension of culture’ has been produced by private enterprise in the form of paperback books, in which the state did not involve itself, except to impose its usual taxes.” A third of a century later, the same could be said of compact discs and computers. Ruyer’s work, quite unduly neglected, is a profound and elegant dissection of the intellectual’s persistent resentment of the free market economy and capitalist society. In this respect, it stands in contrast to the recent book of Raymond Boudon (2004). Despite its promising title (Why the Intellectuals Do Not Like Liberalism) and occasional insights, Boudon’s book proves to be superficial, e.g., in dating the intellectuals’ turn against a liberal order from around 1950.
Schumpeter 1950: 155 highlights an important channel of the intellectuals’ influence, by means of the state bureaucracies, which are “open to conversion by the modern intellectual with whom, through a similar education, they have much in common.”
See O’Boyle 1970; also Levy 1987: 160, who writes of “the state-created intelligentsias of post-Restoration Europe [i.e., after 1815] which, outpacing economic growth, faced serious underemployment and played important roles in the revolutions of 1830 and 1848.” In the Reichstag, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (Raico 1999: 100) claimed that social revolutionaries in Russia consisted of the “diploma-proletariat,” an excess produced by higher education which society could not absorb. The leaders were not workers, but consisted “in part of people of genteel education, many half-educated people…dissipated students and unsullied dreamers…”
Schumpeter does not mention Riehl in Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy and refers to him once in his History of Economic Analysis (1954: 427 and 427 n. 20), but only in connection with Riehl’s work in Kulturgeschichte (cultural history).
Cf. Mises (1974: 47–48): “In dealing with the ascent of modern statism, socialism, and interventionism, one must not neglect the preponderant role played by pressure groups and lobbies of civil servants and those university graduates who longed for government jobs.” In this connection, Mises mentions the Fabian Society in Britain and the Verein für Sozialpolitik (Association for Social Policy) in Imperial Germany.
Doubt is cast on Schumpeter’s fundamental analysis by Paul A. Samuelson 1981: 10, who points out that in Japan for decades “the continued omnipresence of Marxist terminology among journalists and teachers” has had no discernible effect on Japanese politics.
Note: The views expressed on Mises.org are not necessarily those of the Mises Institute.
The Best of Ralph Raico


lewrockwell--2020-08-28--Health and Autonomy in the 21st Century

Health and Autonomy in the 21st Century

It seems that COVID-19 vaccine mandates are inevitable .
According to Reuters,1 the U.S. government is planning to launch an “ overwhelming ” COVID-19 vaccine campaign come November , and many — especially Bill Gates — have suggested that vaccination of the entire global population2 will likely be necessary to get COVID-19 under control .
Some have even suggested that the vaccine be mandatory.3 Billions of dollars have been invested in vaccine development , and one would be foolish to imagine these companies and investors are not going to do everything in their power to turn COVID-19 into a profit @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the use of force .
It ’ s still unclear exactly when a vaccine will be available , but it could be as early as October , or as late as January 2021 .
Yale University is also conducting a trial4 to determine the type of message that will maximize acceptance and uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine .
Messaging slants under investigation include:5 The study will also determine : • Participant ’ s confidence in the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine after hearing the message in question • Participant ’ s willingness @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Their fear of those who have not been vaccinated • The social judgment of those who choose not to vaccinate Psychological Warfare ... Gonzalez , Servando Best Price : $ 22.00 Buy New $ 19.95 Many initially assumed most people would grow increasingly eager to get vaccinated considering the panic being whipped up , but recent polling6,7 reveals Americans are actually more leery than usual about the vaccine .
Only half of Americans say they actually want the COVID-19 vaccine once it becomes available ; 27 % say they will “ definitely ” @ @ @ @ @ @ @ they will “ probably ” refuse it .
With resistance that high , it ’ s no wonder researchers are digging into human psychology in an effort to sway public opinion .
Meanwhile , preliminary findings from Phase 1 trials seem to support initial suspicions that the COVID-19 vaccine might turn out to be unusually reactive .
For example , Moderna ’ s mRNA vaccine ( mRNA-1273 ) caused systemic side effects in most participants , with higher dose groups faring the worst.8 The 45 volunteers were divided into three dosage groups — @ @ @ @ @ @ @ mcg — with 15 participants in each .
Even in the low-dose group , one participant ( 6 % ) got so sick he required emergency medical care .
In the 100 mcg-dose group , systemic side effects were found in 80 % of participants after the first dose , and 100 % after the second dose .
This is important to note , seeing how the coronavirus vaccine will be a two-dose regimen and most likely recommended to be repeated annually , just like the flu vaccine .
In the highest dosage @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 100 % of participants suffered side effects after both the first and second doses.9 Three of the 14 participants ( 21 % ) in the 250-mcg group suffered “ one or more severe events.
” Despite these worrisome results , the trial is being heralded as a success .
Dr. Paul Offit , director of the Vaccine Education Center at Children ’ s Hospital of Philadelphia , has been quoted10 saying we now know “ that it ’ s safe in 45 people , ” and that “ it doesn ’ t have @ @ @ @ @ @ @ If 80 % to 100 % is considered uncommon , then just what level of harm must be inflicted in order for a vaccine to be viewed as having a questionable safety profile ?
Official Stories : Coun ... Scheff , Liam Best Price : $ 8.96 Buy New $ 13.89 It would seem no matter how unsafe the COVID-19 vaccine might end up being , we ’ re going to be assaulted with highly evocative advertising designed to play on our most basic emotions .
Founded in 1982 , the National Vaccine @ @ @ @ @ @ @ oldest and largest consumer-led nonprofit organization in the U.S. that provides accurate and objective information to help people make informed health choices and prevent vaccine-related injuries and deaths .
As explained by the NVIC , the organization:11 The Trillion-Dollar Co ... Marrs , Jim Best Price : $ 3.35 Buy New $ 8.09 The public education provided by the NVIC is now more important than ever .
The rapid movement by governments and the pharmaceutical industry toward mandatory COVID-19 vaccinations and the proposed tracking and tracing of all individuals under the guise of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ we have been talking about for decades .
In 2010 , the National Vaccine Information Center created the NVIC Advocacy Portal , an online communications tool that monitors vaccine-related state legislation and alerts residents when proposed bills are moving in their state .
They also provide fact-based talking points you can share when contacting your legislators .
Now , the NVIC has created a new website for its international public conference on vaccination .
Due to fluctuating social distancing rules and COVID-19-related travel bans , this three-day conference will be held entirely online @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
The theme of this conference will be “ Protecting Health and Autonomy in the 21st Century.
” I invite you to attend by registering now .
Since the conference is virtual , you now have the rare opportunity to attend no matter where you live .
You also can offer your personal support for this historic event by becoming an NVIC conference sponsor with a one-time donation of $ 250 or more , which gives you two tickets and family or organization name recognition .
It also grants you lifetime access to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ not have been able to keep the general admission ticket price affordable had it not been for the generous support of conference sponsors .
Protecting Health and Autonomy in the 21st Century The virtual conference , which will be professionally recorded and produced , will feature more than 40 distinguished speakers — including scientists , doctors , nurses , holistic health professionals , informed consent advocates , civil and human rights activists , educators , journalists , attorneys , legislators and faith-based community representatives — from the U.S. and other countries , who @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Control : Ho ... Marrs , Jim Best Price : $ 11.98 Buy New $ 9.88 A listing of the presentations being offered can be found on the home page.12 The conference is divided into four primary themes : • The paradigm shift toward health and liberty As noted on the conference website , the goal of this 2020 conference is to:13 Now more than ever , your civil liberties are being threatened .
There is a global effort by the World Health Organization , major pharmaceutical corporations in business partnerships with governments @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Foundation to vaccinate every man , woman and child on the planet against SARS-CoV-2 , or keep you locked up indefinitely .
The Manipulated Mind : ... Winn , Denise Best Price : $ 2.99 Buy New $ 14.96 NVIC ’ s conference , “ Protecting Health and Autonomy in the 21st Century , ” may be the most important conference you can attend at this crucial time , so please sign up now .
I am one of the keynote speakers at the event and was saddened , but not surprised , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in a hotel and would have to be virtual .
So , I hope you can join me for what promises to be an incredible learning opportunity .
Remember , any profits generated from the event go to support NVIC ’ s work through public education to prevent vaccine injuries and deaths and to protect vaccine choices and civil liberties , including freedom of thought , speech and conscience .
The Best of Joseph Mercola

It seems that COVID-19 vaccine mandates are inevitable. According to Reuters,1 the U.S. government is planning to launch an “overwhelming” COVID-19 vaccine campaign come November, and many — especially Bill Gates — have suggested that vaccination of the entire global population2 will likely be necessary to get COVID-19 under control. Some have even suggested that the vaccine be mandatory.3
Billions of dollars have been invested in vaccine development, and one would be foolish to imagine these companies and investors are not going to do everything in their power to turn COVID-19 into a profit maker, and that may well include the use of force. It’s still unclear exactly when a vaccine will be available, but it could be as early as October, or as late as January 2021.
Prepare for Massive Brainwashing Campaign
Yale University is also conducting a trial4 to determine the type of message that will maximize acceptance and uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine. Messaging slants under investigation include:5
The study will also determine:
Participant’s confidence in the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine after hearing the message in question
Participant’s willingness to persuade others to get vaccinated
Their fear of those who have not been vaccinated
The social judgment of those who choose not to vaccinate
Psychological Warfare ... Gonzalez, Servando Best Price: $22.00 Buy New $19.95 (as of 04:13 UTC - Details) Many initially assumed most people would grow increasingly eager to get vaccinated considering the panic being whipped up, but recent polling6,7 reveals Americans are actually more leery than usual about the vaccine.
Only half of Americans say they actually want the COVID-19 vaccine once it becomes available; 27% say they will “definitely” refuse it and another 12% say they will “probably” refuse it. With resistance that high, it’s no wonder researchers are digging into human psychology in an effort to sway public opinion.
Moderna’s mRNA Vaccine Caused Systemic Effects
Meanwhile, preliminary findings from Phase 1 trials seem to support initial suspicions that the COVID-19 vaccine might turn out to be unusually reactive. For example, Moderna’s mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1273) caused systemic side effects in most participants, with higher dose groups faring the worst.8
The 45 volunteers were divided into three dosage groups — 25 mcg, 100 mcg and 250 mcg — with 15 participants in each. Even in the low-dose group, one participant (6%) got so sick he required emergency medical care.
In the 100 mcg-dose group, systemic side effects were found in 80% of participants after the first dose, and 100% after the second dose. This is important to note, seeing how the coronavirus vaccine will be a two-dose regimen and most likely recommended to be repeated annually, just like the flu vaccine.
In the highest dosage group, which received 250 mcg, 100% of participants suffered side effects after both the first and second doses.9 Three of the 14 participants (21%) in the 250-mcg group suffered “one or more severe events.”
Despite these worrisome results, the trial is being heralded as a success. Dr. Paul Offit, director of the Vaccine Education Center at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, has been quoted10 saying we now know “that it’s safe in 45 people,” and that “it doesn’t have a very common side effect problem.” If 80% to 100% is considered uncommon, then just what level of harm must be inflicted in order for a vaccine to be viewed as having a questionable safety profile? Official Stories: Coun... Scheff, Liam Best Price: $8.96 Buy New $13.89 (as of 04:32 UTC - Details)
The global powers under Gates’ direction plan to vaccinate every man, woman and child on the planet against SARS-CoV-2, or keep you locked up indefinitely. “Protecting Health and Autonomy in the 21st Century” may be the most important conference you can attend at this crucial time, so please sign up now.
It would seem no matter how unsafe the COVID-19 vaccine might end up being, we’re going to be assaulted with highly evocative advertising designed to play on our most basic emotions.
NVIC: Powerful Resource for Navigating Upcoming Crisis
Founded in 1982, the National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) is the oldest and largest consumer-led nonprofit organization in the U.S. that provides accurate and objective information to help people make informed health choices and prevent vaccine-related injuries and deaths. As explained by the NVIC, the organization:11
“… has an unparalleled four decade public record advocating for better quality vaccine science; identification of individuals genetically, epigenetically and environmentally more susceptible to adverse responses to vaccination …
[Helping to] raise vaccine licensing standards; transparency and accountability in the mass vaccination system, including elimination of financial conflicts of interest between pharmaceutical companies, academia and government health agencies, and inclusion of informed consent protections in public health policies and laws.
NVIC does not make vaccine use recommendations, rather we maintain that the ethical principle of informed consent to medical risk taking serves as the moral foundation for the ethical practice of medicine and should be respected in public health policy and law making.”
Register for NVIC’s Vaccine Conference Held Online in October
The Trillion-Dollar Co... Marrs, Jim Best Price: $3.35 Buy New $8.09 (as of 08:20 UTC - Details) The public education provided by the NVIC is now more important than ever. The rapid movement by governments and the pharmaceutical industry toward mandatory COVID-19 vaccinations and the proposed tracking and tracing of all individuals under the guise of public health is a culmination of everything we have been talking about for decades.
In 2010, the National Vaccine Information Center created the NVIC Advocacy Portal, an online communications tool that monitors vaccine-related state legislation and alerts residents when proposed bills are moving in their state. They also provide fact-based talking points you can share when contacting your legislators.
Now, the NVIC has created a new website for its international public conference on vaccination. Due to fluctuating social distancing rules and COVID-19-related travel bans, this three-day conference will be held entirely online, October 16 through 18, 2020. The theme of this conference will be “Protecting Health and Autonomy in the 21st Century.”
I invite you to attend by registering now. Since the conference is virtual, you now have the rare opportunity to attend no matter where you live.
You also can offer your personal support for this historic event by becoming an NVIC conference sponsor with a one-time donation of $250 or more, which gives you two tickets and family or organization name recognition. It also grants you lifetime access to the conference online. The NVIC would not have been able to keep the general admission ticket price affordable had it not been for the generous support of conference sponsors.
Protecting Health and Autonomy in the 21st Century
The virtual conference, which will be professionally recorded and produced, will feature more than 40 distinguished speakers — including scientists, doctors, nurses, holistic health professionals, informed consent advocates, civil and human rights activists, educators, journalists, attorneys, legislators and faith-based community representatives — from the U.S. and other countries, who will address issues such as:
Population Control: Ho... Marrs, Jim Best Price: $11.98 Buy New $9.88 (as of 05:45 UTC - Details) A listing of the presentations being offered can be found on the home page.12 The conference is divided into four primary themes:
U.S. and international vaccine choice advocacy “Show us the science” The paradigm shift toward health and liberty Growing grassroots vaccine awareness
As noted on the conference website, the goal of this 2020 conference is to:13
“… provide high quality information and perspective about how industry, medical trade, academia and government impact the advancement of vaccine science, policy, law and ethics within the context of emerging medical research and how suppression of independent scientific inquiry, censorship of rational criticism and erosion of informed consent rights threaten health and human rights.
This conference will celebrate freedom of thought, speech, conscience and the human right to autonomy and informed consent to medical risk taking …
The unprecedented circumstances we find ourselves in this year make it even more important to share our thoughts and common experiences as a community of concerned citizens …
Now is the time for us to learn together and empower each other to take action to protect our right to know and freedom to make informed, voluntary decisions about healing and staying well.”
Now more than ever, your civil liberties are being threatened. There is a global effort by the World Health Organization, major pharmaceutical corporations in business partnerships with governments, and nongovernmental organizations like the Gates Foundation to vaccinate every man, woman and child on the planet against SARS-CoV-2, or keep you locked up indefinitely.
The Manipulated Mind: ... Winn, Denise Best Price: $2.99 Buy New $14.96 (as of 06:10 UTC - Details) NVIC’s conference, “Protecting Health and Autonomy in the 21st Century,” may be the most important conference you can attend at this crucial time, so please sign up now.
I am one of the keynote speakers at the event and was saddened, but not surprised, that the event could not be held in a hotel and would have to be virtual. So, I hope you can join me for what promises to be an incredible learning opportunity.
Remember, any profits generated from the event go to support NVIC’s work through public education to prevent vaccine injuries and deaths and to protect vaccine choices and civil liberties, including freedom of thought, speech and conscience.
Sources and References
The Best of Dr. Joseph Mercola


lewrockwell--2020-08-29--Kyle Rittenhouse: Role Model? American Hero?

This is a Guest Post .
Guest Posts do not necessarily represent the official editorial position of Revolver News .
For a few moments in the wee morning hours of Wednesday , August 26 , 2020 , a 17-year-old kid from exurban Chicago , carrying an unremarkable , bargain-bin rifle no different from those owned by millions of Americans , proved more powerful than the combined might of the entire world order .
Ethnonarcissist rioters have been coddled and lionized in the establishment ’ s media , lavishly funded and fawningly endorsed by the largest corporations on earth , and @ @ @ @ @ @ @ by complicit civil servants .
Joined by legions of the downwardly mobile refuse of the white lower middle class , they have spent months doing exactly as they pleased with our country .
4TEE Free Kyle Rittenh ... Buy New $ 19.99 There seemed to be nothing we could do .
If we complained , as many of us did , we could be fired from our jobs .
If we exercised our First Amendment rights the same exact way as leftists , we could be charged with “ hate crimes.
” If @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and enjoy our public spaces as though masked thugs had not been given license to enforce “ justice ” as they saw fit , we could be cornered by shrieking mobs , forced to submit to their demands , or worse , simply beaten to a pulp for asserting our right to go where we please in a supposedly free country .
If we armed ourselves for defense , we often prevented our neighborhoods from becoming burnt-out , bare-shelved husks .
But , as Mark and Patricia McCloskey learned in St. Louis , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the enemy ’ s corner , merely refusing to yield your own front yard to people who hate you can now land you with felony charges .
Shark & Hammer Free Ky ... Buy New $ 14.99 Our despair discounted one thing : a 17-year-old named Kyle Rittenhouse was braver than we were — or at least naive enough to not understand the odds we ’ re up against .
This past weekend , the Bolsheviks unleashed another round of rioting , arson , and looting in once-bucolic Kenosha , Wisconsin , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ as they nearly always do — with the shooting of a violent , black career criminal who refused to submit to lawful arrest .
On the first night , rioters knocked out a Kenosha Police Officer with a brick to the head .
On the second night , they ransacked a mom and pop used car dealership .
CNN declared this “ fiery but mostly peaceful .
”

This is a Guest Post. Guest Posts do not necessarily represent the official editorial position of Revolver News.
For a few moments in the wee morning hours of Wednesday, August 26, 2020, a 17-year-old kid from exurban Chicago, carrying an unremarkable, bargain-bin rifle no different from those owned by millions of Americans, proved more powerful than the combined might of the entire world order.
Ethnonarcissist rioters have been coddled and lionized in the establishment’s media, lavishly funded and fawningly endorsed by the largest corporations on earth, and utterly immunized from legal or physical consequences by complicit civil servants. Joined by legions of the downwardly mobile refuse of the white lower middle class, they have spent months doing exactly as they pleased with our country. 4TEE Free Kyle Rittenh... Buy New $19.99 (as of 03:22 UTC - Details)
There seemed to be nothing we could do. If we complained, as many of us did, we could be fired from our jobs. If we exercised our First Amendment rights the same exact way as leftists, we could be charged with “hate crimes.” If we tried to go about our business and enjoy our public spaces as though masked thugs had not been given license to enforce “justice” as they saw fit, we could be cornered by shrieking mobs, forced to submit to their demands, or worse, simply beaten to a pulp for asserting our right to go where we please in a supposedly free country.
If we armed ourselves for defense, we often prevented our neighborhoods from becoming burnt-out, bare-shelved husks. But, as Mark and Patricia McCloskey learned in St. Louis, if your local elected officials are sufficiently in the enemy’s corner, merely refusing to yield your own front yard to people who hate you can now land you with felony charges. Shark & Hammer Free Ky... Buy New $14.99 (as of 03:22 UTC - Details)
Our despair discounted one thing: a 17-year-old named Kyle Rittenhouse was braver than we were — or at least naive enough to not understand the odds we’re up against.
This past weekend, the Bolsheviks unleashed another round of rioting, arson, and looting in once-bucolic Kenosha, Wisconsin, justifying their crimes against innocent Americans — as they nearly always do — with the shooting of a violent, black career criminal who refused to submit to lawful arrest. On the first night, rioters knocked out a Kenosha Police Officer with a brick to the head. On the second night, they ransacked a mom and pop used car dealership. CNN declared this “fiery but mostly peaceful.”
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