livescience--2020-11-20--Coronavirus outbreak: Live updates

Coronavirus outbreak: Live updates

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90-year-old woman in the UK receives first dose of Pfizer vaccine, FDA review confirms vaccine is safe and effective A 90-year-old woman (who will turn 91 next week) became the first in the world to be given Pfizer's coronavirus vaccine outside of clinical trials, according to the BBC. Margaret Keenan, who is originally from Northern Ireland, was given the vaccine at the University Hospital in Coventry, England. She received the first of 800,000 doses expected to be administered in the U.K. in the coming weeks, according to the BBC. "I feel so privileged to be the first person vaccinated against Covid-19," Keenan said, according to the BBC."It's the best early birthday present I could wish for because it means I can finally look forward to spending time with my family and friends in the new year after being on my own for most of the year." "My advice to anyone offered the vaccine is to take it. If I can have it at 90, then you can have it too," she added. Up to four million doses of Pfizer's vaccine is expected to be given to people in the U.K. by the end of the month. Meanwhile, a 53-page Food and Drug Administration (FDA) review published Tuesday (Dec. 8) confirmed that Pfizer's vaccine is safe and effective, according to The Washington Post.
Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine starts to work just 10 days after 1st dose Pfizer's new COVID-19 vaccine starts to protect people from the novel coronavirus just 10 days after the first dose, according to new documents from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The documents were released on Tuesday (Dec. 8), two days before a meeting of the FDA's vaccine advisory panel, which will vote on whether to recommend authorization of the vaccine in the U.S, Live Science reported . The FDA analyzed data from Pfizer's phase 3 clinical trial, which included some 44,000 people in the United States, Brazil, Argentina, Germany and Turkey, about half of whom received the vaccine while the other half received a placebo. Both groups received two shots, 21 days apart. About 10 days after the first dose, there was a noticeable drop-off in new COVID-19 cases in the vaccine group compared with the placebo group, indicating that even one dose provides some protection, the report said. However, scientists don't know how long the protection from a single dose will last, so it will still be important for people to receive two shots, according to The New York Times . Overall, the vaccine was 52% effective after the first dose and 95% effective after the second dose, the report said.
People with significant allergies should avoid Pfizer vaccine, UK warns The U.K.'s Regulatory Agency is advising people with a history of "significant" allergic reactions to avoid Pfizer's coronavirus vaccine, after two National Health Service members developed severe allergic reactions to it on Tuesday (Dec. 8), Live Science reported. "As is common with new vaccines the MHRA (Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency) have advised on a precautionary basis that people with a significant history of allergic reactions do not receive this vaccination after two people with a history of significant allergic reactions responded adversely yesterday," Stephen Powis, the national medical director for England's National Health Service said in a statement on Wednesday (Dec. 9). Both workers have a history of severe allergies and carry adrenaline auto injectors (such as EpiPens) around with them, according to The Guardian. Shortly after receiving the vaccine, both NHS workers developed anaphylaxis-like symptoms, or severe allergic reactions, but have recovered after receiving treatment. The MHRA will investigate further and Pfizer and BioNTech will support their investigation, according to Reuters. "Allergic reaction occurs with quite a number of vaccines, and perhaps even more frequently with drugs. So it is not unexpected," Stephen Evans, a professor of pharmacoepidemiology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine said in remarks to journalists published by Britain's Science Media Center. “What would be wise, as the MHRA have already advised, would be for anyone who has known severe allergic reaction such that they need to carry an EpiPen, to delay having a vaccination until the reason for the allergic reaction has been clarified," he said. For the general population this does not mean that they would need to be anxious about receiving the vaccination, he added. "One has to remember that even things like marmite [a quintessential British food spread] can cause unexpected severe allergic reactions.”
Canada approves Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine Canada has authorized Pfizer's new COVID-19 vaccine, with the first doses expected to be administered there as early as next week. Health Canada, the country's health regulatory agency, said in a statement on Wednesday (Dec. 9) that it had determined that the vaccine "meets the Department's stringent safety, efficacy and quality requirements for use in Canada," according to CTV News . "We expect vaccines to arrive maybe as early as Monday [Dec. 14]. It takes time to prepare the vaccine," said Maj.-Gen. Dany Fortin, the top military general leading the vaccine rollout for the Public Health Agency of Canada, according to CTV News. The first doses could be administered by the middle of next week, he said. Canada is the third country in the world to authorize the Pfizer vaccine, following the United Kingdom and Bahrain. The country should receive up to 249,000 doses of the vaccine by the end of December, and has purchased 20 million doses total, with the option to purchase more, CTV News reported.
Daily COVID-19 death toll in the U.S. reaches record-high, surpassed 9/11 On Wednesday (Dec. 9), the U.S. recorded 3,124 new COVID-19 deaths, the highest daily death toll to date, according to CNN . In comparison, 2,977 people were killed in the 9/11 attacks. The U.S. has now recorded 280,488 deaths related to the virus, according to The COVID Tracking Project . A forecast from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention predicts that the total death toll can increase to between 332,000 and 362,000 by January 2, according to CNN. There are currently 106,671 people hospitalized with the virus in the U.S.; 20,903 of them are currently in the ICU and 7,621 are currently on a ventilator, according to the COVID Tracking Project. On Thursday (Dec. 10), the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee is set to meet to discuss an emergency use authorization for the Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus vaccine.
FDA panel recommends authorization of Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine A panel of experts for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recommended that the agency authorize Pfizer's new COVID-19 vaccine in the United States. On Thursday (Dec. 10), the panel voted 17 to 4 to recommend that the vaccine receive emergency use authorization (EUA) for people ages 16 and older, according to The New York Times . The FDA typically follows the advice of its panels, and so today's vote is an important step towards the vaccine's authorization. It is anticipated that the agency will officially authorize the vaccine on Saturday (Dec. 12), the Times reported. Several countries have already authorized Pfizer's vaccine, including Canada, the United Kingdom and Bahrain.
Vaccine approval could come this weekend, as U.S. continues to record high daily death tolls On Thursday (Dec. 10), the U.S. recorded another 2,902 COVID-19 deaths, a day after the country set a record of 3,253 deaths, according to Reuters . “Probably for the next 60 to 90 days, we’re going to have more deaths per day than we had on 9/11 or we had at Pearl Harbor,” Dr. Robert Redfield, the director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, told the Council on Foreign Relations on Thursday, according to Reuters. "The reality is the vaccine approval this week is not going to really impact that, I think, to any degree for the next 60 days." On Thursday, the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee discussed, voted and recommended that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should grant an emergency use authorization for Pfizer's coronavirus vaccine. The Pfizer vaccine has already been approved in the U.K. and in Canada, and FDA approval for use in the U.S. could come this weekend.
Australia abandons local COVID-19 vaccine after it caused false-positive HIV tests An Australian COVID-19 vaccine that had shown promising results in early trials is being abandoned after researchers found that the shot caused false-positive results on HIV tests. On Friday (Dec. 11), Australian officials said they had canceled an order for some 51 million doses of the vaccine, which was being developed by The University of Queensland and CSL Ltd., a local biotech company, according to The New York Times . In an early trial with 216 participants, the vaccine appeared to be safe and to produce a robust immune response against COVID-19, according to a statement from CSL . But some volunteers falsely tested positive for HIV, which officials feared would undermine trust in the vaccine, the Times reported. The vaccine contained small fragments of an HIV protein, which helped stabilize the vaccine. Some of the participants developed antibodies against these fragments, and these antibodies triggered false positive results on some HIV tests. It's important to note that there is no way for the vaccine to cause an HIV infection, because it contains harmless fragments of the virus.
ICU nurse in New York becomes first person in the US to receive a coronavirus vaccine outside of clinical trials New York, the worst-hit state at the start of the pandemic, just became the first to administer a coronavirus vaccine outside of clinical trials, kicking off a long, massive effort to vaccinate the American people, Live Science reported. Around 9 a.m. E.T. on Monday (Dec. 14), the very first dose of Pfizer and BioNTech's coronavirus vaccine was given to Sandra Lindsay, an intensive care nurse in Long Island Jewish Medical Center in Queens, New York, according to The New York Times. This comes as the U.S. continues to battle a massive wave of the virus that has more than 109,000 people currently hospitalized, according to The COVID Tracking Project. Since the start of the pandemic, New York has recorded more than 780,000 cases of COVID-19 and more than 35,100 deaths, according to The Times. "This vaccine is exciting because I believe this is the weapon that will end the war," Gov. Andrew Cuomo said during a live broadcast of the first vaccination. "It's the beginning of the last chapter of the book, but now we just have to do it."
FDA analysis confirms Moderna's vaccine is safe and effective, emergency authorization is likely to come Friday A new briefing document from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released on Tuesday (Dec. 15) confirmed that Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine is safe and effective, according to NPR . Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine is 94% effective and has "a favorable safety profile," according to the document. A panel of experts is set to meet on Thursday (Dec. 17) to discuss the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine and vote on whether or not the FDA should grant emergency approval to the vaccine. Last week, the same panel voted that the FDA should grant emergency approval to Pfizer's coronavirus vaccine; the authorization came a day late and the first doses were given on Monday (Dec. 15). The FDA will likely approve Moderna's vaccine for emergency use on Friday (Dec. 18), according to The New York Times .
FDA authorizes first over-the-counter COVID-19 test The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has authorized the first over-the-counter COVID-19 test, which can be done at home and does not need a prescription. The test, made by the Australia-based company Ellume, provides results in as little as 20 minutes, according to a statement from the FDA . It is a "lateral flow antigen test," meaning it works in a similar way to a home pregnancy test, by running a "liquid sample along a surface with reactive molecules," the FDA said. The test works in conjunction with a smartphone app. Users take a nasal swab and place their sample in an analyzer, which communicates to the smartphone app via Bluetooth. The results are delivered through the app, and also reported to public health authorities (based on a user's zip code) through a secure cloud connection, the company said . Ellume is ramping up production of its test, and expects to produce three million tests in January 2021, and 20 million within the first half of 2021.
A wild mink tested positive for the coronavirus, it may be the first wild animal to have a confirmed case A wild mink in Utah may be the first "free-ranging, native wild animal" confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Live Science reported. The mink was found near a mink farm and likely picked up the infection from the farmed mink. There's no evidence that the virus spread to other minks or wild animals; but if the virus does begin circulating in wild animals, it could pick up mutations that COVID-19 vaccines may not protect well against if it spreads back to humans, according to the report. "If it does [establish a reservoir], then we've got a long-term issue here, where this virus has the potential to be with us for millennia," Sarah Olson, associate director of the health program at the Wildlife Conservation Society, told Vox. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service has screened other animal species for the virus near mink farms in Utah, Michigan and Wisconsin, but all of them have tested negative so far, according to a statement.
An FDA advisory panel will meet today to vote on whether to recommend Moderna's coronavirus vaccine for emergency approval On Thursday (Dec. 17), a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory committee will meet to determine whether to recommend that Moderna’s coronavirus vaccine for emergency approval, according to The New York Times . This panel, composed of independent experts, will vote on whether to recommend the vaccine after hearing from the company, FDA scientists and the public, according to The Times. Last week, the same panel of experts met to discuss Pfizer’s coronavirus vaccine and voted to recommend emergency authorization; the authorization came the next day. There have now been more than 16.9 million cases of COVID-19 in the U.S. and more than 307,000 deaths, according to the Johns Hopkins dashboard . There are currently 113,090 people hospitalized across the country with more than 21,900 of them in the ICU and 7,778 on a ventilator, according to The COVID Tracking Project .
California becomes new epicenter of COVID-19 in U.S. California, once praised for its early pandemic response, is now the new U.S. hotspot for COVID-19 infections. The state has reported an alarming surge in cases, breaking previous records for daily cases. On Thursday (Dec. 17), the state reported some 50,000 COVID-19 infections in 24 hours, and nearly 100,000 in 48 hours, according to The Washington Post . That's more than the daily cases reported in many countries, including India, Germany and Britain, the Post reported. The state also set a record for daily deaths on Thursday, with 379 fatalities reported, up from the previous high of 293. Capacity in intensive care units has also dropped dramatically, with hospitals in Southern California reporting zero percent capacity on Thursday. "I want to be very clear: Our hospitals are under siege, and our model shows no end in sight," said Christina Ghaly, director of Los Angeles County's Department of Health Services, the Post reported.
FDA expected to authorize Moderna's vaccine on Friday The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is expected to authorize Moderna's COVID-19 vaccine on Friday (Dec. 18). Once authorized, it will be the second coronavirus vaccine to get the green light from the agency in just a week, with Pfizer's vaccine gaining authorization on Dec. 11. Moderna is expected to begin shipping 5.9 million doses of its vaccine on Sunday (Dec. 20), with the first deliveries arriving Monday (Dec. 21), according to The New York Times . Unlike the Pfizer vaccine, Moderna's vaccine does not require storage in extremely cold temperatures, and states are hoping to distribute the vaccine to rural hospitals and community health centers, the Times reported.
COVID-19 cases continue to surge across the U.S. There have now been more than 17 million cases of COVID-19 in the U.S. and more than 300,000 deaths, according to The COVID Tracking Project . There are currently 114,237 people hospitalized across the country and 21,900 people in the ICU. California is facing a massive surge in cases; the state reported 41,012 new COVID-19 cases and 300 new deaths on Thursday (Dec. 17), according to the state's COVID-19 dashboard . By comparison, at the start of November, California was reporting a seven-day average of 4,183 cases, compared to an average of 38,774 on Thursday, according to CNN . "We're experiencing an explosive and very deadly surge," Dr. Barbara Ferrer, Los Angeles County Public Health Director said, according to CNN. Intensive care unit beds are rapidly filling up across the state; there are only 1,234 ICU beds left available in California, according to the dashboard. Current closures across California are impacting around 98% of the state's population, according to CNN.
London and southeast England are under an emergency lockdown Following concerns of a new version of the coronavirus that might be more transmissible, London and most of southeast England are now under an emergency lockdown, according to The New York Times . Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced the lockdown on Saturday (Dec. 19) citing concerns that the mutated virus — which was detected a couple of weeks ago in southeast England — may be as much as 70% more transmissible than previous versions, according to the Times. The new version of the coronavirus is detected in more than 60% of new infections in London and have also been detected in several other countries, according to the Times. But it's not yet clear if this coronavirus version is any more infectious than the last and thorough analyses will need to be conducted before conclusions are made, scientists cautioned. In South Africa, a similar version of the virus has been found in up to 90% of new cases detected since mid-November, according to The Times . It's common for viruses to mutate, and this particular coronavirus has mutated many times since the start of the pandemic. But experts told The Times that it would take years for the virus to mutate enough such that it would make the current vaccines developed to fight COVID-19 ineffective.
Biden gets Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine President-elect Joe Biden received a dose of Pfizer's new COVID-19 vaccine on Monday (Dec. 21), according to The New York Times . He received the shot on camera at the Christiana Hospital in Newark, Delaware. "I'm doing this to demonstrate that people should be prepared when it's available to take the vaccine. There's nothing to worry about," Biden said.
Antarctica has its 1st COVID-19 outbreak The first COVID-19 cases have been reported in Antarctica , meaning the disease has now spread to every continent in the world. On Tuesday (Dec. 22), Chilean officials reported an outbreak of 36 COVID-19 cases at the Chilean research base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme on the Antarctic Peninsula, according to the BBC . Of these, 26 cases were military personnel and 10 were maintenance workers, the BBC reported. All of these cases have been evacuated from Antarctica to Punta Arenas, Chile, according to The Guardian . Antarctica had been COVID-19 free up until the current outbreak. The continent has no permanent residents, but about 1,000 people, including scientists and other workers, stayed there this past winter, The Guardian reported.
Live updates will continue in 2021!


livescience--2020-11-20--Astronomers detect millions of signals from an intelligent civilization: Us

The Universe seems like a lonely place .
We know - we 're proof of it - that intelligent civilizations ( yes , civilizations ) are possible .
Finding signs of other civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy is not such a simple matter , but we do have tools at our disposal .
Based on our own technological capabilities , we can extrapolate what signals alien technology might emit , and search for those .
These signs are called technosignatures , and our efforts in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) revolve around them , particularly in @ @ @ @ @ @ @ great advantages of the search for technosignatures at radio wavelengths is that we are sensitive to signals emitted from thousands of light years away , and it does not take that much power , '' astronomer Jean-Luc Margot of the University of California Los Angeles told ScienceAlert .
`` For instance , our search can detect the Arecibo Planetary Radar at distances of over 400 light years .
And it can detect a transmitter that is only 1,000 times more powerful than Arecibo - a trivial improvement for an advanced civilization - all @ @ @ @ @ @ @ galaxy .
The volume of the galaxy that can be sampled with a radio search for technosignatures is immense . ''
Margot and his team recently conducted a search for technosignatures using the Green Bank Telescope , a powerful radio telescope in West Virginia .
In April of 2018 and 2019 , for a total observing time of four hours , they homed in on 31 Sun-like stars around the galactic plane , detecting a total of 26,631,913 candidate technosignatures .
A closer analysis of the data revealed that every single one of @ @ @ @ @ @ @ on Earth .
But the methods used to process those data are a significant step forward in identifying possible alien technosignatures , teasing them out from the background humming and pinging of anthropogenic radio noise - what we call radio-frequency interference , or RFI .
Navigation technology , satellite technology , mobile phones , microwave ovens , aircraft , communications ; we 're constantly bathing our surroundings in radio-frequency radiation .
`` RFI could potentially obscure an extraterrestrial signal , '' Margot said .
`` RFI makes our job more difficult because we @ @ @ @ @ @ @ hour of telescope time , and we need to make a determination about every single signal : is it anthropogenic or is it extraterrestrial ?
`` It would be a lot easier if we detected only a few signals .
Fortunately , our algorithms allow us to automatically classify over 99.8 percent of the signals . ''
The team made several improvements to their data processing pipeline , refining the sensitivity and signal detection rate , as well as the filter used to automatically classify RFI signals in the data , and thus @ @ @ @ @ @ @ As Margot noted , these filters correctly flagged 26,588,893 ( 99.84 percent ) of the signals as anthropogenic RFI .
When you 're dealing with numbers that large , that still leaves a lot of data to process ; in this case , it was 43,020 signals .
The majority of these remaining signals fell within the range of known RFI , and were classified accordingly .
That left 4,539 signals as the most promising alien technosignature candidates .
These had to be carefully visually inspected - and every single one was also @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
`` If a signal is detected in multiple directions on the sky , we can be extremely confident that it 's anthropogenic , '' Margot said .
`` An extraterrestrial signal from an emitter at interstellar distances would be detected in only one direction . ''
The result is n't unexpected .
A search earlier this year of a much larger stellar sample , 10 million stars , also turned up no signs of alien technology .
But that was n't really the point ; or at least , not the only @ @ @ @ @ @ @ data processing as a tool for training students at UCLA .
`` We conduct the search as part of a SETI course that I have taught at UCLA annually since 2016 .
This course appears to be unique in the US and perhaps worldwide , '' he explained .
`` Students collect terabytes of data from known or suspected planetary systems , write a data-processing pipeline collaboratively , search for technosignatures in the data , and publish the results .
It is most satisfying to witness the students acquire important skills .. all @ @ @ @ @ @ @ . ''
The team 's refined pipeline also revealed some issues with previous attempts to process SETI data ; more specifically , attempts to quantify how many transmitting civilisations there might be in the Milky Way galaxy .
Their results show that these estimates may be too low by up to a factor of 15 , partially because the data-processing pipelines `` fail to detect some of the signals that they are designed to detect , '' Margot noted .
`` We implemented a signal injection and recovery analysis tool that allows us @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
This efficiency must be taken into account when attempting to place bounds on the number of transmitting civilisations . ''
There are some limitations to the team 's pipeline .
Where two signals intersect , the algorithm only picks up the one with the highest signal-to-noise ratio ; faint signals against a high level of background noise can be missed , too .
This means that regions of high signal density can result in a reduction of the signal recovery rate .
Overcoming these limitations could be the focus of future work @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
RFI is n't just a problem for SETI but for all radio astronomers , so much so that some measurements can no longer be made from Earth .
Hence scientists are eyeing the far side of the Moon for a radio telescope .
The Moon acts as a natural buffer against anthropogenic radio interference .
And , of course , there 's the possibility - slight , but non-zero - that we might detect something .
`` The search may answer one of the most profound scientific questions of our time : @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ScienceAlert .
`` All life on Earth is related to a common ancestor , and the discovery of other forms of life will revolutionise our understanding of living systems .
On a more philosophical level , it will transform our perception of humanity 's place in the cosmos . ''
The research has been accepted into The Astronomical Journal , and is available on arXiv .
This article was originally published by ScienceAlert .
Read the original article here .

The Universe seems like a lonely place.
We know - we're proof of it - that intelligent civilizations (yes, civilizations) are possible. Finding signs of other civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy is not such a simple matter, but we do have tools at our disposal. Based on our own technological capabilities, we can extrapolate what signals alien technology might emit, and search for those.
These signs are called technosignatures, and our efforts in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) revolve around them, particularly in radio wavelengths.
"One of the great advantages of the search for technosignatures at radio wavelengths is that we are sensitive to signals emitted from thousands of light years away, and it does not take that much power," astronomer Jean-Luc Margot of the University of California Los Angeles told ScienceAlert.
"For instance, our search can detect the Arecibo Planetary Radar at distances of over 400 light years. And it can detect a transmitter that is only 1,000 times more powerful than Arecibo - a trivial improvement for an advanced civilization - all the way to the centre of the galaxy. The volume of the galaxy that can be sampled with a radio search for technosignatures is immense."
Margot and his team recently conducted a search for technosignatures using the Green Bank Telescope, a powerful radio telescope in West Virginia.
In April of 2018 and 2019, for a total observing time of four hours, they homed in on 31 Sun-like stars around the galactic plane, detecting a total of 26,631,913 candidate technosignatures.
A closer analysis of the data revealed that every single one of those candidate technosignatures was generated right here on Earth.
But the methods used to process those data are a significant step forward in identifying possible alien technosignatures, teasing them out from the background humming and pinging of anthropogenic radio noise - what we call radio-frequency interference, or RFI. Navigation technology, satellite technology, mobile phones, microwave ovens, aircraft, communications; we're constantly bathing our surroundings in radio-frequency radiation.
"RFI could potentially obscure an extraterrestrial signal," Margot said. "RFI makes our job more difficult because we detect tens of millions of signals per hour of telescope time, and we need to make a determination about every single signal: is it anthropogenic or is it extraterrestrial?
"It would be a lot easier if we detected only a few signals. Fortunately, our algorithms allow us to automatically classify over 99.8 percent of the signals."
The team made several improvements to their data processing pipeline, refining the sensitivity and signal detection rate, as well as the filter used to automatically classify RFI signals in the data, and thus rule them out as alien technosignatures.
As Margot noted, these filters correctly flagged 26,588,893 (99.84 percent) of the signals as anthropogenic RFI. When you're dealing with numbers that large, that still leaves a lot of data to process; in this case, it was 43,020 signals.
The majority of these remaining signals fell within the range of known RFI, and were classified accordingly. That left 4,539 signals as the most promising alien technosignature candidates. These had to be carefully visually inspected - and every single one was also ultimately determined to be anthropogenic in origin.
"If a signal is detected in multiple directions on the sky, we can be extremely confident that it's anthropogenic," Margot said. "An extraterrestrial signal from an emitter at interstellar distances would be detected in only one direction."
The result isn't unexpected. A search earlier this year of a much larger stellar sample, 10 million stars, also turned up no signs of alien technology. But that wasn't really the point; or at least, not the only point.
Firstly, Margot uses SETI data processing as a tool for training students at UCLA.
"We conduct the search as part of a SETI course that I have taught at UCLA annually since 2016. This course appears to be unique in the US and perhaps worldwide," he explained.
"Students collect terabytes of data from known or suspected planetary systems, write a data-processing pipeline collaboratively, search for technosignatures in the data, and publish the results. It is most satisfying to witness the students acquire important skills .. all in the context of this important search."
The team's refined pipeline also revealed some issues with previous attempts to process SETI data; more specifically, attempts to quantify how many transmitting civilisations there might be in the Milky Way galaxy. Their results show that these estimates may be too low by up to a factor of 15, partially because the data-processing pipelines "fail to detect some of the signals that they are designed to detect," Margot noted.
"We implemented a signal injection and recovery analysis tool that allows us to quantify the efficiency of data-processing pipelines. This efficiency must be taken into account when attempting to place bounds on the number of transmitting civilisations."
There are some limitations to the team's pipeline. Where two signals intersect, the algorithm only picks up the one with the highest signal-to-noise ratio; faint signals against a high level of background noise can be missed, too. This means that regions of high signal density can result in a reduction of the signal recovery rate.
Overcoming these limitations could be the focus of future work. But it's work worth doing. RFI isn't just a problem for SETI but for all radio astronomers, so much so that some measurements can no longer be made from Earth. Hence scientists are eyeing the far side of the Moon for a radio telescope. The Moon acts as a natural buffer against anthropogenic radio interference.
And, of course, there's the possibility - slight, but non-zero - that we might detect something.
"The search may answer one of the most profound scientific questions of our time: Are we alone?" Margot told ScienceAlert.
"All life on Earth is related to a common ancestor, and the discovery of other forms of life will revolutionise our understanding of living systems. On a more philosophical level, it will transform our perception of humanity's place in the cosmos."
The research has been accepted into The Astronomical Journal, and is available on arXiv.
This article was originally published by ScienceAlert. Read the original article here.


livescience--2020-11-20--College-age kids are drinking less alcohol — but smoking more marijuana

Young adults aren ’ t drinking as much as they used to .
In fact , more than a quarter don ’ t drink alcohol at all , recent surveys show .
It ’ s good news for health .
But there is also a downside in the data : While alcohol use is falling among 18-to-22-year-olds , marijuana use is inching upward .
The number of young adults using both alcohol and marijuana is also rising , heightening concerns about a future surge in substance abuse problems , new research shows .
I am a professor of psychology at @ @ @ @ @ @ @ young adult and adolescent substance use for over 15 years .
A key interest of mine is how substance use changes over adolescence and young adulthood .
It is a period of profound change : A 13-year-old is very different from a 25-year-old in nearly every way .
With colleagues at the University of Michigan , the University of Central Florida and Iowa State University , I have been investigating trends in alcohol and marijuana use in young adults to better understand how use changes with age .
The latest numbers offer both @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for the stereotype of hard-drinking , substance-using young adults , as photos and videos from bars and college parties will attest .
But surveys and our analysis suggest that binge drinking isn ’ t as common as people may believe it is .
Using data from the annual National Survey on Drug Use and Health , we found that in 2018 nearly 30 % of college-age adults , ages 18-22 , had not had a single alcoholic drink during the previous year , compared with fewer than a quarter in 2002 .
Over @ @ @ @ @ @ @ all .
Among 18-to-25-year-olds , the number who reported binge drinking in the previous year fell from 39 % in 2015 to 34 % in 2019 .
That may be influenced at least in part by beliefs that are forming in high school .
Another survey shows that nearly three-quarters of high school seniors think their friends would disapprove of weekend binge drinking , up from just over half in the early 1980s .
Adolescents – typically 12 to 17 years of age – were more likely to avoid both alcohol and marijuana @ @ @ @ @ @ @ part of a larger trend in declining substance use and risky behavior among adolescents seen in a variety of national surveys and data sources .
In 2019 , nearly 80 % of adolescents had not used alcohol at all in the previous year , compared with 65 % in 2002 , and 87 % had not used marijuana .
Using both marijuana and alcohol The bad news is that the number of college-age young adults saying they used marijuana at least once in the previous year has increased , from 33 % to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ said they used marijuana also used alcohol .
We found that the increase in young adults using both was a result of young adults who used alcohol taking up marijuana , too .
This increase in using both alcohol and marijuana is an important warning sign , because young adults in that group also had much higher rates of other illicit drug use , like cocaine , and prescription drug misuse , involving medications like opioids or benzodiazepines .
That may signal that a greater number will need substance use treatment in the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ One theory for the shifting trends in alcohol and marijuana use is that adolescent substance use is now starting at later ages .
The data support this : The numbers of adolescents starting alcohol use has declined somewhat , while more college-age adults are first-time alcohol and marijuana users .
Why that shift is occurring is less clear , but one theory is that adolescents have been engaging in more virtual contact than face-to-face contact in recent years and they rarely use substances when they ’ re alone .
Changing regulations likely also @ @ @ @ @ @ @ legal for medical or recreational use in an increasing number of states .
Attitudes toward alcohol and marijuana have also changed over the years , particularly for marijuana .
The Monitoring the Future study , which has tracked substance use in adolescents and young adults since 1975 , indicates both a sharp decline in disapproval of marijuana among middle and high school students and a decline in how harmful they perceive marijuana to be .
In fact , more young people in that age group now see more harm from regular alcohol use @ @ @ @ @ @ @ knowledge , daily .
Sign up for The Conversation ’ s newsletter . ]
How the pandemic will change young people ’ s habits with alcohol and marijuana isn ’ t yet clear .
One survey conducted this spring when many restaurants and bars were closed found that adults over 30 were drinking alcohol 14 % more often .
However , when researchers in Australia homed in on younger adults in Gen Z , they found a different story : Older age groups may be drinking more , but with bars and restaurants @ @ @ @ @ @ @ crowd reported drinking less .
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license .
Read the original article .
Follow all of the Expert Voices issues and debates — and become part of the discussion — on Facebook and Twitter .
The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher .
This version of the article was originally published on Live Science .

Young adults aren’t drinking as much as they used to. In fact, more than a quarter don’t drink alcohol at all, recent surveys show.
It’s good news for health. But there is also a downside in the data: While alcohol use is falling among 18-to-22-year-olds, marijuana use is inching upward. The number of young adults using both alcohol and marijuana is also rising, heightening concerns about a future surge in substance abuse problems, new research shows.
I am a professor of psychology at Texas State University who has been studying young adult and adolescent substance use for over 15 years. A key interest of mine is how substance use changes over adolescence and young adulthood. It is a period of profound change: A 13-year-old is very different from a 25-year-old in nearly every way.
With colleagues at the University of Michigan, the University of Central Florida and Iowa State University, I have been investigating trends in alcohol and marijuana use in young adults to better understand how use changes with age. The latest numbers offer both hope and concern.
Gen Z is breaking stereotypes
There are reasons for the stereotype of hard-drinking, substance-using young adults, as photos and videos from bars and college parties will attest. But surveys and our analysis suggest that binge drinking isn’t as common as people may believe it is.
Using data from the annual National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we found that in 2018 nearly 30% of college-age adults, ages 18-22, had not had a single alcoholic drink during the previous year, compared with fewer than a quarter in 2002. Over 60% had not used marijuana at all.
Among 18-to-25-year-olds, the number who reported binge drinking in the previous year fell from 39% in 2015 to 34% in 2019. That may be influenced at least in part by beliefs that are forming in high school. Another survey shows that nearly three-quarters of high school seniors think their friends would disapprove of weekend binge drinking, up from just over half in the early 1980s.
Adolescents – typically 12 to 17 years of age – were more likely to avoid both alcohol and marijuana than they were two decades ago, part of a larger trend in declining substance use and risky behavior among adolescents seen in a variety of national surveys and data sources. In 2019, nearly 80% of adolescents had not used alcohol at all in the previous year, compared with 65% in 2002, and 87% had not used marijuana.
Using both marijuana and alcohol
The bad news is that the number of college-age young adults saying they used marijuana at least once in the previous year has increased, from 33% to 37%.
The vast majority who said they used marijuana also used alcohol. We found that the increase in young adults using both was a result of young adults who used alcohol taking up marijuana, too.
This increase in using both alcohol and marijuana is an important warning sign, because young adults in that group also had much higher rates of other illicit drug use, like cocaine, and prescription drug misuse, involving medications like opioids or benzodiazepines.
That may signal that a greater number will need substance use treatment in the coming years.
Why the changes?
One theory for the shifting trends in alcohol and marijuana use is that adolescent substance use is now starting at later ages.
The data support this: The numbers of adolescents starting alcohol use has declined somewhat, while more college-age adults are first-time alcohol and marijuana users. Why that shift is occurring is less clear, but one theory is that adolescents have been engaging in more virtual contact than face-to-face contact in recent years and they rarely use substances when they’re alone.
Changing regulations likely also play a role. Marijuana is now legal for medical or recreational use in an increasing number of states.
Attitudes toward alcohol and marijuana have also changed over the years, particularly for marijuana.
The Monitoring the Future study, which has tracked substance use in adolescents and young adults since 1975, indicates both a sharp decline in disapproval of marijuana among middle and high school students and a decline in how harmful they perceive marijuana to be. In fact, more young people in that age group now see more harm from regular alcohol use than disapprove of marijuana.
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How the pandemic will change young people’s habits with alcohol and marijuana isn’t yet clear. One survey conducted this spring when many restaurants and bars were closed found that adults over 30 were drinking alcohol 14% more often. However, when researchers in Australia homed in on younger adults in Gen Z, they found a different story: Older age groups may be drinking more, but with bars and restaurants closed, 44% of the college-age crowd reported drinking less.
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
Follow all of the Expert Voices issues and debates — and become part of the discussion — on Facebook and Twitter. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. This version of the article was originally published on Live Science.


livescience--2020-11-20--Best binoculars for kids 2020

Best binoculars for kids 2020

Whether your child is curious enough to start an amateur bird-watching hobby , or they are intent on looking at anything outdoors up-close , the right binoculars will keep them wide-eyed with wonder for days on end .
What are the best binoculars for kids ?
The best binoculars for kids , we found , are part of the Explorer Kit for Kids .
These binoculars are complemented with a collection of useful educational tools that are perfect for budding biologists everywhere .
The 4X magnification is n't too powerful for young eyeballs ( anything over 8X can be tricky @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , and the included case makes everything feel professional .
Our second pick for the best binoculars for kids is the Dreamingbox Compact Shock Proof Binoculars for Kids , which comes in 10 different colors .
The compact , futuristic design is ergonomically built , and the shockproof construction can take some abuse from small hands .
Looking for unplugged playtime aimed at the preschool crowd ?
We recommend the Educational Insights GeoSafari Jr. Kidnoculars Extreme .
These STEM-friendly focus-free 3X binoculars are intended for ages 5 to 10 , and the rounded @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Its dynamic audio capabilities are an added bonus .
The best binoculars for kids you can buy today Are you raising a future survivalist ?
Then an ordinary set of binoculars just wo n't do .
For the aspiring Bear Grylls in your life , gift them with the Explorer Kit for Kids — an awesome 9-in-1 outdoorsman set that includes not only 4x30 binoculars , but also a magnifying glass , crank flashlight and handheld fan , all tucked inside a carrying case that looks like a vintage lunchbox .
( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ compass , thermometer , whistle , instant flashlight and mini-magnifying glass . )
When it comes to sunshine-soaked excursions with your kid , every walk in the woods is a potential learning experience — when you have the right educational tools on hand , that is .
And if birdwatching is only a bullet point on your child 's list of outdoor interests , binoculars are just the beginning .
( Trust us . )
Turn hours of playtime into days of adventuring with the Explorer Kit for Kids .
One glance , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ designed for youngsters .
Boasting an impressive 8X magnification , the eyepieces are made of soft rubber , so they wo n't accidentally cause a bruise as your kid smooshes them against their face .
The ergonomic anti-slip grip was built for a child 's hands , and the shock-resistant coating ( the rubber armor around the binocular body ) is meant to take a beating .
All of the lens surfaces are coated with at least one anti-reflective layer , also called `` fully-multi-coated , '' or FMC .
Thanks to this @ @ @ @ @ @ @ system produces crisp , colorful images that look as realistic up close as they do far away .
You can toss these binoculars into a backpack any day , and with 10 colors to choose from , you get an extra layer of customization .
Some binoculars are kid-friendly , but as Educational Insights implies with its branding , the GeoSafari Jr. Kidnoculars Extreme were actually made for kids .
Featuring a modest 3X magnification , these focus-free binoculars feature a perfect-fit eyepiece that 's universally comfortable for any child 's face .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ 'll have to get your own . )
There 's also a breakaway neck strap for on-the-go multitasking .
And with the built-in speakers ( which hover over the ears sort of like sunglasses ) , kids get to experience the many sounds of nature from the safety of your backyard .
This feature — which the company calls “ headset-free audio amplification ” — requires 2 AAA batteries .
For parents interested in , this pair of binoculars is more than just a colorful toy ; it 's also an introduction to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ toddler explore the sights and sounds of their environment .
Keep your kids curious with the GeoSafari Jr. Kidnoculars Extreme .
( They 'll be smarter than you in the blink of an eye . )
If you 're on the lookout for a pair of shockproof , waterproof binoculars that are available in ( just about ) every color under the sun , look no further than the Obuby Kids Binoculars .
Recommended for ages 3 and up , these are more professional looking than the average kiddy binoculars in this tech @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , there 's a lot to like about the 5.9-ounce Obuby Kids Binoculars .
The wide-angle 8X magnification is excellent for woodland hikes , seaside boat trips and live sporting events , to name a few uses .
The compact-yet-expandable design , diopter adjustment — which lets you adjust for differences between vision in each eye — and myriad color choices make these binoculars as useful as they are … well , eye-catching .
For the naturally curious kid in your household , Promora 's Binoculars for Kids come with a complete explorer @ @ @ @ @ @ @ is ) .
In addition to the preschool-friendly 8X binoculars , your little one also gets a magnifying glass , compass ( with clippable carabiner ) and a handy carrying bag for their next woodland adventure .
From hiking and camping to beginner birdwatching , your kid will feel like a bonafide outdoorsman with the adjustable central axis and central focusing wheel .
( Pre-school-friendly models don ’ t always include this kind of customization . )
The comfortable rubber eyepieces include a diopter knob as well , to ensure high-res close-ups for @ @ @ @ @ @ @ materials , but you 're still sure to get your money 's worth from this nifty , all-inclusive set .
For a little extra magnification than you 'll find in many kid-friendly binoculars , the BESPIN Binoculars for Kids are a solid choice for most youngsters .
The grip is ergonomically designed for smaller hands , and the sturdy aluminum construction should last a while ; it 's easy to focus on distant objects by turning the central adjustment wheel .
( A nylon case and neck strap are also included . )
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ binoculars still use premium blue-coated optics for crisp , colorful imagery ; a shock-resistant rubber casing for extra durability ; and a wider 7.2-degree viewing angle for aspiring bird-watchers .
( Or squirrel-watchers .
Any animal watching , really . )
Your kid will feel all grown up with the POLDR 8x21 Small Compact Lightweight Binoculars , a pair of portable specs that unfold from just 2.4 inches wide up to 4.1 inches when in use .
( That ’ s perfect for their next zoo trip , or any other outdoor hike @ @ @ @ @ @ @ 8X magnification and an objective lens diameter of 21 millimeters , they 'll get a large field of view for spotting all sorts of flora and fauna .
Unlike some competing models , which suffer from blurrier imaging and dull colors , these binoculars utilize a BAK4 prism for additional light reflection .
Combined with the center focusing wheel and diopter adjustment , the end result is better-than-average imaging the whole family can enjoy .
Looking for a pair of powerful binoculars that you can share with your kid ?
The Occer 12x25 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ are an impressive piece of hardware for the price , boasting 12X magnification ( the highest offered on this list ) in an ultra-compact package .
The plastic and rubber construction is ( mostly ) waterproof , and the 15mm eyepiece is easy to adjust .
The FMC multilayer broadband film and BAK4 prisms are designed for exceptional low-light performance , which is great for watching sunsets .
( Or sunrises , if your youngster is an early bird . )
In short , these deceivingly powerful binoculars are the perfect pocket companion @ @ @ @ @ @ @ time of day .
The TASCO Essentials Roof Prism Roof MC Box Binoculars are n't pulling any punches .
These 10X specs utilize a dual-hinge bridge design to keep the whole package pocket-friendly ( 4.4 x 4 x 1.9 inches ) , and wide viewing angles to keep your eyes on the treeline .
These binoculars were n't designed for kids per se , but at this price , the stakes are pretty low whenever you toss them into a backpack , and the black rubber armor is meant to take some abuse @ @ @ @ @ @ @ budget-priced binoculars you 'll find on the market today , and they 're a great pick for grade-schoolers .
Think your child 's outdoor hobbies might turn into a career ?
The Celestron 71330 Nature DX 8x32 Binoculars are a great premium choice for older kids with steadier hands ; they 'll definitely appreciate the enhanced optics of a quality pair .
If you ’ ve got a semi-seasoned bird-watching enthusiast in your family already , these binoculars pack impressive specs for the price .
The multi-coated 8x32 lenses ensure bright imagery , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ you can upgrade all the way to a 12x56 model .
You get the perfect combination of magnification , field of view and close focus distance for most nature scenes .
They 're even eyeglass-friendly , for those of us who are already bespectacled , and come with a nifty built-in tripod mount for long periods of steady observations .
Bonus : For a few extra bucks , you can splurge for the extra smartphone adapter , which lets you take pictures through the binoculars ' viewfinder .
How to choose the best @ @ @ @ @ @ @ kids are n't just toys — they 're also potential tools for your child 's personal growth .
Here are a few factors to consider before introducing your children to the wonderful world of wilderness watching : Budget - Most kid-centric binoculars have a price point of $ 30 or less , but if your offspring are old enough for the investment , there are plenty of premium picks that cost $ 50 or more .
Nowadays , you can get a decent pair of ( expendable ) binoculars for under $ 15 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ , cheaper build quality and a smaller field of view .
Magnification - The more magnification , the better , right ?
Not so fast .
For small , fidgety humans with shaky hands , overly powerful optics might actually be counterproductive .
When it comes to young explorers , here 's a rule of thumb : The younger the child , the lower the magnification .
Magnifications between 2X and 8X are the most common recommendation for kids under the age of 10 .
Size and shape - Some binoculars are specifically @ @ @ @ @ @ @ can be used by explorers of all ages .
For children under the age of 5 , look for extra kid-friendly features , like rounded edges , rubberized ( shockproof ) construction , breakaway lanyards , padded eyepieces , lightweight construction and focus-free lens options .
For older adventurers , look for pocket-friendly binoculars that feature more powerful optics in a more professional package .
Interpupillary distance ( IPD ) - One reason to spring for smaller binoculars has to do with interpupillary distance : the measurement between the center of your pupils @ @ @ @ @ @ @ line up properly with the middle of your eyeballs , the end result is a dark halo around the image ( and partially obscured scenery ) .
Your youngster will get bored fast if they ca n't see anything through the eyepiece , so make sure the binoculars can be adjusted accordingly .
Field of view ( FOV ) - This refers to the width of the image you can see through a given binoculars ' optics .
The wider the FOV , the easier it will be for your kid to find @ @ @ @ @ @ @ raise the eyepiece to their face .
This is of particular importance for grade-schoolers and pre-teens , who may be pickier than your typical toddler .

Small hands and young minds doesn’t immediately mean ‘toy’ binoculars. There are loads of proper binos that can be a perfect fit for kids interested in exploring.
But what makes the best binoculars for kids? Well they need to be compact and lightweight so they can carry them about, while also being robust and well-built to survive bumps and drops. They should also be easy to use so kids don’t get frustrated.
Rubber grips and rubberized binocular bodies should withstand the odd knock or accidental drop, while waterproofing is an added asset given this age group. Compact binoculars typically come with a smaller price tag, so should anything untoward happen to them, it’s not the end of the world.
While compact proportions typically mean a modest magnification of 8x or 10x and a relatively small 25mm objective lens to go with it, which means that they’re not great for low light observation, most kids won’t be out as dusk falls anyway. You can check out our best binoculars for stargazing guide if you want to introduce your young ones to the night sky.
And if you want a new pair of binos so you can join your kids, be sure to also check out our guide to the best binoculars for older teens and adults,
Best binoculars for kids (Ages 8+)
(Image credit: Future)
1. Olympus 8x25 WP II The best binoculars for kids overall Our expert review: Specifications Age range: 8+ Magnification: 8X Objective Lens Diameter: 25 millimeters Field of View at 1000m: 108 meters Color Choices: 1 Size: 4.49 x 4.53 x 1.77 inches / 115 x 114 x 45 mm Weight: 0.63 lbs. / 285g Today's Best Deals View at Amazon Reasons to buy + Compact build is ideal for kids + Robust + Great viewing quality Reasons to avoid - Small objective lens limits use in low light - End caps can get lost easily
This ultra portable option from a recognised name brand is a good option for kids, but also those looking for a lightweight, pocketable pair of binoculars. High quality optics and a waterproof, fogproof, and dirt proof build tick the boxes for the essential features we’re seeking for younger observers; even if the small objective lens size means they’re better suited to daytime use.
These compact binos will fit comfortably in the palm of an adult hand in its entirety, while weighing no more than a small plastic water bottle a child might have in their lunchbox. We were impressed with the image quality here too, which was better than we expected given the diminutive size. That’s no doubt down to the manufacturer choosing class leading BaK-4 porro prisms in the construction as well as featuring fully multi coated lenses to improve light transmission.
Easy to use, fuss free, ultra portable and very reasonably priced, there’s not much as regards the Olympus 8x25 WP II that either us or our youngest would take issue with.
Read our full Olympus 8x25 WP II review.
(Image credit: Celestron)
2. Celestron Nature DX 8x32 Binoculars The best nature binoculars for kids Our expert review: Average Amazon review: ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ Specifications Age range: 10+ Magnification: 8X to 12X Objective Lens Diameter: 32 to 56 millimeters Field of View: 1,273 feet (88 meters) / 3,280 feet (1,000 meters) Color Choices: 1 Size: 5 x 4.9 x 1.8 inches Weight: 1.3 pounds Today's Best Deals View at Amazon View at Adorama US View at Newegg Reasons to buy + Carrying bag included + Waterproof and fogproof + Wide FOV Reasons to avoid - Not built for small children's hands (or eyeballs)
Think your child's outdoor hobbies might turn into a career? The Celestron Nature DX 8x32 Binoculars are a great premium choice for older kids with steadier hands; they'll definitely appreciate the enhanced optics of a quality pair. If you’ve got a semi-seasoned bird-watching enthusiast in your family already, these binoculars pack impressive specs for the price.
The multi-coated 8x32 lenses ensure bright imagery, but if you want more power, you can upgrade all the way to a 12x56 model. You get the perfect combination of magnification, field of view and close focus distance for most nature scenes. They're even eyeglass-friendly, for those of us who are already bespectacled, and come with a nifty built-in tripod mount for long periods of steady observations.
Bonus: For a few extra bucks, you can splurge for the extra smartphone adapter, which lets you take pictures through the binoculars' viewfinder.
(Image credit: Jason Parnell-Brookes)
3. Nikon Prostaff P3 8x42 The best premium binoculars for kids. Our expert review: Specifications Age range: 10+ Magnification: 8X Objective Lens Diameter: 42 millimeters Field of View at 1000m: 126 meters Color Choices: 2 Size: 5.98 x 5.12 x 2.13 inches / 152 x 130 x 54mm Weight: 1.27 lbs. / 575g Today's Best Deals View at Amazon View at Best Buy View at REI.com Reasons to buy + Slimline design should suit smaller hands + Optical quality better than expected at this price point + High-end feel despite reasonable price tag Reasons to avoid - Lens cap and neck strap lack the quality of the rest
The Nikon Prostaff P3 8x42 from Nikon are beginner friendly, straightforward to operate roof prism style binoculars from a brand you can trust.
Nikon is known for its optical excellence, which may not mean much to younger minds, but they’ll be captivated by the relatively sharp view provided here. This product marries a modest 8x magnification to a large-ish 42mm objective lens size, which does make it slightly weightier than more modest proportioned alternatives.
The rubberized body will afford enough of a grip for smaller hands that they’ll be able to enjoy a judder free view with it. We found the operation of the focus wheel to be slow and steady, which means greater precision when zeroing focus in on subjects. We’d argue they will also get more mileage out of this binocular than a cheaper priced toy alternative; in fact these capable binos can be shared around by all the family.
We were a little disappointed by the cheapness of the lens and eyepiece covers provided here and the thin neck strap, but add in water and fog proofing and in being lightweight, comfortable and tough Nikon has ticked most boxes for a binocular to get young minds engaged and enraptured.
Read our full Nikon Prostaff P3 8x42 review.
(Image credit: Jason Parnell-Brookes)
4. Svbony SV47 10x42 The best binoculars for older kids and teens Our expert review: Average Amazon review: ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ Specifications Age range: 10+ Magnification: 10X Objective Lens Diameter: 42 millimeters Field of View at 1000m: 126 meters Color Choices: 2 Size: 5.98 x 5.12 x 2.13 inches / 152 x 130 x 54mm Weight: 1.27 lbs. / 575g Today's Best Deals View at Amazon Reasons to buy + High magnification and large objective lens + Top tier Bak-4 glass prisms Reasons to avoid - Chromatic aberration between areas of high contrast - Focus falls off towards the edges
Good optical performance for a fair price – that’s the crux of these budget binoculars. 10x magnification coupled with a 42mm objective lens, meaning a marginally weightier build overall, does however suggest to us these would be more of a match with older children rather than the under tens.
Youngsters are here provided with enough magnifying power to be able to observe birds and wildlife at sufficient distance as to not scare off such skittish creatures. Raised nodules on the flanks of this binocular aid grip for handheld observation, even if the overall feel is quite smooth.
Overall image quality is a little softer than we’d have expected given the objective lens size, especially when light levels fall, and focus doesn’t completely maintain its sharpness into the corners of the frame. Still, for the price being asked this is a more than acceptable starter model that should maintain the interest of older children, and won’t weigh heavy on their parents’ wallet if it doesn’t.
Read our full Svbony SV47 10x42 review.
(Image credit: Jason Parnell-Brookes)
5. Occer 12x25 Compact Binoculars The best cheap binoculars for kids. Our expert review: Average Amazon review: ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ Specifications Age range: 6+ Magnification: 12X Objective Lens Diameter: 25 millimeters Field of View: 896 feet (273 meters) / 3,280 feet (1,000 meters) Color Choices: 1 Size: 4.4 x 4 x 1.9 inches Weight: 7.2 ounces Today's Best Deals View at Amazon Reasons to buy + Great for low-light environments + Wide FOV + Water-resistant Reasons to avoid - More expensive than other children's binoculars - Not fully waterproof
Looking for a pair of powerful binoculars that you can share with your kid? The Occer 12x25 Compact Binoculars with Low Light Night Vision are an impressive piece of hardware for the price, boasting 12X magnification (the highest offered on this list) in an ultra-compact package.
The plastic and rubber construction is (mostly) waterproof, and the 15mm eyepiece is easy to adjust. The FMC multilayer broadband film and BAK4 prisms are designed for exceptional low-light performance, which is great for watching sunsets. (Or sunrises, if your youngster is an early bird.) In short, these deceivingly powerful binoculars are the perfect pocket companion for outdoor excursions, no matter the time of day.
Read our full Occer 12x25 Compact Binoculars review.
Best binoculars for young kids (Ages 3 - 8)
(Image credit: Promora)
1. Promora Binoculars for Kids The best binoculars for young kids. Our expert review: Average Amazon review: ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ Specifications Age range: 3+ Magnification: 8X Objective Lens Diameter: 21 millimeters Field of View: 400 feet (122 meters) / 3,280 feet (1,000 meters) Color Choices: 3 Size: 4.8 x 4.1 x 2.1 inches Weight: 7.2 ounces Today's Best Deals View at Amazon View at Amazon Reasons to buy + Soft eyecups are great for young explorers + Three different color choices + Kit includes compass and magnifying glass Reasons to avoid - Subpar durability, according to some reviews
For the naturally curious kid in your household, Promora's Binoculars for Kids come with a complete explorer's kit (in miniature, that is). In addition to the preschool-friendly 8X binoculars, your little one also gets a magnifying glass, compass (with clippable carabiner) and a handy carrying bag for their next woodland adventure.
From hiking and camping to beginner birdwatching, your kid will feel like a bonafide outdoorsman with the adjustable central axis and central focusing wheel. (Pre-school-friendly models don’t always include this kind of customization.) The comfortable rubber eyepieces include a diopter knob as well, to ensure high-res close-ups for all.
Some reviewers reported not-so-kid-resistant build materials, but you're still sure to get your money's worth from this nifty, all-inclusive set.
(Image credit: BESPIN)
2. BESPIN Binoculars for Kids The best binoculars for young birdwatchers. Our expert review: Specifications Age range: 6+ Magnification: 8X Objective Lens Diameter: 21 millimeters Field of View: 400 feet (122 meters) / 3,280 feet (1,000 meters) Color Choices: 2 Size: 4.1 x 3.8 x 1.4 inches Weight: 7.5 ounces Today's Best Deals Check Amazon Visit Site Reasons to buy + Inexpensive + Aluminum-and-rubber construction + Ergonomic design Reasons to avoid - Bird map not included (according to Amazon reviews), though marketing materials imply otherwise
For a little extra magnification than you'll find in many kid-friendly binoculars, the BESPIN Binoculars for Kids are a solid choice for most youngsters. The grip is ergonomically designed for smaller hands, and the sturdy aluminum construction should last a while; it's easy to focus on distant objects by turning the central adjustment wheel. (A nylon case and neck strap are also included.)
At an entry-level price, these 8x21 binoculars still use premium blue-coated optics for crisp, colorful imagery; a shock-resistant rubber casing for extra durability; and a wider 7.2-degree viewing angle for aspiring bird-watchers. (Or squirrel-watchers. Any animal watching, really.)
(Image credit: Mini Explorer)
3. Explorer Kit for Kids by Mini Explorer Best entry-level binoculars for young kids. Our expert review: Specifications Age range: 4+ Magnification: 4X Objective Lens Diameter: 30 millimeters Field of View: N/A Color Choices: 1 Size: 7.5 x 5.2 x 3 inches Weight: 13.8 ounces Today's Best Deals View at Amazon View at Amazon Reasons to buy + Diverse set of educational tools + Binoculars are shockproof + Includes carrying case Reasons to avoid - Limited to 4X magnification, so won't satisfy older kids
Are you raising a future survivalist? Then an ordinary set of binoculars just won't do. For the aspiring Bear Grylls in your life, gift them with the Explorer Kit for Kids — an awesome 9-in-1 outdoorsman set that includes not only 4x30 binoculars, but also a magnifying glass, crank flashlight and handheld fan, all tucked inside a carrying case that looks like a vintage lunchbox. (The included 5-in-1 multitool houses a built-in compass, thermometer, whistle, instant flashlight and mini-magnifying glass.)
When it comes to sunshine-soaked excursions with your kid, every walk in the woods is a potential learning experience — when you have the right educational tools on hand, that is. And if birdwatching is only a bullet point on your child's list of outdoor interests, binoculars are just the beginning. (Trust us.) Turn hours of playtime into days of adventuring with the Explorer Kit for Kids.
(Image credit: Obuby)
4. Obuby Kids Binoculars Best value binoculars for young kids. Our expert review: Average Amazon review: ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ ☆ Specifications Age range: 3+ Magnification: 8X Objective Lens Diameter: 21 millimeters Field of View: 400 feet (122 meters) / 3,280 feet (1,000 meters) Color Choices: 13 Size: 4 x 3.5 x 1.1 inches Weight: 5.9 ounces Today's Best Deals View at Amazon View at Amazon View at Amazon Reasons to buy + Durable, expandable construction + Shockproof, waterproof + Tons of color options Reasons to avoid - Poor-quality neck strap, according to some reviews
If you're on the lookout for a pair of shockproof, waterproof binoculars that are available in (just about) every color under the sun, look no further than the Obuby Kids Binoculars. Recommended for ages 3 and up, these are more professional looking than the average kiddy binoculars in this tech category.
Available in 13 different colors, there's a lot to like about the 5.9-ounce Obuby Kids Binoculars. The wide-angle 8X magnification is excellent for woodland hikes, seaside boat trips and live sporting events, to name a few uses. The compact-yet-expandable design, diopter adjustment — which lets you adjust for differences between vision in each eye — and myriad color choices make these binoculars as useful as they are … well, eye-catching.
(Image credit: Educational Insights)
5. Educational Insights GeoSafari Jr. Kidnoculars Extreme Best cheap binoculars for young kids. Our expert review: Specifications Age range: 5+ Magnification: 3X Objective Lens Diameter: N/A Field of View: N/A Color Choices: 1 Size: 11.6 x 9.8 x 3.1 inches Weight: 15.8 ounces Today's Best Deals View at Amazon View at Target Reasons to buy + Inexpensive + Designed for younger children + STEM-friendly toy Reasons to avoid - Only 3X magnification
Some binoculars are kid-friendly, but as Educational Insights implies with its branding, the GeoSafari Jr. Kidnoculars Extreme were actually made for kids. Featuring a modest 3X magnification, these focus-free binoculars feature a perfect-fit eyepiece that's universally comfortable for any child's face. (Sorry, wide-eyed adults, you'll have to get your own.) There's also a breakaway neck strap for on-the-go multitasking. And with the built-in speakers (which hover over the ears sort of like sunglasses), kids get to experience the many sounds of nature from the safety of your backyard. This feature — which the company calls “headset-free audio amplification” — requires 2 AAA batteries.
For parents interested in STEM-friendly education , this pair of binoculars is more than just a colorful toy; it's also an introduction to a scientific tool that can help your toddler explore the sights and sounds of their environment. Keep your kids curious with the GeoSafari Jr. Kidnoculars Extreme. (They'll be smarter than you in the blink of an eye.)
How to choose the best binoculars for kids
The best binoculars for kids aren't just toys — they're also potential tools for your child's personal growth. Here are a few factors to consider before introducing your children to the wonderful world of wilderness watching:
Budget - Most kid-centric binoculars have a price point of $30 or less, but if your offspring are old enough for the investment, there are plenty of premium picks that cost $50 or more. Nowadays, you can get a decent pair of (expendable) binoculars for under $15; these models usually have lower magnifications, cheaper build quality and a smaller field of view.
Magnification - The more magnification, the better, right? Not so fast. For small, fidgety humans with shaky hands, overly powerful optics might actually be counterproductive. When it comes to young explorers, here's a rule of thumb: The younger the child, the lower the magnification. Magnifications between 2X and 8X are the most common recommendation for kids under the age of 10.
Size and shape - Some binoculars are specifically built for tiny fingers, while others can be used by explorers of all ages. For children under the age of 5, look for extra kid-friendly features, like rounded edges, rubberized (shockproof) construction, breakaway lanyards, padded eyepieces, lightweight construction and focus-free lens options. For older adventurers, look for pocket-friendly binoculars that feature more powerful optics in a more professional package.
Interpupillary distance (IPD) - One reason to spring for smaller binoculars has to do with interpupillary distance: the measurement between the center of your pupils. If the ocular lenses don't line up properly with the middle of your eyeballs, the end result is a dark halo around the image (and partially obscured scenery). Your youngster will get bored fast if they can't see anything through the eyepiece, so make sure the binoculars can be adjusted accordingly.
Field of view (FOV) - This refers to the width of the image you can see through a given binoculars' optics. The wider the FOV, the easier it will be for your kid to find what they're looking for when they raise the eyepiece to their face. This is of particular importance for grade-schoolers and pre-teens, who may be pickier than your typical toddler.


livescience--2020-11-20--STEVE is smearing green 'streaks' across the sky, and nobody knows why

The mysterious , aurora-like phenomenon called just got a little weirder .
If you do n't know STEVE ( short for Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement ) by name , you may know it from photos .
Unlike the infamous Southern and , which blanket the sky in ethereal green swirls near Earth 's magnetic poles , STEVE appears as a purplish-white ribbon of light that slashes diagonally toward the horizon , stretching hundreds of miles through the atmosphere .
It can appear closer to the equator than a typical aurora , and is often accompanied by a `` picket @ @ @ @ @ @ @ beside it .
Nobody knows what causes STEVE , but scientists agree it 's no mere aurora .
Auroras appear when charged particles from the sun sail across space and crackle along Earth 's magnetic field lines ; STEVE , meanwhile , is a river of hot , turbulent gas that shows up independently of that solar weather .
Researchers suspect that it may be the result of some native process in the — the level of Earth 's atmosphere that extends between 50 and 600 miles ( 80 to 1,000 kilometers ) @ @ @ @ @ @ @ the planet 's .
Now , a newfound feature of STEVE that only appears in the lower ionosphere has scientists puzzling over the ethereal lights again .
In a study published Oct. 1 in the journal , NASA researchers reviewed hundreds of hours of STEVE footage recorded by citizen scientists to look for a strange new structure they 've named `` the streaks . ''
These tiny smears of green light are sometimes seen extending horizontally from the bottom of STEVE 's green fence pickets , curving backward for about 20 to 30 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ are the streaks , exactly ?
As with all things STEVE , nobody really knows .
But the new paper lays down some basic characteristics .
For starters , the streaks ' long , tube-like appearance may be an optical illusion ; according to the researchers , the streaks behave more like tiny points of light , which appear elongated to us due to motion blur .
Each streak appears to share a physical connection with the picket fence structure above it , the team found , and each one moves along the @ @ @ @ @ @ @ also seem picky about where they form ; according to the team 's calculations , streaks appear only low in the ionosphere between 62 and 68 miles ( 100 to 110 km ) above Earth .
That makes the streaks `` the lowest‐altitude and smallest‐scale optical feature associated with STEVE , '' the researchers wrote in the study .
One clue about the streaks ' origins comes from their green color , which is identical to the color of STEVE ’ s picket fence .
According to the researchers , this particular green @ @ @ @ @ @ @ in the atmosphere .
It 's likely that the turbulent particles within STEVE are colliding with and rapidly heating up ambient oxygen , the team wrote , creating tiny green fires in the sky that trail below the picket fence as they slowly fizzle out .
Or , maybe not .
STEVE 's streaks are so new to science that this paper is likely just `` the tip of the iceberg , '' study co-author Elizabeth MacDonald , a space scientist at NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt , Maryland , @ @ @ @ @ @ @ for the course when it comes to STEVE , which was first reported by citizen scientists gazing at the Canadian skies in July 2016 .
Astronomers continue to rely on observations from civilian photographers and stargazers — whose time and passion may exceed professional scientists ' — in order to unpack the mysterious river of light in our atmosphere .

The mysterious, aurora-like phenomenon called STEVE just got a little weirder.
If you don't know STEVE (short for Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement) by name, you may know it from photos. Unlike the infamous Southern and Northern Lights , which blanket the sky in ethereal green swirls near Earth's magnetic poles, STEVE appears as a purplish-white ribbon of light that slashes diagonally toward the horizon, stretching hundreds of miles through the atmosphere. It can appear closer to the equator than a typical aurora, and is often accompanied by a "picket fence" of jagged green points dancing beside it.
Nobody knows what causes STEVE, but scientists agree it's no mere aurora. Auroras appear when charged particles from the sun sail across space and crackle along Earth's magnetic field lines; STEVE, meanwhile, is a river of hot, turbulent gas that shows up independently of that solar weather. Researchers suspect that it may be the result of some native process in the ionosphere — the level of Earth's atmosphere that extends between 50 and 600 miles (80 to 1,000 kilometers) above Earth's surface, just below the planet's magnetic field .
Related: Infographic: Earth's atmosphere, top to bottom
Now, a newfound feature of STEVE that only appears in the lower ionosphere has scientists puzzling over the ethereal lights again. In a study published Oct. 1 in the journal AGU Advances , NASA researchers reviewed hundreds of hours of STEVE footage recorded by citizen scientists to look for a strange new structure they've named "the streaks." These tiny smears of green light are sometimes seen extending horizontally from the bottom of STEVE's green fence pickets, curving backward for about 20 to 30 seconds before vanishing from view.
Four examples of "streaks" in STEVE events from 2017 and 2018. (Image credit: Alexei Chernenkoff (a), Shawn Malone (b), Stephen Voss (c) and Alan Dyer (d))
What are the streaks, exactly? As with all things STEVE, nobody really knows. But the new paper lays down some basic characteristics. For starters, the streaks' long, tube-like appearance may be an optical illusion; according to the researchers, the streaks behave more like tiny points of light, which appear elongated to us due to motion blur.
Each streak appears to share a physical connection with the picket fence structure above it, the team found, and each one moves along the same magnetic field lines. The streaks also seem picky about where they form; according to the team's calculations, streaks appear only low in the ionosphere between 62 and 68 miles (100 to 110 km) above Earth. That makes the streaks "the lowest‐altitude and smallest‐scale optical feature associated with STEVE," the researchers wrote in the study.
One clue about the streaks' origins comes from their green color, which is identical to the color of STEVE’s picket fence. According to the researchers, this particular green wavelength is associated with emissions from atomic oxygen in the atmosphere. It's likely that the turbulent particles within STEVE are colliding with and rapidly heating up ambient oxygen, the team wrote, creating tiny green fires in the sky that trail below the picket fence as they slowly fizzle out.
Or, maybe not. STEVE's streaks are so new to science that this paper is likely just "the tip of the iceberg," study co-author Elizabeth MacDonald, a space scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, said in a statement . That depth of uncertainty is par for the course when it comes to STEVE, which was first reported by citizen scientists gazing at the Canadian skies in July 2016. Astronomers continue to rely on observations from civilian photographers and stargazers — whose time and passion may exceed professional scientists' — in order to unpack the mysterious river of light in our atmosphere.
Originally published on Live Science.


livescience--2020-11-20--Hidden world of bacteria and fungi discovered on Leonardo da Vinci's drawings

is famous for his elaborate , nuanced artworks and advanced technological ideas .
But new research has revealed another level of complexity to his drawings : a hidden world of tiny life-forms on his artwork .
The findings , the researchers said , could help build a microbiome `` catalogue '' for artwork .
Each of the pieces had a unique enough collection of microbes that researchers could have identified it again later purely from a study of its microscopic biology .
And the drawings ' microbiomes had enough key elements in common to help researchers spot counterfeits based on @ @ @ @ @ @ @ authentic drawings that had been stored in different conditions over the centuries .
The researchers also showed that da Vinci 's drawings had a significantly different microbiome than expected , with lots of bacteria and human DNA — likely a consequence of centuries of handling by art restorers and other people .
Microbes known to make paper degrade over time were also present , showing why those restorers ' efforts had been necessary The study amounts to a proof-of-concept exercise , showing how microbiomes might , in the future , reveal unexpected histories @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
Researchers examined the microscopic biological material , living and dead , in seven of the master 's `` emblematic '' drawings , and found an unexpected diversity of , and human .
Most of that material probably landed on the sketches well after da Vinci 's death 501 years ago , so the DNA ( or the bulk of it at least ) likely comes from other people who have handled the drawings over the centuries and not the polymath himself .
But the newfound biological materials do have a story to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ researchers wrote , was the high concentration of bacteria in the drawings , especially as compared with fungi .
Past studies have shown that fungi tend to dominate the microbiomes of paper objects such as these drawings , but in this case an unusually high amount of bacteria from humans and insects ( likely flies that pooped on the paper at some point ) were present .
Related : 5 things you probably did n't know about Leonardo da Vinci '' Altogether , the insects , the restoration workers and the geographic localization @ @ @ @ @ @ @ invisible to the eye on the drawings , '' the researchers .
`` [ But ] it is difficult to say if any of these contaminants originate from the time when Leonardo da Vinci was sketching its drawings . ''
Most of that DNA likely came from people who have restored the work starting in the 15th century .
The team has not analyzed the genetic material in the level of detail necessary to see who specifically it might have come from .
The researchers used a new tool called Nanopore , a @ @ @ @ @ @ @ and analyzes genetic material , to make the detailed study of the different biological materials .
The same researchers have studied artistic microbiomes in the past to determine how statues that were recovered from smugglers had been stored while they were in hiding .
Going forward , they said , this technique could reveal new details of the histories of even well-studied artworks .
The study was published Friday ( Nov. 20 ) in the journal .

Leonardo da Vinci is famous for his elaborate, nuanced artworks and advanced technological ideas. But new research has revealed another level of complexity to his drawings: a hidden world of tiny life-forms on his artwork.
The findings, the researchers said, could help build a microbiome "catalogue" for artwork. Each of the pieces had a unique enough collection of microbes that researchers could have identified it again later purely from a study of its microscopic biology. And the drawings' microbiomes had enough key elements in common to help researchers spot counterfeits based on differences in their microbiomes, or even authentic drawings that had been stored in different conditions over the centuries. The researchers also showed that da Vinci's drawings had a significantly different microbiome than expected, with lots of bacteria and human DNA — likely a consequence of centuries of handling by art restorers and other people. Microbes known to make paper degrade over time were also present, showing why those restorers' efforts had been necessary The study amounts to a proof-of-concept exercise, showing how microbiomes might, in the future, reveal unexpected histories of certain artworks or help detect forgeries.
Researchers examined the microscopic biological material, living and dead, in seven of the master's "emblematic" drawings, and found an unexpected diversity of bacteria , fungi and human DNA . Most of that material probably landed on the sketches well after da Vinci's death 501 years ago, so the DNA (or the bulk of it at least) likely comes from other people who have handled the drawings over the centuries and not the polymath himself. But the newfound biological materials do have a story to tell.
The biggest surprise, the researchers wrote, was the high concentration of bacteria in the drawings, especially as compared with fungi. Past studies have shown that fungi tend to dominate the microbiomes of paper objects such as these drawings, but in this case an unusually high amount of bacteria from humans and insects (likely flies that pooped on the paper at some point) were present.
Related: 5 things you probably didn't know about Leonardo da Vinci
"Altogether, the insects, the restoration workers and the geographic localization seem to all have left a trace invisible to the eye on the drawings," the researchers said in a statement . "[But] it is difficult to say if any of these contaminants originate from the time when Leonardo da Vinci was sketching its drawings."
Most of that DNA likely came from people who have restored the work starting in the 15th century. The team has not analyzed the genetic material in the level of detail necessary to see who specifically it might have come from.
The researchers used a new tool called Nanopore, a genetic sequencing method that quickly breaks down and analyzes genetic material, to make the detailed study of the different biological materials. The same researchers have studied artistic microbiomes in the past to determine how statues that were recovered from smugglers had been stored while they were in hiding. Going forward, they said, this technique could reveal new details of the histories of even well-studied artworks.
The study was published Friday (Nov. 20) in the journal Frontiers in Microbiology .
Originally published on Live Science.


livescience--2020-11-19--Speed of COVID vaccine testing did not compromise safety, Fauci says

Moderna and Pfizer both recently announced that their coronavirus vaccines were around 95 % effective in preventing COVID-19 .
Just one year ago , not a single person knew that the novel coronavirus existed .
This incredible speed in vaccine development is unprecedented .
But it did not compromise the safety of the vaccine or the scientific integrity of the process , Dr. Anthony Fauci , the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases said during a White House Briefing on Thursday ( Nov. 19 ) .
Rather , `` it was a reflection of the extraordinary @ @ @ @ @ @ @ which allowed us to do things in months that actually took years before , '' he said .
`` I really want to settle that concern that people have about that . ''
An independent body of people `` who have no allegiance to anyone , not to the administration , not to me , not to the companies '' were the ones to first review the data from the companies ' late stage clinical trials , Fauci said .
They were the ones who `` deemed it to be sound . ''
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ Emergency Use Authorization ( EUA ) , which is a permission granted by the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) to unapproved products to be used in emergency situations .
The FDA will then examine the data `` very carefully , '' with help from The Vaccine and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee before making a decision to grant the EUA and eventually a license , Fauci said .
`` So we need to put to rest any concept that this was rushed in an inappropriate way , '' Fauci said .
@ @ @ @ @ @ @ Previous surveys have suggested that as many as half the people in the U.S. do not trust the COVID-19 vaccines , which was in part due to the politicized communication around them , Live Science previously reported .
But a new Gallup poll that was released on Tuesday ( Nov. 17 ) suggested that more Americans , about 58 % , say they are now willing to get a COVID-19 vaccine .
The `` impressive efficacy '' of these vaccines `` should motivate individuals to realize that this is something you want to @ @ @ @ @ @ @ A final analysis of Pfizer 's vaccine suggested it was 95 % effective in preventing COVID-19 and an initial analysis of Moderna 's suggested it was 94.5 % effective in preventing COVID-19 ( they have n't released information from a final analysis yet . )
The FDA requires that a vaccine be at least 50 % effective , according to the latest guidance .
By comparison , two doses of the measles vaccine is about 97 % effective , and flu vaccines range from about 40 % to 60 % effective , according @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Prevention ( CDC ) .
`` Help is on the way , '' Fauci said .
But `` we need to actually double down on the public health measures as we 're waiting for that help to come . ''
That means people should intensify public health measures such as wearing masks , keeping social distance , avoiding congregate settings and choosing to meet people outside rather than inside .
( People will need to keep doing this until enough immunity is built in the community , even after they get two doses @ @ @ @ @ @ @ doses of the vaccines could be delivered at the end of December to high-priority people in the U.S. , Fauci said .
Previously , he said he expects there will be enough doses by April such that people in the general U.S. public , who are not necessarily high risk , can get them , Live Science reported .
There are also a handful of other vaccine candidates that are in late-stage clinical trials and have n't yet released results .

Moderna and Pfizer both recently announced that their coronavirus vaccines were around 95% effective in preventing COVID-19. Just one year ago, not a single person knew that the novel coronavirus existed.
This incredible speed in vaccine development is unprecedented. But it did not compromise the safety of the vaccine or the scientific integrity of the process, Dr. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases said during a White House Briefing on Thursday (Nov. 19).
Rather, "it was a reflection of the extraordinary scientific advances in these types of vaccines which allowed us to do things in months that actually took years before," he said. "I really want to settle that concern that people have about that."
Related: Coronavirus live updates
An independent body of people "who have no allegiance to anyone, not to the administration, not to me, not to the companies" were the ones to first review the data from the companies' late stage clinical trials, Fauci said. They were the ones who "deemed it to be sound."
The companies will soon file for an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), which is a permission granted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to unapproved products to be used in emergency situations. The FDA will then examine the data "very carefully," with help from The Vaccine and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee before making a decision to grant the EUA and eventually a license, Fauci said.
"So we need to put to rest any concept that this was rushed in an inappropriate way," Fauci said. "This is really solid."
Previous surveys have suggested that as many as half the people in the U.S. do not trust the COVID-19 vaccines, which was in part due to the politicized communication around them, Live Science previously reported. But a new Gallup poll that was released on Tuesday (Nov. 17) suggested that more Americans, about 58%, say they are now willing to get a COVID-19 vaccine.
The "impressive efficacy" of these vaccines "should motivate individuals to realize that this is something you want to participate in," Fauci said. A final analysis of Pfizer's vaccine suggested it was 95% effective in preventing COVID-19 and an initial analysis of Moderna's suggested it was 94.5% effective in preventing COVID-19 (they haven't released information from a final analysis yet.)
The FDA requires that a vaccine be at least 50% effective, according to the latest guidance. By comparison, two doses of the measles vaccine is about 97% effective, and flu vaccines range from about 40% to 60% effective, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
"Help is on the way," Fauci said. But "we need to actually double down on the public health measures as we're waiting for that help to come." That means people should intensify public health measures such as wearing masks, keeping social distance, avoiding congregate settings and choosing to meet people outside rather than inside. (People will need to keep doing this until enough immunity is built in the community, even after they get two doses of a vaccine).
The first doses of the vaccines could be delivered at the end of December to high-priority people in the U.S., Fauci said. Previously, he said he expects there will be enough doses by April such that people in the general U.S. public, who are not necessarily high risk, can get them, Live Science reported.
There are also a handful of other vaccine candidates that are in late-stage clinical trials and haven't yet released results.
Originally published on Live Science.


livescience--2020-11-19--Tiny owl found hiding in the Rockefeller Christmas tree isn't going home. Here's why.

This season 's new Christmas hero — a tiny owl stowaway that survived the long drive from upstate New York to Rockefeller Center in Manhattan on a Norway spruce — wo n't be taken back to his former home to be released back into the wild .
So , will he be OK ?
`` There 's been a lot of controversy over the release site , '' said Ellen Kalish , director and founder of Ravensbeard Wildlife Center , a nonprofit in Saugerties , New York , where the owl , named Rockefeller after the Christmas tree where he @ @ @ @ @ @ @ [ But ] saw-whet owls by nature are nomadic .
They basically do n't have a home base unless they 're raising a family , in which case they both help to feed the babies and then they 're off to their solo life . ''
This nomadic lifestyle works in Rockefeller 's favor .
Rather than `` stress him out '' on a two-hour journey to his old home in Oneonta , New York , Kalish is planning to release him from the wildlife center into the surrounding woods this Saturday ( @ @ @ @ @ @ @ called a soft release where we 're going to put food out on the platform in case he 's hungry and does n't have a successful night of hunting , '' Kalish told Live Science .
`` We believe that he 's going to go where he wants to go . ''
In the end , this unexpected adventure will be `` just a little detour '' for the nocturnal predator , she said .
Kalish learned about the vagabond bird earlier this week , when the wife of a worker who helped @ @ @ @ @ @ @ meters ) Norway spruce called to ask .
The woman 's husband had found what he thought was a baby owl in the famed Christmas tree , but the little fluff was a long way from home .
Kalish agreed to take the owl .
`` Initially , when I opened the box and I looked at him , I was so grateful that he was alert and bright-eyed and not in a little heap at the bottom of the box , '' she said .
She immediately realized it was n't an @ @ @ @ @ @ @ owl ( Aegolius acadicus ) ; at 2.5 ounces ( 70 grams ) , it 's one of the smallest owl species in the United States .
( The smallest owl in the world , the appropriately-named , lives in parts of the American Southwest and Mexico . )
Saw-whet owls are named for a call they make , which sounds like a saw being sharpened against a whetting stone , according to The Cornell Lab of Ornithology .
Back at Ravensbeard , Kalish has fed Rockefeller plenty of mice , but `` @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ] because we do n't want him to associate humans with food , '' she said .
It 's likely that Rockefeller had n't dined or drunk anything for three days , so `` we 're just giving him a buffet of all-you-can-eat mice and fattening him up , because he was very thin . ''
Otherwise , Rockefeller is doing great .
X-rays showed that he did n't have any fractures and his muscle condition looks good , a vet told Kalish .
As for how Rockefeller became a Christmas tree hitchhiker @ @ @ @ @ @ @ .
`` It 's anybody 's guess ; he 's the only one who knows his true story , '' Kalish said .
`` We suspect that he was trapped or stunned .
He could even be in a tree cavity and no one noticed , because [ saw-whet owls ] are so camouflaged . ''
Rockefeller is n't the only unexpected owl `` ornament '' on record .
Last year , a Georgia family was stunned to find an Eastern screech owl in their Christmas tree , .

We could be 16 years into a methane-fueled 'termination' event significant enough to end an ice age
Methane emissions from tropical wetlands have been soaring since 2006 and accelerating at the same breakneck speed as when Earth's climate has flipped from a glacial to an interglacial period.